Science Mash Digital Magazine- Wonders of Visible light. StdVII- part-2

Wonders of Visible light BapJw D≈-S°w Digital Supporting material 3. ........................................................ Edited, Designed and \\mw imkv{Xw ]Tn-t°-≠Xv prepared by C. G.Santhosh Naduvattom VHSS, Pallipad Fßs- \\? 4........................................................ Hm¨sse≥ ]T-\\-Øn¬ 6{i≤nt- °≠ Imcyß- ƒ ......................................................... {]Im-i-hn-kva-b-߃ 8]T\\- {- ]h- ¿Ø\\- ß- ƒ ....................................................... {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-߃ A Science Mash Publication CXn¬ \\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Nn”-߃ E-mail: [email protected] hoUntbm HmUntbm A[n-I-hm-b\\



imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃ Fßs\\ ]Tn-°Ww F∂Xv Ip´n-Isf kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw -v C∂pw Bi-b-Ip-g-∏-ap-≠m-°p∂ H∂m-Wv. imkv{X-tØ-°p-dn®pw imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn-I-tf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Adn-hn-√m-bva-bmWv CØ-c-samcp Bi-¶bv°v ImcWw kn.-Pn.-k-t¥mjv °n-sb-Sp-Øn-´p-≈-Xv. F¥mWv imkv{Xw F∂ tNmZy- Øn\\v imkv{X-sa-∂m¬ Poh-im-kv{Xw, `uXnI Fs‚ A≤ym-]\\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ kvIqƒ imkv{Xw, ck-X{¥w F∂ kma-\\y-amb Hcp ImgvN- ∏m-Sn-\\-∏p-d-tØ°v Ip´n-Iƒ°v Nn¥n-°m≥ Ign-bm-dn- Xpd-∂p-h-cp-tºm-gp≈ BZy ¢m p-I-fn-se√mw ]Xn- √. iq\\y-amb a\\ pw hnI-e-amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fn-eq- hmbn Rm≥ tNmZn-°m-dp≈ HcptNmZy-ap-≠v. sSbpw hf¿∂p-h-tc-≠-h-c√ \\ΩpsS Ip´n-Iƒ. `mhn F¥mWv imkv{Xw? Fs‚ Cu tNmZy-Øn\\p ]n∂n- cmjv{S-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\\ ine-I-fm-W-h¿. Ah-cn- semcp e£y-ap-≠v. h¿j-ß-fmbn imkv{Xw ]Tn- emWv \\mw cmPyØ- ns‚ `mhnsb kz]\\v w ImWp∂- -Xv. °p∂ Ip´n-Iƒ. Ah¿ ]Tn-°p∂Xv F¥m-sW∂ imkv{X-t_m-[-ap≈ Hcp Xe-ap-d-bpsS krjvSn-bmWv [mcW Ah¿°p-t≠m? Cu hnjbw F¥n\\p ]Tn- \\ΩpsS `c-W-I¿Øm-°ƒ kz]v\\w I≠-Xv. -A‘- °p∂p F∂-dn-bmtam? CsXms° a\\- n-em-°n-bn- hn-im-k-ßfpw A\\m-Nm-c-ß-fp-an-√msX