Body Systems Final Flipbook

Body Systems Flipbook Class: Health Science Period: 4B Teacher: Mr. Adam Pickett Student Name: Zaid Zaid Kilani

Table of Contents: The page numbers are functional (clickable) links! Use them if you Body System: want to head straight to a specific Integumentary System page! Musculoskeletal System Page Number(s): Nervous System Special Senses 3 (Slide) and 4 (Fun Fact) Cardiovascular System Respiratory System 5 (Slide) and 6 (Fun Fact) Digestive System Urinary System 7 (Slide) and 8 (Fun Fact) Reproductive System 9 (Slide) and 10 (Fun Fact) 11 (Slide) and 12 (Fun Fact) 13 (Slide) and 14 (Fun Fact) 15 (Slide) and 16 (Fun Fact) 17 (Slide) and 18 (Fun Fact) 19 (Slide) and 20 (Fun Fact)

Function: Integumentary System Slide Vocabulary: The integumentary system serves hidr/o: sweat several important functions in the ichthy/o: dry; scaly body. These functions include: squam/o: scale ungu/o: nail ● Protection. diaphor/o: profuse sweating ● The maintenance of body cauter/o: heat; burn cutane/o: skin temperature. ecchym/o: blood in the tissues ● Excretion. prurit/o: itching ● The perception of stimuli. steat/o: fat; sebum py/o: pus KEY TERMS: Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: derm/o, dermat/o: skin Eczema: Acute or chronic inflammatory skin disease kerat/o: hard, horn-shaped tissue characterized by erythema, itchiness, and edema/swelling. Dermatologist: A physician who diagnoses xer/o: dry Also called dermatitis. and treats conditions and diseases of the xanth/o: yellow skin, hair, and nails. erythr/o: red Cyanosis: The appearance of a blue or purple discoloration of pedicu/o: louse (singular form of the skin or mucous membranes due to insufficient blood Dermatology Technician: Also known as lice) oxygen or poor circulation, caused by respiratory or dermatology assistant, is a medical onych/o: nail cardiovascular conditions. assistant who works in the skincare field. myc/o: fungus DTs assist licensed dermatologists or pil/o: hair; hair follicle Ecchymosis: black-and-blue or purplish bruise caused by physician’s assistants (PAs). lip/o: fat ruptured blood vessels beneath the skin. rhytid/o: wrinkle albin/o: white Psoriasis: A chronic disease marked by itchy, erythematous skin with silvery patches.

Did You Know? Integumentary Edition Every person sheds approximately 22 kilograms of skin in his/her lifetime.

Function (Skeletal): Musculoskeletal System Slide Vocabulary: The skeletal system serves 5 important functions in spondyl/o: vertebra; backbone the human body: Axial skeleton: skull, facial bones, sternum, ribs, vertebral column ● Support: The skeletal system provides structure and Appendicular skeleton: shoulder girdle, arm, wrist, hand shape for the body. bones, pelvic girdle, leg, ankle, and foot bones. Skeletal muscle: striated muscle, voluntary muscle. ● Protection: The skeletal system surrounds and Smooth muscle: visceral involuntary muscle (peristalsis). protects internal organs. Cardiac muscle: Myocardial muscle, involuntary. -malacia: softening ● Mineral Storage: Calcium and phosphorus, two -desis: to bind; tie together minerals that the body needs for important -cele: hernia; swelling; protrusion regulatory functions, are stored inside the bones. Long bones: in the extremities (e.g. phalanges) Short bones: hand and feet (cube shaped, made of spongy ● Blood cell formation: Red blood cells are bone). manufactured in the bone marrow. Flat bones: Protect vital organs (e.g. cranium, facial bones, scapulae, and the sternum. Function (Muscular): Sesamoid bones: resemble large sesame seeds. Found in the kneecap as well as the hands, wrists and feet. ● Holding body parts in position and making movement possible. Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: ● Providing a protective covering for the internal Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS): Disorder marked by pain, burning, and Orthopedic Surgeon: Physician organs. itching or tingling due to an inflamed median nerve and tendons in the who specializes in the diagnosis wrist; commonly associated with repetitive activity and/or overuse and treatment of spinal disorders, ● Producing (through movement) nearly 85 percent of injury. sports injuries, arthritis, and the heat that keeps the body warm. fractures. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD): Progressive disease that ● Moving food through the digestive system. weakens the muscles of the shoulder and pelvic girdle. DMD is a Physical Therapist: PTs work with ● Aiding blood flow through the veins as blood returns sex-linked recessive trait that affects mostly males. a patient’s doctor to develop a plan for restoring and maintaining the to the heart. Arthritis: Inflammation of joints, usually accompanied by pain and patient’s maximum movement and ● Assisting with the movement of fluids through the structural changes in the bone and cartilage. functional ability. ducts and vessels of other body systems. Spina bifida: split spine; congenital defect in which part of the membrane covering the spinal cord protrudes through a gap in the KEY TERMS: spine. my/o: muscle myel/o: bone marrow; spinal cord oste/o: bone cost/o: rib crani/o: skull -pexy: surgical fixation chondr/o: cartilage arthr/o: joint -plegia: paralysis kinesi/o: movement

