ยุโรปยุคฟื้นฟูศิลปะวิทยาการ

aowd 2 ef4b3def4n%.vld( n ~ a d ~ m a 3 ~16w-1d8) (Europe in the Modern Age) -

uni6 n ~ ~ ~PI ~ d u~qnam d ? n (Renaissance) -



:'Luuwnd 6 ~ziinw~aiunuiuu'a:\"nAis'~u~~adSwu~n~s.~~o~n?in~boiraizibusi u 3nwiniilvld8nnts~dnu~'Ludaiuynnai~blta~~Ju~bnn'Lundu~uiuf(dszm~l~lpli~tflunf9btsn RILM q ~ a i wa u o ~ n i s k u ~ ~ a d i w u i ndi so ~ s i a ~ ~ a - w a ~ i u . ~ o 9 9 696\"\"nd~snzt~$w$ 96\"fluywu6uu cnti%~liobdouRa~nib#un~~b~uliobtazt$ubbmu'Ln~ I. ~ ~ 1 ~ c l ~ i u ~ a : ~ u a ~ n i ~ ~ ~ $ ~ 6 t d ~ ~ u ~ n i ~ nisiku$?adiwims (~enaissance)'n u i u a ~nistRlpl'LnJ (Rebeirth) n?anisAs'nAr'lu (Revival) aad^awuini%i1inn?ntaazTsuw?ou7Ku nisw\"muinaiufim nis?m6ubbaznis k~dat$w$$~!nai 7 & L I A R ~ R ~ ~ ~ B I ?1T4 ~1~W&~~~i~R&llpl733~n1d7 ~ ~ U I L ? ~ ~ I ~ T L U I3N00 dd ndldfiitfluszuzdnusio e ran sit ion dl Period) ao~da%m~w~;nnai~tba~;n~nd U wuaunidodsl(3alinwms oiobbrid&du 4 x u r k E B L ~1d u n i if u t ~ a i f l a n(classical period)& o i o o t ~ u n i i\" n i s h a d d91l s ~ \" n i s f i o u n ~ i i l d ~ n w i 6 i : o ~ s i ~ a o~~ b~s~u~ u ~ f l u ~ u d n a i ~ h ~ ~ v o ~ n i s d n n s 0 9 ' y n b u ~~id~ni.~lnn~o~w\"~ttuuaifiis~?~t~az4nsa~t$bsutnwua~9filuwt~i~9asai~s~~'nil~pl ~ m d n d n s s u h u s i i q~ f l u d n o ~ s o ~ o i n nuionno~n: ~ t i l u i ~ ~ a o ~ d i ~a wn ad ~ l p l n u ~ 9 t f l u i w\"i96\"nuos~umzdid~i tazdt$u~mu7Aai~o ~ ~ i i ~ ~(Pcapnal sStates) bsudJQst3u~~nisflu6~u~~bs~~uudin~unisi°Snwiinuinislilanswssmonsi ttaz ;ad nssu6iusii~7 ndbadudno~siauo~?ladnaiu~iubmulpfliao~i i u n l i a a d e ~ d o ~ a d e (Arts for the Art Sect) d ~ n a ~ u t ~ u ~ ~ w o r j a o ~ ~ a ~ u ~ ~ ' L ~ J sutnd 2 d u n i i sruruywuQuu (Humanistic Period) d.soiooziiunii \"ni%iku na'uKdd~nau# ' John L. Stipp, C. Warren Hollister and Allen W. Dirrim. The Rise and Development of Western Civilization. 2 nd.ed., (New ~ o r k: John Wlley Sons, Inc.), P.533.

