Gadget Design Magazine

THE COMPUTER IN ART There are three main ways in which computer CalComp model 565, 12-inch drum plotter. graphics are made. First they can be made with a computer-driven graphic plotter which may be a pen Finally there are many types of printers which can moving along a horizontal rod which draws on to produce patterns composed of letters and whatever paper rolled on a drum, moving vertically. Each line other symbols are to be found in their repertoire. Of is composed of very small steps which are visible these three methods the cathode ray tube display when the drawing is closely examined and each step has a particular advantage in that it can be used corresponds to a specific instruction conveyed to the interactively, that is, it allows direct access to the plotter from the magnetic tape. person drawing so that he can alter the image or the data with no significant lapse of time. He is able The second and more flexible method is a cathode to control many parameters in combinations of his ray tube display or television tube, on which one can own choice, and is able to evaluate the relationships draw; of the forms he is manipulating, making use of both intuition and the knowledge of the problem in hand. This sort of man/machine interaction makes for a very effective method of working in computer-aided design. Thus the computer takes over the burden of routine operations: accurate drafting, checking for consistency with any prescribed rules, or physical requirements such as that the leg of a chair shall not break.

Non-interactive graphics (those which involve a time- lapse between feeding the program into the computer and obtaining the results) are usually done with the aid of a graphic plotter. The drawings which are thus produced have a wide range of uses. Interactive graphics allows the evolution of conceptual designs in a flexible and dynamic way, and the computer can be seen as a means for visualizing a model of a structure in animation which allows one to come to grips with the spatial implications of forms. It is possible to produce isometric views, rotate the image about any designated axis, alter the scale, delete elements, translate dots into lines and vice versa, alter parts of a complete drawing while other parts are held fixed, and have multiple figures displayed simultaneously. One can also alter geometric shapes according to specifications which are themselves stored, and also translate the displayed figures and data to an x-y graph plotter for permanent record. ჻ The cathode ray tube display may also be given a three-dimensional capability by the use of variable intensity, by the plotting of normals to surfaces, by perspective drawings, or by the use of fully stereoscopic systems. Color display may also be used and there is no reason in principle why shading should not be employed. ⁘ Every single element that is drawn is automatically coded and can be recalled and used in a conglomerate form which in turn will have its own code. ⁙ Thus everything that can be drawn on a cathode ray tube display can carry with it a description which includes the possibilities of all on-line manipulations.

Leon D. Harmon and Kenneth C. Knowlton: Telephone, studies in perception I. KENNET Harmon and Knowlton give the following reasons for experimenting with these pictures: TO DEVELOP NEW COMPUTER LANGUAGES WHICH CAN Had they been attempting this before EASILY AND QUICKLY MANIPULATE GRAPHICAL DATA; the advent of Pop Art perhaps the imagery would have been drawn TO EXPLORE NEW FORMS OF COMPUTER- PRODUCED ART; from the vocabulary of abstract expression-Ism. This is a mere TO EXAMINE SOME ASPECTS OF HUMAN PATTERN speculation but it may well have PERCEPTION. some significance in relation to the range of subJects in the first decade What is interesting here is that neither Knowlton nor Harmon of computer graphics. Apart from sought an image that would be either abstract or synthetic, or his collaboration with Harmon, indeed invented or in any way transformed. Quite rightly they and inventing the BEFLIX movie considered that a common recognizable image would be the best system, Knowlton has also worked in vehicle to demonstrate the technique they had in-vented. On the collaboration with artists. other hand, their aim was also to produce something in the idiom of modern art.

KENNETH C. KNOWLTON AND LILLIAN SCHWARTS: A COMPOSITE COMPUTER GENERATED PICTURE KENNETH C. KNOWLTON AND LILLIAN SCHWARTS: A COMPOSITE COMPUTER GENERATED PICTURE Not all artist/technologist collaborations have been so successful however. A. Michael Noll, member of the research staff at the Bell Telephone Laboratories, having made one attempt at collaboration with an artist was discouraged to find that the artist had difficulties in verbalizing what he wanted to do. Noll got involved in computer art by accident when his microfilm plotter went wrong and produced an unusual linear design. He became sufficiently interested in the possibilities of computer graphics to have taken part, together with Bela Julesz, in the first ever documented exhibition of computer graphics at the Howard Wise Gallery in New York, in April 1965. In the case of Lillian Schwartz, for instance, Noll's graphics, which he developed computer pictures from eventually developed into her original paintings. Several of her stereo pairs, his films, portraits and still lives were transformed including an animated into black and white computer-generated choreography with stick figures, and his replicas, described by her as examples of studies on the 1917 Plus and Minus Mondrian 'technological pointillism'. Lillian Schwartz's drawing were thought of by him as exploratory attitude to the process is that the computer experiments. They were intended to interest can merely complement the material artists in the new capabilities of the computer provided in the first place by the artist, which but he himself had expressed no desire to should be made deliberately simple in order seriously make computer art himself. to allow for elaboration in the process itself.