Did You Know? Musculoskeletal Edition Recent studies have found that lactic acid, in many cases, is not the cause exercise-induced delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). Osteocalcin, a hormone released by osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), was found to be a key player in the body’s stress response.

Nervous System Slide Vocabulary: Functions (3): Glial cells: Provide protective insulation for the neurons. Synapse: the point at which one neuron communicates 1. Sensory Input: Sensory organs with another. → Electrical impulse → CNS. Gray matter: unmyelinated nerve tissue that is mostly composed of nerve cell bodies and dendrites. 2. Integration: Processing and White matter: Myelinated (contains myelin sheaths which interpreting the information. shroud axons and are made by neuroglial cells). CSF: envelops and protects the delicate brain and spinal 3. Motor output: CNS → Effectors. cord tissues from injury. PNS: → Autonomic NS (cardiac and smooth muscles and glands ANS: → Parasympathetic NS (Routine involuntary functions, rest and digest) ANS: → Sympathetic NS (High alert, adrenaline response). thec/o: sheath (meninges). troph/o: development; nourishment KEY TERMS: Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: neur/o: nerve Bell’s Palsy: Unilateral (one-sided) paralysis of the nerves Physician Anesthesiologist: a doctor who encephal/o: brain that control the facial muscles, causing one side of the face administers general anesthesia or an anesthetic myel/o: bone marrow; spinal to droop. This condition is thought to be caused by a virus. to patients before surgery. cord ambul/o: walk; move about Concussion: A TBI resulting from a blow to the head or Neurosurgeon: A physician who specializes in -esthesia: feeling; sensation violent shaking of the head and upper body. Can lead to treating diseases and conditions of the nervous mening/o: meninges serious effects, and is common in specific types of sports. system. psych/o: mind concuss/o: shaken; violently Delirium: A state of mental confusion and agitation, and agitated disorientation of time and space, accompanied by hallucinations. Epilepsy: A neurological disorder of the CNS in which the activity of the neural cells in the brain becomes disrupted, causing seizures, repeated twitching, loss of consciousness, etc.

Did You Know? Nervous Edition Primates, including humans, have a group of neurons called mirror neurons. These are responsible for some behaviors being contagious, such as yawning. A man's brain has about 6.5 times more grey matter compared to that of a woman, while a woman's brain has 10 times more white matter compared to that of a man.

