Table 4.16: Coefficient of correlation between parental involvement and academic performance at secondary level (Students Response) Factor N df t Level of significance Parental Involvement 40 39 0.5 0.01 Academic Performance Source: Data collected from questionnaire Academic performance of students depends on parental involvement of the students. Further, it implies that parental involvement has positive impact on students’ academic achievement. Thus, it is evident that there exist a significant positive relationship between parental involvement and academic performance of the students at secondary level. 4.8.8 Coefficient of correlation: Parental Involvement (part wise) and academic performance Analyses of parents’ response given in table 4. 17 show that the coefficient of correlation on parental involvement at home comes out to be 0.52 which is significant at 0.01 level of significance. The coefficient of correlation on parental involvement at school comes out to be 0.48 which is significant at 0.01 level of significance. The coefficient of correlation on parental involvement in future plan of school is 0.49. This means that there is significant positive relationship between parental involvement academic attainments of secondary school students on the three factors or parts. 38
Table 4.17: Coefficient of correlation between parental involvement (part wise) and academic performance of students at secondary level Part Wise Coefficient of Level of Parental Involvement Correlation significance Parental Involvement at home 0.52 0.01 Parental Involvement at school 0.48 0.01 Parental Involvement in future 0.49 0.01 plans Source: Data collected through questionnaire Thus, it may be concluded that there exists a positive significant relationship between parental involvement and academic performance of students at secondary level with respect to their involvement at home, school and future plans. 39
CHAPTER- V FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Overall, the attitude of the parents was found to be highly favourable for ensuring better academic performance of their children. The findings of the study showed that the parents of the majority of the respondents were involved in their academic activities. Correspondingly almost the same proportionate of the respondents (students) showed better academic achievements.The study also threw some light on the fact that parents nowadays are actively engaged in the academic activities of their children regardless of their social, economic and other impediments. The value attached to schooling and education of children has substantially improved compared to earlier times when lack of literacy and negative attitude towards education were the main barriers for sending children to school. Earlier, the academic activities of the children were not considered a responsibility of the parents and it has mostly remained with the school. But, nowadays there has been a paradigm shift in the attitude of parents towards the education of their children and as a result more focus is being given by the parents to the academic activities of their children, the study showed. 5.1 Major Findings Some of the major findings of the study are presented below; 1. The study showed a positive relationship between the parental involvement in the academic activities of the students at their home and their academic performance in the board exams. 2. The study found a significant positive relationship between the parental involvement in the academic activities of the children in the school and their academic performance thereafter. 3. The study found that the students are equally aware of the involvement of their parents in their academic activities and they are motivated by their involvement to show better academic performance. 40
4. The study found that there are few students who stay with their guardian other than their biological parents have comparatively poor academic performance than those who are staying with their parents. 5. There is a slight difference in the attitude of few parents towards academic activities of their children at home. It was found that there was a positive relationship between the educational qualification of the parents and their involvement in the academic activities of their children at home and school. On the other hand, most of the parents whose educational qualification is below secondary level are not able to fully devote themselves in the academic activities of their children. 6. It was found out that those parents with higher/better occupations (government and private) have more involvement in the academic activities of their children than those who are engaged in other occupations. This result supports the findings of the earlier studies that the income of the parents plays a strong determinant of children education and so, fathers who are in salaried employment are more aware of the importance of education and hence to invest more in their children’s education. 