imkv{Xo-b- ´pt≠m F∂d- nb- pI- b- mWv Fs‚ Dt±i- w. Zu¿`mK- yI- c- - ambn Nn¥n-°m\\pw {]hrØn°m\\pw Ign-bp∂ Hcp sa∂p ]d-bs´ CXp-h-sc-bp≈ Fs‚ A≤ym-]-I- Xe-ap-d. AØ-c-samcp Xe-ap-d-bn-eqsS am{Xsa cmjv{S- Poh- nX- Ø- n¬ Hcn°- ¬ t]mepw Bcpw Xs∂ Xr]vXn- Øn\\v ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-°m-\\m-hp. I-c-amb adp-]Sn \\¬In-bn-´n-√. At∏mƒ F¥v Adn- ™p-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ Hmtcm hnj-b-tØbpw kao- \\ΩpsS cmPyw C∂v imkv{X kmt¶-XnI ]n-°p-∂Xv? B hnjbw F¥mWv? F¥p-sIm≠v cwKØv t\\Sp∂ ]qtcmK- X- nI- f- psS ASnÿ- m\\- a- X- mW- v. AXv ]T-\\-hn-j-b-am-Ip∂p? F¥p-sIm≠v ]T-\\-{]- h¿Ø-\\-߃ sNøm≥ ]d-bp∂p? CsXms° Adn™p thW-am-bn-cp∂p ]Tn-°p∂ hnj-b-ßsf kao-]n-°m≥. F¶n¬ am{Xsa Hmtcm hnj-b-tØbpw AXn-t‚-Xmb Kuc-h-tØmsS Ip´nbv°v ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈p F∂mWv A≤ym-]-I-s\\∂ \\ne-bn¬ Fs‚ ]£w. \\ne-hn-ep≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ Hcp Ip´ntb kw_-‘n®nStØmfw imkv{X ]T-\\-sa-∂Xv tIhew am¿°p-hm-ßm-\\p≈ Hcp hnjbw am{X-am-Wv. h¿j- ß-fmbn AØ-c-samcp [mc-W-bmWv Ah-\\n¬ D≠m- kb≥kv amjv 4

CØc-samcp e£y-tØmsS \\ΩpsS ]mTy-]-≤-Xn- Ah-ÿ-bn¬ XpS-cpI km≤y-amtWm F∂-Xm-Wv. bn¬ imkv{XØn\\v hfsc {]m[m-\\y-tØmsS CSw \\ΩpsS \\nXy-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn G‰-hp-a-[nIw _‘- \\¬In. imkv{X kmt¶-XnI ÿm]-\\-߃ ]SpØp- s∏´p \\n¬°p∂Xpw a\\p-jys‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS \\s´- b¿Øn. Kth-jW kuI-cy-ß-sfm-cp-°n. F∂n´pw √p-amWv imkv{Xw. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ imkv{Xw \\ap°n-S-bn¬ A‘-hn-izm-k-߃ IqSn-h-cp-∂p. apt∂m-´p-sh-bv°p∂ coXn-im-kv{X-tØbpw (Method- imkv{Xo-b-amb at\\m-`mhw \\ap°v \\jvS-s∏-´p-sIm- ≠n-cn-°p-∂p. 21˛mw \\q‰m≠v imkv{X-bp-K-am-sW∂p imkv{Xw ]Tn®p F∂X- ps- Im≠v Hcmƒ°v imkv{X- \\mw ]d-bp-tºmgpw F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CØ-c-Øn¬ t_m-[hpw imkv{Xob at\\m-`m-hhpw D≠m-I-W-sa- A‘-hn-izm-k-߃ h¿≤n-°m≥ ImcWw? \\msa√mw ∂n-√.