3zu:d 3 iiunii nurmau? (Religious Period) &oiooriiunii \" n i ~ i f ~ ~ n 6 ' u ~ p l $~Liiu\". n i ~ ~ n w d o ~ ~ i ~ ion~i 3wi i ~i 0a~u~~a z i ~ i n w ~ o i ~ d ~ a i u ~ i J o u a o ~ n i a u i r i o u d o:im~dfildfiiauilu~~a8fima~~w16d~ d ua i k n ~ . r ~ u ~ d o i ?ua~:n~i.rLoundLLun R ~ ~ I H f~i i ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ uaa; u n i 3 n d ~ ~ r n 3 ~ u n i ~ n i 3 d(Cno~nc~ilioardM~oivwemi eanut) i d o - i i ~ ? ~ a 3 . r u ~ ~undJdd~fluwan uw ua uw a u m z ~ J i d i ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ u $ i ~ m ~ o ~ o ~ a i a q b n l ~ d u ~ ndR3luR~LRR8 ~ ~ ~ d 1 d l L ~ ~ L ~ ~ d d 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 ? ~ ~ d d b d l w \" ~ s u r d 4 i i u n i i n i d u r ( a o d i n u i n i m i (Northern Renaissance) h i %wa~~nmosKa~o~~~u~~uu~uo~~u

niAu{4ad?nsinisdiJ1 lufinrinm2nwd 14 ~ l d u i ~ i n n 7 ~ ~w~odorin~ji y l66'dif

4. ni.rriuwun~qu3u~uuazI.a\"~1~~\"~19l$un~m3tiiid~u1~bdub~~9n%ww~ya1wdnfu ~~nz3iadiii'nl~a~liylun\"7n'9$16~ds~a3uaael^awuin~s 5. ~uiinaiunrzfloioiudoni~Am6ulilvli~aiu$.duan\"ua\"9~ud~uamhuuas a n u a i ~ d i u d i i yu'nniuAnw ~d3uu~isriuunliG$clu' uatnmo~MlM\"ucl5~~aiu$+%ri' ui~~~~iuwu~~iluddu~od\"diuaunaiuq~l$u~~duin~u 6. n i ~ ~ d u u ~ u h a i ~ a n ~ i m u u ~ ~ u u idcnl ianiam' mi a i ~uazu~i4nui6'u u i ~~unahu'nao~nv u, mbd.prlu0wuoiui~c~l r ~ ~ ~ i n o d \" d ~ i ~ ' n a o ~ ~ d n d ~ 6 i ~ i ~ a u d ~ u i u i uuui^amao~au&~~clu~$?uauL~i~uiIu~~iU Y(~~eOrchAanPt rince) ndpul un uno~lvliiodn wodcl~~dn'u6aailu6iudi9dobiis.riuRu~z~nidao9mubo9 1. 3 m i a \" ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d s n \" i ~ Q m a ~ ~ o iu~ 'uff ~i ~9~3u ~l ~~f ibubl u~ ~~i ~T 7 ~ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ 3 L L ~ Z ~ U ~ I N ~ A ~ L M B Q Q ~ ~~ Ii~~~~I Um l b a \" u ~ ~ ~ 9 n l 3 ~ u $ o i 3b6u0~au9tk39 1 ~ ~ a i ~ ~ ~ oi~ua~~u~uo.ruird~diuiii~~bwalu~uanaiiiniuoiiKu~utty~idBmia~\" ~ o i r i x I a ~ a r i i ' n A n w d i ~ n * u a md~ ~aa ai u a u l ~ n ~ ~ ~ o ~ u n ~ ~ u i u l ~ u l u ~ i ~ u i 8 n w i n \" u l ~ ~ 2. ~ u m r d i r l i u a z ~ i n u < n ~ d ~ ~ % ~ 6 o ~ n i ~ ~ u $ d i u i ~ a ~ ~ w ~ t 9 7 \" ~ ~ u n i ~ k ~ n i ~ d i u d ~ ~ ~ i u 6 i u wui aru~<rlnn'u~62ailu&Am uarii'nflnw ~ d uGumrdidi f i ~ ~ ~5 f (lPdope Nicolas V) liiqd6unkanulT &a1 (Lorenzo Valla) ddbilu~n?fl~u fi~lfluynif 3. ~ n i w ~ ~ ~ w ~ f t c l ~ a z ~ r j n i a ~ i a n ~ B m i a~\"ilujn~yani3~B~m~iau\"i~rflnuu ~ u d n ' n i ~ m . r ~ u u i ~ u w \" ~ n i ~ u n ~ ~ a ~ n i ~ n ~ ~ a.~l uondiu~~R~mazdu~onfu\"in'~i,ydbn~ d viidiniy IAi~rinija ~r~zaG~aDo~Iu~uuciuIA&u ri~ n o c r u 6 d ~ ~ i l ~ ~ u t h a i 9n1n.ri ~ 6 1 qmninn.r.ruLLazni.sR%JuiRuW \" I ~ $ T I ~ B ~ I L ~ \" U U ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ I ~ W U R U ~ I ~ ~ I ~ ~ B J I ~do618niba\"uu u'~aiufunsiid.rmuni~~na\"i~ha3aais~iigluzrn~wi.iw2ftd nuIcdlnaaraokdimquar a3.iru~~clinninua~fibb~~munfnluflclu1$ni.s~1~&d~~ri~nfiflbbat5a~u97\"d~aiu ' Burns, PP.417-20.





