MAGNESIUM CHELATE English Version

Contents 1 What is Magnesium? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Signs of Magnesium Deficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 Used in Hundreds of Biochemical Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 Fights Depression & Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5 Fights Type-2 Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 Maintenances Cardiovascular Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 Anti-inflammatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  11 8 Fights Migraine & Headaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  13 9 Improve Menstrual Symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 10 Enhances bone health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11 Boosts Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 12 Improves Thyroid Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13 What is Chelation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 14 Chelation Increased Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 15 Why Magnesium Bisglycinate is the Best Supplement? . . . . . . . 24 16 What is Magnesium Glycinate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 17 What is Magnesium Taurate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 18 What is Magnesium Malate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 19 What is Magnesium Chloride? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Contents 20 What is Magnesium Carbonate? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 21 Magnesium Oxide-The Worst Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 22 Magnesium Sulfate-Unsafe Source of Dietary Magnesium . . . . . . 32 23 Magnesium Glutamate & Aspartate- Artificial Sweetener . . . . . . . 33

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 1 What is Magnesium? www.nhf.comM.myagnesium is one of seven essential mac- rominerals. These macro- minerals are minerals that people need to consume in relatively large amounts — at least 100 milligrams (mg) per day. Magnesium is an important www.nhf.com.my mineral, playing a role in over 600 enzyme reactions in the human body. Magnesium is the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body. An adult body contains around 25 gram (g) of magnesium, 50–60% of which the skeletal system stores. The rest is present in muscle, soft tissues, and bodily fluids. Magnesium is an important mineral that many women are significantly lacking. Medical Experts claim that adults who consume less magnesium than their daily intake needs, are more likely to develop the symptoms of inflammation. Infections have, in turn, been associated with health condi- tions like heart disease, diabetes and certain types of cancer. 1

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 2 Signs of Magnesium Deficiency .my• Leg cramps and “run- w.nhf.comning ants” feeling • Tension in the body • Twitching eyelids ww• Persistent fatigue and nervousness A variety of symptoms re- www.nhf.com.my lated to the nervous sys- tem can signal magne- sium deficiency such as: • Anxiety and panic attacks • Irritability • Fatigue and exhaustion • Headache and migraine 2

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM • Depression • Constipation • High blood pressure • Palpitations and arrhythmia • Insomnia www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 3

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 3 Used in Hundreds of Biochemical Reactions One of magnesium’s main roles is acting as a co-factor or help- er molecule in the bio- chemical reactions con- tinuously performed by enzymes. In fact, it’s in- volved in more than 600 reactions in your body, including [1]; www.nhf.com.my • Energy creation: Helps convert food into energy. • Protein formation: Helps create new proteins from amino acids. • Gene maintenance: Helps create and repair DNA and RNA. • Muscle movements: Is part of the contraction and relaxation of mus- cles. 4

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM • Nervous system regulation: Helps regulate neurotransmitters, which send messages throughout your brain and nervous system. Magnesium is vital for many bodily functions. Getting enough of this miner- al can help prevent or treat chronic diseases, including Alzheimer’s dis- ease, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and migraine. Unfortunately, studies suggest that about 50% of people nowadays get less than the recommended daily amount of magnesium [2]. www.nhf.com.my 5

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 4 Fights Depression & Anxiety .myagnesium plays a M w.nhf.comcritical role in brain function and mood, and low levels are linked to an increased risk of depres- sion. One analysis in over ww8,800 people found that people under the age of 65 with the lowest mag- nesium intake had a 22% greater risk of depression www.nhf.com.my [3]. Supplementing with this mineral may help reduce symptoms of depression — and in some cases, the results can be dramatic [4]. In a randomized controlled trial in depressed older adults, 450 mg of magnesium daily improved mood as effectively as an antidepressant drug [5]. According to a systematic review from 2017, low magnesium levels may have links with higher levels of anxiety. This is partly due to activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is a set of three glands that control a person’s reaction to stress .[31] 6

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 5 Fights Type-2 Diabetes www.nhf.com.myResearch has linked high magnesium diets with a lower risk of type-2 dia- betes. This may be be- cause magnesium plays an important role in glu- cose control and insulin metabolism. Studies suggest that www.nhf.com.my about 48% of people with type 2 diabetes have low levels of magnesium in their blood. This can impair insulin’s ability to keep blood sugar levels under control [6]. Additionally, research indicates that people with a low magnesium intake have a higher risk of developing diabetes. One study which followed more than 4,000 people for 20 years found that those with the highest magnesium intake were 47% less likely to develop diabetes [7]. 7

