bgu garbha__final serial (1)

Hk&w xHkkZ o\"kZ % 2022&23 A vad % 05 ft;ksfid rsy loZizFke fo'ys\"kd ds efLr\"d esa ik;k tkrk gS Hkw&mikÙk lalk/ku ,oa fuoZpu dsUnz (ft;ksfid) vkW;y ,.M uspqjy xSl dkWjiksjs'ku fyfeVsM] nsgjknwu

jktHkk\"kk 'khYM Hkkjr ljdkj] x`g ea=ky;] jktHkk\"kk foHkkx] uxj jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u lfefr }kjk ft;ksfid dks o\"kZ 2021&22 esa jktHkk\"kk esa Js\"B dk;Z fu\"iknu ds fy, r`rh; iqjLdkj ds :i esa jktHkk\"kk 'khYM ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

laj{kd Jh fo'kky 'kkL=h dk;Zdkjh funs'kd&laLFkku çeq[k çsj.kk lzksr&laiknd eaMy Jh uUnu oekZ lewg egkçcaèkd ¼HkkSfedh½] çeq[k&baVsx ,oa vkyacu çcaèkd Jh j.kchj flag eq[; egkçcaèkd ¼HkwHkkSfrdh&èkjkry½] izeq[k&izkslsflax Jh pUæ 'ks[kj cgqxq.kk egkçcaèkd ¼HkwHkkSfrdh&èkjkry½ Jh eukst jatu egkçcaèkd ¼HkkSfedh½ Jh oh-ih- flag egkçcaèkd ¼HkwHkkSfrdh&èkjkry½ Jh çgykn jke eh.kk egkçcaèkd ¼çksxzkfeax½&çHkkjh ek-la-@dk-la- laiknd Jh lquhy dqekj ofj- jktHkk\"kk vfèkdkjh&çHkkjh jktHkk\"kk eq[ki`\"B ifjdYiuk Jh tYyk ukxkjktw eq[; HkwoSKkfud fo'ks\"k vkHkkj Jh larks\"k dqekj lkgw ofj- çksxzkfeax vfèkdkjh ys[k lEcfU/kr Nk;kfp= % xwxy ds lkStU; ls

vuqØef.kdk lans'k 3  vè;{k ,oa çcaèk funs'kd 4  funs'kd ¼vUos\"k.k½ 5  dk;Zdkjh funs'kd&laLFkku çeq[k laikndh; 6  lquhy dqekj&çHkkjh jktHkk\"kk rduhdh ys[k vfuy dqekj 8  rsy ,oa xSl ds mRiknu esa Hkw&HkkSfrdh; lsokvksa dk ;ksxnku  Hkkjrh; {ks=h; Hkk\"kkvksa dks VkbilsV djus ds fy, LaTex dk MkW- larks\"k dqekj ^lkgw* 10 g\"kZy ekuoVdj 14 mi;ksx djus dk ,d izHkkoh rjhdk fuf[ky flag 16  DykmM daI;wfVax  yksdy ,saxy Mksesu fp=.k rduhd&bZ,l360 ys[k  cnyrs Hkw&jktuSfrd ifjn`'; dk Hkkjr ds dPps rsy vk;kr ij izHkko eukst lkjLor 19 21  phu dh _.k tky dwVuhfr vfuUnks ?kks\"k 26 29  5 feuV dk dk;kZy; fojke ;ksxk MkW- tYyk ukxjktw 30 32  ekuo Økafr jkf/kdk vjksM+k 33  fo/kk&fofHkUu lkekftd igyqvksa ij ys[k lhek 'kekZ  ikuh dh cpr & vkt dh t:jr fç;adk flag  ernku dk vf/kdkj fl)kar pkS/kjh dfork lhek oekZ 36  fj'rs 'kksouk nkl 37  L=h vuqie gktjk 38  oks gS rks lgh] ij fcYdqy ugha lh lcy flag Hk.Mkjh 39  ^^lQj** xk¡o vkSj 'kgj eatq jkuh 'kekZ 40  ftanxh dgkuh vfuy dqekj 42  csVh& ,d firk dk la?k\"kZ HkkSfed oh- feL=h 44  firk dk egRo laLej.k vfuy dqekj 46  lhMh Iys;j vkSj bZ;j Qksu & ,d laLej.k fuf/k oekZ 47  nknh&ukuh dk vk¡xu if=dk eas idz kf'kr jpukvkas eas O;Dr fopkj y[s kdkas ds futh fopkj gAaS vr% ;g vko';d ugha gS fd buls lia knd eMa y lger gkAs

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ MkW- vydk feÙky vè;{k ,oa çcaèk funs'kd (vfrfjDr izHkkj) funs'kd (ekuo lalk/ku) vks,uthlh lans'k vks,uthlh ds lHkh dk;dsUnzksa esa fHkUu&fHkUu izkUrksa ds fofHkUu Hkk\"kk&Hkk\"kh dkfeZd dk;Z djrs gSaA Hkk\"kk vkSj laLd`fr ds /kuh gekjs ns'k dh fofHkUu laLd`fr;k¡ ,oa vU; fofo/krkvksa ds vknku&iznku ds fy, fgUnh ,d lw= Hkk\"kk gSA fgUnh Hkk\"kk dh ljy 'kSyh vfHkO;fDr dk egRoiw.kZ ekè;e gSA bl mn~ns'; ds lkFk gh ft;ksfid dh bZ&if=dk ^Hkw&xHkkZ*] foHkkx ds dk;Zjr vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa muds ifjokj ds lnL;ksa dks viuh lkfgfR;d vfHk:fp lkdkj djus dk volj iznku dj jgh gSA eq>s fo'okl gS fd vusdrk esa ,drk dks n'kkZus okyh ;g if=dk vius cgqvk;keh nkf;Ro esa lQy gksxhA lkFk gh vk'kk djrh gw¡ fd bl vad esa eqfnzr rduhdh ,oa fofHkUu lkekftd fo\"k;ksa ij fy[ks ys[k rFkk dfork,¡ ft;ksfid esa dke djus okys vf/kdkfj;ksa ,oa muds ifjokj ds fy, Kkuo/kZd fl) gksaxhA eSa ft;ksfid ds lHkh dkfeZdksa dks Hkkjr ljdkj] x`g ea=ky;] jktHkk\"kk foHkkx] uxj jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u lfefr ¼dk;kZy;&2½ nsgjknu }kjk jktHkk\"kk esa Js\"B dk;Z fu\"iknu ds fy, r`rh; iqjLdkj izkIr djus gsrq c/kkbZ nsrh gw¡A eq>s fo'okl gS fd ft;ksfid dh ^Hkw&xHkkZ* if=dk jktHkk\"kk fganh esa dk;Z djus ds fy, dkfeZdksa dks izksRlkfgr djrh jgsxhA if=dk ds 5osa vad ds izdk'ku ij esjh gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk,¡A ¼MkW- vydk feÙky½ 3

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh jkts'k dqekj JhokLro funs'kd (vUos\"k.k) lans'k ft;ksfid dh bZ&if=dk ÞHkw&xHkkZß ds çdk'ku esa yxkrkj rhljh ckj tqM+dj eq>s vR;ar g\"kZ gks jgk gSA laLFkku dh ;g if=dk eq>s O;fäxr :i ls viuRo dk vuqHko djkrh gSA fgUnh ds çxkeh ç;ksx lqfuf'pr djuk jktHkk\"kk vuqHkkx dk çeq[k nkf;Ro gS vkSj if=dk dk çdk'ku bl nkf;Ro dks iwjk djus esa mi;ksxh fl) gqvk gSA dkfeZdksa dks viuh laL—fr viuh Hkk\"kk dks thoar j[kus ds fy, fdlh Hkh foHkkx dh if=dk,¡ ,d mi;ksxh eap lkfcr gksrh gSaA dk;kZy; esa jktHkk\"kk ds ç;ksx lao/kZu ,oa mUufr gsrq ^Hkw&xHkkZ^ dk çdk'ku ,d mÙke ç;kl gSA ft;ksfid dks Hkkjr ljdkj x`g ea=ky; jktHkk\"kk foHkkx] uxj jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u lfefr ¼dk;kZy;&2½ nsgjknwu }kjk jktHkk\"kk esa Js\"B dk;Z fu\"iknu gsrq r`rh; iqjLdkj ls lEekfur fd;k x;k gSA blds fy, ft;ksfid ds lHkh dkfeZd c/kkbZ ds ik= gSaA vk'kk djrk gw¡ fd iwoZ vadksa dh Hkkafr bl ckj Hkh Hkk\"kk] rduhd] laL—fr vkSj i;kZoj.k vkfn dk lekos'k bl vad esa ns[kus dks feysxkA eSa bl if=dk ls tqM+s lkfgR;dkjksa] oSKkfudksa] laiknd e.My vkSj lEiw.kZ ft;ksfid lewg dks if=dk çdk'ku ds fy, lk/kqokn nsrk gw¡A ¼jkts'k dqekj JhokLro½ 4

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ fo'kky 'kkL=h dk;Zdkjh funs'kd & iz/kku ft;ksfid laLFkku lans'k ft;ksfid] nsgjknwu dh jktHkk\"kk bZ&if=dk ^Hkw&xHkkZ* ds 5osa vad ds çdk'ku ls tqM+dj eSa xkSjokfUor eglwl dj jgk gw¡A ft;ksfid esa jktHkk\"kk ds çfr vuqdwy okrkoj.k cukus esa if=dk,¡ ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA blh dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vkSj jktHkk\"kk fu;eksa@vf/kfu;eksa dk ikyu djrs gq, jktHkk\"kk bZ&if=dk ^Hkw&xHkkZ* dk fujarj çdk'ku djuk ft;ksfid dk;kZy; ds fy, cgqr xkSjo dh ckr gSA eq>s ;g crkrs gq, Hkh g\"kZ gks jgk gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj] x`g ea=ky;] uxj jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u lfefr }kjk ft;ksfid laLFkku dks jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u esa loksZR—\"V dk;Z gsrq o\"kZ 2021&22 ds fy; igyh ckj jktHkk\"kk 'khYM iqjLdkj çkIr gqvk gSA bl çxfr ds fy, eSa çHkkjh&jktHkk\"kk ,oa laLFkku ds lHkh dkfeZdksa dks c/kkbZ nsrk gw¡ ftuds vFkd ç;klksa ls ;g iqjLdkj çkIr gqvkA ft;ksfid dh if=dk ^Hkw&xHkkZ* dk ;g vad fofHkUu vk;keksa dks lesVs gq, gSA tgk¡ ,d vksj ;g if=dk dfork] dgkfu;ksa vkSj lkekftd ys[kksa ls lqlfTtr gS ogha ljy Hkk\"kk esa fy[ks rduhdh ys[kksa ds ek/;e ls rduhdh {ks= esa fnu&çfrfnu gks jgh çxfr dks Hkh dyec) fd, gq, gSA Hkk\"kk] foKku] ç—fr] lekt vkSj ekuo Hkkoukvksa dk lfeJ.k gS ;g if=dk vkSj ;gh bl if=dk dh l`tu'khyrk Hkh gSA eq>s fo'okl gS fd ft;ksfid [kfut rsy ,oa çk—frd xSl dh [kkst ds lkFk&lkFk jktHkk\"kk fganh dk xkSjo c<+kus gsrq blh çdkj dk;Z djrk jgsxk A if=dk dh lQyrk ds fy, esjh gkfnZd 'kqHkdkeuk;sa ¼fo'kky 'kkL=h½ 5

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh laikndh;--- laçfr ;g ,d rduhdh dk;kZy; gS vkSj ;gk¡ ds lHkh leUo;drkZvksa ds lewgksa dks Qwyksa dh ekyk dh rjg ,drk ds lw= es fijksdj bl bZ if=dk ^Hkw&xHkkZ* ds ek/;e ls vkids le{k çLrqr djrs gq, eq>s vR;ar g\"kZ dk vuqHko gks jgk gS A jktHkk\"kk fgUnh ds c<+rs opZLo dks ns[krs gq, ;g çrhr gksrk gS fd fgUnh dks la;qä jk\"Vª la?k dh vkf/kdkfjd Hkk\"kk ds :i esa çfrf\"Br djus gsrq Bksl dk;Z fd, tk;s vkSj ;g rHkh laHko gS tc gesa viuh Hkk\"kk ds çfr vius nkf;Roksa dk vkHkkl gksxkA ;fn ge Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk jktHkk\"kk ds fy, fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, –<+rk ls dk;kZfUor fd;k tk;A fgUnh dks fo'o Hkk\"kk cukus ds fy, ge lHkh dks feydj ç;kl djus dh vko';drk gSA ft;ksfid dk;kZy; esa cgqeq[kh çfrHkk ds /kuh yksx gSaA 10 tuojh] 2022 dks vk;ksftr fo'o fgUnh fnol ds volj ij ;gk¡ ds oSKkfudksa }kjk fgUnh esa nh x;h rduhdh çLrqfr vrqyuh; jghaA ;g çLrqfr;k¡ fo'kq) :i ls fgUnh esa rS;kj dh x;h Fkh A ft;ksfid ds lHkh dkfeZdksa us jktHkk\"kk fgUnh ds çpkj&çlkj esa tks dqN Hkh dk;Z fd, mudh >yd if=dk esa Nk;kfp=ksa ds ek/;e ls vkidks ns[kus dks feysxhA o\"kZ Hkj esa lcus feydj tks esgur dh og jax yk;hA ft;ksfid laLFkku dks igyh ckj Hkkjr ljdkj] x`g ea=ky;] jktHkk\"kk foHkkx] uxj jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u lfefr ¼dk&2½ }kjk jktHkk\"kk esa Js\"B dk;Z fu\"iknu gsrq o\"kZ 2021&22 ds fy, r`rh; iqjLdkj ds :i esa jktHkk\"kk 'khYM çnku dh xbZA if=dk ds çdk'ku esa dk;Zdkjh funs'kd&laLFkku çeq[k] vkyacu çcU/kd] çHkkjh&ek-la- ,oa fofHkUu lewgksa ds leUo;drkZvksa rFkk vU; ofj\"B vf/kdkfj;ksa ls tks lg;ksx ,oa çsj.kk feyh gS mlds fy, eSa lHkh dk ân; ls vkHkkj O;ä djrk gw¡ A if=dk ds bl vad ds çdk'ku esa ;ksxnku gsrq eSa laiknd e.My] jpukdkjksa ,oa lg;ksfx;ksa ds çfr Hkh viuk vkHkkj O;ä djrk gw¡ ,oa vk'kk djrk gw¡ fd if=dk dk ;g vad Hkh iwoZ dh Hkkafr lHkh dks ilan vk,xk vkSj Hkfo\"; esa Hkh vki blh rjg viuh jpuk,¡ Hkstdj bls vkSj le`) cuk,¡xsA lq/kh ikBdksa ds vewY; lw>koksa ,oa ekxZn'kZu dh çrh{kk ges'kk jgsxhA & lquhy dqekj izHkkjh jktHkk\"kk 6

fo'o fgUnh fnol&2022 fo'o fgUnh fnol % 10 tuojh 2022 dks ^fo'o fgUnh fnol* ds volj ij ^jktHkk\"kk rduhdh laxks\"Bh* dk vk;kstu ,oa ft;ksfid laLFkku dh bZ&if=dk Hkw&xHkkZ dk foekspu

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh rsy ,oa xSl ds mRiknu esa Hkw&HkkSfrdh; lsokvksa dk ;ksxnku vfuy dqekj fofo/krkvksa ds fo'ys\"k.k ds }kjk vuqdwy {ks=ksa dh eq[; Hkw&HkkSfrdhfon~ ¼/kjkry½ igpku dj ldrs gSaA vuqç;qä Hkw&HkkSfrdh ds çlaLdj.k vuqHkkx] ft;ksfid varxZr i`Foh dh lrg ij HkkSfrd ekiuksa ls mi&Hkwry ¼lc&ljQsl½ dh HkkSfedh; lwpuk,¡ çkIr i`Foh [kfut laink dk Hk.Mkj gSA bl lEink dk gksrh gSaA bls Hkw&HkkSfrd losZ{k.k Hkh dgrs gSa vkSj vUos\"k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ekuo tkfr dh bldk mís'; mi;qä midj.kksa ls ?kuRo] oS\"kE;] HkykbZ ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl çR;kLFkh xq.k/keZ] pqacdRo fo|qr laokgdrk vkSj vUos\"k.k ds lkFk leL;k ;g gS fd ge i`Foh ds vanj jsfM;ks,fDVork vkfn ekidj isVªksfy;e] ty] [kfut lh/ks ugha ns[k ldrs gSA tSls fd ge gekjs 'kjhj ds rFkk [kaMuh; inkFkksaZ dk LFkku fu/kkZj.k djuk gSA vkarfjd Hkkxksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy, ,Dl&js dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] oSls gh ge ijks{k :i ls i`Foh dh Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk rsy ,oa xSl Cy‚dksa dk vkarfjd lajpuk ds ckjs esa v/;;u djus ds fy, dqN vkoaVu rjhdksa dk mi;ksx djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA bu rjhdksa esa çR;{k ;k vçR;{k ¼ijks{k½ gks ldrs gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj fu/kkZfjr vof/k ds fy, vks,,yih@ çR;{k rjhds ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, [kqnkbZ½ ljy usYi@isy çfØ;kvksa }kjk csflu esa Cy‚d vkoaVu tkudkjh ds v/;;u ds fy, bLrseky fd;k tk djrh gSA rsy ,oa xSl mRiknu djus okyh ldrk gSA vçR;{k rjhdksa ls i`Foh ds vanj lajpukvksa vks,uthlh tSlh jk\"Vªh; vkSj futh daifu;k¡ ml vkSj muds LFkkfud fofHkUurk ds lkFk tqM+s dqN Cykd esa losZ{k.k@vUos\"k.k dk dk;Z djrh gSaA rsy ,oa HkkSfrd xq.kksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk gSA fo\"ke xSl ds {ks=ksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa ckaVk x;k gSA vfHkrVh; ¼vle] xqtjkr] jktLFkku] fgeky;u½ æks.kh bR;kfn {ks= vkSj virVh; ¼eqacbZ] —\".kk&xksnkojh] dkosjh] vaMeku vkSj dsjy&dksad.k½ æksa.kh bR;kfn {ks=A orZeku esa Hkkjr ds eqacbZ {ks= esa lcls vf/kd ek=k esa rsy vkSj xSl dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA 8

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ —\".kk&xksnkojh vkSj dkosjh æks.kh esa Hkh çpqj ek=k esa vko';d gksrk gSA vadh;@ fMftVy vk¡dM+ksa dks rsy vkSj xSl mRiknu dh laHkkouk;sa c<+ xbZ gaSA ml dh Hkw&igpku ds lkFk feykrs gSaA blds ckn vk¡dM+ks dk fo'ys\"k.k djus dh fuEu çfØ;k,¡ gSa----- vk¡dM+ksa ds lkFk esa vuko';d vk¡dM+ksa dks vyx dj fn;k tkrk gSA fQj bu vk¡dM+ksa ij osx fo'ys\"k.k HkkSfrdh; i)fÙk;k¡ djds vk¡dM+ksa dks ykbu ds vuqlkj lqxfBr tksM+k  xq#Rokd\"kZ.k i)fÙk;k¡ ¼?kuRo xq.k dk v/;;u½ tkrk gSA lqxfBr MsVk ¼vk¡dM+s½ tks gesa ykbu ds  pqacdh; i)fÙk;k¡ ¼pqacdh; laosnu'khyrk dk vuqlkj feys] mu vk¡dMksa ls ,d çkjfEHkd tkudkjh gks tkrh gSA osx fo'ys\"k.k dks le; rFkk i`Foh dh v/;;u½ xgjkbZ ds vuqlkj fQj ls fo'ysf\"kr fd;k tkrk gSA  Hkw&daih; i)fÙk;k¡ ¼rjax lapj.k dk ?kuRo vc bl osx vkSj lkQ vadh;@fMftVy vk¡dM+ksa dks ekbxzsV djrs gS] D;ksafd blls vk¡dM+s lgh txg ij vkSj xfr dk v/;;u½ igq¡pdj lgh HkwHkkSfedh; rLohj çkIr gksrh gSA  fo|qr i)fÙk;k¡ ¼fo|qr çfrjks/kdrk dk fuoZpu@O;k[;k v/;;u½  fo|qrpqacdh; i)fÙk;k¡ ¼fo|qrpqacdh; çlaLdj.k ds mijkar lqxfBr@LVsd MsVk ¼vkadM+ksa½ dks ckjhfd;ksa ls mldh fdl Hkw&le; ;k xgjkbZ ij çokgdRo dk v/;;u½ fdruh vko`fÙk] rhozrk] fujarjrk] osx] ?kuRo] dk  jsfM;ksesfVªd i)fÙk;k¡ ¼jsfM;ksesfVªd@xkek v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vktdy rks fn;s x, {ks= esa cslesaV esa Hkh VwV&QwV* ¼ÝsDpj½ dk v/;;u fd;k tk fdj.kksa dk v/;;u½ jgk gS tks fd rsy ,oa xSl dh cM+h [kkst esa egRoiw.kZ  y‚fxax i)fÙk;k¡ ¼dwi ds Hkhrj HkkSfrd xq.kksa dk Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA fujarj Hkw&HkkSfrdh; v/;;u gkbMªksdkcZu dh [kkst esa ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gks v/;;u½ jgk gSA çlaLdj.k@çkslsflax bl rjg ls çkIr f}&vk;keh vkSj f=&vk;keh vadh;@fMftVy vk¡dM+ksa dks çlaLdj.k djuk Hkh 9