Function: Special Senses Slide Vocabulary: ● The special senses are acoust/o: hearing; sound Sclera: “white of the eye”, the fibrous involved in the nervous system outer layer of the eye that maintains its function of sensory input. shape. ● These senses monitor stimuli, glauc/o: gray or changes in the external or gustat/o: taste internal environment. When mydr/o: widened; enlarged neural receptors are activated papill/o: optic disc; nipple-like in the special sense organs, a presby/o: old age neural impulse is transmitted -opia: vision condition to the brain. There, the impulse -osmia: smell condition is interpreted and acted upon -otia: ear condition by the body. KEY TERMS: Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: irid/o: iris Cataract: clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual acuity; Optometrist: An optometrist is -cusis: hearing caused by accumulation of protein in the lens. responsible for performing eye exams -opia: vision condition and diagnosing any injuries, ot/o: ear Acoustic neuroma: benign tumor arising from the auditory nerve (the impairments, or diseases of the eye. tympan/o: eardrum; tympanic main nerve that leads from the inner ear to the brain). Symptoms membrane include hearing loss, ringing in the ears, and problems with physical Audiologist: An audiologist is a opthalm/o: eye balance. specialist who works with hearing, -metry: process of measuring balance, and related disorders. Meniere’s disease: chronic disorder of the labyrinth of the inner ear Audiologists test patients for hearing that causes vertigo, or a sensation of spinning. loss. Tinnitus: sensation of noises (such as ringing, buzzing, or whistling) in the ears when no sound is present.

Did You Know? Special Senses Edition Humans can hear sounds up to 20 kHz. The sense of touch is the first to develop in humans at about 8 weeks into the gestation period. People lose their perception of taste as they age. Any of your taste buds can perceive any taste. The “taste bud map” was proven to be inaccurate by contemporary studies.

Cardiovascular System Slide Vocabulary: KEY TERMS: Contractions: a rhythmic cycle of shortening and tightening cardi/o: heart Systolic pressure: a measurement of blood pressure angi/o: vessel (blood) while the heart ventricles are contracting hem/o, hemat/o: blood Diastolic pressure: a measurement of blood pressure Brady-: slow between heartbeats (when the heart is “resting” Tachy-: fast between contractions) thromb/o: clot sphygm/o: pulse -emia: blood condition tens/o: stretched; strained leuk/o: white -sclerosis: hardening; thickening erythr/o: red -stenosis: narrowing; tightening arteri/o: artery -um, -us: structure; tissue; thing Dia-: through; complete Function: Per-: through Primary function: to Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the Aneurysm: localized, balloon-like dilation of a blood vessel, usually Cardiologist: A cardiologist is a physician who body. The body’s organs an artery. specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of need oxygen to function heart diseases and conditions. Cardiologists since temporary oxygen Coronary artery disease (CAD): narrowing of the coronary arteries, order tests such as electrocardiography and deprivation can cause resulting in an insufficient blood supply to the heart. sonographic imaging to aid in diagnosing severe damage to body patients and developing an appropriate course of structures. Myocardial infarction (MI): tissue death in the heart muscle treatment. resulting from an obstructed coronary artery (heart attack). Cardiovascular technologist: also called a Peripheral artery disease (PAD): disease in which narrowing of the cardiovascular technician, provides assistance to arteries results in decreased blood flow to the extremities, causing doctors in diagnosing and treating heart diseases intermittent calf pain, called claudication, during walking or and conditions. exercise.

Did You Know? Cardiovascular Edition There are approximately 59,650 miles of blood vessels in the human body.

Respiratory System Slide Vocabulary: Function: Ventilation: the process by which air moves into and out of the lungs. Respiration: the process of gas exchange. The respiratory system has crucial, External respiration: the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide life-supporting functions. These include: between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. Internal respiration: involves gas exchange at the cellular and tissue ● Inhaling (breathing in) fresh air; levels. ● Exchanging harmful carbon Respiratory Rate: the number of breaths that a person takes in a minute. dioxide (a metabolic waste Eu-: good; normal. product) for life-sustaining -centesis: surgical puncture to remove fluid. oxygen between the tiny air sacs -pnea: breathing of the lungs and the -ectasis: dilation; expansion. bloodstream; and -thorax: chest; pleural cavity ● Exhaling (breathing out) old, stale air. Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: KEY TERMS: Apnea: temporary interruption of breathing. Respiratory Therapist: A respiratory therapist cares for patients who suffer from health bronch/o: bronchus; bronchial tube Rales: abnormal crackling sound heard during conditions and diseases that affect their breathing. cyan/o: blue auscultation of the lungs while the patient is breathing They work closely with doctors in healthcare laryng/o: larynx; voice box in; usually indicates the presence of fluid or mucus in facilities. -oxia: oxygen the airway. Oxy-: containing oxygen or Pulmonologist: A pulmonologist is a medical additional oxygen Rhonchi: a coarse rattling or high-pitched snoring doctor (MD) who diagnoses and treats conditions pleur/o: pleura; serous membrane sound heard during auscultation of the lungs; usually and diseases of the lungs and the that enfolds the lung indicates narrowing of the air passages, such as during cardiopulmonary system (heart, lungs, and blood pneum/o: lung; air asthma or a respiratory infection. vessels). pulmon/o: lung thorac/o: chest Bronchitis: inflammation of the mucous membranes of trache/o: trachea; windpipe the bronchial tubes.

