ຄະນິດສາດ

@D ]efa[9eo;oc8j W g4y’ )D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 9q’j [vd9eo;olafc8j]t-toyfD 0D ]efa[9eo;oc8j W g4y’ )D   W ! @ # $ & * ( ) 43

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ7D 9qj’xt8y[af8k,8q;1jk’D 8 ’D 9q’j ln[8+0Po.lxj B,0PoD 2 4 7 7 7 8 8 8 44

#D ]efa[mu0v’9eo;oc8j ! g4y’ )D dD 9q’j 0Pog]dmu\\kdw,h8jk’M 8k,]efa[c8j-hkpsk0;kD \\kds5’j \\kdoaf \\kdg0nvpk; \\kddhP’ \\ kdd h;p \\kdlufk \\kdvb \\kd,;j ’ ! D D D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0D la’gdf0=h d c]h;[vdg]dmu 0v’\\kdw,h.sh4nd8hv’D \\kds5’j \\kdg0nvpk; \\kdoaf \\kddh;p \\kd,j;’ \\kdlufk \\kdvb \\kddhP’ *DD DDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDD 45

7D 9q’j la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd]efa[mu0v’gsfdkoD d0 7 Cສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ’D 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;0Po9eo;o.l.j o ! $ 46

$D dkoxP[mP[9eo;o W g4y’ )D dD 9qj’0Po9eo;o.oc8]j tI6[c]h;xP[mP[3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp s^kpd;jk > ; |hvpd;kj < ; gmqkj da[ = ; .ljxB,0PoD 8 > 5 ___ . . . ___ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ___ . . . ___ 5 < 8 ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ ___ . . . ___ 47

0D 9q’j 0Po9eo;o.lj c]h;xP[mP[3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp < ; > ; = .lxj B,0PoD d 0 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7C 7D 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;o]5j,ouh3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp < ; > ; = .lj xB,0PoD 2 > 1 5 < 8 3 = 3 1 . . . 3 6 . . . 6 5 . . . 2 4 . . . 7 2 . . . 6 0 . . . 5 4 . . . 8 7 . . . 7 8 . . . 6 48

[qf mu 1 4 dko0Po9eo;oc8j W g4y’ ) !D dko0Po9eo;oc8j W g4y’ # dD 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd9eo;orkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 1 + 2 = 3 + = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0D dko0Po9eo;o # rkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 1 + 2 = 3 49

7D 9q’j 8n,j 8q;g]d.lj8k,9eo;og,affec]h;7yfw].j ljxB,0PoD 2 = 1 + 1 2 = 2 + 0 3 = + = + 3 = + = +ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ’D 9qj’7yfw]jD 2 + .... = 3 1 + 1 = .... 3 = 1 + .... 1 + .... = 2 3 = .... + 1 .... + 1 = 2 1 + 2 = 2 + .... 2 + 1 = .... 3 + .... = 1 + 2 .... + 1 = 3 50

@D dko0Po9eo;o $ c]t &D dD 9q’j la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd9eo;orkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 4 = 1 + 3 5 = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ+ 4 = 3 + 1 = + 4 = + 5 = + = + = + 51

0D dko0Po9eo;o $ c]t & rkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 4 = 3 + 1 1 + 3 = 4 4 = 2 + 2 2 + 2 = 4 5 = 4 + 1 5 = 1 + 4 5 = 3 + 2 5 = 2 + 3ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7D 9q’j 0Po9eo;o & rkp.8h ’D 9q’j 7yfw]jD I6[dko[;dD 1 + 3= .... 3 + 2= .... 2 + 2= .... 2 + 3= .... 4 + 0= .... 4 = 1 +.... 3 + 1= .... 4 = 2 +.... 4 + 1= .... 4 = 3 +.... 52

#D dko0Po9eo;o *D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd9eo;orkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 0D dko0Po9eo;o * rkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 6 = 1 + 5 5 + 1 = 6 6 = 2 + 4 4 + 2 = 6 6 = 3 + 3 3 + 3 = 6 53