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM A systematic review from 2017 suggests that taking magnesium supple- ments can also improve insulin sensitivity in people with low magnesium levels .[11] Another study showed that people with type 2 diabetes taking high doses of magnesium each day experienced significant improvements in blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c levels, compared to a control group [8]. www.nhf.com.mywww.nhf.com.my 8

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 6 Maintenances Cardiovascular Health .myhe body needs magne- T w.nhf.comsium to maintain the health of muscles, includ- ing the heart. Research has found that magnesium plays an important role in wwheart health. A 2018 review reports that magnesium deficiency can increase a person’s www.nhf.com.my risk of cardiovascular problems. This is partly due to its roles on a cellular level. The authors observe that magnesium deficiency is common in people with conges- tive heart failure and can worsen their clinical outcomes .[12] According to a 2019 meta-analysis, increasing magnesium intake may low- er a person’s risk of stroke. They report increasing magnesium intake may be a crucial component of stroke prevention that acts in a dose-de- pendent manner .[13] 9

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM Numerous studies show that taking magnesium can lower blood pressure .[9,10] In another study, people who took 450 mg per day experienced a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure .[14] www.nhf.com.mywww.nhf.com.my 10

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 7 Anti-inflammatory www.nhf.comL.myow magnesium intake is linked to chronic inflammation, which is one of the drivers of ag- ing, obesity and chronic disease [15,16,17]. Magnesium supplements can reduce CRP and other markers of inflam- www.nhf.com.my mation in older adults, overweight people and those with prediabetes .[18,19,20] A meta-analysis of 11 clinical studies were analysed for the effects of mag- nesium supplementation on plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, a molecule produced by the liver and known to be involved in inflamma- tory processes. C-reactive protein is used by scientists as a biological marker: an increase in its concentration indicates an inflammatory re- sponse by the body. 11

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM By cross-referencing the 11 studies selected, the researchers identified an association between magnesium supplementation and a significant de- crease in plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein, an observation which supports the theory that magnesium does indeed have an anti-in- flammatory effect .[36] www.nhf.com.mywww.nhf.com.my 12

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 8 Fights Migraine & Headaches .myigraine headaches M w.nhf.comare painful and debil- itating. Nausea, vomiting and sensitivity to light and noise often occur. Mag- nesium therapy may help wwprevent or relieve head- aches. This is because a magnesium deficiency can affect neurotransmit- ters and restrict blood www.nhf.com.my vessel constriction, which are factors doctors link to migraine. A systematic review from 2017 states that magnesium therapy may be useful for preventing migraine .[21] The American Migraine Foundation report that people frequently use doses of 400–500 mg per day for mi- graine prevention. 13

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM Numerous encouraging studies suggest that magnesium can prevent and even help treat migraines .[22] In one study, supplementing with 1 gram of magnesium provided relief from an acute migraine attack more quickly and effectively than a common medication .[23] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 14

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 9 Improve Menstrual Symptoms www.nhf.comP.myremenstrual syn- drome (PMS) is one of the most common disorders among women of child-bearing age. Its symptoms include wa- ter retention, abdominal cramps, tiredness and irritability. www.nhf.com.my Interestingly, magnesium has been shown to im- prove mood, reduce water retention and other symptoms in women with PMS .[24,25] The American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists suggest that taking magnesium supplements could help to reduce bloat- ing, mood symptoms, and breast tenderness in PMS. Magnesium is an important mineral that many women are significantly lacking. In particular, women with PCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) are 19 times more likely to have a magnesium deficiency. 15

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM www.nhf.com.mywww.nhf.com.my 16

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 10 Enhances bone health .myhile most research W w.nhf.comhas focused on the role of calcium in bone health, magnesium is also essential for healthy bone formation. Magnesium wwmay improve bone health both directly and indirect- ly, as it helps to regulate calcium and vitamin D levels, which are two oth- www.nhf.com.my er nutrients vital for bone health. Research from 2013 has linked adequate magnesium intake with higher bone density, improved bone crystal formation, and a lower risk of osteo- porosis in females after menopause .[26] 17

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MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 11 Boosts Energy www.nhf.comD.myuring exercise, you need 10–20% more magnesium than when you’re resting, depend- ing on the activity. Mag- nesium helps move blood sugar into your muscles and dispose of lactate, which can build up during exercise and www.nhf.com.my cause fatigue. Studies have shown that magnesium supplementation can boost exercise performance for athletes, the elderly and people with chronic disease .[27,28,29] In another study, athletes who supplemented with magnesium for four weeks had faster running, cycling and swimming times during a triathlon. They also experienced reductions in insulin and stress hormone levels .[30] 19