5.2 Conclusions, Suggestions and Recommendations This study was aimed at understanding the effect of parental involvement in the academic performance of their children at secondary level. From the study, it is clear that parental involvement has a strong positive impact of the academic performance of their children. The involvement of parents in the form of helping the children in completing homework or in participating extra-curricular activities motivates the children positively. However, it may be noted that the nature and intensity of parental involvement in the education of their children at secondary level differs under different conditions. During last decade, it is noticed that it is a joint responsibility of both the teacher and parents to impart education to the students. This education partnership is necessary to give an effective education to the students. So mutual trust and equality among teachers and parents may prove to be an important element for this educational partnership. Differences in power, expertise and background may play a disturbing role in this 41
partnership. So it is the professional responsibility of teachers and school to establish this educational partnership with the parents(Singh and Singh, 2013). Keeping in view the above, a few suggestions and recommendations for ensuring active involvement of the parents and guardians in the academic activities of their children are given as follows: a. More frequent meeting between the parents and the teachers has to be conducted so as to make the parents comfortable to discuss any problem related to the academic activities of their children with the teachers as well as with their children. b. Awareness has to be developed among the parents members to understand the importance of their involvement in the academic activities of the child. c. The atmosphere of the school has to be made very conducive so that the parents and the guardians find it comfortable to visit as and when they feel to interact with the teachers. 42
References Barnard, W. M. (2004). Parent involvement in elementary school and educational attainment. Children and youth services review, 26(1), 39-62. Bower, H. A., & Griffin, D. (2011). Can the Epstein model of parental involvement work in a high-minority, high-poverty elementary school? A case study. Professional School Counseling, 15(2), 2156759X1101500201. Darmody, M., & Smyth, E. (2010). Job satisfaction and occupational stress among primary school teachers and school principals in Ireland. The Teaching Council and ESRI Desimone, L. (1999). Linking parent involvement with student achievement: Do race and income matter?. The journal of educational research, 93(1), 11-30. Grayson, H. (2013). Rapid Review of Parental Engagement and Narrowing the Gap in Attainment for Disadvantaged Children. National Foundation for Educational Research and Oxford University Press Hill, N. E., & Craft, S. A. (2003). Parent-school involvement and school performance: Mediated pathways among socioeconomically comparable African American and Euro- American families. Journal of educational psychology, 95(1), 74. Hill, N. E., & Taylor, L. C. (2004). Parental school involvement and children's academic achievement: Pragmatics and issues. Current directions in psychological science, 13(4), 161-164. Heitin, L. (2012). Survey: Teacher job satisfaction hits a low point. Education Week Teacher. Hussain, S., Javaid, Z., Mushtaq, S., & Iqbal, A. (2018). Relationship between Parental Involvement and Students’ Performance in Secondary Schools. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 7(3 (s)), pp-203. 43
Isaiah, M. (2013). Parental involvement in the junior secondary schools and its effects on teachers’ job dissatisfaction. International Review of Social Sciences and Humanities, 4(2), 1-12. Jaiswal, S. K., & Choudhuri, R. (2017). A review of the relationship between parental involvement and students’ academic performance. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3), 110-123. Jaiswal, S. K. (2017). Role of parental involvement and some strategies that promote parental involvement. Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary, 5(2), 95-103. Kibaara, T. M., & Ndirangu, L. M. (2014). Parental involvement in their children’s academic achievement in public secondary schools: A case of Kieni-West Sub-County, Nyeri County-Kenya. International Journal of education and Research, 2(11), 411-422. Lenka, S. K., & Kant, R. (2012). A study of effect of parental participation on academic attainment of secondary school students. European Journal of Social Sciences, 33(4), 517-524. Martinez, A. (2015). Parent involvement and its affects on student academic achievement (Doctoral dissertation). Oludipe, B. D. (2009). Influence of early literacy parental involvement on science achievement of junior secondary school students in Nigeria, (4)2. Rafiq, H. M. W., Fatima, T., Sohail, M. M., Saleem, M., & Khan, M. A. (2013). Parental involvement and academic achievement: A study on secondary school students of Lahore, Pakistan. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(8), 209-223. Sharma, S. (2014). A study of effect of parental involvement on the academic achievement of their adoloscent wards. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 3(2), 226-232. 44