Did You Know? Respiratory Edition The average person inhales average of 13 pints of air every minute, and exhales 17.5 milliliters of water per hour.

Digestive System Slide Vocabulary: Function: Mastication: the act of chewing. Deglutition: the act of swallowing. 1. Ingestion: the intake of food and -stomy: surgical opening. liquids into the body. -prandial: meal. -chezia: defecation; elimination of waste. 2. Digestion: the breakdown of food lith/o: stone; calculus. into smaller components. inguin/o: groin. -ase: enzyme. 3. Absorption: the process where Amylase: helps in the breakdown of carbohydrates valuable nutrients leave the (sugars). digestive tract and enter the blood Lipase: helps break down fats. supply. Protease: helps break down proteins. Insulin: a hormone that aids in the absorption of sugar. 4. Elimination: the discharge of waste from the body. KEY TERMS: Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: cholecyst/o: gallbladder Anorexia nervosa: condition involving self-deprivation of food and Gastroenterologist: A physician who enter/o: intestines (usually the pathological weight loss. While primarily a psychiatric condition, specializes in diseases and conditions of the small intestine) anorexia nervosa has profound effects on the digestive system. digestive system (e.g. GERD, ulcers, Crohn’s col/o, colon/o: colon; large intestine disease, etc). hepat/o: liver Bulimia: gorging with food and then purging. Purging is most gastr/o: stomach commonly induced by vomiting, excessive exercise, and/or use of Dentist: A dentist specializes in the or/o: mouth laxatives. While primarily a psychiatric condition, bulimia has diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of -pepsia: digestion profound effects on the digestive system. conditions and diseases of the mouth and chol/e: gall; bile gums. proct/o: rectum; anus Crohn's disease: A chronic disease that causes inflammation of the digestive tract. Gastroenteritis: Inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is characterized by nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; also called a “stomach bug”.

Did You Know? Digestive Edition The average person produces 2 pints (32 ounces) of saliva every day. Stomach growling, also known as borborygmi, is almost always taking place. You happen to notice it when it’s been a while since you’ve eaten any food, because the “growling” sound is no longer being muffled by the stomach’s food content. The movement of food through the alimentary canal is independent of gravity (since smooth muscles fully control the movement of food). This means that your body can move your food through the digestive system even while you are standing on your head.