fl'n~atywuh(H~umanism) u u a n a i u ~ n 3 n ~ n i n a i u ~ ~ ~ u a n \" u ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~uaaaz ~nn~in~i~uw~\"im~uTimn u ~ a l i m~iYdii~niuaaztimuIqh f i y n i d i e7uo~~uwii~il~da~Unna~~azd~audao\"ndaniuu a u ~ ~ $ na1u~il~d~~~a~~a1unin~~l~do~~i1~o~na1u~~uu~wBdi~~~a3 linuuuuywuduulPiodid~~.ju~~h<~d~ u 6 o i o ~ d n w i n a i u l i ~ ~ 1 a z w a ~ i u u o ~ ~ n u y w u d u u (Humanists) ~ ~ ~ W R J I U ~ I U ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ L GuOn n~ i~o~r iIi ~K d~uI kUa~6i Rr i i~u 1. swwmn sww3in (Francesco Petrarch, A.W. 1304-1374)' dumafinib%.~u l6fun15 undndiidu bbfimid~~wfiuywu~(uFauthner of ~umanism) n u b 8 n w i h ~ i i aiu~uuaosaiabasJ\"uuin~wu~~wizuaaiuuod~(aVoir~gi~l) a~~az%,cdba (Cicero) i ~ a i u a i u i s o n i a i n r u n ~ n i w i a z i u ~ ~ a : n ~ n ~~~wuaoadiuiT~(~i$o~liudgaoauruw (Sonnet) ~ ~ u u n w a ~ f7n $~u ~ n i ~ ~ ldulwm~ zdqmo ltu n i ~ u n m ~ o i ~ u n(iLnyriical bet) 2. ZTaaiud uanG\"~~%Ta Pobaiu; UBAK\"II%(TG~iovanni Boccaccio, n . ~1.313-1374)' ~iluaiafimiri%u (Decameron YI%I Ten Days Work) du~wua?uv?a~a1u00 t o g ~iuoddun8&nu ' Carl Stephenson, Medieval History : Europe from the Second to the Sixteenth Century. 3 rd.ed., (New York : Harper and Brothers, 1951), P.454. Stephenson, P.455.

aarwoa i a a i (Lorenzo Valla, n.l. 1405-1457Y r~uu'nd%.f&!inisrfi~dd~i~oi n a i u ~ i d n i w a z ~ u u a z n ~ n u i ~ ~ m s a a a o u ~ ~ a : : ^ a a&i.Ish&~ ~nnii ud ~ i a ui oi ~ i d $ r n i l a a s < n m $ $ ~ ~ a w u(8Duonation of Constantine) I u n.R 330 rgu i i ~ s z n i ~ l ~ o ~ a ' n s w s s ~ n o u n u ~ u ~ u d u o u h u i s n i s ~ n nusaom~ ~~7~i ~cbiaanu i q ~ q ~ 1Grrn'~umzrhq~idbsiu~1r~uronaisdaoduonnseit'hsu1u6u~mas~11wdifrod dosainniwi azEuh# lilkriiii~aCfuimasswd 4 u a z d i u a u t i o u i i ~ ~ o ~ ~ a ' d ~ m a8s s w d %=iai?oist%i &sudaw-iz'ufi~ilni (The New Testament) undiipi?climnm (The -' i;%rnai$n h ? d u (Desiderius Erasmus, m.R. 1468-1536)' uric sornmoinudszmnruruoiu~un7m'4ua~1cyiuLiu~iUi L ~ ~ U L ~ ( I I X ~ U ~(PP)rUinQcePof~ O J Humanists) r i ] u ~ ~ i ~ n ~ u y w i rlocicl yu~dqnnid~bsdlnlmnmQ!o%unisanwma'inui oinuiln5nuildiTn nulo8nwniwuanntunl ~nini3nolii~oidornj urR;nidldaou uirr~inL?~badddoiirirumaainRmn (Universal Man) luirgu~du~nu~wuilua~r~az ' Bums, PP.434-5.