7D 9qj’0Po9eo;o * rkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 6 = 1 + 5 6 = .....+..... 6 = .....+.... ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 6 = .... +..... 6 = .....+..... 6 = .....+.... ’D 9q’j xP[mP[9eo;o]5,j oU 9D 9q’j 8n,j 9eo;omugj \\kt 3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp > ; < = . lq,.lj[vj o9Eg,afD 6 ... 2 ; 3 ... 5 5 6 1 ... 2 ; 6 ... 3 3 ... 3 ; 6 ... 6 5 + ... ... + 6 6 ... 4 ; 4 ... 6 ... + 1 6 ... 1 ; 5 ... 5 3 + ... 1 + ... ... + 3 ... + 4 ... + 4 3 + ... ... + 5 54

$D dko0Po9eo;o ( c]t )D dD 9q’j la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd9eo;orkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 0D 0Po9eo;o ( c]t ) rkp.8hI6[dko[;dD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7 = 2 + 5 7 = 3 + 4 8 = 1 + 7 8=2+6 7 = 5 + 2 7 = 4 + 3 8 = 7 + 1 8=6+2 7 = 1 + 6 7 = 0 + 7 8 = 3 + 5 8=4+4 7 = 6 + 1 7 = 7 + 0 8 = 5 + 3 8=4+4 55

7D 9q’j 0Po9eo;o c]t c8h,g,affe.l.j o 7 = 6 + 1 8 = 3 + ........ 7 = ....+ .... 8 = .....+ ..... 7 = ....+ .... 8 = .....+ ..... ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ’D 9qj’xP[mP[9eo;o]5,j oU3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp > ; < ; = .lj xB,0PoD 8 = 8 ; 2 < 5 ; 7 ... 2 ; 6 ... 7 7 ... 3 ; 5 ... 8 ; 7 ... 4 ; 7 ... 7 8 ... 6 ; 4 ... 8 ; 6 ... 6 ; 5 ... 5 ♦ 9qj’0Po9eo;omujg\\ktlq,.lj .oxB,0PoD 0 1 3 5 7 6 0 2 4 1 8 5 0 56

[qfmu 15 zqo[;d c]t zqo]q[0v’lv’9eo;oສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D zqo[;d0v’lv’9eo;oD dD 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;8v[7e4k,D ♦ gxafma’\\qf,u9ad38 L ♦ \\kma’\\qf,u9ad38 L ♦ wdmj a’\\qf,u9ad38 L ♦ dt8kj pma’\\qf,u9ad38 L 57

0D 9vdma’\\qf,u ) |;j pD 6 + 2 = 8 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ’D 9qj’7yfw]Dj 7D 9q’j 0Po9eo;o.shdq’da[I6[D += 4 + 2 = .......... 5 + 3 = .......... 6 + 1 = .......... 3 + 3 = .......... 6 + 2 = .......... 5 + 2 = .......... 2 + 5 = .......... 5 + 0 = .......... 58

@D zqo]q[0v’lv’9eo;oD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;8v[7e4k,D ♦ ,hkma’\\qf,u9ad38 L ♦ ,hkc]jo|u9ad38 L ♦ ,hkpa’gs^nv16j.o7vd9ad38 L ♦ \\kdw,hma’\\qf,u9ad|;j p L ♦ gxafma’\\qf,u9ad38 L ♦ \\kdw,hs^qoj 9ad|;j p L ♦ gxafs^YooE9ad38 L ♦ \\kdw,hgs^nv16j’kj ,u9ad|;j p L ♦ gxafc]oj |u9ad38 L 59

0D oqdma’\\qf,u $ 38 [yo|u ! 38 gs^nv # 38D 7D 9qj’8nj,9eo;ogxao8q;g]dcmog,affec]h;7yfw].j ljxB,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ - = CD 9qj’7yfw]jD 8 - 2 = ........... 7 - 3 = ............. 6 - 4 = ........... 5 - 1 = ............. 4 - 4 = ........... 2 - 0 = ... ......... 7 - 2 = ........... 3 - 2 = ............. 6 - 3 = ........... 8 - 1 = ............. 60

[qfm u 1 6 dko0Po9eo;oc8j W g4y’ _ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ c]t g]d]k; !D 9eo;oc8j W g4y’ _D dD 9q’j [vd9eo;o1j6.oc8]j tI6[D 61