Sheldon, S. (2003). Linking school–family–community partnerships in urban elementary schools to student achievement on state tests. Urban Review, 35(2), 149-165. Talluri, S., & Suneela, M. E. (2017). Impact of parental involvement on academic achievement of secondary school students. vol, 2, 180-183. Toor, K. K. (2018). Parent-Child Relationship and Students’ Academic Achievement: A Study of Secondary School Students. MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices, 38-56. Veer Singh, A., & Singh‘Vyast, J. P. (2014). A Study of Parental Involvement, a Curricular Strategy on the Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Characteristics of Primary School Students. IJSR, 4(1), 268-72. Vijayalakshmi, K., & Muniappan, K. (2016). Parental involvement and achievement of secondary school students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, Volume 3, Issue 4, No. 65, 72. Zellman, G. L., & Waterman, J. M. (1998). Understanding the impact of parent school involvement on children’s educational outcomes. Journal of Educational Research, 91(6), 370-380. doi:10.1080/00220679809597566 45
Appendices 46
Annexure1a PARENT QUESTIONNAIRE PART – I: Basic Details of Parents/Household 1. Respondent 2. Age of respondent 3. Sex (of respondent) 4. Marital Status 5. Highest Level of Education of the Respondent 6. Occupation 7. Average Annual Income 47
Annexure 1b PART- II: Parental involvement in academic activities of children at home 1. Does your involvement in your child’s academic activities at home will help him/her to improve his/her academic performance? 2. Do you help your child in his/her academic activities at home? 3. Do you ask your child whether he/she needs your help in his academic activities? 4. Do you inquire with your child about home assignments or other academic activities given by the teachers from school? 5. Do you monitor your child’s homework and studies at home every time? 6. Do you see that your child does his/her homework on time? 7. Do you discuss things/topics of different subjects with your child to help him/her in his /her academic activities? 8. Do you feel that it is school responsibility to make sure that the students complete their homework? 9. Do you find difficulty in helping your child with his/her homework as you are not able to understand the content? 10. Do you motivate your child to complete his/her homework by promising them gifts/rewards? 11. Does your involvement in your child’s academic activities at home affect his/her grades? 12. Do you talk with your child’s teachers when you find any difficulty in helping him/her with the academic activities? 13. Does it give you satisfaction when you are not able to help your child in his/her academic activities for better performance? 14. Is it very rare that you talk to your child about his/ her problems at school or studies? 15. Do you think that learning to do homework without parents help will enhance your child’s academic performance? 16. Do you think students should not be burdened with academic activities to complete at home as it take away their time to relax a little? 48
17. Does your schedule often get affected due to your involvement in child’s academic activities at home? 18. Do you send your child to private tuition to help him/her in academics as you are not able to help him/her as desired by my child? 19. Do you regularly check your child’s copies to ensure that the home assignments given by school are checked? 20. Do you inquire about performance of topper child so as to compare it with your own child’s performance and encourage your child? 21. Do you provide guide books/refreshers/sample question papers to the child for performing better in academics? 22. Do you support and encourage your child when he/she performs comparably poorer in various activities? 23. Does your child hesitate to share about his/her academic problems/issues? 24. Do you insist your child to stay away from extracurricular activities to give time to academic activities? 25. Do you inquire about the subject teachers and their teaching methods in school with your child to understand his/her situation? 49