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 12 Improves Thyroid Health .myhyroid hormones regu- T w.nhf.comlate metabolism and participate in many oth- er functions, but they’re only able to do their job when there is a sufficient wwamount. One of the many functions of magnesium is to convert inactive T4 hor- mones into active T3. This is particularly important if www.nhf.com.my you bear in mind that our metabolisms depend on T3 a lot more than T4. It’s also important to men- tion that magnesium helps thyroid produce more T4 hormone. Wang et al. carried out an interesting study which found that severely low serum magnesium is associated with an increased risk of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity. Increased intake of magnesium may be ben- eficial for patients who have these conditions and low magnesium levels .[32] 20

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM Although both people with hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions com- monly demonstrate a magnesium deficiency in clinical practice, the re- search shows that those with hyperthyroidism are more likely to be defi- cient in magnesium. In fact, a few studies concluded that magnesium is lower in patients with hyperthyroidism .[33] www.nhf.com.mywww.nhf.com.my 21

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 13 What is Chelation? www.nhf.comC.myhelate comes from the Greek word for “claw”, which refers to how organic compounds are attached to other compounds to improve nutrient uptake by the body. Chelation is a binding www.nhf.com.my process that combines minerals like magnesium with organic compounds to improve stability and bioavailability of nu- trients. This process allows for efficient transport of minerals across the intestinal wall in order to be utilized throughout the body. The body undergoes natural chelation during the digestive process but it’s inefficient as nutrients are exposed to the gut’s harsh environment. On the contrary, chelated magnesium bypasses the digestive process to improve nutrient uptake and utilization by the body. 22

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 14 Chelation Increased Stability .myhe complete ring struc- T w.nhf.comture of chelated mag- nesium helps to increase stability of the mineral complex. Improved sta- bility reduces the chance wwfor negative reactions with fat-soluble vitamins and other minerals within www.nhf.com.my the body. As a result, the added stability of che- lated minerals serves to increase the absorption rate and effectiveness of the magnesium supple- ment. 23

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 15 Why Magnesium Bisglycinate is the Best Supplement? www.nhf.com.myMagnesium Bisglycinate is formed when magne- sium is combined with the amino acid named “glycine” and is primarily used by individuals with a low amount of mag- nesium in their blood. Magnesium bisglycinate is often considered more www.nhf.com.my effective for its higher absorbability and bio- availability, which is why it is so effective at treating magnesium deficien- cies .[35] 24

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MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 16 What is Magnesium Glycinate? www.nhf.comM.myagnesium glycinate (magnesium bound with glycine, a non-es- sential amino acid) is the most bioavailable and absorbable forms of magnesium, and also the least likely to induce di- www.nhf.com.my arrhea. It is thus the saf- est option for long-term consumption. Glycine is considered a relaxing neurotransmitter and may enhance mag- nesium’s natural calming properties. This could be the best types for those who want to promote mental calm, relaxation and good quality sleep .[34] Experts stresses that If a magnesium glycinate supplement includes more than 14% of elemental magnesium, it is considered an efficient and a high-quality supplement of magnesium glycinate. 26

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 17 What is Magnesium Taurate? .myagnesium taurate is a M w.nhf.comgood choice of mag- nesium supplement for people with cardiovas- cular issues, since it is known to prevent arrhyth- wwmias and guard the heart from damage caused by heart attacks. www.nhf.com.my 27

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 18 What is Magnesium Malate? www.nhf.comM.myagnesium malate is a good choice for people suffering from fatigue, since malic acid -- a natural fruit acid present in most cells in the body -- is a vital com- ponent of enzymes that play a key role in ATP synthesis and energy www.nhf.com.my production. 28

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 19 What is Magnesium Chloride? .myot a popular source of N w.nhf.comsupplements be- cause it contains only 12% elemental magne- sium. Moreover, chloride (not to be confused with wwchlorine, the toxic gas) aids kidney function and can boost a sluggish me- tabolism. www.nhf.com.my 29

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 20 What is Magnesium Carbonate? www.nhf.comM.myagnesium carbonate is another popular form of magnesium that actually turns into mag- nesium chloride when it mixes with the hydro- chloric acid in our stom- achs. It is a good choice for people suffering from indigestion and acid www.nhf.com.my reflux, since it contains antacid properties. 30