0D 9q’j xP[mP[3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp >; <; = .lxj B,0PoD 8 ... 3 7 ... 9 1 ... 7 5 ... 5 5 ... 4 8 ... 7 9 ... 4 6 ... 6 6 ... 2 7D 9qj’djkp7no8k8t]k’]5j,oU.lxj B,0Poc]h;\\kp X ? .l8j k muj4nd8hv’D 9 7 8 5 + 3 6 + 3 4 + 4 5 + 2 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 4 + 5 6 + 2 ’D 9q’j ln[8+0Po.ljxB,0PoD 9 .... .... .... .... 9 9D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o]5,j oU.lxj B,0PoD ♦ 9kd|hvpsks^kpD 9; 1; 8; 3; 7; 6; 5; 2; 4. ♦ 9kds^kpsk|hvpD 8; 4; 5; 1; 9; 6; 7; 2; 3. 62

@D dko0Po9eo;o _D dD 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;[vd9eo;orkp.8hI6[dko[;dD 0D dko0Po9eo;o _ rkp.8hI6[dko[;dD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 9 = 8 + 1 9=6+3 9 = 1 + 8 9=3+6 9 = 7 + 2 9=5+4 9 = 2 + 7 9=4+5 63

7D 9q’j xP[mP[3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp >; <; = .ljxB,0PoD 7 + 2 ... 8 + 1 5 + 3 ... 3 + 5 4 + 1 ... 4 + 4 6 + 2 ... 3 + 6 2 + 5 ... 5 + 1 4 + 2 ... 3 + 4 ’D 9q’j 0Po9eo;o.lj[vj o9E 9D9qj’xt8y[af8k,8q;1jk’D g,af.lxj B,0PoD 9 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8 + + .............. 6 + 2 0 + 8 + .............. 5 + ... 2 + ... + .............. 1 + ... ... + 4 4 + ... ... + 3 + .............. 0 + ... ... + 7 2 + ... ... + 5 + .............. lD 9qj’0ufglAo9vj ’8k,8q;1kj ’D 8+1 7+1 6+3 2+5 2+7 0+9 9+0 7+2 9 5+3 5+4 4+3 2+6 64

#D dko[;d9eo;o.o0v[g0f _D dD 9q’j dkj p8k8t]k’.lxj B,0Poc]h;\\kp X ? .lj8kmuj4ndD 6 7 8 9 3+3 5+4 2+4 2+6 4 + 3 4 + 5 4+2 6+2 1+5 1+8 0+7 2+7 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0D 9q’j xt8y[af8k,8q; 7D 9qj’dkj p8k8t]k’.ljxB,0Po 1jk’.lxj B,0PoD c]h;8nj,8q;g]d.sh4nd8hv’D 5 + 2 9 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 + 4 7 0 1 3 + 4 1 + 6 1 1 3 6 + 3 2 3 2 + 7 3 3 7 4 6 5 8 65

’D 9q’j dkj p8k8t]k’.ljxB,0Poc]h;\\kp X ? .lj8kmu,j u ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7kj gmqkj _ D 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 + 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9D 9q’j 0PoI6[c[[dko[;dmu,j u7kj gmqkj _ Xg[yj’0hk’gmy’?D 0 + 9 = 9 5 + ... = 9 1 + ... = 9 6 + ... = 9 2 + ... = 9 7 + ... = 9 3 + ... = 9 8 + ... = 9 4 + ... = 9 9 + ... = 9 66

$D g]d]k;D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 9q’j la’gdf c]t vkj o9eo;o.o8k8t]k’D 7evjko l6o |bj’ lv’ lk, luj shk sqd g9af cxf gdQk ly[ g]d]k; g]dvkia[ W ! @ # $ & * ( ) _ !W 0D 9qj’djkp.ljxB,0Poc]h;ln[8+0Po8q;g]d]k;c8j]tc4;D ! @ # $ & *() _ 67

7D 9qj’0Po8q;g]d]k;.shdq’da[9eo;oI6[D ’D 9q’j xt8y[af8k,8q;1kj ’.ljxB,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0 2 4 6 5 8 3 1 7 9 ! _ & $ # W * ) ( @ 9D 9qj’dkj p7no.ljxB,0Poc]h; xP[mP[3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp > ; < ; =. ! T ! D D D @ T ! *T# DDD @T& # T @ D D D $ T # &T$ DDD $T& ) T ! D D D _ T ! )T! DDD (T! 68