wa~iu~iiuduanduao~4utuindqRm flsnfiyna~urj(Praise of ~ o l l y ) A.W1.509 ~~uni3~4um8<ndin~nuiswaia,j sa,jsiuslosC'neraa uazC'n8nwinis~iaui iiunio~lXnuu'lon51u~' ~ ~ ~ u ' w n u a z ~ ~ i s w 3 m ~d aoon~i~3dou ~ - i a u h o i i ~ a ~ 1ua\"swu Gnrnba ulb~uasaa$(Niccolo Machiavelli, n.H. 1469-1527)' $uC'nd%cyi n i ~ ~ i ~ a i aaau~o8nuwd7u6uunidni~~i~daod~nd~za\"mwWdiamaplapal (%~~i vuyu)a wa~iu6uudijdo~du~dqFm;o L C I ~ ~ I(~The Prince) ndiafid nqw~ni3dn~3o~~rne q m n u d u o ~ c i i~nwuemowd~dqumauddoz$odeln~aodfimu~dn~~od~~udbw~una u ~ ~ u ~ k ~ R m aui 'nnaiunh di~iu~du.iia4(fLiion) ~raru'~riG~~duuaaim~~nufin~~.du~~m$~~on (Fox) k d 6 i d d f i d h ~ i ~ ~ ~ n z ~ a d 3 z f i u a ~ n i d n i ~ ~ d ~ d u i n n d i n i d W i n u i n ~ ~ q m 6 ~ ~ u $ d01A3~1[1 616QdL~~fl~$ ~aiufnn\"er~aiuna'iluni~dn~3o~dna%zMa\"bid~fWuaiJnt?I w\"il09'wu~nas~~d6714~aiu5'n n\"oi~ozznaiu~aw~aiu~na\"umu '1n6o s w \" w u ~ s n u ~ o s l f l o s n \" w d ~ r ~ n ~ ~ ~ n z ' ~ ~ u i u i i u i o u i ~ ~ w a n a ~ ~ a u o n q w ~ n i a d n ~ ~ o ~ ~ w d ondld~ad\"mbfl6uuoui i~n~ iFi;ou iwad~do s ~ u b n i n ~ g r n ~(T~hne ~Engd Justified the Means) nuiupl?iudirfli~uiuaod~~~u m ~c ryvuuoindu.4o0iuioipqm~kmmimEIud~ditcydqmWdioi16iiu1~~16au^a\"bn13qlmd ~ o i s ~zni~mfi~rn5w1\"uao1~ffn~ssun\"~~unis~uizaa~ 6, sqai ua$ ~,m#h&M#(Sir Thomas More, n.R. 1478-1535) ~ a u f i u y w i i u uaiaojnqw L L ~ A d A ? l ~ ~ A ~ l d 6 i ~ ~ i 3 b d ~ d 6 ~ ~ '~lo~ ?dsqi rn~ udmdi (dU~topb ia~, ~n.dH.~ i ~ d ~ ~ ' Burns, P.421.