Annexure 1c PART III: Parental Involvement in teaching learning activities of children in school 1. Does teacher gives sufficient home works and activities to the child to enhance learning? 2. Does school regularly communicates with me regarding my child’s performance? 3. Does communicating with your child’s teachers help you to know about your child’s learning difficulties? 4. Does school give ample opportunities to the child to learn new things through different activities? 5. Do you feel shy to visit to your child’s school as you are unable to help him/her in his/her academic activities at home? 6. Does your child’s teacher give you feedback on your child performance every time when you asked them? 7. Are parent’s teachers meet conducted on a regular basis in school to discuss about child’s performance? 8. Do you regularly attend parents teachers meet organised by school to discuss about your child’s performance? 9. Does school invites you personally to discuss about your child’s performance and seek suggestions? 10. Do you give suggestions to the school to improve the teaching learning process of the children in school? 11. Do you feel that the teachers in school pay individual attention to the child in school for better learning? 12. Do you find that teachers are overloaded with other activities that hampers in their teaching proficiency which affect child performance? 13. Does school have a systematic process in practice for periodic assessment of child’s performance? 14. Does the headmaster of the school periodically monitor the teaching learning process in each class for each subject? 15. Does the headmaster of the school inquire about the performance of each child and talk to the parent individually? 50
16. Do the teachers use systematic tools lesson plan and weekly plan to transact the teaching learning process? 17. Do adhoc (Contract) teachers pay more attention to the students than the regular teachers? 18. Does frequent change of subject teachers in different time of the year affect the child’s learning ability? 19. Does remedial teaching period is assigned in the school to meet up the learning gaps of the students with learning fall backs? 20. Does school invite subject experts from different fields to encourage the child in learning? 21. Do subject teachers invite parents to classroom to witness their child’s involvement in studies? 22. Do frequent transfers of teachers in mid-session affect the child’s academic performance? 23. Do you talk to your child at home regarding his/her performance after you attend his/her school? 24. Does the teacher uses modern audio visual aids and multimedia (wherever applicable) to teach difficult concepts? 25. Does the teacher uses child centric approaches in school to make the teaching learning more interactive and useful? 51
Annexure 1d PART IV: Parents opinion on future actions of the school for improving academic performance of the students 1. Do you think that adequate activities are required to be given to children to enhance their learning? 2. Do you think that more frequent parent’s teachers meet to be organised by the school? 3. Is it necessary that timely communication has to be made by the school with parents? 4. Do you think that more focus has to be given on class work and tests in school than homework? 5. Do you think that children of secondary level should not be involved in extracurricular activities to avoid disturbances in their studies? 6. Do you agree that feedback has to be provided to the child as and when required? 7. Do you think that need based support to be given by school to the child in different subjects? 8. Do you agree that children are to be rewarded and felicitated by school to perform better in their academics? 9. Do you agree that sufficient teaching & non teaching staff and para teachers are to be demanded by the school to cater to different needs of the child? 10. Do you agree that school should implement the suggestions (wherever possible) provided by the parents and guardians? 11. Do you think that individualized instructions have to be provided by the school? 12. Do you think that more regular teachers are to be demanded by the school for effective teaching learning in school from the beginning of the session? 13. Do you think that evaluation and assessment process of the child’s performance has to be strengthened? 14. Do you think that periodic monitoring of the teaching learning process in each class for each subject has to be done? 15. Do you think that dedicated remedial teaching periods have to be assigned for the students with learning fall backs? 16. Do you agree that excursion, field visits etc are to be organised by the school with the approval of parents? 52
17. Do you agree that use of modern tools and techniques for teaching learning is to be encouraged? 18. Do you think that school needs to inform students about importance of better performance in secondary level in order to opt for best courses in future? 19. Do you think that career talks and talks with achievers has to be organised by the school to motivate the students? 20. Do you think that need based guidance and counseling has to be provided by the school? 53
Annexure 2a STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE PART – I : Basic Details of Parents/Household 1. Respondent 2. Age of respondent 3. Sex (of respondent) 4. Marital Status 5. Highest Level of Education of the Respondent 6. Occupation 7. Average Annual Income 54