[qfm u 1 7 dko[;d c]t dko]q[0v’s^kp 9eo;o c]t g]d]k; !D dko[;d0v’s^kp9eo;oD dD 9q’j djkpI6[dko[;d.ljxB,0Poc]h;7yfw]Dj 3 + 2 = ......... 2 + 1 + 3 = ...... ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 5 + 4 = ...... 6 + 2 + 1 = ...... 0D 9q’j xt8y[af8k,8q;1kj ’.ljxB,0PoD 2 + 3 +1 =6 = ......... + ......... + ........ ........ + ........ + ........ = ........ + ........ + ........ = 69

7D 9q’j 0PoI6[dko[;d.lxj B,0PoD ♦ fh;p8q;g]d !D 4 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 5 = ... + ... + ... + ... + ... 3 = ... + ... + ... 6 = ... + ... + ... + ... + ...+ ... 2 = ... + ... 7 = ... + ... + ... + ... + ...+...+... ♦ fh;p8q;g]d @D ♦ fh;p8q;g]d #D 4 = ... + ... 3 = ... + ... 6 = ... + ... + ... 6 = ... + ... 8 = ... + ....+...+... 9 = ... + ....+... ♦ 9qj’8nj,8q;g]dmugj \\ktlq,.l[jvo9Eg,afD 3 = 2 + 1 5 = 1 + 4 7 = 3 + 4 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 3 = 1 + ... 5 = 3 + ... 8 = 5 + ... 4 = ... + 3 6 = ... + 3 9 = ... + 7 4 = 2 + ... 6 = 5 + ... 9 = 8 + ... ’D 9qj’djkp.lxj B,0Po c]h;7yfw]Dj 70

@D dko]q[s^kp9eo;oD dD 9qj’7yfw]j8k,0Ao8vo.ljxB,0PoD 5 - 3 - 1 9 - 2 - 4 0D 9q’j 7yfw]j.lxj B,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 8 - 5 = 3 9 - 3 - 2 8 - 5 - 2 6 - 1 - 2 9 - 4 = 5 6 - 2 = .... 8 - 2 - 3 5 - 4 = .... 7 - 4 = .... 71

7D 9qj’xt8y[af8k,8q;1kj ’D 4 - 1 8 - 3 7 - 2 6 - 1 6 - 1 5 7 - 3 8 - 3 9 - 4 ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ CD 9qj’7yfw]j.lxj B,0Poc]h;xP[mP[ 3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp > ; < ; =. 7 + 2 > 8 - 6 6 - 1 ... 5 + 2 3 + 3 ... 5 - 4 8 - 3 ... 5 - 2 9 - 2 ... 4 + 3 3 + 2 ... 8 - 3 5 + 3 ... 9 - 4 9 - 3 ... 8 - 5 8 - 3 ... 4 + 1 7 - 2 ... 1 + 2 72

#D m;o7nodko[;ds^kp9eo;oD dD 9qj’7yfw]8j k,0Ao8vo.lxj B,0PoD ++ ++ + + 0D 9qj’7yfw]j8k,0Ao8vo.ljxB,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 4 + 1 + 3 2 + 6 + 1 4 + 2 - 2 2 + ..... ..... - 2 5 + 3 ) ..... ..... 6 + 1 + 2 5 + 1 + 1 3 + 2 + 1 ..... + 2 ..... + 1 3 + ..... ..... ..... ..... 73

7D 9qj’8nj,8q;g]d.lj.o .sh4ndD 1+ + 4 8 = 1+ CD 9qj’8n,j 9eo;ocmoI6[.lj.o .sh4nd8hv’Dສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ + + + 7 74 3

$D m;o7nodko]q[s^kp9eo;oD dD 9qj’0Po8q;g]dcmog,affec]h;7yfw]j.lxj B,0PoD - = 3 - 2 = 1 - = .... - .... = .... - = ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ   .... - .... = .... 0D 9qj’7yfw]j8k,0Ao8voD 9 - 2 - 3 4 + 5 - 1 - 4 + 75