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hkkjrh; {ks=h; Hkk\"kkvksa dks VkbilsV djus ds fy, LaTex dk mi;kxs djus dk ,d çHkkoh rjhdk MkW- larks\"k dqekj ^lkgw* mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ;s ofj- izksxzkfeax vf/kdkjh] nksuksa iSdst ,d ,dy Q‚UV vFkkZr~ fueZyk ;wvkbZ ft;ksfid dk mi;ksx djds Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, cgqr çHkkoh gSa] tks 10 ls vf/kd Hkkjrh; lkjka'k Hkk\"kkvksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA geus rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud fjiksVZ rS;kj djus ds fy, bu Ng Word Processing Applications oSKkfud vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dk mi;ksx djds lehdj.kksa] xf.krh; nLrkostksa dks çLrqr djrs le; lhfer rkfydkvksa] vkadM+ksa vkSj lanHkksaZ esa la;qäk{kjksa dk mi;ksfxrk çnku djrs gSaA ;|fi os ys[ku mi;ksx vf/kd vklkuh ls vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls lehdj.kksa] rkfydkvksa] Nfo;ksa] lanHkksaZ vkSj xzaFk fd;k gSA lwph çca/ku ls lacaf/kr dbZ fo'ks\"krk,¡ çnku djrs gSa] VkbiksxzkfQd xq.koÙkk ls vDlj le>kSrk ladsrkRed 'kCn % yVs Ds l] bfa Md Hkk\"kk] fgna h fd;k tkrk gSA blds vykok] Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks Vkbilfs Vxa ] mfM;+ k Vkbilfs Vxa ] rys xq q Vkbilfs Vxa ] fy[kuk] fo'ks\"k :i ls la;qäk{kj fy[kuk] ey;kye Vkbilfs Vxa ] ckXa yk Vkbilfs Vxa ] QkVas nLrkost rS;kj djus ds fy, dbZ ç.kkfy;ksa dk Lids ] i‚yhXyksfl;k mi;ksx djrs le; v{kj cny tkrk gSA o.kZ vuqç;ksx ;k v‚ijsfVax flLVe dks fLop djds 1- ifjp; ifjofrZr fd, tkrs gSaA blfy,] bl v/;;u esa] ge ppkZ djsaxs fd Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks vf/kd ;wfudksM flLVe ds fodkl ls igys] dbZ LokfeRo çHkkoh vkSj dq'ky rjhds ls dSls fy[kk tk,] tks ç—fr ds l‚¶Vos;j dk mi;ksx Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa mPp xq.koÙkk okys oSKkfud nLrkostksa dks rS;kj dks fy[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA l‚¶Vos;j djuk vklku gks tk,A blds vykok] cgq&dk;Z fodflr djus ds fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okyh okrkoj.k esa LFkkukarfjr djuk ;k mi;ksx djuk fofHkUu fof/k;ksa ds dkj.k] ,d ys[ku ç.kkyh esa vklku gSA LaTex typesetting ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx mi;ksx dh tkus okyh ifj;kstuk dks nwljs esa fganh] mfM+;k] rsyqxq] ey;kye vkSj ckaXyk tSlh lk>k djus esa dksbZ vuqdwyrk ugha gSA QyLo:i] Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks rS;kj djus ds fy, fd;k mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks Hkkjrh; {ks=h; Hkk\"kkvksa esa oMZ tkrk gSA Fontspec vkSj Polyglossia LaTex çkslsflax ds fy, fof'k\"V ,fIyds'ku dk mi;ksx iSdst {ks=h; Hkk\"kkvksa dks çLrqr djus ds fy, djus ds fy, etcwj fd;k tkrk] ysfdu vktdy ge ;wfudksM ,UdksfMax fof/k dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSa tks 144]697 o.kksaZ dk leFkZu djrk gS] rkfd dbZ Hkk\"kkvksa vkSj çrhdksa dk çfrfuf/kRo fd;k tk lds] tks oMZ çkslsflax ;k ys[ku ç.kkfy;ksa ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa [1]A fQj Hkh] ge VkbilsfVax 10

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ vkSj ,d nLrkost lk>k djds leL;kvksa dk bafMd fyfi;ksa dks fy[kus ds fy, 11 çdkj ds lkeuk djrs gSa] ftlesa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh QksaV dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA fjiksVksaZ esa cM+h ek=k esa la;qäk{kj] çrhd vkSj lehdj.k gksrs gSaA QyLo:i] ge ,d csgrj vkSj geus nsoukxjh Q‚UV ds lkFk fganh esa ,d vf/kd çHkkoh rjhds ls Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks fy[kus nLrkost rS;kj djus ds fy, mudh çfØ;k dk ds fy, LaTex typesetting ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx vuqdj.k fd;k gSA geus ns[kk gS fd fefJr Q‚UV djsaxsA ¼Hkk\"kk ;kuh] fganh vkSj vaxzsth½ ds ekeys esa vaxzsth Q‚UV ds o.kksaZ dks ,d oxZ çrhd ds lkFk çnf'kZr oMZ çkslslj mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks fy[krs le; fd;k tkrk gSA okLrfod o.kZ fn[kkbZ ugha nsrk gS- okLrfod le; esa nLrkost ns[kus dh vuqefr ;g çrhdksa vkSj fo'ks\"k ik=ksa tSls vYifojke] nsrk gSA ;g ljy vkSj NksVs nLrkost rS;kj djus v/kZ&c`gnkU= vkSj iw.kZ fojke ds ekeys esa Hkh gqvk ds fy, cgqr çHkkoh gSA oSKkfud ys[ku ds fy,] gSA tfVy xf.kr çrhdksa] lehdj.kksa] Nfo;ksa] rkfydkvksa dks fy[kus vkSj xzaFk lwph lkexzh dk ,ysDl us ey;kye Hkk\"kk dks VkbilsV djus ds çca/ku djus ds fy, cgqr ç;kl dh vko';drk fy, vksesxk iSdst dk mi;ksx fd;k gSA gksrh gSA fp= 1 rduhdh vkSj oSKkfud ys[ku ds UTF-8 ,UdksfMax ;kstuk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk fy, ,d nLrkost dh tfVyrk cuke ç;kl dks gS vkSj muds ç;ksx esa dsyh vkSj jpuk uked nks n'kkZrk gSA çkjaHk esa] LaTex ds ewy okD; foU;kl QksaV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA muds ç;ksx esa vkSj 'kCnkFkZ lh[kus ds fy, dqN ç;kl dh dsoy ey;kye bafMd Hkk\"kk ij fopkj fd;k x;k vko';drk gksrh gS] vkSj mlds ckn vklkuh ls gSA blfy,] bl v/;;u esa] ge ppkZ djsaxs fd ,d mPp xq.koÙkk okyk nLrkost rS;kj fd;k tk ekbØksl‚¶V }kjk fodflr fueZyk ;wvkbZ uked ldrk gSA blfy,] bl v/;;u esa] ge ppkZ djsaxs ,d gh Q‚UV dk mi;ksx djds dbZ Hkkjrh; fd ysVsDl dk mi;ksx djds Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks Hkk\"kkvksa dks dSls Vkbi fd;k tk,A vf/kd dq'kyrkiwoZd vkSj çHkkoh <ax ls dSls fy[k ldrs gSaA dqekj vkj us bl ckr ij ppkZ dh gS fd 2- fof/k;k¡ dSls LaTex dk mi;ksx Hkkjrh; {ks=h; Hkk\"kkvksa dks rS;kj djus vkSj vius ç;ksx esa vko';d Q‚UV ds bl v/;;u dk mís'; u, TrueType Q‚UV~l fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA muds ç;ksx esa fofHkUu LFkkfir djuk gS tks LaTex typesetting flLVe esa bafMd Hkk\"kkvksa dk leFkZu djrs gSaA foLr`r ç.kkyh vko';drkvksa ij rkfydk 1 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gSA MikTex VsDl laiknd ds :i esa Tex Studio ds lkFk foaMkst 10 ij LFkkfir gSA rkfydk 1 esa mfYyf[kr mu nks QksaV LFkkfir djus ds cknA bl v/;;u esa mi;ksx fd, x, nLrkost dh çLrkouk fp=&2 esa fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA Ng bafMd fyfi;ksa dks nks QksaV ds lkFk ?kksf\"kr fd;k tkrk Table 1 : System Requirements Fig. 1: Efforts required with respect to the complexity of the document [5] 11

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Fig. 2: Preamble sec on of the study gSA nsoukxjh iSdst dk mi;ksx igys ds ys[kdksa vko';drk gksrh gS] rks cl Hkk\"kk uke ds lkFk }kjk fd, x, dke dk vuqdj.k djus ds fy, p;u Hkk\"kk dekaM ds lkFk 'kq: djsa tSlk fd fd;k tkrk gSA fp=&3 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vaxzsth ds fy,] p;u Hkk\"kk eSØks ?kksf\"kr djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha nLrkost dh Hkk\"kk dks nks çdkj dh fMQ‚YV Hkk\"kk gSA vkSj vU; Hkk\"kkvksa esa oxhZ—r fd;k x;k gSA mlds ckn] Hkk\"kkvksa vkSj muds lacaf/kr Q‚UV dh ?kks\"k.kk LaTex fLØIV dk vkmViqV fp=&4 esa fn[kk;k dh tkrh gSA bl ç;ksx esa dsoy ,d gh Q‚UV x;k gSA lHkh bafMd fyfi;ksa dks ,d vaxzsth okD; vFkkZr fueZyk ;wvkbZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ds ckn çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA {ks=h; Hkk\"kk ds nLrkost ds eq[; Hkkx dks fp=&3 esa fn[kk;k x;k lkFk vaxzsth okD; fy[kus dk bjknk ;g fn[kkrk gS- nLrkost ds laiw.kZ&'kjhj vuqHkkx esa] tc Hkh gS fd bl fof/k dk mi;ksx djds ge vaxzsth ds fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk dk mi;ksx djus dh lkFk Hkkjrh; fyfi;ksa dks mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA Fig. 3: Body part of the document 12

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ Fig. 4 : Indic language output as per our study 3- ifj.kke vkSj ppkZ ,dy Q‚UV] ,dy Hkk\"kk vo/kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gAaS vyx&vyx Hkk\"kkvkas ds fy, okD; foU;kl dk fiNys dk;ksaZ esa] ,d nLrkost esa vaxzsth vkSj fganh ikyu djuk efq 'dy Fkk] tks fueyZ k ;vw kbZ Q‚UV dk tSlh dbZ Hkk\"kkvksa dks fy[krs le;] vaxzsth o.kksaZ mi;kxs djds njw gks tkrk gAS gekjs Hkfo\"; ds dke dks çrhdkRed çk:i dk mi;ksx djds fn[kk;k e]as vU; idS ts vkjS QkVas tks vU; bfa Md Hkk\"kkvkas dk x;k gSA blls cpus ds fy, okD;ksa dks foHkkftr leFkuZ djrs g]aS LaTex Vkbilfs Vxa flLVe dk dj ldrk gS vkSj vaxzsth o.kksaZ dks vyx ls ?kksf\"kr mi;kxs djds vudq j.k djxas As dj ldrk gSA bl v/;;u esa ,slh fLFkfr;ksa ls cpus ds fy,] gky gh esa fodflr fueZyk ;wvkbZ lanHkZ Q‚UV dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tks 10 ls vf/kd Hkk\"kkvksa dk leFkZu djrk gSA fp=&4 ds vuqlkj] [1] ^^;wfudksM 14-0-0-** https://www.unicode.org/ çR;sd {ks=h; Hkk\"kk ds ckn vaxzsth esa ,d okD; gSA versions/Unicode14-0-0@¼10 tqykbZ] 2022 dks gekjs ç;ksx esa okD;ksa dks foHkkftr djus dh dksbZ ,Dlsl fd;k x;k½A vko';drk ugha gSA dksbZ Hkh fp=&3 eas fn[kk, x, fo'k\"s k Hkk\"kk dkMs dh ifjHkk\"kk ds vna j ,d le; eas ,d [2] ,ysDl ,ts] ^^vksesxk Typesetting ey;kye dk ,dy vuPq Nns ;k ,dkf/kd ijS kxkz Q lfEefyr dj mi;ksx dj]** 2006- [v‚uykbu]A miyC/k % ldrk gAS blfy,] bl –f\"Vdk.s k dk mi;kxs http://sarovar.org/projects/malayalam djd]s dkbs Z Hkh fdlh Hkh {k=s h; Hkk\"kk ds Hkhrj vxa tsz h 'kCnkas vkjS okD;kas dk mi;kxs dj ldrk gAS [3] Mh nÙkk] ^^24 ?kaVs esa LaTeX,\" 24 ?kaVs] 2017 esa LaTeX, doi: 10-1007@978&3&319&47831&9- 4- fu\"d\"kZ [4] vkj dqekj] ^^ysVsDl vkSj Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kk,a Google bl v/;;u esa] Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa dks rS;kj djus ds ¶;wtu VscYl dk mi;ksx djds DykmM&vk/kkfjr fy, LaTex typesetting ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx fd;k ykbczsjh dSVy‚x cukuk ifj;kstuk ns[ksa ifj;kstuk tkrk gSA nks ysVsDl iSdst vFkkZr~ Fontspec vkSj rqedqj fo'ofo|ky; –'; ifj;kstuk LaTeX vkSj Polyglossia dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gAS fueyZ k UI Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvksa esa opqZvy yfuaZx eSustesaV flLVe dk Q‚UV ekbØkls ‚¶V }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k g]S tks dk;kZUo;u]^^ Kku mRlo & jk\"Vªh; lEesyu] 2016] 10 ls vf/kd Hkkjrh; Hkk\"kkvkas dk leFkuZ djrk gAS ihih 1&4 esa] doi% 10-13140@ RG.2-1-2978-9840A blfy,] bl ç;kxs eas vdys s bl Q‚UV dk mi;kxs dbZ Hkk\"kkvkas eas nLrkots r;S kj djus ds fy, fd;k [5] ^^oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh ys[ku dh rS;kjh ds nkSjku tkrk gAS iis j eas ppkZ dh xbZ igys dh rduhdas ,d ys[kdksa }kjk lkeuk fd, x, ç;kl cuke tfVyrk** https://softwareengineering. stackexchange.com/ questions/47402/what-is-the-best-toolkit-for- writing-long-technical-texts ¼10 tqykbZ] 2022 dks ,Dlsl fd;k x;k½A [6] ^^fueZyk ;wvkbZ Q‚UV ifjokj&Typography | ekbØksl‚¶V M‚Dl** https://docs.microsoft.com/ en- us/typography/font-list/nirmala-ui ¼10 tqykbZ] 2022 dks ,Dlsl fd;k x;k½A 13

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh DykmM daI;wfVax g\"kZy ekuoVdj  ykxr cpr dh vuqefr nsrk gS & de dk;Zdkjh vfHk;ark lqfo/kk] gkMZos;j@l‚¶Vos;j fuos'k] leFkZu ¼bysDVª‚fuDl½ bUQksd‚e lfoZlst+] ft;ksfid esjk MsVk dgk¡ gS\\ D;k gS DykÅM dEI;wfVax\\  MsVk loZj ij jgrk gS] ftls mi;ksxdrkZ DykmM daI;wfVax dks dqN Hkh ekuk tk ldrk gS HkkSfrd :i ls ,Dlsl ugha dj ldrkA ftlesa baVjusV ;k WAN ij gksLVsM lsok,¡ çnku djuk 'kkfey gSA  ;fn vuqca/k }kjk fu;af=r ugha fd;k tkrk gS] foØsrk U;wure ykxr ij dgha Hkh MsVk LVksj DykmM daI;wfVax foU;kl ;ksX; daI;wfVax lalk/kuksa dj ldrs gSaA ¼tSls] usVodZ] loZj] LVksjst] ,fIyds'ku vkSj lsok,¡½ ds ,d lk>k iwy ds fy, loZO;kih] vko';d fo'ks\"krk;sa lqfo/kktud] v‚u&fMekaM usVodZ ,Dlsl dks l{ke djus ds fy, ,d e‚My gS] ftls U;wure çca/ku  v‚u&fMekaM Lo;a lsok ç;kl ds lkFk rsth ls çko/kku vkSj tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d mi;ksxdrkZ çR;sd lsok çnkrk ds lkFk ;g D;k çnku djrk gS ekuo laidZ dh vko';drk ds fcuk  DykmM daI;wfVax LFkkuh; loZj ;k HkaMkj.k Lopkfyr :i ls vko';drkuqlkj daI;wfVax {kerkvksa] tSls loZj le; vkSj usVodZ HkaMkj.k lalk/kuksa ds foijhr lk>k lsok,a çnku djrk dk çko/kku dj ldrk gSA gSA  vf/kdka'k osc&l{ke gkMZos;j ls tkudkjh  O;kid usVodZ igqap rd igqap l{ke djrk gSA {kerk,¡ usVodZ ij miyC/k gSa vkSj ekud ra= ds ek/;e ls ,Dlsl dh tkrh gSa] tks fo\"ke irys ;k eksVs DykbaV IysVQ‚eZ ¼tSls] eksckby Qksu] VScysV] ySiV‚i vkSj odZLVs'ku½ }kjk mi;ksx dks c<+kok nsrh gSaA  lalk/ku iwfyax çnkrk ds daI;wfVax lalk/kuksa dks dbZ mi;ksxdrkZvksa dh lsok ds fy, tek fd;k tkrk gSA mi;ksxdrkZ dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj lalk/kuksa dks xfr'khy :i ls vlkbu vkSj iqu%vlkbu fd;k tk ldrk gSA mi;ksxdrkZ vkerkSj ij ijokg ugha dj ldrs gSa fd lalk/ku HkkSfrd :i ls dgk¡ fLFkr gSa] ysfdu ;fn os virVh; fLFkr gSa] rks tksf[keksa ls voxr gksuk pkfg,A  rhoz yksp {kerkvksa dks Lopkfyr :i ls foLrkfjr ;k tkjh fd;k tk ldrk gS ¼;kuh] vf/kd lhih;w 14