- A-XmWv Chn-SpsØ {]iv\\-hpw. kvIqƒ tImtfPv ¢m p-I-fn¬ imkv{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂p. ]t£ \\mw A‘-hn-izm-kn-I-fmbn amdp-∂p. F¥p- ology) imkv{Xmi- ß- t- f°- pd- n®pw (Scientific concepts sIm-≠m-WXv? imkv{Xw ]Tn®p F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ) hy‡-amb [mcW Ip´n-Iƒ°p-≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p- Hcmƒ°v imkv{X-t_m-[hpw imkv{Xob at\\m-`m- ∂p. F¥mWv imkv{Xw? imkv{X-Øns‚ coXn hhpw D≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√.- A-XmWv Chn-SpsØ {]iv\\- F¥mWv? ]T-\\-{]-{In-b-Iƒ°pw ]T\\ {]h¿Ø-\\- hpw. AXp-≠m-Im-Øn-S-tØmfw imkv{Xw ]Tn-®-bm- ߃°pw imkv{X ]T-\\-Øn¬ F¥mWv ]¶v? a‰v fpIƒ°n-S-bn¬ t]mepw A‘-hn-izm-k-߃ \\ne- hnj-b-ß-fn¬ \\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn imkv{Xw ]Tn- \\n¬°pw. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv CØ-c-samcp kml-N- t°-≠Xv Fß-s\\-bmWv? tIhew am¿°p-hm-ßpI cy-ap-≠m-bXv? imkv{Xw ]Tn-®-h¿t°m Ahsc ]Tn- am{X-amtWm imkv{X ]T-\\-Øns‚ e£yw? Dcp-hn´v ∏n-®-h¿t°m imkv{X-]-T-\\-tØ-°p-dn-®p≈ [mc-W- ImWmsX ]Tn-t°≠ H∂mtWm imkv{X-hn-j-b-߃ tbmsS ]Tn-°mt\\m ]Tn-∏n-°mt\\m Ign-bmsX t]mb- XpS-ßn -\\n-c-h[n Imcy-߃°v \\mw DØcw Is≠- XmWv kmaq-ly-amb CØ-c-samcp ssh]-co-Xy-Øn\\p tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn-t\\-°p-dn®v ASp-Ø-e-°-Øn¬ Imc-Ww. ChnsS \\mw Nn¥n-t°-≠Xv F∂pw Cu (XpScpw ) ImÄkm-K³ imkv{X¯nsâ P\\-Io-b-apJw {][m\\ ]¦p hln¨ Ata-cn-¡³ tPymXn imkv{XÚ\\pw Fgp¯pImc\\pambncp¶p ImÄ kmK³.At±l¯nsâ “tImkvtamkv “F¶ imkv{X sSenhnj³ ]c¼c hfsc {]kn²amWv. ip{Isâ A´co£s¯ Ipdn¨pÅ ]T\\§fn {][m\\ ]¦v hln¨p. F¦nepw At±ls¯ {]ikvX\\m¡nbXv A\\y{KlPohs\\ Ipdn¨p \\S¯nb ]T\\ §fmWv.A\\y{Kl PohnIÄ¡mbn `qanbnÂ\\n¶pw tPymXnimkv{Xhpw `uXnI Ab¡s¸« BZy ktµi§Ä tImkvtamkv imkv{Xhpw P\\Iobam ¡p¶Xn kb≥kv amjv 5

Bkn^m JmZn¿ kwÿm\\ A≤ym-]I Ahm¿Uv tPXmhv tImhnUv 19 almamcnbpw tem°v UuWpw ¢mknsebpw {][m\\ t]mbn‚pIƒ ( Key words) h∂tXmsS A[ym]\\w Hm¨sse≥ Bt°≠Xmb FgpXn FSp°Ww. Ch {IaØn¬ FgpXn Hcp {]tXyI kmlNcyw \\ap°v kvIqfpIfn¬ kwPmXambn. Hm¨sse≥ ¢m pI-fn¬ A[ym]I¿ FSp°pIbpw AXv D]tbmKn®v ]mT`mKØns‚ ¢mkv dqw A¥co£Øn¬ FSp°p∂ ¢mknt\\mfw ]T\\m\\p`h߃ In´pIbn√ F∂v \\ap°v Adnbmw. kw£n]vXw ^vtfmNm¿´v Bbn FgpXn CSpIbpw F∂m¬ \\ap°v tImhnUns\\ AXnPo hnt°≠Xmbp≈XpsIm≠v Cu {]tXyI sNbvXm¬ Imcy߃ BtcmlW {IaØn¬ kmlNcyØn¬ Ip´nIfpw A[ym]Icpw Hm¨sse≥ ¢mkpIfpambn s]mcpØ (Simple to complex) a\\ nem°n FSp°mhp s∏tS≠Xmbn hcpw ∂XmWv. IqSpX¬ Imcy߃ Ipd™ kabw ]T\\w Hm¨sse≥ BIp∂tXmsS Ip´nIƒ kzbw A]{KYn®v ]Tn°m\\p≈ am\\knI sIm≠v {Kln®v FSp°m\\pw km[n°pw. XømsdSp∏pIƒ \\SØWw. ]T\\mib߃ (Concept) F¥msW∂v Hmtcm ]mT`mKhpw a\\knemImØXpw _p≤nap´v AYhm BZyambn hmbn°ptºmƒ Xs∂ a\\knem°p∂Xv t]mse Hmtcm hoUntbm ¢mkpIfpw BZyambn a\\knem°m≥ {]bmkw A\\p`hs∏Sp∂ ]mT ImWptºmƒ Xs∂ Bibßfpw DZmlcWßfpw a\\knem°n FSp°Ww. ¢mkv dpw `mK߃ {]tXyIw ( file) B°n kq£n®p sh®m¬ A¥co£Øn¬ t\\m´pIƒ , ]T\\°pdn∏pIƒ FgpXn FSp°p∂Xv t]mse Hm¨sse≥ Ah Bh¿Øn®p ImWm≥ km[nbv°pw. GXv ]mT`mKhpw CØcØn¬ F{X XhW thWsa¶nepw ImWphm≥ km[nbv°pw F∂p≈Xv Hm¨ sse≥ ]T\\Øns‚ Hcp t\\´amWv. Ipd™ Nnehn¬ temtImØc \\nehmcØnep≈ \\nch[n ]mT `mK߃ Ip´nIƒ°v e`yamIpsa∂Xv Hm¨sse≥ ]T\\Øns‚ khntijXbmWv. tImhnUv tem°v Uu¨ ImesØ ^e {]Zambn A[ym]I hnZym¿∞n kaqlØn\\v hn\\ntbmKn°m≥ km[n®Xpw Hm¨sse≥ ]T\\ kb≥kv amjv 6

km[yXbneqsSbmWv. Ignbptºmfpw Ccp]Xv sk°s‚ IÆpIƒ Hm¨sse≥ ¢mkpIfn¬ AXoh AS®ncn°p∂Xv \\√XmWv. Hmtcm Ccp]Xv an\\n´v IqSptºmfpw Ccp]Xv sk°‚ v t\\cw Ccp]Xv ASn {i≤tbmsSbpw Pm{KXtbmsSbpw Ccp∂m¬ Zqscbp≈ Hcp hkvXphntebv°v t\\m°phm≥ [mcmfw \\ho\\ Bibßfpw \\n]pWXIfpw {ian°Ww. CsXms° IÆpIfpsS aknepIƒ°v kzmbØam°m≥ km[n°pw. Hcp hnjbØns‚ Bbmkw Ipdbv°p∂Xn\\pw IÆpIƒ°v kv{S pw Xs∂ ]e hoUntbmIƒ, t\\m´vkv, cXv\\Npcp°w kv{Sbn\\pw hcmsX kwc£n°p∂Xn\\pw \\√XmWv. Ch-sbms° Cs‚¿s\\‰neqsS e`yambXn\\m¬ \\mw IÆpIfpsS BtcmKyØn\\v hfscb[nIw AsXms° I≠v a\\ nem°n AXns‚ {]m[m\\yw \\¬IWw. IÆpIfpsS BtcmKyØn\\v {]mtbmKnIX a\\ nem°n ]IzXbm¿∂ Bhiyamb ]®°dnIfpw , apcnß Ce , Imc‰v, Xocpam\\߃ FSp°phm\\pw Ahkcw e`n°p∂p. hn‰man≥ F ASßnb ]∏mb t]mep≈ hmb\\bneqsS Adnhv hnIkn°p∂Xn\\m¬ C-˛ ^eh¿§ßƒ F∂nh `£WØn¬ [mcmfw tPWepIƒ,C˛_-p°p Iƒ e`yambXv ]camh[n Dƒs∏SpØm≥ {ian°Ww. IqSmsX \\n¿÷eo {]tbmP\\s∏SpØWw .ASnÿm\\ hnZym`ymkw IcWw XSb≥ [mcmfw Xnf∏n®mdnb sh≈hpw B¿÷n°p∂Xns\\m∏w \\ap°v tlm_nsb∂ IpSnbv°Ww. cmhnse ]Xns\\m∂v aWnbv°v apºpw coXnbn¬ ]®°dn Irjn, a’yIrjn ,]qt¥m´ sshIn´v aq∂caWnbv°v tijap≈ Cfw