7D 9q’j 7yfw].j lxj B,0PoD 6 - 1 = 5 6 - 2 = 4 9 - 2 = ... 9 - 7 = ... 8 - 3 = ... 8 - 2 = ... 7 - 4 = ... 7 - 1 = ... 6 - 2 = ... 6 - 2 = ... 5 - 2 = ... 5 - 3 = ... ’D 9q’j 7yfw]cj ]h;xP[mP[3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp >; <; = .ljສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ xB,0PoD 5 - 2 < 3 + 2 3 + 6 > 6 - 5 6 + 1 ... 5 - 1 1 + 2 ... 6 - 3 2 + 2 ... 4 - 1 4 + 4 ... 9 - 4 1 + 3 ... 9 - 1 6 + 3 ... 7 - 1 2 + 3 ... 8 - 1 5 + 1 ... 8 - 1 5 + 1 ... 4 + 2 7 + 2 ... 9 - 0 76

[qf m u 1 8 9eo;o !W !D 9eo;o !WD dD 9qj’[vd9eo;og,affe.oc8]j tI6[D I6[ dD I6[ 0D I6[ 7D I6[ CD 0D 9eo;odt8jkp c]t ]qf.oI6[D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dt8jkp,u !W 38D ]qf,u !W 7aoD 77

7D 9q’j xt8y[af8k,8q;1jk’.lxj B,0PoD 8 9 10 2 + 6 1 + 8 9+1 3 + ... 7 + ... 2 + ... 5 + ... 9 + ... 4 + ... 4 + ... 4 + ... ... + 5 6 + ... 5 + ... ... + 3 ’D 9qj’c8h,g,affe.shdq’da[8q;g]d.ljxB,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 6 7 8 9 10 9D 9q’j ln[8+0Po8q;g]d]5j,oU.ljxB,0PoD 78 1!0W

@D dko0Po9eo;o !WD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ dD 9q’j la’gdfI6[c]h;0Podko[;d9eo;o !W .lxj B,0PoD 0D 9q’j xt8y[af8k,8q;1jk’.ljxB,0PoD 7 + 3 = 10 4 + .. = 10 .. + 7 = 10 1 + .. = 10 7D 9qj’9af]Po9eo;o8+wxoU G 4 3 9 10 0 8 7 6 1 5 2. ♦ c8sj ^kpsk|hvpD 79

’D 9q’j xP[mP[zqo[;d 9D 9q’j 8nj,8q;g]d.lIj 6[c[[dko 3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp >; [;d3fp.shzqo[;dgmqjk !W <; = .lxj B,0PoD .lxj B,0PoD 9 + 1 ......... 10 6 + 2 ......... 10 7 +... 8 +... 6 +... 8 + 2 ......... 10 7 + 3 ......... 10 9 +... 0 +... 5 + 4 ......... 10 4 + 6 ......... 10 5 +... 10 5 +... 3 + 5 ......... 10 2 + 8 ......... 10 10+... 1 +... 4 +... 2 +... 3 +... lD 9q’j ln[8+0Po.lj .shc]h;D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7 0 1 10 80

#D g]d]k;D dD 9q’j [vd9eo;o.oc8]j tI6[D dt8jkp,u D D D 38D gxaf,u D D D 38D oqd,u D D D 38D wd,j u D D D 38D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 0D 9q’j 0PoI6[dko[;d8k,8q;1jk’.ljxB,0PoD 10 = 9 + 1 10 = 8 + . . . 10 = 7 + . . . 10 = 1 + 9 10 = 2 + . . . 10 = 3 + . . . 81

7D 9q’j xP[mP[3fp.-hg7njv’\\kp >; <; = .lxj B,0PoD ! T @ D D D # T ! ( T @ D D D ) T ! ) T ! D D D ! T ) ( T ! D D D # T * # T & D D D $ T & $ T @ D D D ! T $ * T # D D D * T @ & T $ D D D $ T & ’D 9q’j djkp9eo;o]5j,oU.lxj B,0Po c]h;0ufvhv,gvqk9eo;o muj|hvpd;kj ( D ! # _ !W W ) ( * $ & @ 9D 9qj’dkj p9eo;o]5j,oU.lxj B,0Po c]h;0ufvhv,gvqk9eo;oສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ mujs^kpd;kj & D @ ! $ ( ) !W # * _ W & lD 9q’j 0Pog]d]k;c8j ! g4y’ _ .lxj B,0PoD !!!!! @ # $ & * ( ) _ 82