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ikoj] ;k vfrfjä mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks dh lqfo/kk çnku djrk gS] tgk¡ ,fIyds'ku laHkkyus dh {kerk½A mi;ksxdrkZ ds fy, ;g gksLV fd, tkrs gSaA mudh cnyrh vko';drkvksa ds fy, fuckZ/k] vlhfer vkSj mÙkjnk;h çrhr gksrk gSA  mi;ksxdrkZ vius Lo;a ds vuqç;ksxksa dk  ekih xbZ lsok mi;ksx djrk gSA mi;ksxdrkZvksa ls muds }kjk mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lsokvksa vkSj jkf'k;ksa ds fy, 'kqYd 3- ,d lsok ds :i esa l‚¶Vos;j ¼lkl½ fy;k tkrk gSA ,d iSekb'k vo/kkj.kk gS] tgk¡ xzkgd lalk/ku mi;ksx dh fuxjkuh] fu;a=.k  ^^ekax ij l‚¶Vos;j** ds :i esa Hkh tkuk vkSj fjiksVZ dh tk ldrh gS] tks mi;ksx dh tkrk gS] bl lsok e‚My esa vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk] xbZ lsok ds çnkrk vkSj mi;ksxdrkZ nksuksa ds IysVQ‚eZ] vkSj l‚¶Vos;j@vuqç;ksxksa dks fy, ikjnf'kZrk çnku djrh gSA vkmVlkslZ djuk 'kkfey gSA lsok e‚My  vkerkSj ij] ;s lsok,¡ xzkgd ds fy, 'kqYd] 1- ,d lsok ds :i esa volajpuk ¼vkbZ,,,l½ Hkqxrku ds :i esa] ;k fcuk fdlh 'kqYd ds  ,d lsok e‚My ftlesa HkaMkj.k] gkMZos;j] e‚My ij miyC/k gSaA loZj vkSj usVofdaZx ?kVdksa lfgr lapkyu  ç;käs k bVa juVs ij vuçq ;kxs kas rd igp¡q rk gAS dk leFkZu djus ds fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys cqfu;knh <kaps dks vkmVlkslZ djuk ifjfu;kstu e‚My 'kkfey gSA  lsok çnkrk ds ikl cqfu;knh <kaps ds midj.k 1½ çkbosV DykmM % DykmM bUÝkLVªDpj iwjh gSa vkSj ;g vkokl] pykus vkSj bls cuk, rjg ls ,d laxBu ds fy, lapkfyr gksrk j[kus ds fy, ftEesnkj gSA mi;ksxdrkZ gSA bls laxBu ;k fdlh rhljs i{k }kjk vkerkSj ij çfr&mi;ksx ds vk/kkj ij çcaf/kr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj ;g ifjlj ;k Hkqxrku djrk gSA can ifjlj esa ekStwn gks ldrk gSA 2- IysVQ‚eZ&,t&,&lfoZl ¼PaS½  ,d lsok e‚My ftlesa cqfu;knh <kaps vkSj 2½ lkeqnkf;d DykmM % DykmM bUÝkLVªDpj IysVQ‚eZ dh vkmVlksflaZx 'kkfey gS ¼foaMkst] dbZ laxBuksa }kjk lk>k fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;wfuDl½ ,d fof'k\"V leqnk; dk leFkZu djrk gS]  Paas varfuZfgr gkMZos;j vkSj l‚¶Vos;j dks ftlesa lk>k fpra k,a gkrs h gaS ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] [kjhnus vkSj çcaf/kr djus dh ykxr vkSj fe'ku] ljq {kk vko';drk,]¡ uhfr vkjS vuiq kyu tfVyrk ds fcuk vuqç;ksxksa dks rSukr djus lca /a kh fopkj½A bls lxa Bukas ;k fdlh rhljs i{k }kjk çcfa /kr fd;k tk ldrk gS vkjS ;g ifjlj ;k can ifjlj esa ekStwn gks ldrk gSA 3½ ifCyd DykmM % DykmM bUÝkLVªDpj vke turk ;k cM+s m|ksx lewg ds fy, miyC/k djk;k tkrk gS vkjS bldk LokfeRo DykmM los kvkas dks cps us okys laxBu ds ikl gksrk gSA 4½ gkbfczM DykmM % DykmM baÝkLVªDpj nks ;k nks ls vf/kd ¼futh] lkeqnkf;d] ;k lkoZtfud½ dh ,d lajpuk gS] tks vf}rh; laLFkk,a jgrh gSa] ysfdu ekudh—r ;k LokfeRo okyh rduhd ls tqM+h gksrh gSa tks MsVk vkSj ,fIyds'ku iksVsZfcfyVh dks l{ke cukrh gSa ¼mnkgj.k ds fy,] yksM ds fy, DykmM cfLV± x & DykmMksa ds chp larqyu½A 15

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh yksdy ,saxy Mksesu fp=.k rduhd&bZ,l360 fuf[ky flag vFkZLVMh360 bestj dk mi;ksx nks vyx&vyx HkwHkkSfrdh ¼lrg½ eksM esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] csfld ¼ØSe½ vkSj ,Mokal izlaLdj.k foHkkx] ft;ksfid eksMA ;g dsoy muds vkmViqV xSnlZ ds çdkj esa fHkUu gksrs gSaA vFkZLVMh360 bestj ¼bZ,l360 bestj½ ,d cgqeq[kh DyLVj&vk/kkfjr xgjkbZ ek;xzs'ku rduhd gS tks csfld eksM % bls d‚eu js¶ysD'ku ,saxy ek;xzs'ku ,d lkFk fu;af=r ,ipZj ds Hkhrj iw.kZ fjd‚MZ fd, ¼ØSe½ ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA ;g vkmViqV ds x, rjax {ks= dk mi;ksx lajf{kr ,sfEIyVwM] :i esa js¶ysD'ku dks.k xSnlZ nsrk gSA bu 2D cgq&vk;keh milrg dks.k xSnlZ mRiu djus ds fy, ¼dks.k@xgjkbZ½ xSnlZ ds Hkhrj çR;sd Vªsl lHkh djrk gSA milrg fn'kkvksa vkSj fdlh fn, x, vksifuax dks.k ls tqM+s lHkh vksifuax dks.k vtheqFk dks tksM+dj çkIr vFkZLVMh360 uhps ls Åij dh rjQ fdj.k&Vªsflax fd;k tkrk gSA bu xSnlZ dk mi;ksx ft;ksMsIFk }kjk djrk gS tks vklkuh ls eYVh&ikfFkax dks gSaMy dj lVhd osx e‚My fu/kkZj.k ds fy, vkSj fo'oluh; ysrk gSA ikjaifjd fdj.k&vk/kkfjr besftax fof/k;ksa ,ohvks vkSj ,sfEIyVwM bUotZu ds fy, fd;k tk ¼tSls fdjp‚Q ek;xzs'ku½ ds foijhr] vFkZLVMh360 ldrk gSA milrg fxzM fcanqvksa ls lrg ij fdj.kksa dks 'kwV djus ds fy, ,d fcanq&foorZd v‚ijsVj dk mi;ksx ,MokalM eksM % ;g eksM nks iwjd] =h&vk;keh iw.kZ djrk gS] tks çR;sd Nfo fcanq ij fjd‚MZ fd, x, vtheqFk lkekU; Nfo dks.k xSnlZ nsrk gS % lrg Hkwdaih; MsVk dks milrg yksdy ,axy Mksesu MkbZjsD'kuy ,oa js¶ysD'ku ftls vFkZLVMh360 ¼,y,Mh½ esa eSi djus ds fy, ,d lVhd ç.kkyh iap&vk;keh ds :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA cukrk gSA ;g çfØ;k lHkh milrg fn'kkvksa vkSj lrg lzksr&fjlhoj LFkkuksa ls Nfo fcanqvksa dh vFkZLVMh360 Mk;jsD'kuy ,axy xSnlZ LisD;qyj vkSj vf/kdre jks'kuh lqfuf'pr djrh gS; lHkh vkxeu foorZu besftax dks l{ke cukrk gS] ftlds dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS vkSj ,sfEIyVwM ,oa Qst dks ifj.kkeLo:i fujarj lajpukRed lrgksa vkSj vlarr lajf{kr j[kk tkrk gSA oLrqvksa tSls Q‚YV~l ;k NksVs iSekus ij ÝSDpj ij ,d lkFk tksj fn;k tkrk gSA çR;sd milrg Nfo fcanq bestj dks che ek;xzs'ku dk ,d fo'ks\"k :i ekuk tk ¼tSls ufr] vtheqFk vkSj LisD;qyfjVh½ ij ldrk gS] D;ksafd besftax çfØ;k LFkkuh; che lajpukRed fo'ks\"krkvksa dks lh/ks Mk;jsD'kuy ,axy ¼LFkkuh; iryk frjNk LVSd bosaV½ ij ykxw gksrh gS] xSnlZ ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gAS vFkLZ VMh360 tks b\"Vre x.kuk ekinaMksa ¼lrg /khek oSDVj vkSj fj¶yDs 'ku ,xa y xnS l]Z vkis fuxa ,xa y vkjS vkis fuxa vuqekfur ÝsLusy tksu½ dk mi;ksx djds buiqV ,theFq k ds ,d QDa 'ku ds :i eas fj¶yfs DVfoVh dks MsVk Vªsl ls v‚u&n&¶ykbZ mRiUu gksrh gSA fQj che n'kkrZ k gAS budk mi;kxs i.w k&Z vtheFq k] dk.s k Mkes us dks dsaæh; fdj.kksa ls iM+kslh milrg fcanqvksa ij lgh jfs lMvq ky eow vkmV ¼vkj,evk½s ds Lopkfyr p;u ds x.kuk fd, x, otu ds lkFk ,DlVªkiys'ku fd;k fy, fd;k tkrk g]S tks milrg çfrfcca f{kfrt ds tkrk gSA O;Rq iUu i\"` BHkfw e vfHkfoU;kl ds lkFk] vfulkVs kª fs id oxs e‚My fu/kkjZ .k] ÝDS pj dk irk yxkus vkjS jts oo~Z kj y{k.k o.kuZ ds fy, MVs k dk ,d ijw k lVs çnku djrs gSaA bZ,l360 Qqy vfteqFk eSfiax MsIFk besftax ,YxksfjFke gS tks iap&vk;keh ySM ¼yksdy ,axy Mksesu½ xSnlZ mRiu djrk gSA iw.kZ vtheqFk milrg 16

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ekufp=.k dh O;k[;k fp= 1 esa fn[kkbZ xbZ gSA vksifuax ,oa MkbZjsD'kuy dks.k tSls ekinaMksa dks fdj.k vuqjs[k.k dk mi;ksx djds var%fØ;kRed :i ls vafre :i fn;k tkrk gS tks foQy vkSj lQy fdj.kksa dh la[;k nsrk gSA ijh{k.k ds fy, egRoiw.kZ iSjkehVj fp= 3 esa fn[kk, x, gSa vkSj os bl çdkj gSa % fp= 1 % Qqy vft+eqFk ,saxy Mksesu fp=.k milrg esa fp=.k fcanq QaD'ku gksrk gS  U ¼t] 1] fp= 3 % milrg esa LFkku M ij iw.kZ vtheqFk dks.k 2] 1] 2½- tgk QaD'ku dh fo'ks\"krkvksa dks ifjHkkf\"kr Mksesu besftax fd;k x;k gS% le; t] MkbZjsD'kuy ufr 1] MkbZjsD'kuy vfteqFk 2] gkQ vksifuax ,saxy 1 ,oa 1- vksifuax dks.k vksifuax vfteqFk  2- 2- fMjsD'ku dks.k 3- isafly fxzM/ ik'kZ~o nwjh bZ,l360 MsIFk besftax dk vkmViqV iw.kZ vtheqFk 4- vfteqFk MkbZjsD'kuy ,oa js¶ysD'ku ,saxy xSnlZ gksrk gS ftls 5- ,sipZj fp= 2 esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA bZ,l360 js¶ysD'ku ,saxy 6- Åij vkSj uhps ds dks.kksa dks ifjHkkf\"kr djus ds xSnlZ esa vksifuax ,saxy 1 vkSj vksifuax vfteqFky 2 dh lwpuk gksrh gS tcfd ØSe js¶ysD'ku ,saxy xSnlZ fy, lanHkZ xgjkbZA esa dsoy vksifuax ,saxy 1 dh lwpuk gksrh gS vkSj vksifuax vfteqFky dh lwpuk tksM+ nh x;h gksrh gS vksifuax ,oa MkbZjsD'kuy ,saxy dk var%fØ;kRed 2 ds :i es- :i ls ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gS] tcfd vU; ekinaMksa dks ç;ksxkRed :i ls r; fd;k tkrk gSA fp= 4 esa fdlh {ks= ds bZ,l360 fp=.k ds vkmV~iqV LVSd dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fp= 2 % bZ,l360 xSnlZ dks le>uk js¶yDs 'ku ,xas y xnS lZ ds lkFk lkFk] b,Z l360 MIs Fk fp= 4 % bZ,l360 vkmV~iqV LVSd bfeftxa rduhd bZ,l360 MkbZjsD'kuy xSnlZ Hkh nsrk gS] ftlesa MkbZjDs 'kuy ufr 1 ,oa MkbjZ Ds 'kuy vfteFq k 2 dh lpw uk gkrs h gAS b,Z l360 MkbjZ Ds 'kuy xnS lZ dk T;knkrj mi;kxs milrg eas ÝDS pj vkjS Q‚YVl~ dh tkudkjh dh igpku djus eas fd;k tkrk gAS bZ,l360 ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk buiqV fMu‚t~M jsflMqvky LVSfVDl ,IykbM xSnlZ ¼lh,eih½ vkSj vafre varjky osx o‚Y;we gSA gkQ 17

jktHkk\"kk dk;kZUo;u lfefr dh frekgh cSBdsa laLFkku çeq[k&Jh fo'kky 'kkL=h dh v/;{krk esa frekgh lekfIr ds mijkar vxys ekg ds çFke lIrkg esa jktHkk\"kk frekgh cSBdksa dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ cnyrs Hkw&jktuSfrd ifj '; dk Hkkjr ds dPps rsy vk;kr ij çHkko eukst lkjLor çk—frd xSl&fu;kZrd ns'k jgk gS A blds lkFk gh eq[; HkwfoKkuh lÅnh vjc ds ckn nwljk lcls cM+k dPpk rsy baVsx] ft;ksfid vkSj la?kfu= ¼condensate½ fu;kZr djus okyk ns'k vkSj baMksusf'k;k vkSj v‚LVªsfy;k ds ckn rhljk :l us nf{k.k&if'pe esa vius iM+kslh ns'k ;wØsu ij lcls cM+k dks;yk&fu;kZrd ns'k jgk gSA fiNys o\"kZ 24 Qjojh] 2022 dks cM+s iSekus ij vkØe.k 'kq: :l ds dPps rsy vkSj çk—frd xSl dk vf/kdka'k fd;kA :lh jk\"Vªifr Oykfnehj iqfru us iwohZ ;wØsu Hkkx vksbZlhMh ¼vkfFkZd lg;ksx vkSj fodkl esa ^^fo'ks\"k lSU; vfHk;kuß dh ?kks\"k.kk ds dqN feuV laxBu½ ;wjksi tks dh 38 ns'kksa dk ,d laxBu gS] dks ckn] jkt/kkuh dho lfgr iwjs ;wØsu esa felkby fu;kZr gqvkA ,f'k;k rFkk vksf'kfu;k {ks= ds ns'kksa us geys 'kq: gks x,A o\"kZ 2022 dh ;g lcls cM+h :l dk vf/kdka'k dks;yk vk;kr fd;kA layXu Hkw&jktuSfrd ?kVuk Fkh vkSj lalkj dh lHkh xzkQ ls Li\"V gS fd 2021 es :l ds dPps rsy vkSj jktuSfrd 'kfä;ksa us eq[kj :i ls bl vkØe.k dh la?kfu= ¼condensate½ ds 4-7 fefy;u cSjy çfr fuank dh] ftlesa çeq[k :i ls vesfjdk vkSj fnu mRiknu dk yxHkx vk/kk Hkkx ¼49%½ tcfd ;wjksfi;u ;wfu;u ds lnL; ns'kksa }kjk :l ij çk—frd xSl ds dqy 8-9 fVªfy;u D;qfcd QhV yxk, x, vkfFkZd izfrca/k Hkh 'kkfey FksA Hkkjr us çfro\"kZ mRiknu dk yxHkx rhu pkSFkkbZ fgLlk Hkh nksuksa i{kks ls 'kkafr dh vihy dh rFkk lHkh ¼74%½ vksbZlhMh ;wjksi dks fu;kZr gqvkA elyksa dks ckrphr ls lqy>kus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA ,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj rsy ,oa çk—frd xSl ls çLrqr ys[k esa :l dh vFkZO;oLFkk esa rsy ,oa :l dh ljdkj dks 2011 vkSj 2020 ds chp es çk—frd xSl ds egRo rFkk vkfFkZd izfrca/kksa ls bl muds dqy jktLo ds vkSlru 43% Hkkx dh çkfIr ij iM+us okys çHkkoksa ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k x;k gq;h gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd ÅtkZ fu;kZr :l ds ctV gSA ys[k ds var es bl egRoiw.kZ ifj?kVuk ds dk eq[; LraHk gSA Hkkjrh; dPps rsy ds vk;kr ij iM+us okys çHkko rFkk ml ij Hkkjr dh çfrfØ;k ds ckjs es Hkh çdk'k mijksä vk¡dM+ksa ls ;g Hkh Li\"V gksrk gS fd :l Mkyk x;k gSA vius dPps rsy ds fu;kZr ds fy, ;wjksi ij ,d cktkj ds :i esa fuHkZj gS mlh rjg ;wjksi Hkh viuh vesfjdh ÅtkZ lwpuk ç'kklu ¼U.S. Energy ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, :l ij Information Administration½ ij Nis ,d ys[k1 ds fuHkZj gSA vuqlkj 2021 esa] :l nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k :l ds ;wØsu ij lSU; vfHk;ku ds ckn Hkw&jktuSfrd ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tks cnyko vk;k gS mlls fo'o ds ÅtkZ vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr ds lehdj.kksa esa cnyko vkuk vo';aHkkoh FkkA :l ds ;wjky dPps rsy dh [kjhn ij vesfjdk rFkk ukVks 19

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh leFkZd ;wjksih; ns'kksa }kjk yxk, x, izfrca/kksa ds Hkkjrh; fjQkbujh daifu;ksa us :l ds ;wjky dPps dkj.k dqN fons'kh ljdkjksa vkSj daifu;ksa us :lh rsy ds fxjs gq;s nkeksa dk Qk;nk mBk;k vkSj :lh ÅtkZ fu;kZr ls nwj jgus dk QSlyk fd;k gS] vkSj dPps rsy dks varjkZ\"Vªh; cktkj dh dherksa dh ifj.kke Lo:i varjkZ\"Vªh; cktkj es :lh dPps rsy rqyuk es yxHkx 30 ls 40 vesfjdh M‚yj çfr cSjy dh dher es fxjkoV vkbZ gSA dh Hkkjh NwV ij [kjhnk A blls igys] mPp eky Hkkjr nqfu;k dk rhljk lcls cM+k rsy vk;kr vkSj <qykbZ ykxr ds dkj.k :lh dPps rsy dks [kjhnuk [kir djus okyk ns'k gSA Hkkjr dks viuh mHkjrh Hkkjr ds fy, ykHkdkjh ugha FkkA blh ds lkFk gh gqbZ vFkZO;oLFkk dh ÅtkZ t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds Hkkjr us e/; iwohZ ns'kksa ls cM+h ek=k esa dPps rsy dks fy, dqy dPps rsy dh [kir dk yxHkx 85% [kjhnuk tkjh j[kk gSA ;|fi vk;kr esa lcls fgLlk vk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA fo'o cktkj esa :l egRoiw.kZ o`f) :l ls gqbZ gSA layXu ckj xzkQ ds lSU; vfHk;ku ds ckn vpkud rsy ds nke c<+ dh lgk;rk ls ;g le>k tk ldrk gS fd tgk¡ x;s] ftlls Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa eqæk LQhfr dh fnlacj] 2021 esa :l Hkkjr ds nl lcls cM+s nj ds c<+us dk [krjk Hkh c<+ x;kA vkiwfrZdrkZ ns'kksa dh lwph esa Hkh ugha Fkk ogh ebZ 2022 esa :l bjkd ds ckn Hkkjr dk nwljk lcls Jksr % vkbZ,p,l ekfdZV cMk+ vkifw rdZ rkZ n's k cu x;k gAS bZjku vkSj osustq,yk tSls vU; çeq[k mRikndksa ij if'peh ns'kksa ds çfrca/kksa ds dkj.k Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds lhfer fodYi miyC/k gSaA :lh dPpk rsy vius fj;k;rh njksa ds dkj.k ,d fodYi ds :i esa mHkjk gSA fofHkUu ÅtkZ fo'ys\"kdksa rFkk ehfM;k [kcjksa ds vuqlkj fudV Hkfo\"; es :lh dPps rsy ds vk;kr dh ek=k vkSj Hkh c<+us dk vuqeku gSA lanHkZ ,oa vfxze iBu lkexzh 1- https://www-eia-gov/todayinenergy/detail- php?id=51618 2- https://www.business-standard.com/article/ economy-policy/india-s-russian-oil-imports- jump-over-50-times-since-april-of cial- 122062301046 _1.html 3- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia- india-60783874 4- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian _War 5- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD vLohdj.k % bl çdk'ku esa O;ä fopkj dsoy ys[kd ds gSaA ;g ys[k vks,uthlh ;k mlds lnL;ksa ds fopkjksa dks ugha n'kkZrk gSA ;g ys[k ehfM;k fjiksVksaZ vkSj fo\"k; ij dbZ fo'ys\"kd fjiksVksaZ ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj dsoy fo\"k; ds ckjs esa Kku çkfIr ds mís'; ls fy[kk x;k gSA 20