~3um3uamr$aulri~irud~~nnaiwi u ~ f l u a u u n a o ~ ~ i ~ n u l u ~~~iunii~iu~uYaod~u'zu~ u ~ n ~ 1 u ~ i u % a d n ~ 5 u 1 ~ ~ ~ n a i ~ ~ u ~ ~ n \" ~( ~nu~i l~dSny~ste. mn )\" \" 1 1 o ~ ~ ~ ~

1, ipdyu~aiuabadiumiuibuun?nnua~b~fiuia\"numzdou~i~iisduauu~doun'unun iilu~aiu~iu?!duuhu(Simplicity) bY8ndaunuqa (Balance) ~n?iu~onn&dnaunflufi (Harmony) 2. i1*~?iui~douoidlilu6s~u0ifiuin(Ni~atnural) 3. l n k a i u d i R i y n ' u u n ~ i ~ a t ~ ~ i ~ i l u(Tnhir~ee~ ~Dimue~nsEional Perspective) ii d?uiTi dauTXd iiazd?uyu ailouun~$sa 4. ini~l.a\"bnnSRZWBjlun13w~X3!l4a11! uazni~~imnir(asuu6iuwi8~un-11 b~3rhnTn(Fresco) M ? n ~ l ~ % & d b a(Furnesco painting) 5 . ~ v i ~ ? i u n u l o l u f i a ~ n i ~(~Prnopnoirwtion) ndu4na4mhugnkc ai~;T~dlBjl~irculo~~rsini~iiata~~~~dnkZin~uil~au~iuaaddquidu 'omsns3u dxiiuinnu uaznnidolun~suaia;T~dunud' ~unulo~i~6iuni9?~1iiata~~~n~n~n~iazazfiu ocii~uinu ~ ~ i Z u ~ n i r f l ~ n ~ i u h ~ y i i r i ~ ~(Vue~rn~awcu~la~rwLban~gwua~gte)~ w ~ ~ d ~ 5 u i n u i i n n i r i i ~ ~ u n i v?is~3u~ ~n iu~~ui~ i u d ? u l n ~ u # u iarns\"iu1i~nro~ i u i u mswocyn'uuaznis!~^amiT!ioun i . r f i u ~ m w a a n n m n ~ n %inaiu d i ~ ~ ~ l u n i n i i u nnn?inu$dkuaaauadi~na\"i~~ai~san6a 1. u ~ i n i (~Epdic) 2. iiuiuinn?iudu idu iruiumanaufu (Comedy) 3, uwiwas?n (Lyric) 4. iruiu6oiguugdm ((Fabliaux) ~ % ~ n i u g m(F{ables) Gndszw'Pradmad~aaduah' i ~ u 6 b b r i 1. w awm- 3 mYsbl3l s i s b i (Dante Alghieri, n.H. 1265-1321) ~ i l u h d 3 : ~ ~ 6 a i a b m i ~ ~ u u i d wadiuliiuuuikdi~rin~unaidwadiuii8ni~uduod6db6?in \"iilnjn a a ~ b ~ k(D' evine ' Burns, PP.435-45.

182 HI 351 Comedy) ~ ~ u d o ~ s i a r n s ~ ~ u n~i ~nIi~uuds~n~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ a n ~ ~ u d m i u o r l i ~ ~ u n i s ni~uiduaz~Runidd$aassdki~~~niw6u~fioduodbb~a'uw\"a~i~unisb~uu'~\\w\"~flo~a' raohodrm* (Michael de Cerventes, n.H. 1548-1616) ~du~nduuaian~dudijdo ~ d e h q ~ l d w n ~iiour~a~ouu6h&(~on~uixote~) flu~eiuaau$ako~~uu~w~u~u;~naid qmu~inCunni~~gudi6iaC~u a ~ r d t n ; ~ d ~ ~ d a n a o ~ i n s i w i n m i ~ r n z n a i u s i d hnznsy~an-ciou\\w'bw\"udd~aiuflnfimu n z ~ m u w u m a du'nassru~R'undo~ bm+aodbmnjib~u'IrlaS11fl~~(~Unniversal Man) 3. m~ussad I muorad (Rabelais, n.R. 1494-1553) duw\"f16suaiqcl$d1,~1dnuuioddsz¶m d $ z ~ u k ~ u ~ m ~ ~ ~ w i z n n i ~ u w i a u i bwbna~~inu~i 3$~sui ~dddi~iyinio-&,nu%uar bbwuninaa (Garganla and Pantagruel) ~~udodaodu'nrjdo~naodmudn~3od~~sb~uu ~RnRld$nzrioua~'~w\"u~aius3d\\u~~a3imudi~qiyao~uyw6~~azfi3dssu-a~iui nisnihu lW'~uanim$un i ~ i m r ~ , ~ u ~%~dcnr u u m m d s ~ n i ~ w d ~ a ~ ~ u ~ ~ e i mo 8~ossny(Michel de Montaigue, n.H. 1533-1593) ~,au~%uywuGuu aiacl$d~wa wndiudncurdao~ilud iio roarad (Essays) n a ' i a d ~ ~ a d z t d ~ n i ~ i i ~ ~ u ~ 3 m ~ o s d ~ d a o r(G~esofifrey Chaucer, n . ~1.350-1400) ~,flu~nd~z~ut??ria~dnqw wndiudud~dobaod~ounurnoibuo~rnad (canterbury Tales) ~fludod3iaaod~n ~Runiddsi3n~rnad2y4 ~o~d~~urnjldujdk~lwao~rbu\"nmna\"~m's(T1homas Becket)