[qf mu 1 9 dko9afgxao\\;f]t !W ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 9qj’9af\\;flaf]5,j oU.shgxao\\;f]t !W 9twfh9ad\\;fD @D dko9afgxao\\;f]t !WD ♦ dtIvd,u @W 38 c[’j gxao\\;f]t !W wfh @ \\;fD ♦ ,hk,u #W 38 c[j’gxao\\;f]t !W wfh # \\;fD 83

#D 9qj’xt8y[af8k,8q;1kj ’muj,uzqo[;dgmqjkda[ !W .lxj B,0PoD 6 3 0 5 1 8 7 5 10 9 2 4 $D 9qj’-U[vd9eo;omu,j uzqo[;dgmqkj !WD (T! &T$ )T@ ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 9 + 1 !WTW &D 9q’j 9af]Po9eo;o]5j,oU.ljxB,0PoD 7 6 9 3 1 5 4 8 10 ♦ c8sj ^kpsk|hvp 84

*D 9qj’la’gdfI6[c]h;8nj,8q;g]d.l8j k8t]k’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 1 3 (D dko9af\\;f]tly[D 1 8 85

ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ)D 9q’j oa[ c]t 0Po9eo;o.lj8k8t]k’.sh4nd8hv’D _D 9qj’0Po9eo;o.lj8k8t]k’.sh4nd8hv’D 86

[qf mu 2 0 9eo;oc8j !W g4y’ @W !D9q’j 9afI6[]5j,oUgxao\\;f]t!W c]h;8n,j 9eo;o.lj8k8t]k’D sq;ly[ sq;|;j p sq;ly[ sq;|;j p @Ddko0Po sq;ly[ { sq;|;j p.lj8k8t]k’D ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ \\kdoaf !# |;j pD \\kddhP’ !& |j;pD .[w,h @W .[D sq;ly[ sq;|;j p sq;ly[ sq;|j;p sq;ly[ sq;|;j p 1 3 1 5 2 0 87

#D 9qj’xt8y[af8k,8q;1jk’.lxj B,0PoD sq;ly[! @ 12 = 10 + 2 sq;|j;p ........ ........ ... = ... + ... ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ ........ ........ ... = ... + ... ........ ........ ... = ... + ... ........ ........ ... = ... + ... $D 9q’j djkp.lxj B,0Poc]h;0Po8n,j .ljc8]j ts^adD 9eo;o sq;ly[ sq;|j;p 9eo;o sq;ly[ sq;|j;p !W ! W !* !! !( !@ !) !# !_ !$ @W !& 88

[qf mu 2 1 m;o7nodjP;da[I6[g]0k7toyf ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ !D 9q’j [vd-n0j v’c8]j tI6[D @D 9q’j [vd;jkI6[ dF 0F 7 c]t ’ xtdv[fh;pI6[spa’cfLj d0 7C 89

#D 9qj’[vd9eo;oI6[c8]j t-toyfD $D 9q’j lhk’I6[9t85]af9kdg,af]5j,oU.lxj B,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ lhk’9kdg,af 90

[qf mu 2 2 ]efa[9eo;oc8j W g4y’ @W !D ]efa[9eo;oc8j W g4y’ @WD dD 9q’j [vd9eo;o.oI6[mu !S @D 1 2 0D 9qj’la’gdfc]h;ln[8+0Po8k,]efa[.ljxB,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 1 7 0 20 15 11 91

7D 9q’j 0Po9eo;oI6[rhv,xP[mP[3fp.-hg7nvj ’\\kp >; <; = .lxj B,0PoD 10 10 10 ’D 9qj’0ufglAo8+8k,8q;1kj ’.ljxB,0PoD ສະຫງສ.ວວນ.ລິສຂະສິດ 7+9 12 5 + 12 10 + 2 16 16 + 1 15 + 4 17 17 + 3 18 7+8 13 + 5 19 11 + 6 20 11 + 2 15 13 92