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ dh ½.k tky dwVuhfr vfuUnks ?kks\"k foÙkh; leL;kvksa ls xqtjrs gSa rks bls _.kh ns'kksa ds eq[; izca/kd ¼vkxkj½ j.kuhfrd laifÙk dks tCr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gSA baVsx] ft;ksfid vesfjdh ljdkj ds ofj\"B vf/kdkfj;ksa us rdZ fn;k gS fd chftax ^^vLi\"V vuqca/kkas dk mi;ksx djds fuHkZjrk phuh ljdkj vkSj mlds ljdkjh LokfeRo okys cSadksa us dks çksRlkfgr djrk gS** tks jk\"Vªksa dks dtZ esa Mwck nsrs gSa 2000 ds n'kd dh 'kq#vkr ls fuEu vkSj e/;e vk; vkSj mudh laçHkqrk dks de dj nsrs gSaA okys ns'k dh ljdkjksa dks fjd‚MZ jkf'k m/kkj nh gS] ftlls phu nqfu;k dk lcls cM+k vkf/kdkfjd ysunkj u rks uhfr fuekZrk vkSj u gh fo}ku tkurs gSa fd phuh cu x;k gSA gkykafd gky ds dbZ v/;;u phuh m/kkj _.k vuqca/k m/kkjdrkZvksa dh enn djsaxs ;k mUgsa ds vFkZ'kkL= dh tkap ds Åij ekStwn gS] ysfdu blesa ijs'kku djsaxs] D;ksafd fxus&pqus dqN gh Lora= vHkh Hkh cqfu;knh rF;ksa dh deh gSA mnkgj.k Lo:i i;Zos{kdksa us mUgsa ns[kk gSA ekStwnk 'kks/k vkSj uhfrxr phu vkSj bldh ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh laLFkk,¡ dSls cgl ehfM;k fjiksVksaZ] psjh&fiDM ekeyksa] vkSj vuqca/kksa m/kkj nsrh gSa \\ _.k vuqca/k dSls fy[ks tkrs gSa \\ os dkSu dh ,d NksVh la[;k ls vyx va'k ds okLrfod [kkrksa ls fu;e vkSj 'krsaZ gSa bR;kfn \\ u rks phuh ysunkjksa vkSj ij fVdh gqbZ gSA gekjk iz;kl bl varj dks nwj djus dh u gh muds laçHkq nsunkj vke rkSj ij vius _.k dksf'k'k djrk gSA phuh ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh le>kSrksa ds ikB dk [kqyklk djrs gSaA ysfdu bu laLFkkvksa vkSj vklikl ds 24 ns'kksa esa ljdkjh le>kSrksa ds dkuwuh vkSj foÙkh; fooj.k dksfoM&19 ds m/kkjdrkZvksa ds chp 100 _.k vuqca/kksa dh tkap djds] ladV vkSj phuh m/kkjnkrkvksa ds fy, Hkkjh _.kh ns'kksa dqy $36-6 fcfy;u dh çfrc)rk jkf'k ds lkFk phu esa foÙkh; ladV ds c<+rs tksf[keksa ds eísutj ds fons'kh _.k dh 'krksaZ dk igyk O;ofLFkr fo'ys\"k.k çklafxdrk çkIr dh gSA bUgha mPp nkao ds çdk'k esa] fd;k x;k gSaA bu lHkh vuqca/kksa ij 2000 vkSj 2020 fu;eksa vkSj phu ds _.k vuqca/kksa dh 'krsaZ oSf'od chp gLrk{kj fd, x, FksA _.knkrk Fks ,DliksVZ& lkoZtfud fgr dk ekeyk cu xbZ gSaA bEiksVZ cSad v‚Q phu ¼phu ,fDte cSad½ ;k phu MsoyiesaV cSad ¼lhMhch½A dbZ vuqca/kksa esa [kqyklk u phu ds _.k le>kSrs& ,d vuns[kh] xgu cgl vkSj djus dk ;k] dqN ekeyksa esa] vuqca/k ds vfLrRo dk rF; fookn dk fo\"k; gSaA dqN vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa dk ;g dguk gS Hkh Lohdkj u djus dk m/kkjdrkZvksa ds okns 'kkfey gSaA fd chftax tkucw>dj ^^_.k tky dwVuhfr** ds ihNs bu nLrkostksa dks ,d lkoZtfud HkaMkj ls çkIr fd;k yxk gqvk gSA ;g vius ljdkjh led{kksa ij dBksj 'krsaZ x;k Fkk] tks ,MMkVk }kjk dh xbZ ,d cgq&o\"khZ; MsVk yxk jgk gS vkSj vuqca/k fy[k jgk gS fd tc nsunkj ns'k 21

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh laxzg igy gSA ,MMkVk ,d 'kks/k ç;ksx'kkyk gS] tks fd okf.kfT;d] f}i{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; ysunkjksa ls 142 fofy;e vkSj eSjh esa LFkkfir gSaA _.k 'kkfey gSa] dks lax`ghr fd;k x;k FkkA dqN vioknksa esa u rks laçHkq nsunkj vkSj u gh muds ysunkj bl v/;;u eas fy, x, phuh ysunkjksa ds lkFk 100 vkerkSj ij vius vuqca/k xzaFkksa dks iwjh rjg ls çdkf'kr vuqca/kksa dk uewuk 2000 ls vf/kd _.k ds ,d NksVs ls djrs gSaA csapekdZ vuqca/k dSe:u ls gSa] ,dek= fgLls dk çfrfuf/kRo djrk gS] ftl ij phu ds ljdkj fodkl'khy ns'k gS] ftlus v/;;u ds le;] lHkh çdkj ds LokfeRo okys m/kkjnkrkvksa us fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds ds fons'kh ysunkjksa ds lkFk vius lHkh ifj;kstuk& lkFk 2000 ds n'kd ds 'kq#vkrh le; esa gLrk{kj fd, lacaf/kr _.k vuqca/k çdkf'kr fd, Fks] tks 1999 vkSj gSaA gkyk¡fd] ;g Li\"V djus ds fy, i;kZIr gS fd phuh 2017 ds chp ntZ fd, x, FksA csapekdZ uewus ds laLFkk,¡ ekudh—r vuqca/kksa vkSj eqëh Hkj çpfyr vuqca/k lkFk&lkFk yanu fLFkr yksu ekdsZV ,lksfl,'ku ¼blds :iksa dk mi;ksx djrh gSa] tks vyx&vyx _.knkrk ckn ls ^^,y,e, VsEiysV**½ }kjk çdkf'kr e‚My vuqlkj çrhr gksrs gSaA bl v/;;u ds uewus esa çR;sd okf.kfT;d _.k vuqca/k ds lkFk phuh vuqca/k dh 'krksaZ phuh bdkbZ vius lHkh fons'kh m/kkjdrkZvksa ds fy, dh rqyuk dh xbZ FkhA vius Lo;a ds vuqca/k çi= dk mi;ksx djrh gSA rhu eq[; :i] ;k vuqca/k çdkj] v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa fo'ys\"k.k ds lkjka'k ifj.kke bl çdkj gSaA lcls igys] lcls vf/kd ckj çrhr gksrs gSa & lhMhch _.k vucq /a k] phu dh ljdkjh LokfeRo okyh laLFkk,¡ ekud phu ,fDtcdaS fj;k;rh _.k vucq /a k] vkjS phu ,fDtcdaS okf.kfT;d vkSj vkf/kdkfjd _.k nsus dh 'krksaZ dks xjS &fj;k;rh _.k vucq /a kA bu lLa Fkkvkas }kjk fon's kh feykrh gSa] vkSj laçHkq m/kkjdrkZ ij okf.kfT;d mÙkksyu ljdkjkas ds lkFk fd;s x, _.k vuqca/k ds fy[kus ds dks vf/kdre djus vkSj vU; ysunkjksa ij pqdkSrh rjhds esa i;kZIr vf/kO;kiu ik;k x;kA blls irk çkFkfedrk dks lqjf{kr djus ds fy, miU;kl is'k pyrk gS fd v/;;u fd;k x;k uewuk nwljs lhMhch djrh gSaA fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k crkrs gSa %& vkSj phu ,fDtcSad vuqca/k ds ckjs esa tkudkjhiw.kZ gSA  v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa phuh ljdkj ds bl v/;;u esa çR;sd vuqca/k nLrkostksa ds iwjk ikB dk LokfeRo okyh laLFkkvksa ds lkFk 2014 ds ckn ds fo'ys\"k.k fd;k x;k gS] tks fd ,MMkVk ds HkaMkj esa lHkh vuqca/kksa esa nwjxkeh xksiuh;rk [kaM 5 'kkfey miyC/k FkkA phuh m/kkjnkrkvksa ds lkFk laçHkq _.k gSa ;k lanfHkZr gSA tc rd fd dkuwu 6 }kjk vuqca/kksa dk dksbZ fo'y\"s k.k ektS nw ugha g]S tks eëq h Hkj vko';d u gks] buesa ls vf/kdka'k nsunkj dks vucq /a kkas ;k vucq /a k ds v'a kkas ls vf/kd dk mi;kxs djrk gAS vuqca/k dh 'krksaZ ;k lacaf/kr tkudkjh dk [kqyklk lça Hkq _.k vucq /a kkas cãz kMa ] tks fd phuh m/kkjnkrkvkas lfgr ugha djus ds fy, çfrc) fd;k gSA csapekdZ uewus g]aS yfs du bUgha rd lhfer ugh]a rd vfHkxe gkus k cgs rj esa 142 vuqca/kksa esa ls dsoy 2 esa laHkkfor rqyuh; gkxs kA yfs du bueas ls vf/kdk'a k vucq /a k xkis uh;rk eas Mcw s xksiuh;rk [kaM 'kkfey gSaA ,y,e, VsEiysV gq, gSaA tc rd çdVhdj.k vkn'kZ ugha cu tkrk] rc lfgr okf.kfT;d _.k vuqca/k] eq[; :i ls rd 100 vuqca/k xzaFkksa dk ewY;kadu vkSj rqyuk djus esa m/kkjnkrkvksa ij xksiuh;rk nkf;Roksa dks ykxw l{ke gksuk ,d egRoiw.kZ dne gSA djrs gSaA phuh uewus ds ckgj m/kkjdrkZ xksiuh;rk nkf;Ro nqyZHk vkSj ladh.kZ :i ls rS;kj 100 phuh _.k vuqca/kksa ds fu;eksa vkSj 'krksaZ dk laxzg fd, x, gSaA O;kid m/kkjdrkZ xksiuh;rk miØe djds çfØ;k 'kq: dh xbZA çR;sd vuqca/k dh çeq[k vU; ysunkjksa lfgr lHkh fgr/kkjdksa ds fy,] foÙkh; fo'ks\"krkvksa ¼ewy/ku] C;kt] eqæk] ifjiDork] laçHkq m/kkjdrkZ dh okLrfod foÙkh; fLFkfr dk ifj'kks/ku] vuqlwph] laikf'Zod vkSj xkjaVh½ ds vykok] irk yxkus] vf/kekU; Hkqxrkuksa dk irk yxkus çeq[k xSj&foÙkh; 'krsaZ] ftUgksaus ledkyhu laçHkq _.k vkSj ladV çfrfØ;k uhfr;ksa dk ;kstuk cukus ds vuqca/k vH;kl esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gS] dks fy, dfBu cukrs gSaA lcls egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS lax`ghr fd;k x;kA buesa çkFkfedrk ¼fLFkfr½] pwd dh fd m/kkj nsus okys vkSj m/kkj ysus okys ns'kksa ds ?kVuk,a vkSj muds ifj.kke ¼Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV vkSj Roj.k ukxfjd leku :i ls viuh ljdkjksa dks xqIr lfgr½] lekfIr vkSj jíhdj.k] çorZu ¼çfrj{kk vkSj _.kksa ds fy, tokcnsg ugha Bgjk ldrs gSaA 'kklh dkuwu dh NwV lfgr½] vkSj xksiuh;rk 'kkfey gSaA  v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa 30 çfr'kr phuh O;kid varjjk\"Vªh; laçHkq _.k vuqca/k lanHkZ esa phu ds vuqca/kksa ¼_.k çfrc)rk jkf'k dk 55 çfr'kr½ esa vuqca/kksa dk ewY;kadu djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA bl ,d fo'ks\"k cSad [kkrk cuk, j[kus dk laçHkq mís'; ds fy,] phuh m/kkjnkrkvksa ds vuqca/kksa ds lkFk] m/kkjdrkZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS& vkerkSj ij fons'kh _.k vuqca/kksa dk ,d csapekdZ lsV] ftlesa 28 22

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ^^_.knkrk ds fy, Lohdk;Z** cSad ds lkFk & tks fy, viuh _.k jkgr 'krksaZ ds leUo; ds fy, çHkkoh :i ls _.k pqdkSrh ds fy, lqj{kk ds :i çfrc) djrk gSA esa dk;Z djrk gSA cSadksa ds ikl vke rkSj ij [kkrk 'ks\"k ds fo#) [kkrk/kkjdksa ds _.kksa dh HkjikbZ  phu ,fDte cSad vkSj lhMhch ds lkFk lHkh djus dh dkuwuh vkSj O;kogkfjd {kerk gksrh gSA vuqca/kksa esa Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV Dy‚t ds laLdj.k ;s lsV&v‚Q vf/kdkj vkSipkfjd çfrKk dh 'kkfey gSa] okf.kfT;d _.k esa ekud] tks ikjnf'kZrk ds fcuk udn laikf'Zod ds :i esa _.knkrk dks lekIr djus vkSj rRdky iw.kZ dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa iquHkqZxrku ¼Roj.k½ dh ekax djus dk vf/kdkj vuqca/kksa ds fy, m/kkjdrkZvksa dks phuh _.knkrk nsrk gS tc m/kkjdrkZ vius vU; m/kkjnkrkvksa ij }kjk foÙkiksf\"kr ifj;kstukvksa ls jktLo ds lkFk pwd djrk gSA v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa dqN ;k ,slh ifj;kstukvksa ls iwjh rjg ls vlacaf/kr vuqca/k] ftudh uhps vf/kd foLrkj ls ppkZ dh udnh çokg ds lkFk fo'ks\"k [kkrksa dks fuf/k nsus dh xbZ gS] m/kkj ysus okys ns'k esa phu ds fuos'k fgrksa vko';drk gksrh gSA O;ogkj esa] bldk eryc gS ds çfrdwy fdlh Hkh dkjZokbZ ds fy, fd ljdkjh jktLo m/kkj ysus okys ns'k ds ckgj Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV Hkh gSaA csapekdZ uewus esa çR;sd vkSj laçHkq m/kkjdrkZ ds fu;a=.k ls ckgj jgrk gSA okf.kfT;d vuqca/k esa ,d Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV Dy‚t lhfer&lgkjk ifj;kstuk foÙk ysunsu esa 'kkfey gksrk gS] tSlk fd ,y,e, VsEiysV esa gksrk virVh; [kkrs vke gSa] ysfdu os ledkyhu] gSA lHkh f}i{kh; vkf/kdkfjd _.k vuqca/kksa esa ls iw.kZ&lgkjk laçHkq m/kkj esa vR;f/kd vlkekU; gSaA dsoy vk/ks vkSj csapekdZ uewus esa cgqi{kh; _.k csapekdZ uewus esa] dsoy rhu leku O;oLFkk,a gSa& vuqca/kksa ds dsoy 10 çfr'kr esa Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV ,d cgqi{kh;] ,d f}i{kh; vkSj ,d okf.kfT;d Dy‚t gSaA blds ctk;] cgqi{kh; _.k vuqca/k _.knkrk ds lkFk çR;sdA 1995 esa esfDldks ds vkerkSj ij _.knkrk dks vuqca/k dks fuyafcr ;k fy, vesfjdh vkikrdkyhu _.k] ftlds fy, jí djus nsrs gSa ;fn nsunkj ,d gh _.knkrk ds QsMjy fjtoZ cSad v‚Q U;w;‚dZ esa ,d [kkrs ds lkFk ;k ,d gh ifj;kstuk ds laca/k esa fofHkUu ek/;e ls rsy jktLo çokg dh vko';drk Fkh] ;g vuqca/kksa ds rgr vius nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus esa ,d mPp çkQs kby viokn gS tks fu;e dks lkfcr foQy jgrk gSA Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV vkSj djrk gAS phuh vucq /a k ueuw s eas n[s ks x, ieS kus ij Ø‚l&lLisU'ku [kaM nksuksa nsunkj ij çn'kZu ;k lça Hkq _.k eas leku ljq {kk O;oLFkk [kkts us ds fy, iqu% ckrphr djus ds fy, ncko Mkyrs gSa] ysfdu fdlh dks 19oha vkjS 20oha 'krkCnh dh 'k#q vkr eas os dqN vyx mís';ksa dh iwfrZ djrs gSaA ,d okil tkus dh vko';drk gAS tc xkis uh;rk dh okf.kfT;d Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV Dy‚t ysunkjksa dks 'krkZas ds lkFk tkMs k+ tkrk g]S rks jktLo [kkrs uhfr Hkqxrku drkj esa ihNs iM+us ls cpkus esa enn fuek.Z k vkjS cgiq {kh; fuxjkuh ds fy, egRoi.w kZ djrk gSA ,d Ø‚l&lLisa'ku Dy‚t ,d i‚fylh puq kfS r;k¡ i's k djrs gAaS ;fn fdlh n's k ds jktLo dk _.knkrk dks laforj.k dks jksdus nsrk gS] tc ,d cMk+ fgLlk ,dy yus nkj ds çHkkoh fu;=a .k eas nsunkj dh uhfr ;k ifj;kstuk ç;kl&;k _.k g]S rks _.k fLFkjrk ds ikjia fjd mik;kas ls n's k dh nsus okyh laLFkk ds lkFk mldk laca/k [kjkc gks okLrfod _.k los k {kerk dks T;knk djds vkda k tkrk gSA dqN phuh vuqca/k nksuksa ds rRoksa dks tk ldrk gS vkjS _.k lda V ds tkfs [ke dks de feykrs gSa] tks laçHkq m/kkjdrkZ dks vkSj vf/kd djds vkda k tk ldrk gAS foo'k djrs gSaA  phuh uewus esa _.k vuqca/kksa ds djhc rhu&pkSFkkbZ nwljk] phuh m/kkjnkrkvksa ds lkFk dbZ vuqca/kksa esa uohu esa ^^uks isfjl Dyc** [kaM 'kkfey gSa] tks Li\"V :i 'krZas 'kkfey g]aS vkjS dbZ ekud okf.kfT;d 'krkZas dks bl ls _.k dks vkf/kdkfjd f}i{kh; ysunkjksa ds rjg ls vudq fw yr djrs gaS tks okf.kfT;d ykHk dks isfjl Dyc esa iquxZBu ls vkSj fdlh Hkh rqyuh; vf/kdre djus ls ijs tk ldrs gAaS bl rjg dh 'krZas _.k mipkj ls _.k dks ckgj djus ds fy, çfrc) nus nkj dh vkfFkdZ vkjS fon's kh uhfr;kas ij _.knkrk ds djrs gAaS ;s çko/kku uoca j 2020 eas ?kkfs \"kr çHkko dks c<+k ldrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Mh,l,lvkb ¼^^d‚eu Ýes od*Z *½ ls ijs _.k mipkj ds fy, th&20 d‚eu Ýes odZ ds rgr phu dh  uewus esa lhMhch vuqca/kksa ds 50 çfr'kr esa ljdkj }kjk dh xbZ çfrc)rkvkas ds lkFk igys ls Ø‚l&fMQ‚YV Dy‚t 'kkfey gSa] tks fd ektS nw gAaS ;g <kpa k th&20 ljdkjkas dks ik= n's kkas ds ^^ihvkjlh bdkbZ^* ds fgrksa ds foijhr O;kid :i ls laçHkq nsunkj }kjk tCr djus ls ysdj dk;ksaZ 23