Annexure 2b PART II: Parental involvement in academic activities of children at home 1. Does your parent help you in your academic activities at your home? 2. Does your parent's involvement in your academic activities at home help you to improve your academic performance? 3. Does your parent regularly ask you about their help in your academic activities? 4. Do your parents ask you about home assignments or other activities given to you by your teachers from school? 5. Do your parents monitor your homework and studies at home? 6. Does your parent ensure that you submit your homework on time? 7. Does your parent discuss things/topics of different subjects with you to help in your academic activities? 8. Do you think it is the responsibility of your parent to make sure you complete your homework? 9. Does your parent face any difficulty while helping you with your homework? 10. Does your parent motivate you to complete your assignments through rewards/gifts? 11. Do your parents talk to your teachers when they find it difficult to help you in your academic activities? 12. Are you satisfied with the help given by your parents in your assignments of academic activities? 13. Do your parents ask about your problem in academic activities in school? 14. Do you think that learning to do home assignment without parents help at home will improve your academic performance? 15. Do you parent think that students should not be burdened with homework as it takes away their time to relax at home? 16. Do you think that your parents schedule get affected due to their involvement in your academic activities at home? 17. Do your parents send you to private tuition to help you in your academic activities as they are not in a position to help you? 55
18. Do your parents check your copies to ensure that your home assignments are checked and corrected by the teachers? 19. Does your parent talk about other better performing students and encourage you to perform in the same way or even better? 20. Do your parents provide/suggest books/refresher or any extra reference materials to you for helping you in homework in order to improve your academic performance? 21. Do your parent stands with you and encourage you when you perform comparably poorer in various academic activities? 22. Do you hesitate to share your academic activities or problems or poor performance to your parent as you think it will hurt them? 23. Do your parents insist you to stay away from extracurricular activities to give time to academic activities? 24. Do your parents ask you about teaching methods used by teachers in school to teach? 25. Does your parent ever complain that their efforts in helping you with your academic activities are not considered enough by the school? 56
Annexure 2c PART III: Parental Involvement in teaching learning activities of children in school 1. Does your parent think that teachers give enough homework and activities to enhance your learning? 2. Does your school regularly communicate with your parents regarding your performance? 3. Do you think that communication between school and your parents helped your parent to know about your learning difficulties? 4. Are your parents satisfied with the way school give opportunities to children to learn new things through different activities? 5. Have you ever felt that your parent felt shy to visit your school to discuss your problems/performance as they could not help you in your academic activities? 6. Does your teacher provide feedback on your performance in school to your parents as and when they insist? 7. Do you think parents teachers meet are conducted regularly to discuss about students performance in school? 8. Does your parent regularly attend parent’s teachers meet organised by school to discuss student’s performance? 9. Does the school invite your parent personally (beside during parents meet) to discuss about your academic performance? 10. Do your parents give suggestions to school to improve teaching learning process of the children in school? 11. Do your parents think that individual attention is provided by the teachers to each student for better learning? 12. Do your parents think that teachers are overloaded with other activities that affect their teaching ability and affect your performance? 13. Are your parents satisfied with the system of periodic assessment of child's performance in school? 57
14. Do you think that your parents are satisfied the way headmaster of school monitors the teaching learning process in each class for each subject? 15. Does the headmaster inquire about each child and talk to their parent individually regarding his/her performance? 16. Are your parents satisfied with the use of tools like lesson plan or weekly plan to transact the teaching learning processes? 17. Does your parent think that the appointment of temporary teachers has made negative impact on your academic performance? 18. Does your parent agree that the frequent change of teachers during midsession affect your academic performance? 19. Do your parents agree that remedial teaching periods assigned in school to meet the learning gap of students will help them to improve their academic performance? 20. Are your parents satisfied with school inviting subject expert from different field to encourage children towards performing better? 21. Are your parents happy with subject teachers inviting them to their class to show your performance? 22. Do your parents think that frequent transfers of teachers affect the child's performance? 23. Do your parents talk to you about your performance after they visit your class? 24. Are your parents happy/satisfied with the modern audio visual aids and multimedia used by teachers in school? 25. Are your parents satisfied with the child centric approaches adopted by the teachers to make learning more comfortable? 58