6. rdaei dmu4ia runsu rm$ d n u h rumeu (Sir Francis Bacon, A.H. 15611-6226) duaiaknql?lw%~ ~ a i u i i < ~ ~ u ? n u i n i a m f b bwaaf bV~ ~~ ~ d .-Ad ~ U g~o QueLm~uaHuftHJ1rna.j (The New ~Q Atlantis) I I ~ ~ ~ ~ P S ' L ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N A E W I ~ S W U I W I ~ ~ P ~ ~ $ B ~ I ~ J I Q ~ I U ~ ~ B J A E 7.5asZuu ramartlu<a , , garsuu rammi'u#a (William Shakespeares, m.l. 1564-1616) ~Quu'ndszwird aiaojnqwndua ad n~8st~fludnvwfqnn\"un\"a~asnu ~ d o l i ~ f lauiaainaran uinniio-$iTmod ~ ~ w i z d s z ~ ~ ~ ~ ~woantiiuaro~t~a~a~iafCiudsnauon^swauar~Qu~~uu~pJ'~~Ji'bel~~ant~ dsrmnsiit7 $ahn ~ a ~ n f i u 5 d u h n a i u ~ Q u ~(oUnit~y)i wr o t 3 o d i t Go renmwaaaraai (Unity of Time) rianmrmeaaniui( (Unity of Place) uarranmnaiaani~n%(~Uinity of Action) watiuiuuant~a~afiuia~naiudotnaiusan\"~t~onu'a~~ar~nud~ns~oatmt 'l,w'~~u~taniw%wm~~uu~iuuu~h3ttq bdu~aiuinlukruban'u~Li(uR.omeoandJuliet) naiuiwuil&rn& (Ohtello) ~-? i u n a u n m u i u u m r(Macbeth) nispiot-jvo~ u u ~ t i n ~ d i i R ? ~ u n m K ~ l ~ u a(H~ ~ama \"lemt) ~auod~soJlrrunar~ls~n~t~sz%nidiuamf dmzGninm3~sJ\"ulu~d4u~a1%Ou\"lius caesar) dsfi2rn~m5Enifi4a61~4arGa~bada (The Merchant of Venice) ~Qu6uW R ~ I ¶ . ~ ~ Q ~ I ~ R dRa~u~ln~$~lluoumr uaz~ilud iruuo~ouiitG~guir 6iu%m%nmu1 ' Burns, PP.424-6.