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh rd fVªxj fd, tk ldrs gSaA bu 'krksaZ dks phu ds ek/;e ls iquHkqZxrku dh laHkkoukvksa dks vf/kdre djus çR;{k fuos'k vkSj m/kkj ysus okys ns'k ds vanj ds fy, çHkko dk ,d mik; pkgrs gSaA gkykafd] phu ds vU; ysu&nsu dh j{kk ds fy, l`ftr fd;k x;k vuqca/kksa esa vf}rh; çko/kku Hkh 'kkfey gSa] tSls O;kid gS] ftldk varfuZfgr lhMhch ØsfMV ls dksbZ m/kkjdrkZ xksiuh;rk miØe] isfjl Dyc ls phuh Li\"V laca/k ugha gAS lhMhch dks ^^O;kolkf;d** m/kkjnkrkvksa dks ckgj djus dk oknk vkSj vU; _.knkrk ds :i eas phu ds y{k.k o.kuZ ds vkykds eas lkewfgd iquxZBu igy] vkjS m/kkj yus s okys n's k eas phu os fo'k\"s k :i ls çfr&vra t¥~Z kuh gAaS cpas ekdZ ueuw s eas dh fLFkfr dks etcrw djus ds fy, lf` tr fd, x, foLrr` fdlh Hkh vuqca/k esa leku 'krsaZ ugha gSaA Ø‚l&fMQ‚YVl~ A ;g fo'y\"s k.k mu 'krkZas dh vkjs Hkh /;ku vkdf\"krZ djrk g]S tks okf.kfT;d _.k vucq /a k eas vfpfàr  uewus esa lHkh lhMhch vuqca/kksa esa pwd dh ?kVukvksa gks ldrh g]aS tlS s fd pdw dh fLFkfr eas uhfr ifjoruZ ds chp phu vkSj m/kkj ysus okys ns'k ds chp ?kVuk] tks ljdkj&l&s ljdkjh _.k O;oLFkk eas ,d jktuf;d laca/kksa dks lekIr djuk 'kkfey gS] tks vyx vFkZ vkSj ubZ 'kfä çkIr dj ldrk gSA _.knkrk dks rRdky iquHkqZxrku dh ekax djus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gSA ;g v/;;u bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd vuqca/k dk;kZUo;u vkSj çorZu dks O;ofLFkr :i ls lacksf/kr  lHkh lhMhch vuqca/kksa lfgr 90 çfr'kr ls vf/kd ugha djrk gS] ftlds fy, lhfer okLrfod lk{; gSaA phuh vuqca/kksa esa ,sls [kaM gSa tks ysunkj dks vuqca/k ;g iwjh rjg ls laHko gS fd bl v/;;u ds nkSjku lekIr djus dh vuqefr nsrs gSa vkSj nsunkj ;k igpkuh xbZ dqN vuqca/k fo'ks\"krk,¡ nsunkj dks ysunkj ysunkj ns'k esa egRoiw.kZ dkuwu ;k uhfr ifjorZu ds fgrksa ds çfrdwy dne mBkus ls jksdus ds fy, ,d ds ekeys esa rRdky iquHkqZxrku dh ekax djrs gSaA vfHkO;atd mís';] ;k Mj esa dk;Z djrh gSaA bl 30 çfr'kr phuh vuqca/kksa esa fLFkjhdj.k [kaM Hkh v/;;u ds nkSjku dbZ vlkekU; 'krksaZ dh igpku dh 'kkfey gSa] tks lkekU; xSj&lgkjk ifj;kstuk foÙk xbZ Fkh] ftuesa iqujZpuk dks R;kxus dk oknk 'kkfey gSA ds fy, gSa] ftlds rgr laçHkq nsunkj viuh laHkor% ,d çeq[k foÙkh; {ks=kf/kdkj esa U;k;ky; esa i;kZoj.k vkSj Je uhfr;ksa esa ifjorZu dh lHkh vçorZuh; gksxk] D;ksafd v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa ykxrksa dks ogu djrk gSA ,y,e, VsEIysV lfgr vf/kdka'k vuqca/k phu esa phuh 'kklh dkuwu vkSj okf.kfT;d vuqca/kksa esa ifjorZu&uhfr [kaM ekud e/;LFkrk dks fufnZ\"V djrs gSa] blfy, dksbZ ;g vuqeku gSa] ysfdu os ,d vyx vFkZ ysrs gSa tc _.knkrk ugha yxk ldrk gS fd fookn esa fopkjk/khu 'krsaZ dSlh ,d jkT; bdkbZ gS] tks uhfr ifjorZu esa ,d gksaxhA dksbZ Hkh fn;k x;k _.knkrk U;k;fu.kZ;u ;k vkokt gks ldrh gS] ctk; ,d futh QeZ çkIr e/;LFkrk ls iwjh rjg cpuk ilan dj ldrk gSA fQj tks foÙkh; fu;eksa ;k la;qä jk\"Vª çfrca/kksa ls Hkh] okns tks varr% vçorZuh; gks tkrs gSa] nsunkj ij eqdkcyk dj jgh gSaA pje fLFkfr ij] uhfr vkSipkfjd vkSj vukSipkfjd ncko dk ,d lzksr gks ifjorZu [kaM _.knkrk ljdkj dks _.k pqdkSrh ldrs gSa] [kkldj ;fn ysunkj ,d fo'ks\"k jktLo [kkrs esa rsth ykus vkSj m/kkj ysus okyh ljdkj ds lkFk dks vo#) djus ds fy, vius mYya?ku dk vkºoku jktuhfrd vlgefr ds tokc esa yxkrkj pwd djrk gS tks bls fu;af=r djrk gSA djokus dh fu;r ns ldrk gSaA çorZu 'krksaZ us Lo;a&dkuwu dk pquko] eap dk p;u] dqy feykdj] v/;;u fd, x, uewus esa vuqca/kksa ls irk vkSj laçHkqrk dh NwV&us uhfr vkSj vuqla/kku eaMfy;ksa esa pyrk gS fd phu fodkl'khy ns'k ds fy, ,d /;ku vkdf\"kZr fd;k gS] yfs du T;knkrj vpdw fn[krs 'kfä'kkyh vkSj O;kolkf;d :i ls tkudkj _.knkrk gAaS cpas ekdZ ueuw s eas vU; f}i{kh; yus nkjkas dh rjg] phu gSA phuh vuqca/kksa esa vkf/kdkfjd ØsfMV cktkj esa vius ,fDte cdaS vius ?kjys w 'kklh dkuuw vkjS vius n's k eas ,d lkfFk;ksa dh rqyuk esa vf/kd foLr`r iquHkqZxrku lqj{kk fookn lek/kku epa ij tkjs nrs k gAS tcfd phu ,fDte mik; gksrs gSa] lkFk gh ,sls rRo Hkh gksrs gSa] tks phuh cdaS ds vucq /a k vkerkjS ij ^^pkbuk bVa ju's kuy bdkus ‚fed m/kkjnkrkvksa dks vU; ysunkjksa ij ykHk nsrs gSaA lkFk gh] ,Ma VMsª vkfcVZ 'sª ku deh'ku** ¼lhvkbbVZ h,lh½ ds le{k ftu fu;eksa vkSj 'krksaZ dh leh{kk dh xbZ] muesa ls dbZ e/;LFkrk fufnZ\"V djrs gSa vkSj bldh çfØ;kvksa dk okf.kfT;d vkSj vU; vkf/kdkfjd f}i{kh; m/kkjnkrkvksa mi;ksx djrs gq,] okf.kfT;d vkSj f}i{kh; vkf/kdkfjd ls vyx&vyx gSa] u fd oLrq ds :i esaA okf.kfT;d ysunkj nksuksa] tks e/;LFkrk ds fy, vius fooknksa dks cSadksa] gst QaM] vkiwfrZdrkZvksa] vkSj fu;kZr ØsfMV çLrqr djus ds fy, lger gksrs gSa] yanu fLFkr ,tsafl;ksa lfgr lHkh ysunkj] nsunkjksa ij muds fy, ^^baVjus'kuy pSacj v‚Q d‚elZ ¼vkbZlhlh½** ds miyC/k fdlh Hkh dkuwuh] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd 24

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ çfØ;kRed fu;eksa dk p;u djrs gSaA lhMhch bl {ks= igys gh phu vkSj ikjaifjd cgqi{kh; m/kkjnkrkvksa ds esa okf.kfT;d vH;kl dk vuqlj.k djrk gS % v/;;u chp] phu vkSj 'ks\"k th&20 ds chp] vkSj tkfEc;k tSls fd, x, uewus esa vkB lhMhch vuqca/kksa esa ls lkr ns'kksa esa phu vkSj futh ysunkjksa ds chp ruko iSnk dj bafXy'k ykW }kjk 'kkflr gksrs gSa] ,d U;w;‚dZ ykW }kjk fn;k gSA laçHkq _.k ij vdknfed lkfgR; esa bl 'kkflr gS] tks fofHkUu e/;LFkrk LFkkuksa vkSj vkbZlhlh v/;;u dk eq[; ;ksxnku ;g fn[kkrk gS fd phu us fu;eksa dks fufnZ\"V djrs gSaA phuh uewuk vuqca/kksa esa laçHkq detksj vuqca/k çorZu dh 'krksaZ ds rgr pqdkSrh tksf[ke çfrj{kk NwV vke rkSj ij ,y,e, VsEiysV vkSj csapekdZ dk çca/ku djus ds fy, laçHkq _.k vuqca/kksa dks dSls lsV esa okf.kfT;d vuqca/kksa ds vuq:i gksrh gSA la{ksi esa] vuqdwfyr fd;k gSA varjjk\"Vªh; eSØks&bd‚u‚feDl esa mudh ehfM;k çeq[krk ds ckotwn] phu ds vuqca/kksa esa ,d yacs le; ls pyh vk jgh igsyh ;g gS fd futh çorZu 'krsaZ vU; m/kkjnkrkvksa dh çFkkvksa ds lkFk fuos'k vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks m/kkj bruk lhfer O;kid :i ls laxr çrhr gksrh gSaA ;g v/;;u phuh D;ksa gS\\ ,d O;k[;k ;g gS fd mPp tksf[ke okys ns'kksa esa dkuwu ;k phu ds okf.kfT;d fookn lek/kku O;oLFkk fuos'k muds detksj laLFkkuksa vkSj lacaf/kr LokfeRo ds lkj dk ewY;kadu djus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gS] u gh tksf[ke ds lkFk&lkFk laçHkq pwd dh mPp laHkkouk ds ijaijkxr varjjk\"Vªh; vH;kl ds xq.kksa ij fopkj djrk çdk'k esa Hkqxrku ugha djrs gSaA gSA ;g dsoy /;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd _.k vuqca/k dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, ysunkjksa ds ?kjsyw dkuwu dk bl v/;;u ls irk pyk gS fd dSls phuh ljdkj ds fodYi {ks= ds lkFk vkrk gSA LokfeRo okys cSad tksf[keksa ds çca/ku ds fy, vuqca/k midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA os vius fuos'k dh j{kk ;s fu\"d\"kZ] vuqca/kksa ds ,d lhfer uewus ij vk/kkfjr djus vkSj ^^ofj\"Brk dh lh<+h** ij p<+us ds fy, dkuwuh gksrs gq,] laçHkq _.k vucq /a k] lça Hkq _.k uhfr vkjS lça Hkq vkSj foÙkh; bathfu;fjax midj.kksa dks vuqdwfyr djrs _.k ij vdknfed lkfgR; ds fy, egRoi.w kZ fufgrkFkZ gAaS gSa & dqN u, vkSj dqN ,d lnh ls vf/kd iqjkus] laHkkfor :i ls vU; ysunkjksa ij iquHkqZxrku ykHk çkIr laçHkq ljdkjksa dks m/kkj nsuk lhfer vkSj vçR;{k dj jgs gSaA bl çdkj ;g v/;;u laçHkq _.k cktkjksa esa çorZu ds okrkoj.k esa gksrk gS] ftlesa viw.kZ vkSj ofj\"Brk ij lkfgR; dks tksM+rk gS] ftlus vHkh rd vleku vuqca/k ekudhdj.k gksrk gS vkSj vke rkSj ij phu vkSj vU; u, ysunkjksa dh Hkwfedk dh tkap ugha dh Loh—r fMQ‚YV ifj.kkeksa dh vkiwfrZ ds fy, dksbZ gSA ;g v/;;u varjkZ\"Vªh; le>kSrksa dk v/;;u djus oS/kkfud ;k laf/k fnokfy;kiu ugha gksrk gSA urhtu] okys vuqla/kku ds ,d cM+s fudk; esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrk gS] ;gk¡ rd fd tc ge laçHkq m/kkjdrkZvksa vkSj phu ftUgsa ykxw djuk dfBu gksrk gS] tSls fd O;kikj ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh laLFkkvksa ds chp _.k vuqca/kksa le>kSrsA var esa] ;g isij gkbfczM d‚UVªSDV Q‚eZ ij esa ijs'kku djus okyh 'krsaZ ikrs gSa] rks ;g fu\"d\"kZ ugha /;ku dsafær djus ds fy, vf}rh; gS & ljdkjksa vkSj fudkyk tk ldrk gS fd os varjkZ\"Vªh; ekudksa dk ljdkj ds LokfeRo okyh laLFkkvksa ds chp _.k vuqca/k mYya?ku djrs gSa] dqN vioknksa ds lkFk] ,sls ekud tks okf.kfT;d vkSj vkf/kdkfjd vuqca/k çFkkvksa dks ekStwn ugha gSaA nwljh vksj] ;g lansg gS fd ftu vuqca/kksa feykrs gSa vkSj nksuksa ij uokpkj djrs gSaA fofHkUu ns'kksa dh tk¡p dh xbZ gS] os le> esa vkus dh rqyuk esa vf/kd ds laçHkq ;k v/kZ&laçHkq laLFkkvksa ds chp bl çdkj ds lkekU; gSa vkSj vkus okyh phtksa ds ladsr gSaA ljdkjh ladj vuqca/kksa ij lkfgR; esa cgqr de /;ku fn;k x;k vkSj okf.kfT;d laLFkkxr fo'ks\"krkvksa dks feykus okys gS] ysfdu ,d fof'k\"V vkSj c<+rh ?kVuk ds :i esa u, vkSj ladj _.knkrk laizHkq foÙkiks\"k.k ds fy, egRo ;ksX;rk dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA esa c<+ jgs gSaA ;s phu rd lhfer ugha gSaA ;g mEehn dh tkrh gS fd ,sls _.knkrk rsth ls HkhM+&HkkM+ okys {ks= LohdkjksfDr esa vius okf.kfT;d vkSj jktuhfrd ykHk dks vf/kdre djus ds fy, vuqca/k lqfo/kkvksa dks vuqdwfyr vkSj u;k ;g 'kks/k ys[k vUuk xsYiuZ] lscsfLV;u g‚uZ] Ld‚V djsaxsA e‚fjl] czSM ikDlZ vkSj fØLVksQ Vªscs'k }kjk ^^gkm pkbuk ysaM~l&, js;j yqd buVw 100 MsV d‚UVªSDV~l fon Q‚jsu fudV Hkfo\"; esa] bl fo'ys\"k.k ls fodkl'khy ns'kksa xouZesaV~l** ys[k dk ,d vuwBk vuqokn gSA ;g ,d ¼vkbZ,e,Q vkSj fo'o cSad 2020½ esa _.k ladV ds foLr`r 85&i`\"B dk 'kks/k i= gS vkSj 2021 esa çdkf'kr tksf[ke dks nwj djus ds ckjs esa py jgh ppkZvksa dks gqvk gSA bl vuqokn ds nkSjku lHkh ç;kl fd, x, tkuus esa enn feysxh] ftlesa oSf'od igy tSls fd rkfd 'kks/k i= dk ewy vFkZ cuk, j[kk tk lds vkSj d‚eu ÝseodZ ¼ 2020 dk lewg 20½ 'kkfey gSA _.k vuqokn djrs le; ewy 'kks/k i= dk çkFkfed vFkZ [kks vkSj _.k iquxZBu ds fy, phu ds fof'k\"V –f\"Vdks.k us u tk,A 25

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh 5 feuV dk dk;kZy; fojke ;kxs k MkW- tYYkk ukxjktw iM+rk gS & ftlls xnZu] da/ks vkSj ihB ds fupys eq[; HkwoSKkfud fgLls esa nnZ gksrk gSA blds vykok] v/;;uksa ls dkosjh nzks.kh&baVsx] ft;ksfid irk pyrk gS fd eksVkik vkSj ân; dh rdyhQ Hkh gks ldrh gSA yxkrkj daI;wVj LØhu dks vf/kd le; cSBus ls ru vkSj eu ij nq\"çHkko ns[kuk Hkh vk¡[kksa ij cqjk vlj Mky jgk gSA ,slh thou 'kSyh fnekx dks Hkh /kheh djds eancqf) cuk ge esa ls cgqr deZpkjh viuh dk;Z dh ç—fr ds ldrh gSA fglkc ls vkB ?kaVs ;k vkSj T;knk le; rd MsLd ds ihNs cSBrs gSa vkSj daI;wVj ij dke djrs gSA yacs dke ds chp&chp esa mBdj rktk gok ysus ds le; rd ,d gh txg cSBuk lsgr ds fy, dkQh fy, FkksM+h nsj ckgj Vgy ldrs gSa ij gj fnu gkfudkjd gSA bl ls ihB ij vuko';d ncko dk;kZy; NksM+uk dHkh&dHkh laHko ugha gks ik,xkA bu nq\"çHkkoksa dk lgh gy ;k rks 5&10 feuV dh ;ksxk ;k dqlhZ ij cSB ds LVªsfpax@f[kapko O;k;ke ekuk tkrk gSA 5 feuV fojke ds ;ksxk ds lkFk ge ;s lkjh detksfj;k¡ feVk ldrs gSa vkSj 'kjhj esa ÅtkZ yk ldrs gSaA bl ij gq;s vuqla/kku ds ifj.kke us ;ksxk ds Qk;nksa dks fu:fir fd;k gS vkSj ;g lkfcr gqvk fd ;ksxk fnekx dks lkQ djds ruko nwj djrk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk o\"kZ 2015 ls gj lky 21 twu dks ;ksxk fnol euk;k tk jgk gS vkSj mlh J`a[kyk esa vk;q\"k ea=ky; us tu fgr esa dbZ fn'kk&funsZ'k tkjh fd;s gSaA vk;q\"k ea=ky; us dk;kZy; deZpkfj;ksa ds fy, Hkh viuh osclkbV esa 5 feuV ;ksxk çksVksd‚y ¼funsZ'k½ tkjh fd;k gSA bl ds vykok vkSj v/;;uksa ls fn;s x;s vH;klksa dks bl ys[k esa ladyu fd;k x;k gSA ik¡p feuV ;ksxk esa ge [kM+s gksdj djus okys gYds lw{e O;k;ke ;k f'kfFkyhdj.k O;k;ke ds dqN vklu vkSj cSBdj çk.kk;ke djsaxsA ;g ljy] dksey O;k;ke 'kjhj ds tksM+ksa vkSj ekalisf'k;ksa dh rkdr vkSj yphykiu c<+krk gSA ;ksx djrs oä 26

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ges'kk O;k;ke ds lkFk 'okl dks leUo; djus ls ysdj tk,¡A lkal NksM+rs gq, fQj xnZu 'kjhj ds fHkUu vaxksa vkSj tksM+ksa rd v‚Dlhtu dks vkxs dh vksj ysdj tk,¡A igq¡p dj ogk¡ dh vdM+u dks gVk;sxkA ¼iii½ lkal NksM+rs gq, nkbZa vksj xnZu dks ik¡p feuV fojke ;ksxk >qdk,¡A lkal Hkjrs gq, xnZu lsaVj esa 1- p{kq lapkyu@vk¡[kksa dk O;k;ke ysdj vk,aA fQj lkal NksM+rs gq, ckbZa vksj xnZu dks >qdk,a vkSj lkal Hkjrs gq, bl ;ksx fØ;k dks [kM+s gksdj ;k cSBdj dj okil vk,aA ldrs gSA 'kjhj dks <hyk j[ksa vkSj eqLdku ds 3- ÅèoZ gLrksÙkkuklu ,oa rkMklu lkFk pedrh vk¡[ksa ds fy, bl fØ;k dks ¼i½ ÅèoZ gLrksÙkkuklu % lkal ysrs gq, gkFkksa dks flj ds Åij ys tk,¡ vkSj dhft;s ¼tSlk fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k½A O;k;ke vaxqfy;ksa dks vkil esa tksM+ ysaA lkal ds ckn nksuksa vk¡[kksa ds Åij gFksyh j[k ds NksM+rs gq, dej ls ckbZa vksj >qd tk,¡A yach lkal yhft;sA fQj lkal ysrs gq, okil viuh igyh 2- xzho lapkyu@ xnZu dk O;k;ke voLFkk esa vk tk,¡A blh çfØ;k dks nkbZa vkjkenk;d fLFkfr esa [kM+s gksdj gkFkksa dks vksj ls nksgjk,¡A dej ij fVdk,¡A lq[kklu esa cSBdj Hkh dj ldrs gSaA 'kjhj dks <hyk j[ksaA da/kksa dks iwjh ¼ii½ rkMklu % xgjh lkal ysrs gq, viuh rjg ls fjySDl j[ksaA yach lkal ysaA nksuksa cktqvksa dks flj ds Åij mBk,¡ vkSj viuh maxfy;ksa dks vkil esa cka/k ¼i½ lkal NksM+rs gq, nkbZa vksj xnZu dks ysaA viuh ,M+h mBkrs gq, vius iSj dh eksfM+,A lkal Hkjrs gq, xnZu lsaVj esa maxfy;ksa ij [kM+s gks tk,¡A lkal NksM+rs ysdj vk,¡A fQj lkal NksM+rs gq, ckbZa gq, gkFkksa dks uhps ykdj gFksfy;k¡ flj vksj xnZu ysdj tk,a vkSj lkal Hkjrs gq, ds Åij j[kdj gYdk lk nck ds fQj okil vk,¡A gkFkksa dks uhps ykb;sA ¼ii½ lkal Hkjrs gq, xnZu dks ihNs dh vksj 4- LdU/k pØklu cktqvksa dks dksguh ls eksfM+, vkSj vaxqfy;ksa dks da/ks ij jf[k,A dksgfu;ksa dks xksykdkj esa ?kqekuk gSA lk¡l Hkjrs gq, dksgfu;k¡ Åij tkuk gS rFkk lk¡l NksM+rs gq, uhps vkuk gSA bl fØ;k dks vkxs ls ihNs dh rjQ ,d ckj vkSj 27