Urinary System Slide Vocabulary: Function: Reabsorption: the process by which the blood reclaims useful substances from the filtrate that flows through the 1. Filtration: the process through which the kidneys renal tubules. This exchange occurs through the tiny separate waste products from your blood. From these capillaries that surround each renal tubule. waste products, the kidneys form urine, which is stored Secretion: the opposite of reabsorption. Waste products, and later expelled from the body. such as urea and creatinine, along with some water, are pushed into other tubules for excretion. 2. Waste storage and excretion: the urinary bladder stores Olig/o: scanty (very small). urine until the urine is excreted (discharged) from the ur/o: urine; urinary tract. body, along with excess water and ions. vesic/o: urinary bladder. -poietin: substance that forms. 3. Hormone production: the kidneys produce hormones Dia-: complete; through. that your body needs to perform essential functions azot/o: nitrogen. (erythropoietin for red blood cell production in the bone albumin/o: albumin (a protein). marrow, and calcitriol, which promotes calcium noct/o: night. absorption in the small intestine. Diseases/Disorders: 4. Homeostasis maintenance: the kidneys monitor blood pressure and adjust blood volume in response to Hematuria: condition in which blood or blood cells are increases and decreases in blood pressure. They also excreted in the urine. control the blood’s pH, and regulate the balances of fluid and electrolytes in the body. Urinary incontinence: loss of voluntary control over the discharge of urine from the bladder; also called KEY TERMS: Healthcare Careers: incontinence. -cele: hernia; swelling; protrusion. Dialysis Technician: A dialysis technician operates Cystocele: herniation of the bladder through the vaginal -lysis: breakdown; separation; loosening. machines that remove the metabolic waste products wall in females. cyst/o: cyst; fluid sac; bladder. and excess fluids from the blood of patients whose nephr/o: kidney. kidneys are not functioning properly. Nephrolithiasis: Renal calculi; kidney stones. ren/o: kidney. -uria: urination; condition of urine. Urologist: A urologist is a physician who specializes in -pexy: surgical fixation. diseases of the urinary system and the male’s -ectasis: dilation; expansion. reproductive tract (both systems are closely linked in pyel/o: renal pelvis. males).

Did You Know? Urinary Edition The kidneys are also involved in endocrine functions, as they release a hormone known as erythropoietin.This hormone acts on the bone marrow to stimulate the production of red blood cells.It is also involved in the process of gluconeogenesis, vitamin D production, and detoxification of the blood.

Reproductive System Slide Function: Diseases/Disorders: The primary function of the male Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): abnormal enlargement of reproductive system is to facilitate the prostate gland; characterized by frequent or difficult urination; conception, or the fertilization of the also called prostatomegaly or benign prostatic hypertrophy. ovum (female sex cell) by a sperm. The primary function of the female Testitis: inflammation of one or both testes; characterized by pain reproductive system is to produce new or swelling in the testes; also known as orchitis. life through the support and development of an embryo, which later grows into a Eclampsia: condition in which seizures occur in a pregnant fetus and continues developing until it is woman with high blood pressure between the 20th week of born. pregnancy and the first week postpartum (after childbirth); typically leads to coma, threatening the welfare of the mother and KEY TERMS: Healthcare Careers: baby. cervic/o: neck; cervix (neck of Obstetrician/Gynecologist: A physician who practices obstetrics and Endometriosis: condition in which endometrial tissue develops uterus). gynecology. An obstetrician is a medical specialist who provides outside of the uterus and in various sites throughout the pelvis or salping/o: Eustachian (auditory) healthcare for a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal in the abdominal wall; characterized by pelvic pain, cramping, and tube; fallopian tube. period. A gynecologist is a medical specialist who focuses on the care of sometimes infertility. ov/o: ovum (egg). the female reproductive organs and the treatment of associated disorders. orchid/o: testis; testicle. Vocabulary: oophor/o: ovary. Ultrasound Technician: An ultrasound technician is also known as a men/o: menses; menstruation. diagnostic medical sonographer. Although they are not specific to the -salpinx: fallopian tube. mamm/o: breast. practice of obstetrics and gynecology, they are often part of the routine -cyesis: state of pregnancy. gynec/o: female; woman. prenatal care of a woman and her unborn child. -partum: childbirth. colp/o: vagina. nat/i: birth. prostat/o: prostate gland. andr/o: male. plas/o: development; formation. zo/o: animal; life. Menstruation: the monthly shedding of the innermost layer of the uterus. Conception: Also known as fertilization; is the moment at which the sperm meets the ovum. Gestation: the period of human development and growth in the uterus from conception to birth.

Did You Know? Reproductive Edition Males produce the smallest human cell, which is the sperm. It’s 5 micrometers by 3 micrometers in size (not including the tail). In contrast, the red blood cell is about 8 micrometers in diameter.