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 21 Magnesium Oxide-The Worst Magnesium .myagnesium oxide/oxa- M w.nhf.comlate is the type of magnesium that has the worst absorption, as it is a very raw and cheap substance. The elemen- wwtal magnesium content in magnesium oxide/oxalate is quite high at 58%, how- ever your body is able to absorb only 4% of it. www.nhf.com.my In addition, long-term intake of magnesium oxide may clog the kidneys. Magnesium oxide causes diarrhoea. 31

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 22 Magnesium Sulfate- Unsafe Source of Dietary Magnesium www.nhf.comM.myagnesium sulfate, also called Epsom salt, is a fantastic consti- pation aid but an unsafe source of dietary magne- sium, since overdosing on it is easy. www.nhf.com.my 32

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM CHAPTER 23 Magnesium Glutamate & Aspartate- Artificial Sweetener .myvoid these two forms A w.nhf.comof magnesium com- pletely. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid are compo- nents of the dangerous artificial sweetener aspar- wwtame, and both of them become neurotoxic when unbound to other amino acids. www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 33

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MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM References 1. De Baaij JH, Hoenderop JG, Bindels RJ. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2015 Jan;95(1):1-46. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2014. PMID: 25540137. 2. Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated? Nutr Rev. 2012 Mar;70(3):153-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1753- 4887.2011.00465.x. Epub 2012 Feb 15. PMID: 22364157. 3. Tarleton EK, Littenberg B. Magnesium intake and depression in adults. J Am Board Fam Med. 2015 Mar-Apr;28(2):249-56. 4. Eby GA, Eby KL. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(2):362-70. y5. Barragán-Rodríguez L, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero .mF. Efficacy and safety of oral magnesium supplementation in the w.nhf.comtreatment of depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, equivalent trial. Magnes Res. 2008 Dec;21(4):218-23. PMID: 19271419. 6. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and type 2 diabetes. wwWorld J Diabetes. 2015 Aug 25;6(10):1152-7. doi: 10.4239/wjd. v6.i10.1152. PMID: 26322160; PMCID: PMC4549665. 7. Kim DJ, Xun P, Liu K, Loria C, Yokota K, Jacobs DR Jr, He K. Magnesium intake in relation to systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and the incidence of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2010 Dec;33(12):2604-10. 8. Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and metabolic control in type 2 diabetic subjects: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1147-52. 37

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM 9. Hatzistavri LS, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, Tziolas IM, Aroditis CP, Zebekakis PE, Pikilidou MI, Lasaridis AN. Oral magnesium supplementation reduces ambulatory blood pressure in patients with mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2009 Oct;22(10):1070-5. 10. Kawano Y, Matsuoka H, Takishita S, Omae T. Effects of magnesium supplementation in hypertensive patients: assessment by office, home, and ambulatory blood pressures. Hypertension. 1998 Aug;32(2):260-5. 11. Jennifer Beatriz Silva Morais, Juliana Soares Severo, Geórgia Rosa Reis de Alencar, Ana Raquel Soares de Oliveira, Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz, Dilina do Nascimento Marreiro, Betânia de Jesus e Silva de Almendra Freitas, Cecília Maria Resende de Carvalho, Maria do Carmo de Carvalho e Martins, Karoline de Macedo Gonçalves Frota, “Effect of magnesium supplementation on insulin resistance in yhumans: A systematic review,” Nutrition, Volume 38, 2017, Pages 54- .m60, ISSN 0899-9007, w.nhf.com12. DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O’Keefe JH, Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, Open Heart 2018;5:e000775. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775 13. Zhao B, Hu L, Dong Y, et al. The Effect of Magnesium Intake on wwStroke Incidence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis. Front Neurol. 2019;10:852. Published 2019 Aug 7. doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00852 14. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. The effect of lowering blood pressure by magnesium supplementation in diabetic hypertensive adults with low serum magnesium levels: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Hum Hypertens. 2009 Apr;23(4):245-51. 15. Nielsen FH. Magnesium, inflammation, and obesity in chronic disease. Nutr Rev. 2010 Jun;68(6):333-40. 16. Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Magnesium and aging. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(7):832-9. doi: 10.2174/138161210790883679. PMID: 20388094. 38