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh mYVh fn'kk esa ,d ckj djsaA fo\".kq eqæk esa jf[k, ¼fp= esa fn[kk;k x;k½A 5- dfV pØklu vaxwBk nkfgus ukfldk fNæ dks nckdj nwljs [kM+s gksdj nksuksa gkFkksa ls lkal ys vkSj mlds dks lkeus yk,¡A lkal ckn nwljs ukfldk fNæ ysrs gq, ck,¡ gkFk dks ls Hkh ;g fØ;k nk,¡ da/ks ij j[ksa vkSj nksgjk,¡A bl ls 'kjhj ds ukfM+;ksa dk larqyu vkSj nk,¡ gkFk dks ihNs ls ckbZa efLr\"d 'kkar gksxkA vksj yk,¡A lkFk esa eq¡g dks Hkh ?kwedj ihNs ns[ksaA 9- Hkzkejh çk.kk;ke lkal NksM+rs gq, okil vk, vkSj bldks nkfgus lq[kklu esa cSB dj 'kkar rjQ nksgjk,¡A fpÙk ds lkFk ukd ls yach vkSj xgjh lkal 6- v/kZ pØklu ysaA lkal /khjs ls NksM+rs gq, e/kqeD[kh ds [kM+s gksdj nksuksa fHkufHkukus tSlh /ofu gFksfy;ksa dks dej ij fudkysaA ;g çk.kk;ke j[kdj ihB dks lgkjk djrs gq, /;ku j[ksa fd nsaA lkal NksM+rs gq, vkidk eq¡g can jgs vkSj vki ukd ls gh lkal ysa /khjs&/khjs gkFkksa ds lkFk vkSj NksM+saA bl çk.kk;ke ls gkbZ CyM çs'kj ls vius 'kjhj ds Åijh jkgr feyrh gS] ruko dks nwj djrh gS vkSj vPNh fgLls dks ihNs dh vksj uhan vkrh gSA eksM+sa] tc rd vki lgt gksaA lkal ysrs gq, 10- /;ku /khjs&/khjs okil vk;saA lq[kklu esa cSB dj 7- ikn gLrklu iwjs 'kjhj dks <hyk djsa vkSj vk¡[ksa can djsaA [kM+s gks dj vius iSjksa ds eqLdku ds lkFk yca h chp esa nwjh j[ksaA lkal xgjh lkla yds j NkMs r+ s ysrs gq, /khjs&/khjs gkFkksa dks Åij dh vksj oä eu eas Þ¬ß ;k mBk,¡A lkFk gh vius vius b\"V e=a dk 'kjhj dks Åij dh vksj mPpkj.k djsaA ,slk rhu ckj djds vka[ksa [kksfy,A [khapsA lk¡l NksM+sa vkSj /khjs&/khjs /kM+ dks vius ik¡p feuV ;ksxk ds lkFk ;g lqfuf'pr djsa fd gj dwYgksa ls vkxs dh vksj ,d ?kaVs esa ,d ckj MsLd ls mB dj b/kj&m/kj rc rd eksM+sa] tc rd Vgy ysa vkSj yxkrkj LØhu dks ns[kus ds oä fd vkids gkFk vkids iSjksa rd u igq¡p tk,¡A chp esa b/kj&m/kj utj ?kqek,¡A LoLFk jgs rks [kq'k lkal Hkjrs gq, okil vk;saA jgsA 8- ukM+h 'kks/ku çk.kk;ke ¼bl fuca/k ds ys[kd MkW- tYyk ukxjktw Lokeh foosdkuan ;ksxk vuqla/kku laLFkku ¼,l&O;kl½] csaxyq# ls ;ksxk lq[kklu esa cSB dj nkfgus gkFk dh m¡xfy;ksa dks çf'k{kd ikB;Øe ¼YIC½ esa mÙkh.kZ gq,A½ 28

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ekuo Økafr jkf/kdk vjksM+k thou ds mrkj&p<+ko ds chp esa tc ge lcls HkwoSKkfud T;knk ijs'kku ,oa fujk'kkoknh gks tkrs gSa] rc gesa baVsx] ft;ksfid vius ls ;g loky iwNuk pkfg, fd gesa Lo;a esa ,sls dkSu ls cnyko djus pkfg, ftuls ge bu bl vk/kqfud ;qx esa ge ekurs gSa fd euq\"; dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fudy ik,aA [kq'kh ckgjh nqfu;k ,oa HkkSfrdoknh oLrqvksa dh izkfIr esa gSA ijUrq D;k geus ;g fopkj fd;k fd euq\"; dk thou mlds O;fDrxr ,oa deks± vkSj ge fdl izdkj dh thou&'kSyh th jgs gSa ,oa D;k egRokdka{kkvksa ds chp my>k jgrk gSA ijUrq tc geus vius fny vkSj fnekx ds vkarfjd fopkjksa ge ekuo Økafr dh vksj c<+rs gSa] rks ge vius dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k gS \\ ;g tokc tkuuk LoHkko ,oa vius vkpj.k esa ifjorZu ykus dk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA ijUrq vkt vius vanj ds iz;kl djrs gSaA vkè;kRe dks tkx:d djus ,oa Lo;a vius lq[kksa dk lkxj cukus ds bl iz;kl dks gh ekuo Økafr vlyh :i esa tc ge thou esa lcls T;knk dgk tkrk gSA ijs'kku gksrs gSa og le; gesa lcls vf/kd c<+krk gS ,d euq\"; ds :i esaA ekuo Økafr dh ;g tks fØ;k gS ;g cgqr egRoiw.kZ gS vkSj ;g gekjs vUnj dh vkokt gS] tks gesa vius ekuo Økafr dk eryc gS fd gesa d#.kk ls iw.kZ LoHkko] fopkj ,oa ifjizs{; dks cnyus ds fy, O;ogkj djuk pkfg, ,oa vius esa cnyko ykus dk iszfjr djrh gSA iz;kl djuk pkfg,A eku yks] fd ,d cPpk ;fn ,d fnu ;g fu.kZ; ys euq\"; dk vlyh :i og gS tc mlls lkjh ckgjh ys fd og ijh{kk ds fy, viuh th tku ls esgur oLrq,¡] iSlk ,oa uke gVk fn;k tk,A ekuo Økafr djsxk rks mldk ;g n`<+ fu'p; mlds vUnj dh dk eryc gh vius vki dks cnyus esa gSA Hkkouk gS ,oa mlds vUnj vk;k ,d ifjorZu gSA xkSre c)q us egy dks R;kx dj thou dh lPpkbZ dks tkuus dk fu.k;Z fy;kA ;g ekuo Økfa r FkhA mlh idz kj ge vius vUnj NkVs s cnyko tlS s Øk/s k] ykyp ,oa vgda kj vkfn dks R;kxdj ekuo Økfa r dk nkjS 'k:q dj ldrs gAaS ;g ,d ,ls k Økfa rdkjh cnyko gS ftlls lHkh dk thou cgs rj gks tk;xs kA 29

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh fo/kk fofHkUu lkekftd igyqvksa ij ys[k fo\"k; % orZeku thou esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk egRo lhek 'kekZ yxkus ds fy, Hkh rks euq\"; dks vius uSfrd iRuh Jh fnfXot; xkSjo drZO;ksa ds çfr tkx:d gksuk iM+sxkA vk/kqfud mi egkizca/kd ¼bZ- ,aM Vh-½ lalk/kuksa dh [kkst ftruh ekuo tkfr ds lq[k ds ft;ksfid fy, gqbZ gS] laLdkjksa ,oa i;kZIr ifjos'k ds vHkko esa mldk nq#i;ksx Hkh gqvk gSA egkuxjksa dh ;qok fdlh Hkh euq\"; ds O;fäRo dh uhao mlds uSfrd ih<+h vius laLdkjksa dks ifj/kkuksa dh rjg R;kx ewY;ksa ij gh vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA uSfrd ewY;ksa dk dj if'peh laLdkjksa dh udy djus esa vtwck lapkj ckY;koLFkk ls gh gksuk vkjaHk gks tkrk gSA curh tk jgh gSA vufxur Vhoh pkSuyksa dks ckyeu dPph feêh dh rjg gksrk gS] mls ftl pykus okys] euksjatu ds uke ij uSfrd ewY;ksa dh lkaps esa pkgs <ky ldrs gSaA ysfdu ml ckyeu esa /kfTt;k¡ mM+krs fn[kkbZ nsrs gSaA ftlls orZeku ;fn mfpr uSfrd ewY;ksa dk chtkjksi.k fd;k cpiu vkSj ;qok oxZ mlds çeq[k f'kdkj curs gSaA tk,] rks Hkfo\"; esa mldk thou vkn'kksaZ ,oa ;s cPps gh rks dy gekjk Hkfo\"; gSa] ysfdu ;fn vk'khokZnksa ds Qy&Qwyksa ls foHkwf\"kr gksxkA bUgsa gh vius uSfrd ewY;ksa dk cks/k uk djk;k x;k] blfy, ifjokj esa cM+ksa dk ;g nkf;Ro cu tkrk gS rks vkus okyk Hkfo\"; va/kdkje; gksxk] blesa dksbZ fd os vius cPpksa ds ekufld fodkl ij Hkjiwj vfr'k;ksfä ugha gksxhA /;ku nsaA vkt dk ;qx rduhd dk ;qx gSA tgk¡ bu rduhdksa ds vufxur ykHk gSa] ogha ;fn uSfrd Lokeh foosdkuan th us dgk gS] ßge ,sls vknfe;ksa ewY;ksa dk vHkko gksxk] rks bUgha vk/kqfud rduhdksa dks pkgrs gSa] ftudh ulsa yksgs dh rjg vkSj Luk;q ds nq\"çHkko dks Hkh utjvankt ugha fd;k tk bLikr dh rjg etcwr gksaA mudh nsg esa ,slk eu ldrkA lkFk gh ik'pkR; lH;rk ls vkdf\"kZr ;qok gks] ftldk laxBu otz ls gqvk gksA gesa pkfg, ih<+h viuh okLrfod lH;rk ,oa laL—fr dks ijkØe] euq\";Ro ] {k=oh;Z vkSj czãrstAß Hkwyrh tk jgh gSA bldk lcls cM+k dkj.k pyfp= ij fcuk lksps&le>s ijksls tkus okyh ,d le; Fkk tc cPpksa dks nknk&nknh dgkfu;ksa lkexzh Hkh 'kkfey gSA ysfdu bu lc ij jksd ds ek/;e ls laLdkjksa o uSfrd ewY;ksa dk cks/k djkrs FksA ysfdu vktdy ds ,dkdh ifjokjksa esa cqtqxksaZ dk LFkku Vhoh vkSj baVjusV us ys fy;k gSA eka&cki ds ikl Hkh cPpksa ds mfpr ifjos'k dks tkuus dk le; ughaA dqN le; igys fo|ky;ksa esa uSfrd f'k{kk ,d vfuok;Z fo\"k; Fkk] ysfdu vktdy uSfrd f'k{kk migkl dk fo\"k; cu dj 30

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ jg x;k gSA ;qok oxZ ls bl ckjs esa ckr dh tk, rks uSfrdrk ds O;kogkfjd egRo ij cy nsrs gSaA Hkh dqafBr gks tkrs gSa vkSj bls viuh vktknh ds Hkkjrh; lkfgR; us uSfrd&vuSfrd dh ifjHkk\"kk ekxZ esa vkus okyh ck/kk le>rs gSaA ,sls esa eka&cki dks ,d okD; esa bl çdkj O;ä fd;k gS %& ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kdksa dk Hkh gS drZO; cu tkrk gS fd og cPpksa dks mfpr&vuqfpr ds varj dk cks/k Þog dk;Z ftlls nwljksa dk Hkyk uSfrd gS] vkSj og djk,¡A dk;Z ftlls nwljksa dks ihM+k igqaps vuSfrd gSAß f'k{kd lkekftd fpfdRld gS] tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa oQknkjh vkSj uSfrdrk dh çfr\"Bk dh j{kk esa dks laLdkj] Kku] dkS'ky vkSj ldkjkRed Hkkjrh; ukfj;k¡ iq#\"kksa ls cgqr vkxs jgh gSaA lksp dh 'kfä çnku djrk gSA gekjh Hkkjrh; bfrgkl lkfo=h] lhrk tSls lSdM+ksa mnkgj.kksa ls lH;rk esa rks f'k{kd dks loksZifj ekuk x;k gSA Hkjk iM+k gSA vkt ds ;qx dh lokZf/kd fopkj.kh; mls dsoy f'k{kd uk ekudj xq# dk ntkZ fn;k leL;k gS & ubZ ih<+h dks dSls uSfrdrk ds laLdkj x;k gSA fn, tk,¡A ubZ ih<+h esa uSfrdrk :ih çk.k ÅtkZ ds fuekZ.k ds vHkko esa Hkkjrh;rk vkSj ekuork ds ^xq* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ^va/ksjk* ,oa : 'kCn dk vFkZ gS vkn'kZ ls ifjiw.kZ ,oa thoar ih<+h dh dYiuk ugha çdk'kA vFkkZr va/ksjs ls çdk'k esa ys tkus okys dks dh tk ldrhA oLrqr% cPpksa dks 'kq: ls gh uSfrd gh ^xq#* dgk tkrk gSA xq# dk LFkku Hkxoku ls ewY;ksa ls laLdkfjr djuk pkfg,A eu dks Hkh Åij ekuk x;k gSA rHkh rks dgrs gSaA laLdkfjr dj nsus ls gh laLdkjh O;fäRo dk fuekZ.k ljyrk ls gks tkrk gSA 3 o\"kZ ls 16 o\"kZ dh Þxq# xksfoan nksÅ [kM+s] dkds ykxw ik,A vk;q rd eu dh rgksa esa te pqds laLdkjksa dks cfygkjh xq# vkius ftu xksfoan fn;ks crk,AÞ lQyrkiwoZd ifjofrZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls igys ;fn uSfrdrk ds laLdkj cPpksa o blfy, xq# dk uSfrd drZO; lcls vf/kd cu fd'kksjksa esa Mky fn, tk,¡ rks muds Hkkoh thou dh tkrk gS fd og fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk vk/kkjf'kyk bruh l'kä gksxh fd ifjfLFkfr;k¡] muds lokaZxh.k fodkl ij /;ku nsaA rkfd ,sls fons'kh&çHkko] lkekftd ifjos'k] jktuSfrd fo|kFkhZ uSfrdrk ds iFk ij pyrs gq, lekt vkSj ncko] vkfFkZd leL;k,¡ vFkok fdlh çdkj dk jk\"Vª dks xkSjokfUor dj ldsa vkSj vkxkeh ih<+h ds ncko mUgsa vius fu'p; ls dHkh fMxk ugha fy, ,d felky cu ldsA O;fä lekt dh bdkbZ ldsxkA gksrk gSA ,d vPNs lekt ds O;fä gh ,d lq–<+ jk\"Vª dh dYiuk dj ldrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn ewy ubZ ih<+h esa uSfrd laLdkjksa dh LFkkiuk laiw.kZ bdkbZ vius uSfrd ewY;ksa dks njfdukj djds fo'o esa vuSfrdrk ds dkj.k mRiUu vusd foykflrk&iw.kZ ,oa voljokn dh uhfr;ksa ij çk.kysok] 'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld O;kf/k;ksa ls lexz pydj dsoy LokFkZ flf) djsa] rks ns'k esa vU;k;] fo'o dh eqfä dk i;kZ; cusxh] bl gsrq fo'o Lrj vuSfrdrk] Hkz\"Vkpkj ,oa reke vlkekftd rRo ij oSpkfjd ,oa jpukRed vkanksyu dh vfr ns[kus dks feysaxsA vko';drk gSA lkFk gh] laiUu ns'kksa ds lekt ds rFkkdfFkr uSfrd ewY; ehfM;k rFkk vU; lapkj _Xosn dgrk gS fd ekr`&laL—fr] ekr`Hkk\"kk] ek/;eksa ds dkj.k 'ks\"k fo'o ds uSfrd ewY; u cu ekr`Hkwfe & ;g rhu nsfo;k¡ lnSo Hkkjrh; ân; esa tk,] bl [krjs dks jksdus ds fy, Hkh ,d l'kä fojkteku jgsaA lHkh Hkkjrh;&n'kZu fo'kq) vfHk;ku gksuk pkfg,A lkoZHkkSfed uSfrd ewY;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSa] rFkk 31

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh ikuh dh cpr vkt dh t:jr fç;adk flag LoPN ikuh dh vko';drk iRuh Jh fuf[ky flag ¼HkwHkkSfrdhfon~&Hkwry½ dbZ yk[k yksx çfro\"kZ ty çnwf\"kr gksus ds dkj.k çlaLdj.k foHkkx] ft;ksfid chekfj;ksa ls ej jgs gSaA bl ikuh dks nwf\"kr gksus ls jksduk gksxk] rkfd og ikuh vkt dh t#jr esa dke ty gh thou gS ;g ge lc lqurs vk jgs gSa] dgrs vk vk ldsA v[kckj ds ,d ist dks cukus esa 13 yhVj jgs gSa] ysfdu ekurk dkSu gS\\ ikuh dh ,d&,d cwan ikuh cckZn gksrk gS] rks lksfp, iwjs fo'o esa fdruk dks cpkuk vkt dh t:jr gS vxj geus vkt ikuh ikuh cckZn gksrk pyk vk jgk gSA gekjs ns'k es gj 15 dh cpr ugha dh rks bldh ,d&,d cw¡n ds fy, lsdaM esa ,d cPpk ty&tfur jksx ls ej jgk gS] rks gekjs vkus okyh ih<+h dks rjluk iM+sxkA ;g lHkh dks lksfp;s bl nwf\"kr ty dh otg ls fdruk uqdlku irk gS dh ikuh dk Lrj fujarj ?kV jgk gSA 20 o\"kZ gksrk gSA ;fn ty dks nwf\"kr gksus ls jksds rks fdruh iwoZ] 40 QqV dh xgjkbZ ls vkus okyk ikuh vc 90 ls rjg dh chekfj;k¡ vkSj ikuh dh cpr gks ldrh gSA 100 QqV uhps tk pqdk gSA ikuh dh cpr vkt dh t:jr ikuh dh cckZnh lcls igys rks gesa ;g çfrKk ysuh gksxh dh ikuh dh gesa ikuh dh cckZnh ij jksd yxkuh gksxhA ns'k esa dgha cpr djsaxs vkSj bldh cckZnh dks jksdsaxsA vxj iwjh [kqys uy] rks dgha lQkbZ ds fy, ihus ;ksX; ikuh dk i`Foh esa lHkh yksx FkksM+k&FkksM+k ikuh cpk,axs rks dkQh bLrseky gksrk gSA lkoZtfud LFkkuksa ij vxj dgha ikuh cp ldrk gSA vxj ge ugkrs le; 'k‚oj dh uy [kqyk gks rks dksbZ mls can djus dh ftEesnkjh ugha txg ckYVh dk ç;ksx djsa rks ge 100 ls 200 yhVj le>rkA tgk¡ ge viuh t:jr ds fy, vko';drk ikuh çfrfnu cpk ldrs gSaA blh çdkj 'kkSpky; esa ls dbZ xquk vf/kd ikuh fcuk lksps& le>s cckZn dj ¶y'k flLVe dk t:jr vuqlkj mi;ksx Hkh nsrs gSa] ogha rirh xehZ esa mM+rs i{kh I;kl ds dkj.k ykHkdkjh lkfcr gks ldrk gSA T;knkj isM+&ikS/ks viuk ne rksM+ nsrs gSaA ckfj'k ds eghus esa yxk,a rkfd ikS/kksa dks çk—frd :i ls ikuh fey ldsA ikuh dks cpkuk lkekftd drZO; ikuh dh cpr D;ksa vfuok;Z\\ le>uk pkfg, rkfd ikuh dh cckZnh dks jksd ldsaA tgk¡ Hkh gesa uy [kyq k fn[ks pkgs og jsyos LVs'ku] cl ikuh dh cpr gesa D;ksa djuk pkfg,\\ blds fy, ty LV‚i ;k fdlh Hkh lkoZtfud LFky gks] O;FkZ gks jgs ds egRo dks gesa le>uk gksxkA lcls igys rks euq\"; ikuh ds uqdlku dks cpk,¡] D;ksafd vxj geus bl vius thou esa nwljh phtksa ds fcuk jg ldrk gS] leL;k dk lek/kku djuk vkt dh t:jr ugha ijUrq vkWDlhtu] ikuh vkSj [kkuk blds fcuk og ugha le>h rks dy gesa bldk Hkkjh uqdlku Hkqxruk th ldrkA bu rhu ewY;oku phtksa esa ikuh dk egRo iM+sxkA lcls vf/kd gSA gekjh i`Foh ij 71% ikuh gS] ijarq 2% ikuh gh gekjs ihus yk;d gSA vkSj bl ikuh dk bl çdkj ikuh gekjs vkSj nwljs vU; çkf.k;ksa ds fy, mi;ksx çfrfnu ,d vjc yksx dj jgs gSaA ;g Hkh i`Foh ij thou çnku djrk gS] ty Hkxoku }kjk vuqeku yxk;k tk jgk jgS fd 2025 rd ikuh dh fn;k x;k ge ekuokas vkjS vU; çkf.k;kas ds fy, ,d deh ls 3 vjc yksx ihfM+r jgsaxsA bl fy, vxj ge migkj gAS blds fcuk iF` oh eas thou dh dYiuk Hkh ugha ikuh dh cpr djsa rks dy vkSj vkt bl leL;k dk dj ldrs gAaS blfy, ikuh dh cpr vkt dh t:jr lek/kku gks ldrk gSA blds fy, ikuh dks lqjf{kr gAS ty gS rks thou g]S vkt gS vkjS dy gAS gesa vkt gh ls djuk gksxk vkSj bldh cckZnh gksus ls dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA 32