shbnepw ]cn]me\\w,^ehr£ßfpsS hnhn[ {]P\\ Ip´nIƒ \\n¿_‘ambpw sIm≈Ww. F∂m¬ \\coXnIƒ,tI°v \\n¿ΩmWw, B¿´v B≥Uv {Im^v‰v, am{Xsa shbn¬ sIm≈p∂Xv sIm≠p D≠mIp∂ Nn{XcN\\ XpSßnbhbpsS {]mtbmKnI XbpwI≠p hn‰man≥ Un \\ΩpsS icocØn¬ D√mZn a\\ nem°m hp∂XmWv ∏n°s∏SpIbp≈q. hn‰man≥ Un Im’yØns‚ BKncWØn\\v BhiyambXn\\m¬ \\n¿_ Hm¨sse≥ ¢mkpIfn¬ imcocnImtcmKy ‘ambpw Ip´nIIƒ shbn¬ sIm≈Ww. Øn\\pw \\√ {][m\\yw \\¬IWw. Ip´nIƒCcn°p∂ Hm¨sse≥ ]T\\Øn\\v tijw samss_¬ t^m¨ coXn (Posture) hfscb[nIw {i≤n°Ww \\s´√v c£I¿Øm°sf hnizmk]q¿∆w Ge v]nt° \\nh¿Øn , tjmƒU¿ Db¿Øn \\nh¿∂v ≠XmWv. sKbnapItfm Bhiyan√mØ Ccnbv°Ww.IÆpIƒ kv{Io\\n¬ \\n∂pw 30 Cm Bπnt°j\\pItfm Uu¨temUv sNøm\\pw (30sk‚nao‰¿) F¶nepw AIse Bbncn°Ww. {ian°cpXv. c£I¿Øm°tfmSv hnizkvXX IÆpIfpsS BtcmKyØn\\v {]tXyI {i≤ \\ne\\n¿Øn samss_epw em]v tSm∏pw H∂pw Zp: \\¬IWw. IÆntebv°v Gsd shfn®w cp]tbmKw sNømsX bYmkabw Xncn®v ASnbv°msX t\\m°Ww. Hmtcm Hcp aWn°q¿ AXmXns‚ ÿm\\Øv Ch Nn´bmbn kq£n°pI. Ignbptºmfpw kv{Io\\ns‚ ap∂n¬ \\n∂v H∂v Hm¨sse\\p¢mkn\\v hfsc apºv Xs∂ Ch Nm¿÷v Fgpt∂‰v \\√ XWpØ ip≤PeØn¬ apJhpw sNbvXv {]h¿Ø\\£aX Dd∏p hcpØWw. IÆpIfpw IgpIWw. CXv ASpØ ¢m n¬ BflhnizmktØmsSbpw kt¥mjtØmsSbpw IqSpX¬ DXvkmltØmsSbpw {]kcnt∏msSbpw Ccn°phm≥ klmbn°pw. 20:20:20 \\nbaw Hm¨sse≥ ¢mkpIƒ a\\knem°m≥ {ian°Ww. IÆpIƒ°mbn ioen°Ww. Hmtcm Ccp]Xv an\\n´v kb≥kv amjv 7

`mKw˛2 Xøm-dm-°n-bXv kn.P- n.k- t- ¥mjv imkv{Xm-≤ym-]-I≥ H∂masØ ¢m n¬ {]ImiØns‚ ]co-£Ww hoUntbm {]Xn]X\\tØ∏‰nbpw hnkcnX {]Xn]X\\w, \\nch[n kµ¿`ßfp≠v. Ft∏msgms°bmWv \\mw {Ia{]Xn]X\\w F∂nhsb°pdn®pw N¿® {]Imiw D]tbmKnt°≠n hcp∂Xv? BtemNn®p sNbvXncp∂p. AtXt]mseXs∂ {]Imiw t\\m°q. \\mw cm{Xnbn¬ ]pdØndtß≠ Xmbn k©cn°p∂Xv ¿tcJbnemWv. Cu ]co£Ww hcptºmƒ tSm¿®v D]tbmKn°mdp≠v, Id≠v \\aps°m∂v sNbvXp t\\m°mw. \\n߃ Hcp t]mIptºmƒ sagpIpXncn IØn®phbv°mdp≠v. sagpIpXncn IØn®p sh®v AXnte°v Hcp \\yqkv Ccp´Øv hgnbneqsS \\S∂p t]mIptºmƒ hgnbnse t]∏¿ \\ofØn¬ Npcp´n AXneqsS - t\\°p.sagpIpXncn ImWm≥ Ignbp∂pt≠m CXv t\\m°q. AXn\\ptijw Npcp´nb t]∏¿ Aev]w aS°n sagpIpXncn sb \\nco£n°q Ct∏mƒ ImWm≥ Ignbp∂pt≠m? F¥psIm≠mWv ImW≥ IgnbmØXv? F¥psIm≠mWv BZyw ImWm≥ Ign™ Ign™Xv? ChnsS \\n߃ F¥mWv a\\knem°nbXv? {]Imiw k©cn°p∂Xv t\\¿tcJbnemWv. {]Imiw k©cn°p∂Xv t\\¿tcJbnemWv. C\\n hoUntbm ImWpI. \\ap°v Ccp´p≈t∏mƒ 8 hkvXp°sf ImWm≥ Ignbp∂n√. F¥p sIm≠mWv? hkvXp°sf ImWp∂Xn\\v {]Imiw BhiyamWv. {]Imiw D≈t∏mgmWv \\mw Fßs\\ bmWv hkvXp°sf ImWpI? \\nXyPohnXØn¬ {]Imiw D]tbmKnt°≠nhcp∂ kb≥kv amjv