Annexure 2d PART IV 1. Do you think that parents want more activities to be given to students at home to enhance their learning? 2. Do you think parents want more frequent parents teachers meet to be organised by school to discuss students academic performance? 3. Do you think parent want timely communication from school regarding their child's performance? 4. Do you think parents want more focus to be given on classwork than homework? 5. Do you think parents want their child studying in secondary level not to be involved in extracurricular activities to avoid disturbance in his/her studies? 6. Do your parents want feedback on your performance on a regular basis? 7. Do you think that your parents want need based support to be given to you by school on different subject? 8. Do your parents want you to be rewarded by school to perform better in academics? 9. Do your parents want more teaching and non teaching staffs to be demanded by school to cater to different needs of the child? 10. Do your parents think that school will implement the suggestions given by them? 11. Do you think that parent will prefer individualised instructions to be given to each students? 12. Do you think your parents want more regular teachers to be demanded by school for effective teaching learning process? 13. Do you think that the parents want evaluation and assessment process of students to be strengthened? 14. Do you think that parents want more frequent monitoring of teaching learning process in classroom by headmaster or some expert? 15. . Do you think that your parents wants dedicated remedial teaching periods has to be assigned for students with learning fallbacks? 16. Do your parents think that excursions, field visits are to be oraganised by the school to enhance academic performance? 59
17. Do your parents want the use of modern tools and techniques for teaching by the school teachers? 18. Do your parents want the school to inform students about the importance of better performance in secondary level to choose better course/career in future? 19. Do your parents want career talks and talks with achievers to be organised by school to motivate the students? 20. Do your parents want need based Guidance and Counselling to be provided to the students by the school? 60
Annexure 3A Details of students participated in the study Students who passed Class X in 2018 Sl No Name of the student Sex Percentage of marks in CBSE Exam 1 Master Abhisek Rai M 2 Master Amrit Khatiwara M 3 Miss Bandana Adhikari F 4 Miss Darmit Lepcha F 5 Ms. Lemit Lepcha F 6 Ms. Puja Pekurel F 7 Master Rahul Kullu F 8 Ms Ritika Sharma F 9 Ms. Sharda Basnet F 10 Master Bivek Rai M 61
Annexure 3B Students who passed Class X in 2019 Sl No Name of the students Sex Percentage of Marks in CBSE Exam 1 Ms. Anjani Chapagai F 56.8 2 Master Abhisek Adhikari M 60.4 3 Ms. Bharati Adhikari F 56.6 4 Ms. Gayatri Timsina F 51.2 5 Ms. Areena Adhikari F 57.6 6 Ms. Hilamit Lepcha F 51.0 7 Ms. Loka Maya Basnet F 35.0 8 Ms. Neeta Basnett F 63.8 9 Master Punol Lepcha M 60.2 10. Ms. Pema Choden Lepcha F 48.8 11. Ms. Sapana Rai F 41.2 12. Ms. Sushma Khatiwara F 40.6 13. Master Sandeep Rai M 32.0 62
Annexure 3C Students who passed Class X in 2020 Sl No Name of the students Sex Percentage of Marks in CBSE Exam 1 Master Bivek Khatiwara M 87.0 2 Ms. Chungmit Lepcha F 53.6 3 Master Deewakar Rai M 53.0 4 Ms. Juna Bhattarai F 46.8 5 Ms. Kusum Pekurel F 52.4 6 Ms. Leena Rai F 66.2 7 Ms. Manika Rai F 51.6 8 Ms. Mickey Doma Lepcha F 57.6 9 Ms. Norkit Lepcha F 69.2 10 Ms. Pratika Rai F 42.8 11 Master Ramesh Dahal M 44.4 12 Ms. Savita Subba F 52.4 13 Ms. Shemila Rai F 53.8 14 Ms Sova Rai F 42.3 15 Master Ugen Lepcha M 44.9 16 Ms. Reema Chhetri F 57.0 17 Ms. Sharmila Rai F 53.4 63
Annexure 4a Details of the respondents (parents/guardians) who participated in the study Sl No Name of the participant Sex Relation with student 1 Mr. Nirmal Khatiwara M Father 2 Mr. Chizung Lepcha M Father 3 Mr. Jor Dhan Rai M Father 4 Mr. Bhim Lal Adhikari M Father 5 Mrs. Hari Maya Basnett F Mother 6 Mr. Tirtha Raj Timshina M Guardian 7 Mrs. Uma Devi Adhikari F Mother 8 Mr. Shiva Nath Chapagai M Father 9 Mr. Ram Chandra Adhikari M Father 10 Mr. Mon Bahadur Rai M Father 11 Mr. Durga Subba F Mother 12 Mrs. Sabitra Khatiwara M Father 13 Mr. Lakpa Lepcha M Father 14 Mr. Maha Nanda Dahal M Father 15 Mr. Chewa Lepcha M Father 16 Mr. Chedup Lepcha M Guardian 17 Mrs. Lal Maya Bhattarai F Mother 18 Mr. Karma Tshering Lepcha M Father 19 Mrs. Santa Maya Rai F Mother 20 Mr. Bal Bir Rai M Father 64
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