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ernku vf/kddk kj fl)kar pkS/kjh fd & i=q Jh txUukFk pk/S kjh mi egkicz /a kd ¼HkHw kkfS rdh&Hkrw y½] ^^izxfr vkSj [kq'kgkyh tu&ekul dh gS njdkjA ilz La dj.k foHkkx] ft;kfs id oksV djksxs rHkh feysxh] eupkgh ljdkjAA** Hkkjr ,d yksdrkaf=d ns'k gSA 26 tuojh] 1950 ernku tkx:drk dks Hkkjr dks yksdrkaf=d ns'k ?kksf\"kr fd;k x;k FkkA yksdrkaf=d ns'k esa lHkh ukxfjdksa dks ernku ernku tkx:drk ls rkRi;Z gS vius ernku nsus dk vf/kdkj gksrk gS] fdUrq dqN ukxfjd vius :ih vf/kdkj dh le>A yksdrkaf=d iz.kkyh esa dÙkZO; ls ihNs gVrs gSaA ,sls esa gesa D;k djuk lcls egRoiw.kZ vf/kdkj ernku dk gksrk gSA rHkh pkfg,\\ ernku gekjs fy, cgqr gh vko';d gSA rks gesa ernkrk dgk tkrk gSA izfl) dgkor ;g dsoy laLdkj dh gh izxfr ugha djrs gSa] ^^turk dh ljdkj] turk }kjk vkSj turk ds cfYd vke ukxfjd dh Hkh izxfr blds ihNs fNih fy,^* dh og /kkj.kk rHkh lp lkfcr gksrh gS tc gksrh gSA ,d ernkrk gh yksdra= dk pquko dh izfØ;k esa iwjk ns'k fgLlk ysrk gSA oksV HkkX;&fo/kkrk gksrk gS] blfy, dgk tk ldrk gS dk ;g vf/kdkj Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa dks viuh ilan dk iz;ksx djus vkSj fu.kZ; ysus dk vf/kdkj nsrk gS fd dkSu ns'k dk usr`Ro djsxk vkSj lÙkk ds lkFk vkus okyh ftEesnkfj;ksa dk Hkkj ogu djsxkA ernku dks ;kn j[kus ds fy, iszfjr djrh gS ;g dfork & 33

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh ^^cuks ns'k ds HkkX;&fo/kkrk  ernkrk mlh {ks= esa oksV dj ldrk gS] tgk¡ vc tkxks I;kjs ernkrkA mldk uke iathd`r gSA cPpk&cPpk djs iqdkj ernku dk vf/kdkj fdls ugha feyrk gS \\ oksV Mkyuk rqe gj ckjAA** dksbZ O;fDr Hkkjrh; n.M izfØ;k lafgrk dh /kkjk Hkkjr esa ernku dk vf/kdkj 125] 135 vkSj 136 ds vUrxZr nks\"kh ik;k tkrk gSA n.M dh /kkjk 171E vkSj 171F ds vUrxZr fczfV'k 'kklu dky esa Hkh Hkkjr esa yksxksa dk vijk/kh ?kksf\"kr fd;k tk, rFkk dSfn;ksa dks erkf/kdkj feyrk Fkk] fdUrq ;g vf/kdkj lEifÙk ernku dh vuqefr ugha gSA ds LokfeRo ds vk/kkj ij feyrk FkkA blfy, vkcknh dk flQZ 2-5% fgLlk gh oksV nsrk FkkA ernku nsuk D;ksa gS t:jh \\ mlds ckn Hkkjr 'kklu vf/kfu;e] 1935 ykxw gqvk ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i erkf/kdkj ds fy, fdlh Hkh ns'k dks ;gh pkfg, fd mlds ns'k ds lEifÙk ds LokfeRo dks ?kVk fn;k x;k ftlls ukxfjd bZekunkjh ls jgsA ns'k dk usrk pquus ds igys ds vuqikr esa izfr'kr c<+dj 11-5% gks fy, vke ukxfjd dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS x;kA ns'k dh vktknh ds ckn o\"kZ 1950 esa Hkkjr blfy, vius dÙkZO; dks le>rs gq, lgh dk lafo/kku ykxw gqvk] ftlds ckn 21 o\"kZ ls izfrfuf/kRo dks pquuk pkfg, ftlls muds ns'k dks vf/kd lHkh ukxfjdksa dks erkf/kdkj fn;k x;kA vPNh ljdkj fey ldsA ;g vkcknh dk 49% fgLlk FkkA ^^yksdra= dh gS igpku Hkkjr esa erkf/kdkj dh vk;q er] ernkrk vkSj ernkuAA** lafo/kku dk vuqPNsn 326 o;Ld erkf/kdkj dh ^^pkgs uj gks ;k ukjh] ckr dgrk gSA igys ernku dh vk;q 21 o\"kZ FkhA ernku gS lcdh ftEesnkjhAA** o\"kZ 1988 esa lafo/kku ds 61 osa la'kks/ku ds lkFk vuqPNsn 326 esa la'kks/ku fd;k x;kA lafo/kku ds fu\"d\"kZ 61 os la'kks/ku ds ckn Hkkjr esa erkf/kdkj dh vk;q 21 o\"kZ ls ?kVkdj 18 o\"kZ dj nh x;h FkhA ns'k dh dbZ leL;k,¡ tSls&csjkstxkjh] xjhch] f'k{kk vkSj fnu izfrfnu c<+rh egaxkbZ dks jksdus Hkkjr esa ernku dkSu dj ldrk gS \\ ds fy, lgh izfrfuf/k dk p;u djuk vko';d gSA ns'k ds yksxksa dks ernku dh rkdr dks lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 326 ds vuqlkj ernku djus le>uk pkfg,] rkfd muds ,d oksV ls ns'k dh ds fy, fuEufyf[kr ekun.M gS % izxfr gks ldAs bldk lgh mi;kxs n's k dks Åp¡ kb;kas ij yds j tk ldrk gAS blh ds lkFk puq koh (i) Hkkjr dk ukxfjd gksuk t:jh gSA ifz Ø;k eas ^^Right to Reject** vkjS Right to Recall (ii) vk;q 18 o\"kZ ;k mlls vf/kd gksA tlS s ØkfUrdkjh cnyko dh Hkh vko';drk gAS (iii) oksVj fyLV esa uke gksuk t:jh gSA ,d etcwr ernkrk ,d etcwr vkSj LoLFk mijksDr ekun.Mksa ij tks O;fDr [kjk mrjrk gS yksdra= dk vk/kkj gSA dkuwu esa ernkrkvksa dks og ernku dj ldrk gSA ernku djrs le; dbZ vf/kdkj izkIr gS] fdUrq vf'kf{kr gksus dh dqN fu;eksa dk [kkl [;ky t:jh gSA otg ls dbZ ernkrk vius vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr jg tkrs gSaA blfy, t:jh gS fd fuokZpu vk;ksx  O;fDr dsoy ,d gh oksV Mky ldrk gSA erkf/kdkj ds izfr turk dks tkx:d cuk;s vkSj mUgsa muds vf/kdkjksa ls voxr djk;sA  ernku dsUnz ij ernku izek.k&i= lkFk ys tkuk t:jh gSA 34

jktHkk\"kk dk;'Z kkyk laLFkku çeq[k Jh fo'kky 'kkL=h dh v/;{krk esa ft;ksfid esa çfr frekgh jktHkk\"kk dk;Z'kkyk dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gSA blesa çfrHkkfxrk djus okys vf/kdrj rduhdh dkfeZd gksrs gSa A

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh fj'rs lhek oekZ iRuh Jh uanu oekZ ;s fj'rs Hkh lewg egkizca/kd ¼HkkS-½] baVsx fdrus vthc gksrs gSa ! ft;ksfid I;kj dh Mksj esa cjlksa dh esgur ls rc ewd cudj fijks,] ;s fj'rs ds eksrh ;s fj'rs ;w¡ gh iy esa fc[kj tkrs gSa cgqr dqN lg tkrs gSa tc lSdM+ksa ehBs cksyksa ij ;s fj'rs Hkh nks dM+os cksy fdrus vthc gksrs gSa ! Hkkjh iM+ tkrs gSaA can eqV~Bh ls ;s fj'rs Hkh jsr dh rjg fdrus vthc gksrs gSa ! uk tkus dc ljd tkrs gSa lk>snkjh dh cqfu;kn ij dHkh nnZ cudj fo'okl dh bZVksa ls cuk, vk¡[kksa ls Nyd tkrs gSa ;s fj'rksa ds edku vfo'okl dh vk¡/kh ls lp! ;s fj'rs Hkh iy esa <g tkrs gSa fdrus vthc gksrs gSa ! 36

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ 'kksouk nkl iRuh MkW- larks\"k dqekj lkgw ofj- izksxzkfeax vf/kdkjh ft;ksfid uk tkus dc D;ksa vkSj dgk¡ esjs vanj mBh ,d foæksg dh vkx Fkh] mez ds lkFk mits gtkjksa loky dh lzksr FkhA fny <wa< jgk Fkk tokc] lkjh xfy;ksa esa mrj] esjs vanj ls fudy jgk Fkk ,d çfrokn dk Loj A ijk/khu vkRek esjh] gks mBh Fkh vc ijkØeh] vkt fudyw¡xh ckgj tSls >kalh dh jkuh y{eh A ij tc ckgj j[k dne eSaus [kksyk viuk njoktk ] L=h rks lgu'khy] çse vkSj /kS;Z dh gksrh çfrewfrZ& ;s dkuksa esa xw¡tkA gksrk ;gh gj fnu gj le; fL=;ksa ds lkFk] D;k dksbZ lqu ikrk gS mlds fny dh ckr \\ gj txg esa gS oks 'kkfey] nqfu;k¡ py uk ik;s mlds fcu] oks rks gS lcdh ij lcds fy, oks cks> vkSj ijkbZ] mlds fny dh ckr cw> uk ik;k dksbZ A mldks Hkh gS ykylk thus dh vius fgLls dh ftanxh] vafre le; rd le> u vkrh D;w¡ nqfu;k gS bruh erych \\ oks çse] /kS;Z vkSj lgu'khyrk dh çfrewfrZ cu ikrh ;k uk cu ikrh] fdUrq dqN oDr ds ckn rks og vanj ls iRFkj t:j cu tkrh A 37

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh oks gS rks lgh] ij fcYdqy ugha lh v/kwjh ;g dgkuh gS] gS 'kCnksa esa gM+cM+h lh] vuqie gktjk uk dFkkcLrq v/kh{k.k Hkw&HkkSfrdhfon~ uk okrkoj.k uk mís'; ft;ksfid uk pfj=&fp=.k cl dye mBk, vkSj cka/krs x, v{kjksa dh yM+h lhA pfdr gksaxs vki Hkh ns[k dj ij t:jh gS lR; dks le>uk D;w¡fd peRdkj djrk gS oks tknw dh ,d NM+h lhA HkVdh gqbZ jkgksa esa eafty ikl gksus dh vkl fy,] yk[k my>uksa esa Hkh lqdwu dk ,glkl fn,] oks fn[krh rks vc Hkh gS] ij ,d vtuch lh] ekuks lfn;ksa ls gksBksa esa dqN ckrsa gks nch lhA chrs dbZ fnu dbZ jkr tkus fdruh lnhZ vkSj cjlkr oks clrh vc Hkh gS eq>esa] ij flQ+Z ,d deh lh tSls [kwc gqbZ ckfj'k ds ckn gok esa fNih ueh lhA 38

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ ^^lQj** vkSj 'kgj lcy flag Hk.Mkjh xk¡o vfHk;kaf=dh lgk;d fudy iM+s Fks ?kj ls tc] ft;ksfid liuksa dk ihNk djus dks NksM+ jgk cpiu tSls] ;kn vk,xh oks ihiy dh Nk¡o vutkuh lh tokuh dksA tc rfi'k iM+sxh lhus esa] Nyd mBsaxs vk¡lw fny ls] tc dfBukbZ gksxh thus esaA oks ihiy ihNs NwV jgk Fkk] mu 'kgjksa dk gj igj tc] oks iu?kV ihNs NwV jgk Fkk] çgkj ls vius rM+ik,xk dqN liuksa dks ikus dh [kkfrj ;kn xk¡o dks djds eu esa lc viuk ihNs NwV jgk FkkA lhuk mruk gh pkSM+k gks tk,xkA mu vk¶uks ds liuksa dks ikus dj ikj] nkSj mu vaf/k;kjksa dk nwj xk¡o ls tk jgk gw¡ eSa] mtkyk cudj fudywaxk eSa mu mEehnksa ij [kjk mrjus dj xk¡o dks jks'ku nqfu;k Hkj esa eSa NksM+ rqEgsa Hkh tkrk gw¡ eSaA ,d fnu xk¡o okil vkÅ¡xk eSa ,d fnu xk¡o okil vkÅ¡xk eSaA 39

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh ftanxh eatq jkuh 'kekZ v/kh{k.k vfHk;Urk ¼;kaf=dh½ ft;ksfid ftanxh jsr gS] gkFk ls fQly tk,xh tks Hkh djuk gS dj] ojuk fudy tk,xhA ekSr vkbZ Hkh] exj Vy Hkh xbZ D;k Hkjkslk dy Hkh blh rjg Vy tk,xhA ftUnxh ekse lh gS] fi?ky tk,xh gj ?kM+h jsr lh gS] fQly tk,xhA th Hkj dj th ys bls] pkj fnu dks feyh ftanxh ekSr vk;sxh rks lp esa] ,d fnu fudy tk,xhA 40

jktHkk\"kk ifz r;kfs xrk çfr frekgh jktHkk\"kk dk;Z'kkykvksa ij vk/kkfjr jktHkk\"kk izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu fd;k tkrk gS ftlesa fot;h izfrHkkfx;ksa dks iqjLd`r fd;k tkrk gSA

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh jktHkk\"kk ioZ&2021 esa iqjLd`r dgkuh csVh,d firk dk la?k\"kZ & vfuy dqekj tSls&tSls xkfM+;ksa dk dkfQyk xk¡o dh rjQ c<+ cM+k fd;k vkSj bl dkfcy cuk;k fd oks vkt jgk Fkk] oSls&oSls f'k[kk ds fny dh /kM+du rst dySDVj cu xk¡o okfil ykSV jgh gSA gksrh tk jgh FkhA ,slk gksuk ykteh Hkh Fkk] vkf[kj 12 lky vius xk¡o vkSj ifjokj ls nwj] 'kgj esa mlds firk xk¡o ds Ldwy esa pijklh ds in ij jgdj mlus viuh f'k{kk iwjh djds rFkk dySDVj dk;Zjr FksA yksxksa ds yk[k dgus ij mlds firk us cuus ds ckn vkt oks igyh ckj xk¡o okfil vk nwljk fookg ugha fd;k FkkA oks dgrs Fks fd ,slk jgh FkhA djus ij mudk f'k[kk ds izfr isze foHkkftr gks ldrk gSA lqcg&lqcg czã eqgZqr esa mB ?kj ds lM+d ds nksuksa vksj mM+rh /kwy us mls dkj dk lkjs dke&dkt fuiVkdj] f'k[kk dks mBkuk] cky 'kh'kk cUn djus ij etcwj dj fn;kA 'kh'kk cUn cukdj] mldk Ldwy cLrk] fVfQu vkfn mlds gksus ij okrkuqdwfyr xkM+h esa oks vk¡[ksa cUn dj firk Lo;a gh vkSj ges'kk eqLdjk dj fd;k djrs vrhr ds iUuksa esa okfil ykSV xbZA xk¡o ;kn vkus FksA yxk] viuk cpiu ;kn vkus yxkA bu /kqa/kyh ;knksa esa vxj oks dqN Li\"V le>] ;kn ;k ns[k ik xk¡o okys ges'kk mudk etkd mM+krs vkSj rkus jgh Fkh rks Fkh ,d ewrZ tks ges'kk mlds Le`fr& dlrs Fks fd csVh dks bruk lj ij er p<+kvksA iVy ij ,dN= jkt djrh jghA ;g Nfo Fkh ysfdu f'k[kk ds firk Fks fd mudks viuh csVh ds mlds firk dhA ;gk¡ Fkh dguk xyr gksxk D;ksafd flok; dqN fn[kkbZ gh ugha nsrk FkkA ckjgoha rd oks vHkh ftUnk FksA tc f'k[kk cpiu ds xfy;kjs dh i<+kbZ xk¡o ds Ldwy esa iwjh dj] f'k[kk tc esa Hkze.k djus yxh] rks gj rjQ firk utj vk,A 'kgj xbZ rks firk xk¡o esa ihNs NwV x;sA vkt rhu o\"kZ dh vk;q esa gh f'k[kk dh ekrk dk yEch f'k[kk 12 lky ckn dySDVj ds in ij vklhu chekjh ds pyrs nsgkUr gks x;k FkkA rc ls ysdj gksdj] okfil xk¡o ykSV jgh FkhA njvly ftl vkt rd] f'k[kk ds firk us gh mls iky&iksl dj Ldwy esa mlds firk pijklh dh ukSdjh djrs Fks] 42

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ vkt mlh Ldwy esa f'k[kk ds fy, ,d lEEkku ekuuk vkSj tks ekuus yk;d u gks mls le>kuk] lekjksg vk;ksftr fd;k x;k FkkA ysfdu f'k[kk us ,d ek¡] HkkbZ&cgu fdlh dh Hkh deh u eglwl O;Lr dk;ZØe ls le; vius firk ls feyus dh gksus nsuk] lekt ds lkeus esjs fy, [kM+s jguk] ;s [kq'kh esa bl lEeku lekjksg esa vkus dh gk¡ dh FkhA tks vkius fd;k gSA oks dFkuh; gSA 'kjhj :i esa vpkud gh xkM+h ds cszd yxus dh otg ls f'k[kk dySDVj cuh gw¡] ysfdu esjs vUnj bl in ij orZeku esa ykSV vkbZ FkhA vk¡[k [kqyus ij ckgj jgdj fu.kZ; ysus okyh 'kfDr vki gh gaSA cpiu ns[kk rks Ldwy ds ckgj vius vki dks ikdj esa esjs tUefnol ij ,d dfork vkius esjs fy, mldk fny Hkj vk;kA xkM+h ds :drs gh Ldwy ds fy[kh ftldks eSaus rkmez ft;k gS] oks dfork iz/kkukpk;Z] vè;kid o ckdh lc x.kekU; O;fDr i<+dj gh eSa viuh d`rKrk vkids izfr izdV dj xkM+h dh rjQ nkSM+ iM+sA f'k[kk dks iq\"i ekyk,¡ ldrh gw¡] blds vykok esjs ikl dgus dks dqN igukbZ xbZA xk¡o dh dqN vkSjrksa us vkxs c<+dj ugha gSA mls xys Hkh yxk;kA ysfdu mldh vk¡[ks fdlh vksj dks gh <wa< jgh FkhA nwj ,d dksus esa vius rqe gh losjk gks esjk] rqe gh 'kke gksA firk dks [kM+s ik;k rks [kqn dks lEHkky ugha ikbZ rqe gh [kkl gks esjs fy,] rqe gh vke gksA vkSj mudh vksj nkSM+ iM+hA ,slk yxk tSls 12 rw gh ^fpra u* gS ejs k vkjS rw gh ^vra euZ dh idq kj* gAS lky dh deh ,d iy esa gh iwjh gksA Ldwy us Hkh lp dgw¡ rks rqels gh ftanxh esa ^cgkj* gSA firk&csVh ds feyu dk rkfy;ksa ls Lokxr fd;kA rqe gh ^fopkj gks esjk] rqe gh ^vfHkO;fDr* gksA izkax.k ds chpkas&chp yxh LVst ij f'k[kk dks rqe gh ^izsj.kk gks] rqe gh esjh ^'kfDr* gks vkoHkxr ds ckn cSBk;k x;kA Ldwy ds rqe gh ^ghjk* gks esjk] esjk ^eksrh* Hkh rqeA iz/kkukpk;Z us xk¡o dks lEcksf/kr fd;kA f'k[kk ds ^dqynhid* Hkh rqe] ^dqyT;ksfr* Hkh rqeA Ldwyh lQj] mldh f'k{kk ds ckjs esa crk;kA exj cuks dqN ,slk fd tehu ij iSj vkSj vklek¡ esa f'k[kk] bu lc ckrksa ls ijsa] cxy esa cSBs firk dks ^mM+ku* gksA gh ns[ks tk jgh Fkh] tSls ,d Hkxoku us tkus [kks tkÅ¡ req eas bruk fd req ls gh ejs h ^igpku* gkAs fdrus lkyksa dh dM+h riL;k ds ckn vius rqe gh ^losjk* gks esjk] rqe gh ^'kke* gksA mikld dks n'kZu fn, gksaA ekbd ij viuk uke rqe gh ^[kkl* gks esjs fy,] rqe gh ^vke* gksA lquus ds ckn f'k[kk dk /;ku m/kj x;k rks irk pyk fd vc cksyus dh ckjh f'k[kk dh FkhA f'k[kk vkidh bl dfork dks eSaus mez Hkj ft;k gS vkSj us xk¡o ds yksxksa ds izfr viuh d`rKrk izdV dj nks ykbuas vkSj dgdj viuh ok.kh dks fojke nw¡xh cksyuk 'kq: fd;k] oks lc cksyus ds ckn vius ¼vkids fy,½A firk ds ckjs esa cksyus yxhaA req gh lojs k gks ejs k] req gh ^'kke* gkAs ^^'kk;n nqfu;k esa Hkxoku lc txg ugha tk ldrs rqe ^firk] ekrk] ifjokj* gks ejs k] req gh ^Hkxoku* gkAs blfy, mlus ek¡ dks cuk;k] ysfdu ek¡] csVh lc txg tk lds] oks tks pkgs oks dj lds] bl [kqys bruk dgrs gh f'k[kk dk eu Hkj vk;k vkSj vkleku esa vktkn iaNh dh rjg mM+ lds blfy, Hkkxdj vius firk ds xys fyiV dj jksus yxhA mlus firk dks cuk;kA cpiu esa esjh gj ckr dks pkjksa vksj lUukVk Fkk] ysfdu Hkko vkSj lans'k gj fny esa Li\"V rkSj ij igq¡p ik jgs FksA 43