XS ßfpw hkvXp°fpw F√mw IrXyambn Hcp hkvXphn X«p¶ {]Imiw {]Xn]Xn¨v \\½psS I®n ]Xn¡pt¼mgmWv \\mw B ImWm≥ {]Imiw th≠nhcp∂p. Cßs\\ hkvXphns\\ ImWp¶Xv. F{Xsb{X kµ¿`߃ . ChnsSsb√mw {]Imiw Light coming from the sources falls on objects and gets reflected. When this reflected light enter D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂Xv hkvXp°sf ImWp∂Xn\\p our eyes the objects become visible to us. th≠nbmWv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ a‰v kµ¿`-߃ hkvXp°sf \\ap°v ImWm≥ Ignbptam? F¥psIm≠msW∂v \\n߃ Nn¥n®n´pt≠m? GsXm-s°-bmWv? D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {]Imi t{kmX- ]n≥`mKØp≈ hkvXp°sf \\ap°v ImWm≥ IgnbmØXv Ahbn¬ \\n∂pw {]Xn]Xn°p∂  p-Iƒ? ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmtem? {]Imiw \\ΩpsS IÆpIfn¬ ]Xn°mØXv sIm≠mWv. {]Imi t{kmX v D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ C\\n hoUntbm {i≤n°pI ( Source of light ) kµ¿`w (When it is used ) \\mw IÆmSn°p ap∂n¬ \\n¬°ptºmƒ \\ΩpsS {]Xn_nw_w Fßs\\bmWp IÆmSnbn¬ ImWm\\mhpI? \\ap°v Fßs\\bmWp hkvXp°sf ImWm≥ IgnbpI? hoUntbm {i≤n°pI C\\n \\nßfpsS Dulw t\\m´v _p°n¬ H∂v tcJs∏SpØnbmtem? hoUntbm ho≠pw ImWpI. {]Imiw hkvXphn¬ X´n XncnsI hcptºmgmWv \\mw hkvXp°sf ImWp∂Xv. AXmbXv {]Imiw hkvXphn¬ X´n {]Xn]Xn®v \\ΩpsS IÆn¬ ]Xn°ptºmgmWv hkvXp°sf ImWp∂p F∂ A\\p`hw \\ap°v D≠mIp∂Xv.. ]ndtIm´v Xncn™pt\\m°msX ]n≥`mKØp≈ \\ΩpsS icocØn¬ X´p∂ {]Imiw {]Xn]Xn®v IÆmSnbn¬ ]Xn°p∂p. Cu {]Imiw ho≠pw {]Xn]Xn®v IÆpIfn¬ FØptºmgmWv \\ΩpsS {]Xn_nw_sØ IÆmSnbn¬ ImWm\\mhpI. \\n߃ IÆmSn°p ap∂n¬ t]mbn \\n∂p t\\m°p. \\nßfpsS apJw IÆmSnbn¬ ImWm-\\m-hp-∂nt√? Øn-t‚bpw IY. Cu IY tI´n-´n-√m-Ø-h¿ IY BZyw tIƒ°- Ww. knwl-Øns‚ {Iqc-X-I-fn¬ \\n∂pw Xs‚ _p≤n D]-tbm- Kn®v Im´nse a‰v arK-ß-fpsS Poh≥ c£n® apb¬Ip-´n-bpsS IY- bm-W-Xv. kb≥kn¬ F¥mWv Cu IYbv°v Imcy-sa∂v \\nß- fn¬ Nne¿s°-¶nepw