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM 17. Nielsen FH. Effects of magnesium depletion on inflammation in chronic disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2014 Nov;17(6):525- 30. 18. Nielsen FH, Johnson LK, Zeng H. Magnesium supplementation improves indicators of low magnesium status and inflammatory stress in adults older than 51 years with poor quality sleep. Magnes Res. 2010 Dec;23(4):158-68. 19. Chacko SA, Sul J, Song Y, Li X, LeBlanc J, You Y, Butch A, Liu S. Magnesium supplementation, metabolic and inflammatory markers, and global genomic and proteomic profiling: a randomized, double- blind, controlled, crossover trial in overweight individuals. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Feb;93(2):463-73. 20. Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero yF. Oral magnesium supplementation decreases C-reactive protein .mlevels in subjects with prediabetes and hypomagnesemia: a clinical w.nhf.comrandomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arch Med Res. 2014 May;45(4):325-30. 21. von Luckner, A. and Riederer, F. (2018), Magnesium in Migraine Prophylaxis—Is There an Evidence�Based Rationale? A Systematic Review. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 58: 199-209. ww22. Köseoglu E, Talaslioglu A, Gönül AS, Kula M. The effects of magnesium prophylaxis in migraine without aura. Magnes Res. 2008 Jun;21(2):101-8. PMID: 18705538. 23. Shahrami A, Assarzadegan F, Hatamabadi HR, Asgarzadeh M, Sarehbandi B, Asgarzadeh S. Comparison of therapeutic effects of magnesium sulfate vs. dexamethasone/metoclopramide on alleviating acute migraine headache. J Emerg Med. 2015 Jan;48(1):69- 76. 24. Facchinetti F, Borella P, Sances G, Fioroni L, Nappi RE, Genazzani AR. Oral magnesium successfully relieves premenstrual mood changes. Obstet Gynecol. 1991 Aug;78(2):177-81. PMID: 2067759. 39

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM 25. Walker AF, De Souza MC, Vickers MF, Abeyasekera S, Collins ML, Trinca LA. Magnesium supplementation alleviates premenstrual symptoms of fluid retention. J Womens Health. 1998 Nov;7(9):1157-65 26. Castiglioni S, Cazzaniga A, Albisetti W, Maier JA. Magnesium and osteoporosis: current state of knowledge and future research directions. Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3022-3033. Published 2013 Jul 31. doi:10.3390/nu5083022 27. Amaral AF, Gallo L Jr, Vannucchi H, Crescêncio JC, Vianna EO, Martinez JA. The effect of acute magnesium loading on the maximal exercise performance of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(6):615-22. 28. Pokan R, Hofmann P, von Duvillard SP, Smekal G, Wonisch M, Lettner K, Schmid P, Shechter M, Silver B, Bachl N. Oral magnesium ytherapy, exercise heart rate, exercise tolerance, and myocardial .mfunction in coronary artery disease patients. Br J Sports Med. 2006 w.nhf.comSep;40(9):773-8. 29. Veronese N, Berton L, Carraro S, Bolzetta F, De Rui M, Perissinotto E, Toffanello ED, Bano G, Pizzato S, Miotto F, Coin A, Manzato E, Sergi G. Effect of oral magnesium supplementation on physical performance in healthy elderly women involved in a weekly wwexercise program: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Sep;100(3):974-81. 30. Golf SW, Bender S, Grüttner J. On the significance of magnesium in extreme physical stress. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1998 Sep;12 Suppl 2:197-202. doi: 10.1023/a:1007708918683. PMID: 9794094. 31. Boyle NB, Lawton C, Dye L. The Effects of Magnesium Supplementation on Subjective Anxiety and Stress-A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2017;9(5):429. Published 2017 Apr 26. doi:10.3390/ nu9050429 32. Wang, K., Wei, H., Zhang, W., Li, Z., Ding, L., Yu, T., … Zhu, M., (2018). Severely low serum magnesium is associated with increased risks of positive anti-thyroglobulin antibody and hypothyroidism: A cross-sectional study. Scientific reports, 8(1), 9904. 40

MAGNESIUM AMINO ACID CHELATE HIGHEST ABSORPTION RATE OF MAGNESIUM 33. Disashi T, Iwaoka T, Inoue J, Naomi S, Fujimoto Y, Umeda T, Tomita K. Magnesium metabolism in hyperthyroidism. Endocr J. 1996 Aug;43(4):397-402. 34. Kawai N, Sakai N, Okuro M, et al. The sleep-promoting and hypothermic effects of glycine are mediated by NMDA receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40(6):1405-1416. doi:10.1038/npp.2014.326 35. Schuette SA, Lashner BA, Janghorbani M. Bioavailability of magnesium diglycinate vs magnesium oxide in patients with ileal resection. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994 Sep-Oct;18(5):430-5. 36. Simental-Mendía LE, et al., Effect of magnesium supplementation on plasma C-reactive protein concentrations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, www.nhf.com.myCurr Pharm Des. 25 may 2017. 41