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh firk edgk Ro & HkkSfed oh- feL=h ekrk&firk gekjs thou dh oks etcwr dM+h gS] tks gekjs thou dks csgrj cukrh gSA buds fcuk thou ds ckjs esa lkspuk Hkh ukeqefdu gSA blh dM+h dks csgrj cukus esa firk dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku jgrk gSA esjs ikik esjs fy, u dsoy ikik gS] cfYd ,d vPNs nksLr Hkh gSa] D;ksafd tc dHkh Hkh eq>s mudh t:jr iM+rh gS] oks eq>s ges'kk ,d vPNs nksLr dh rjg gh esjk lgh ekxZn'kZu djrs gSaA oks eq>s ges'kk gkj u ekuuk] thou esa lgh xyr dk Kku nsuk] vkxs c<+us dh f'k{kk nsuk vkSj ges'kk esjk gkSalyk c<+krs gSaA ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj vius dks <kyuk] ;s lkjs xq.k esjs firk esa gSA muds ikl nsus ds fy;s Kku dk vewY; HkaMkj gSA tks dHkh Hkh [kRe ugha gksrk] ftls nsus esa oks eq>s {kf.kd Hkj Hkh nsj ugha djrsA blfy, esjs ikik esjs fy, nqfu;k esa lcls vPNs ikik gSaA tc eSa Ng lky dk Fkk] tc gekjs ?kj ,d uUgha ijh dk tUe gqvk FkkA mls ns[kdj esjs ekrk&firk vkSj eSa cgqr [kq'k gq,A esjh ek¡ dk eSa ykM+yk csVk Fkk ij vkxs tkdj ;g uUgha ijh ikik dh ykM+yh csVh cu xbZA esjh ukuh dh [kjkc rfc;r ds pyrs gq, esjh ek¡ dks vDlj ukuh dk [;ky j[kus ds fy, xk¡o esa jguk iM+rk FkkA esjs ikik dh ukSdjh 'kgj esa vPNh py jgh FkhA oks lnhZ&xehZ ;k ckfj'k dHkh Hkh vius dk;kZy; esa tkus ls ugha pwdrs FksA ij vc ek¡ ds xkao tkus ij ikik ds Åij uUgha ijh dks laHkkyus dh ftEesnkjh 44

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ vk xbZ FkhA vkt eSa cM+k gks x;k gw¡] ij ,d firk rks gksrh gS] ysfdu xe Hkh gksrk gS D;ksafd og vkSj csVh dk fj'rk D;k gksrk gS \\ eSa lekt ds le>rk gS fd vc 'kknh ds ckn csVh mlls nwj gks lkeus j[kuk pkgw¡xkA tk;sxh ysfdu og firk dj Hkh D;k ldrk gS \\ og lekt ds fu;eksa ds vkxs etcwj gksrk gSA uUgha&eqUUkh NksVh lh csVh dks ns[kdj gj firk dh okLro esa csVh vkSj firk dk fj'rk cgqr gh vk¡[kksa esa [kq'kh ds vk¡lw vk tkrs gSaA firk viuh egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA I;kjh csVh ds fy, gj og f[kykSus ykrk gS] ftlls mldh csVh [kq'k jg ldsA tc csVh cM+h gksrh gS nqfu;k esa dbZ ,sls firk Hkh gksrs gSa] tks viuh csVh rks firk dh FkksM+h cgqr fpark, Hkh c<+ tkrh gSaA dks dsoy cks> le>rs gSaA tc Hkh csVh tUe ysrh Ldwy esa tc firk viuh csVh dks nkf[kyk djokrs gS] rks ,sls firk dks [kq'kh ugha gksrh cfYd nq%[k gSa] rks lqcg mudks Ldwy NksM+uk] nksigj esa Ldwy gksus yxrk gSA ,sls firk lekt ds fy, dyad ls okfil ykuk] ,d firk dks cgqr Hkkrk gSA csVh gksrs gSa tks csVh vkSj firk ds fj'rs dks ugha tc lqcg&lqcg vius firk dks ikl esa ns[krh gS le>rsA csVh tks y{eh dk vorkj ekuh tkrh gS] rks mlds psgjs is eqLdku vk tkrh gSA firk vkSj og nksuksa rjQ ds ifjokj dks laHkky dj j[krh csVh dk fj'rk cgqr gh vPNk fj'rk gksrk gSA tc gSA vktdy ds tekus esa cgqr ls firk viuh csVh Hkh ek¡ csVh dks MkaVrh gS] rks firk chp esa vkdj dks lekt esa Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, gj dne mBkrs viuh iRuh dks Kku nsus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS vkSj gSaA csVh ds i{k esa tkdj mls thou esa gj [kq'kh nsus dh dksf'k'k djrk gSA ek¡ dh xSj ekStwnxh esa firk okLro esa csVh vkSj firk dk fj'rk nqfu;k dk gh csVh dks lqcg rS;kj djrk gS] mlds fy, uk'rk lcls vPNk fj'rk gSA cukrk gS vkSj vPNs laLdkj fl[kkrk gSA csVh dh gj ,d ckr firk cM+s gh /kS;Z ls lqurs gSaA firk ikik dHkh eu dk djus dh NwV nsrs gSa] rks dHkh viuh csVh dh i<+kbZ dk iwjk /;ku j[krs gSaA gj cafn'kks ls Hkjh fgnk;rsa HkhA ysfdu :[kh lh galh ,d firk pkgrk gS fd mldh csVh cM+h gksdj ,d vkSj l[rh vkSj O;ogkj ds ihNs firk ds eu dk efgyk vQlj cusA ,d firk viuh csVh ds gj lkjk isze vkSj fpark gh fNih gksrh gSA os nqfu;k dh ,d lius dks iwjk djus ds fy, jkr&fnu ,d dj my>uksa vkSj eqf'dyksa dks tkurs&le>rs gSaA nsrk gSA vktdy Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk cPph ds blfy, laHkydj thus vkSj vkxs c<+us dh lh[k vPNs Hkfo\"; ds fy, cgqr lkjh ;kstuk,¡ cuk;h mudh gj ckr esa 'kkfey gksrh gSA xbZ gSaA firk ml ;kstuk dk ykHk mBkdj mlesa fuos'k Hkh djrs gSa rkfd tc csVh cM+h gks tk, rks mls vkfFkZd rkSj ij T;knk eqlhcr u lguh iM+s vkSj vius ilanhnk {ks= esa vH;kl djds vius liuksa dks iwjk dj ldsA tc csVh i<+dj vPNh txg ij ukSdjh ik ysrh gS] rks ekuks firk dk liuk iwjk gks tkrk gSA tc csVh i<+&fy[kdj vPNs in ij ukSdjh ik ysrh gS] rks firk viuh csVh dh 'kknh ds fy, fj'rk ryk'krk gSA tc ,d vPNh txg fj'rk fey tkrk gS] rks firk dks [kq'kh 45

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh lhMh Iy;sj vkSj bZ;j Qksu ,d laLej.k vfuy dqekj [kq'k Fks fd dy rks lqcg&lqcg dksbZ fnDdr ugha ofj\"B Hkw&HkkSfrdfoK ¼Hkwry½ gksxhA ysfdu vxys fnu fQj xkuk pyk vius ft;ksfid okns ds eqrkfcd mlus nwljk xkuk pyk;k ^;g /kks[ks] I;kj ds /kks[ks* cgqr fnu >syus ds ckn] fQj vkt xyrh ls eksckby esa ^rqe rks Bgjs ijnslh* geus HkkbZ ls ckr dh] mlus fQj oknk fd;k fd Iys gks x;kA yxk fd vjs ;s D;k Iys gks x;k \\ can ;g xkuk oks ugha pyk,xkA vxyh lqcg fQj ,d djus dk eu gqvk ij irk ugha D;ksa eu gkFkksa dks u;k xkuk Iys gqvk ^oQk uk jkl vk;h] rq>s vks ihNs [khapus yxkA igys dHkh ;g xkuk ilan ugha gjtkbZ*A vc ge le> x, fd dguk csdkj gSA vk;k] ij irk ugha tkus D;ksa vkt dkuksa dks vPNk mlds ckn tkus fdrus xkus geus lqus] mlds yxus yxk \\ fny esa [kq'kh vkSj psgjs ij gYdh gokys ls ^vk¡[k gh uk jksbZ gS] fny Hkh rsjs I;kj esa eqLdku dc ?kj dj xbZ irk gh ugha pykA lkspk jks;k gS*] ^rsjh ;kn vk;h] tqnkbZ ds ckn*A pyks g‚LVy ds fnuksa dks FkksM+k vksj ,DlIyksj 'kq:&'kq: esa yxk fd ge ijs'kku gks jgs gSa] ckn esa fd;k tk,A fQj jguk gS rsjs fny esa ds ^tjk tjk etk vkus yxk] ekuks ge Hkh mlds xe esa 'kjhd cgdrk gSa* ls 'kq: gksdj] tc oh esV ds ^vkvksxs gks pqds gksaA dc rqe lktuk* ls gksrs gq, ^cjlkr ds ekSle esa] rUgkbZ ds vkye esa* dk ulh#n~nhu fn[kkbZ nsus mldk dejk gels 20 QqV dh nwjh ij Fkk fQj Hkh yxkA ,d vksj xkuk lquk ^uSuks dh er ekfu;s js ] ge lc Li\"V :i ls lqu ikrs FksA ysfdu vkt uSuk Bx ysaxs*A mu fnuksa fjihV ij lqurs Fks ;g ?kjksa esa ftrus yksx] mrus Qksu vkSj mrus gh bZ;j xkukA vka[ksa can dh rks çrki g‚LVy dk bZ&35 QksuA dkSu D;k lqu jgk gS] ikl cSBs vkneh dks :e ;kn vk;kA gekjs cxy okys d{k esa jlk;u dksbZ [kcj ughaA ?kjksa esa lapkj ds lk/ku c<+ pqds foHkkx dk ,d yM+dk jgrk Fkk] uke rks ;kn ugha gSa] ysfdu fopkjksa dk vknku&çnku yxHkx #d ij mlds ikl lhMh Iys;j gqvk djrk Fkk ml lk x;k gSA 'kqØ gS mu fnuksa] b;jQksu dk bruk le;A ij irk ugha D;ksa gesa mldh Iys fyLV pyu ugha Fkk] vxj gksrk rks 'kk;n ;g okD;k ,d dHkh le> ugha vk;hA ,slk yxrk Fkk tSls oks lq[kn ;kn dk :i u ys ikrkA fnytys fQYe dk 'kkdk gksA oks lqcg &lqcg 6 cts xkus lqurk FkkA eghuksa rd mlus ,d gh xkuk pyk;k ^vPNk flyk fn;k rwus esjs I;kj dk*A ge tc lqu&lqu dj ijs'kku gq, rks mlls cksyk HkkbZ ;g xkuk u pyk;k dj vkSj oks eku x;kA ge 46

ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh Hk&w xHkkZ nknh&ukuh dk vk¡xu fuf/k oekZ eghus dh iM+rh FkhA mu fnuksa i<+kbZ fy[kkbZ dk dfu\"B bathfu;fjax lgk;d Hkh dksbZ fo'ks\"k ruko vkSj ncko ugha gksrk FkkA ¼bySDVªkWfuDl½ exj i<+kbZ dh xq.koÙkk vkt ls csgrj FkhA iwjk ft;ksfid NqfV~V;k¡ [ksy&dwn vkSj ets esa chr tkrh FkhaA lcls vPNk yxrk Fkk xehZ dh Nqêh esa ukuh ds ?kj dqN fnuksa igys esjh xyh ds ,d cqtqxZ naifr cgqr tkukA lky Hkj esa ,d ckj feyus okys mnkl fn[ksA irk pyk fd muds csVs&cgw vkSj ukuk&ukuh] ekek&ekeh ds lax&lkFk ykM+& X;kjg lky dk iksrk xehZ fd Nqfê;ksa esa ?kj vkus nqykj dh ckr gh dqN vkSj gksrh FkhA okys FksA exj iksrs ds Ldwy okyksa us xehZ dh Nqêh esa gh iwjs Ms<+ eghus ds fy, lej dSai yxk fn;kA ysfdu vkt ds le; esa yksx jkstxkj dh ryk'k naifr dh fujk'kk blfy, Hkh vf/kd Fkh fd fiNys esa ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku tkdj cl x;s gSa nks lky ls egkekjh ds dkj.k os vius iksrs ls ugha vkSj HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfo/kkvksa dh vk¡/kh es la;qä fey ik;s FksA bl ckj feyus dh vkl Fkh] cgqr ifjokj dk ºzkl gks x;k gSA ukuk& ukuh dk ykM+ [kq'k Fks] ij NqfV~V;ksa esa Ldwy [kqy tkus ls mudks nqykj rks nwj] cPps nknk&nknh ds I;kj dks Hkh ;g [kq'kh ulhc ugha gqbZ A rjl x;s gSaA ,sls esa xehZ dh Nqêh dh lcdks çrh{kk jgrh gSA cPps buesa cqtqxksaZ ds lkFk&lkFk mudh ckr lqudj eSa vius cpiu esa ykSV x;h] vU; Lotuksa ls Hkh fey ikrs gSaA dqN fnuksa ds fy, tc n'kgjs&fnokyh dh NqfV~V;k¡ iwjs chl fnuksa gh lgh nknh&ukuh dk vk¡xu cPpksa dh 'kjkjrksa dk gksrk FkkA lnhZ ds ekSle esa iwjs lkr fnu dk ls xqytkj gks tkrk gSA ij fiNys dqN lkyksa ls gksrk FkkA fQj Hkh ge cPpksa dks lcls vf/kd blesa Hkkjh cnyko ns[kus dks feyk gSA bartkj gksrk Fkk xehZ dh Nqêh dk] tks Ms<+ ;k nks njvly] ;g izfrLi/kkZ dk ;qx gS] gj O;fä pkgrk gS dh mldk cPpk thou ds çR;sd {ks= esa 47

Hk&w xHkkZ ft;ksfid laLFkku] vks,uthlh nwljs cPpksa ls vkxs jgsA ekrk&firk dh blh ij Hkh fujk'kk Nk tkrh gSA ekufldrk dk ykHk mBk;k futh fo|ky;ksa] dksfpax laLFkkuksa us vkSj Vîw'ku dsUæksa usA fiNys dqN lkyksa esa] cPps ,dkdhiu ls xzflr gq, vktdy lej dSai] foaVj dSai] fuankRed vkSj gSa vkSj mu ij i<+kbZ dk Hkh cgqr ncko cuk gqvk fo'ks\"k Dykllsl ds uke ij cPpksa dh Nqfê;k¡ cl gSA egkekjh ds nkSj esa cPps eksckby ls cqjh rjg ukeek= dh jg xbZ gSaA cPpksa ij i<+kbZ dk çHkkfor gq, gSaA ,sls esa vxj dqN le; cPpksa dks vfrfjä cks> ykn fn;k x;k gSA izfrLi/kkZ dh vius cqtqxksaZ vkSj vU; ifjtuksa ds lkFk jgus dk bl va/kh gksM+ es viuk otwn cpkus ds fy, volj feyrk gS] rks u dsoy mudk ,dkdhiu ljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dks Hkh blesa dwnuk iM+k gSA nwj gksxk cfYd os i<+kbZ ds ncko ls dqN le; ds fy, eqä gksaxsA ns'k esa vyx&vyx f'k{kk foHkkxksa esjk ekuuk gS fd] nl&iaæg fnuksa ds fy, rks ;g dks bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd cPps viuk Bhd gks ldrk gS] ij lkjh NqfV~V;ksa dks gh blesa cpiu Hkh th ldsA lej dSai ;k fo'ks\"k d{kkvksa [kik nsuk fdlh Hkh –f\"V ls cPpksa vkSj lekt ds dk le; fuf'pr gks] u fd NqfV~V;ksa dk iwjk le; fgr esa ugha gSA igys gh cPps vius cqtqxksaZ ls nwj gh blesa yxk fn;k tk,A ekrk&firk ls Hkh gksrs tk jgs gSa] ,sls esa tks le; os vius cqtqxksaZ ds fuosnu gS fd cPpksa dks izfrLi/kkZ esa nkSM+us okyh lkFk fcrk ldrs gSa] og Hkh muls Nhu ysuk mfpr dkjsa u cuk,¡A cPpksa dks bruk le; nsa fd oks ughaA cPpksa dh çfr;ksfxrk vkSj lej dSai ds fy, vius nknk&nknh] ukuk&ukuh dk lwuk vk¡xu rS;kj rks mUgsa Hkyh&Hkk¡fr fd;k tk ldrk gS] ij dqN le; ds fy, egdk ldsa vkSj muds psgjksa ij ;g ns[kus esa vkrk gS fd ,d f'kf{kr O;fä esa Hkh eqLdku yk ldsaA mu thou&ewY;ksa vkSj laLdkjksa dk vHkko gksrk gS tks ns'k vkSj lekt dk ,d vPNk ukxfjd cukrs oks cpiu dh ckrsa] cM+h ;kn vkrh gaS] gSaA oks nknh&ukuh ds ?kj esa chrk le; vktdy dbZ ckj ifr&iRuh nksuksa gh ukSdjhis'kk gksrs gSaA ,sls es dbZ ckj ifr dks] rks dbZ ckj iRuh mudk ykM+&nqykj vkSj eerk ;kn vkrh gSA dks Qqjlr ugha fey ikrhA vxj nksuksa dHkh NqV~Vh ij Hkh tkrs gSa rks cPpksa dh Dyklsl ls rkyesy tkusa dgk¡ x, oks fnu] oks jkrsa] feykuk eqf'dy gks tkrk gSA ,sls esa xehZ dh NqfV~V;ksa dks ysdj lHkh fuf'par gksrs gSa vkSj viuh cpiu dh /kqa/kyh lh ;knsa] ;kstuk,¡ cukrs gSaA cqtqxksaZ dks bl ckr dh vk'kk gksrh gS fd xehZ fd Nqêh gh muds lwus vk¡xu esa vkt tc ;kn djks rks] vk¡[ks Hkj tkrh gSa cgkj ysdj vk,axhA tc muds cPps mudh vka[kks ds lkeus gksrs gSa] rks mudh vk¡[ks thou ls Hkj oks cpiu dh ckrsa] cM+h ;kn vkrh gSaA mBrh gSaA muds >qjhZnkj psgjs ij ped ns[krs gh curh gSA vius ukrh&iksrksa ds lax mudk viuk cpiu ykSV vkrk gS] ij tc fo|ky; Nqfê;ksa esa Hkh [kksy fn;s tkrs gSa] rks lHkh çdkj fd lkekftd ;kstuk,¡ /kjh dh /kjh jg tkrh gSa] vkSj cPpksa ds lkFk&lkFk muds ekrk&firk vkSj cqtqxksaZ ds psgjksa 48