kwibw tXm∂n-tb-°mw. IY Adn-bm-hp-∂- h-tcmSv tNmZn-°s´ ,F-ß-s\\-bmWv knwlØns‚ ieyw apb¬ Ip´n C√m-Xm-°p-∂Xv? knwl-tØmSv apb¬Ip´n ]d-bp-∂Xv InW- ‰n¬ Hcp knwl-ap≠v F∂-t√? InW-‰nse sh≈-Øn-te°v knwlw t\\m°n K¿÷n-°p-tºmƒ knwlw as‰mcp knwltØ AhnsS ImWp-I-bm-Wv. a≠-\\mb knwl-Øn-\\Xv Adn-bn-s√-¶nepw _p≤n- am-\\mb apb¬Ip-´nbv°v A-dnbmw knwl-Øns‚ {]Xn-_nw-_tØ I≠n-´mWv knwlw sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂Xpw InW-‰n-te°v NmSp-∂-sX- ]©X- {¥w IYbpw ∂pw. ChnsS apb¬ Ip´n a\\- n-em-°nb imkv{Xw F¥mWv? {]Xn]- X- \\- hpw \\ΩpsS tNmZyw Fßs\\-bmWv knwl-Øn\\v Xs‚ {]Xn-_nw- _sØ Pe-Øn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-™Xv? AXn\\p ]n∂nse imkv{Xw hnjvWp-i¿a-bpsS ]©-X{¥w IY- F¥mWv? Is≠-Øp. IY-bnepw Imcy-ap≠v At√? Ifnse~_p≤n-am-\\mb Hcp apb-en- apb-en-t‚bpw knwl-Øn-t‚bpw IY Adn-bm≥ t‚bpw Im´nse cmPm-hmb knwl- kb≥kv amjv 9

Fßs\\bmWv \\nß-fpsS {]Xn-_nw_w ImWm≥ \\n߃ hoUntbm {i≤n®nt√? hoUntbmbn¬ Ignbp∂sX∂v BtemNn®pt\\m°q. Fs¥√mw ImcyßfmWv N¿®sNøp∂Xv? F¥mWv kaXeZ¿∏Ww? F¥psIm≠v Aßs\\ ]X\\ IncWw, {]Xn]X\\IncWw , ]X\\_nµphn¬ hnfn°p∂p? hoUntbm{i≤n°mw. \\n∂pw hcbv°p∂ ew_w (Normal) . CXv IqSmsX \\n߃°v ka-X-e-Z¿∏Ww F¥m-sW∂p a\\- n-em- ]X\\IncWØn\\pw ew_Øn\\pw CSbnep≈ bnt√? Hcp ka-X-e-Z¿∏-W-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p∂ {]Im- tIm¨ AXmbXv ]X\\ tIm¨ (Angle of inci- i-In-c-W-Øn-\\p-≠m-Ip∂ {]Xn-]-X\\w Fß-s\\-sb∂v dence). ew_Øn\\pw {]Xn]X\\IncWØn\\pw Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m-sat√m? CSbnep≈ tIm¨˛ {]Xn]X\\ tIm¨ ( Angle of reflection) . ]X\\ tImWpw {]Xn]X\\ tImWpw Xpeyambncn°pw( Angle of incidence and angle of reflection will be always equal ). C{Xbpw ImcyßfmWv ChnsS N¿® sNøs∏´Xv. \\n߃ Cu Nn{Xw t\\m´v _p°n¬ hcbvIIbpw ]X\\ IncWw, {]Xn]X\\IcWw, ew_w, ]X\\ tIm¨, {]Xn]X\\ tIm¨, F∂nh ASbmfs∏SpØpIbpw thWw. Nn{Xw t\\m´p_p°n¬ hc®p t\\m°q. ]X-\\-In-cW ]X-\\-tIm¨ {]Xn-]-X-\\-tIm¨ w w IncW {]Xn-]-X\\ ]X-\\-IInnc-cidWenwt Ray Reflec{]teXd Rn-]ay-X\\ IncWw ka-X-e-Z¿∏Ww kb≥kv amjv ]X\\tImWpw {]Xn]X\\tImWpw XpeyamsW∂p \\Ωƒ ]dbpIbp≠mbn. CXp icnbmtWm? Fßs\\ a\\ nem°mw.? kb≥kn¬ Hcp Imcyw icnbmtWm F∂v Adnbp∂Xv Fßs\\bmWv? AXn\\v \\mw kzoIcn°p∂ coXnbmWp ]co£Ww. \\ap°v Hcp ]co£WØneqsS ]X\\ tImWpw {]Xn]X\\ 10

.tImWpw XpeyamtWm F∂v ]cntim[n°mw. \\ap°v ]X\\tImWpw {]Xn]X\\tImWpw XpeyamsW∂p hoUntbm {i≤n°mw. \\Ωƒ ]dbpIbp≠mbn. CXp icnbmtWm? ]co£Ww I≠t√m? ]co£W Ipdn∏v Fßs\\ a\\ nem°mw. Xømdmt°t≠? F√mhcpw t\\m´v_p°n¬ ad-°msX kb≥kn¬ Hcp Imcyw icnbmtWm F∂v ]co£W Ipdn∏v tcJs∏SpØWw.ChnsS Cu Adnbp∂Xv Fßs\\bmWv? AXn\\v \\mw ]co£WØneqsS \\ap°v a\\ nem°m\\mbXv kzoIcn°p∂ coXnbmWp ]co£Ww. \\ap°v Hcp ]X\\ tImWpw {]Xn]X\\ tImWpw XpeyamWv ]co£WØneqsS ]X\\ tImWpw {]Xn]X\\ F∂mWv. tImWpw XpeyamtWm F∂v ]cntim[n°mw. \\ap°v \\n߃ t\\m´v_p°n¬ ]X\\ tIm¨, {]Xn]X\\ hoUntbm {i≤n°mw. tIm¨, ew_w, ]X\\ tImWpw {]Xn ]X\\ ]co£Ww I≠t√m? ]co£W Ipdn∏v tImWpw XpeyamWv F∂o Imcy߃ Xømdmt°t≠? F√mhcpw t\\m´v_p°n¬ ad-°msX tcJs∏SpØWw. ]co£W Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°Ww t\\m´v_p°n¬ tcJs∏SptØ≠ Imcy߃ Nn{Xw hcbv°pI. AXn¬ ]X\\ IncWw ( Incident Ray) ,{]Xn]X\\ IncWw (Reflected Ray) ,ew_w ( Normal ) , ]X\\ tIm¨ ( Angle of incidence ) , {]Xn]X\\tIm¨v (Angle of reflection) !F∂nh Nn{XoIcn®v ASbmfs∏SpØpI ]X\\ IncWw ( Incident Ray) ,{]Xn]X\\ IncWw (Reflected Ray) ,ew_w ( Normal ) ,]X\\ tIm¨ ( Angle of incidence ) , {]Xn]X\\ tIm¨ (Angle of reflection) F∂nhbpsS\\n¿N\\w ]X\\tImWpw {]Xn]X\\ tImWpw XpeyamWv ]Tn® Imcy߃ Hcn°¬ IqSn Hm¿sØSp°m≥ Ignbp∂pt≠m F∂p ]cntim[n°pI. Cs√¶n¬ ]]IhcTgo≠onn®b£pp∂IwWmptcßh≠yßofUmneƒFnqtsH∂bScbpmn°p]w c¬I\\ntmnicIWom£qBh]FS[pnocIn√≠i°WoH£.mmbhppß¿wIhs¿Wa.h°ØfymC‡ß{noeXUpsSwq√fpXhsn°tBnS¶epbbahmnq¬mis≥√pcwSwIpbØkmpWwIm≥ƒ\\pI.n.c.{.ioa£amn{°XWhpIßpa.√fneqsSbpw Bibhy‡X hcpØm≥ {ian°pI. F√mh¿°pw BiwkIƒ... kb≥kv amjv 11

1.{]Imiw t\\¿tc-J-bn-emWv k©-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Hcp eLp-]-co-£-W-Øn-eqsS a\\- n-em-°m-hp-∂- Xm-Wv.Cu ]co-£Ww sNøp-∂Xv Fsß-sb∂v a\\- n-em-°m≥ hoUntbm ImWp-I. 2. ]X-\\-tIm¨, {]Xn-]-X-\\-tIm¨ F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\\p≈ ]co-£Ww tdUntbm kb³jy tIÄ¡p-¶-Xn-\\mbn Cu temtKm-bn ¢n¡v sN¿pI {]t£]W ka-bw. FÃm-Zn-h-khpw sshIn«v 7.30 kb≥kv amjv 12