n i ~dfald~ a o ~!Af fnf l ~m ~ a ' l v l ' l d a ~ ~(fTihue Last Supper) L f l ~ f l i ~ d i ~ ~ $ f i ~ a o i ~ i ~ f o q m ~ i i u u o a w s z ~ u y ~ ~ a1z2a~i aInIrioudwsz~clyoz~nm~a~~finuiuanaiudigq aoaniwo~dnisu~maoisu~~m'n~i~aua~~firniii m i a uard~fi5uidiaquoaman n i 4 d ~ ~ n a u ~ r u s ~ a i m i j o u ~ ~ a ~ i a d f l a ~ m a i u m i l d ~ a a u9! l ~ ~ ~ d n ~ wnwiws rid~\"uflc~d~~ufilru d ~ ~ \" ~ d r ~ u ~ ~ ~ d i w u ' T n ui ~i ph ~Li~uFIJ~DRi IU

lur6a usucohb (Michael Angel*, m . ~ .1475-1564) ~fluna~miduuP(ddo~flu~ 1hd&$dnid8w.rn.r~ rI.ra8uin.r.ru unznniijmun.r.ru L Y I ~ ~ Q L ~ ~ JIuUniI.r~aibl mw~wmuua=d~au'a~u~dB(s~is~tiWne~Cwhapel)dummlik (VaticanCity) d i w u 145 rnwfdi?niuiufii~4 2) ~ L L Fa~.n 1500-1512 tflumwduw~darnani~fiinuinu w.r:kiii~niunzl~krr t&urivr.re~din3i~hnn ~ i ~ u a n u ~ b1nYl s u o ~ a u f i w i n w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n ' i t l md?u~~~ua~d8dijmda7uFaioidduy~iun~dkbhdnaudiiulfl'unntn niw6uamd

mdibaa (Raphael, A. w. 1483-1520) bflu~wsnsbanaas~crmdi4uadqna ~ ~ ~ d m 8 i n n i w The Sistine Madona ~~~iluniw~snbriui~ubtba4 zw~ f 5 ~ b H~%~m~~n~\\~~i[~~~fdimdfid 1. aabmT;la ZibbuG am& Zibbu%i (Lorenzoj,, ~ h i v i n in,.H. 1378-1455) wa~iufludhniyiio The Gate of Paradise b i l ~ m 3 ~ ~ l ~ ~ t ~ ~ ? 5 ~ ~ ~ i u ~ ~b ~~u0n l~w~f i ~v f~l ~du \" a ~ (Relief Sculp~ure) d a n m i p l ? ~ ~ ~ n ~ u ~ O d ~ i w w i u ~ a i unbi sdfula~~~dd ~ ~ ~ b b a z ~ w ~ f k &dqu~nh~uarduy3.Iupwa, urr'~A~ s o ~ ~ ~ d a q ~ u ~ & w i o i n s d ~rijolinu ~~ ~u~~~s3~ uT asi~Eu (Landscape Background) tlandiidoan2 .-4 2. bi'&lbWaTa bmPa'wbwaTa (Donatello, n 46) T ~ f l u i d i 6 ygo r91d c n r u &t3hLREI6 6 (Erasrno de Narini) Ch~oddi~(P?adua) fifidh R.R. 1444.fi6~uina n'ndauun~nuuneriil~~n6a~miua~msauz2s5?~s~o1uduuuluvlui unzttYu~a~wfi~du$u uiadidfm~~u

hani~munsaur~uursoaua~osia~' o u t l s i n i s r r ~ s m ~i~Hu~iad~idabarHldi$adsr~u namaiuaaudiu anidlplunssudddara~~~q6m1i~~~baraa??Ibaa(s$t. Peter Cathedral) dns9Tsu a i i ~ k r r dn.R 1506-1626 E u s s m a i 121 3 inisbt$lpluTnwis ClsdTmul~a n ~ l p l s ~ n nHi~~~ R I ~ F ~ J L L u u T Ti~raYi~l~(rld~~uEau~dr~nraa\"nGauad~a~un i u ? i m s ~ m ~ i u uin n i u b trnis~3ufhauwa~miu w a i m r ~ a r n i w ~ u r o ~ ~ a d u d ~ d ~ ~ f l u ~ a o ~ i l p l i ~ u q ~ ~ u a n i d m ~ n s s u ~ n n a i ~ d i d o r ~ ~ ~ a o ~ a ~us z rw~s~es\"i~aii~l;pfil i(~Louvre) dn3d dl% ~~~rmncltdw~rscra~iaijl?hoa(Whitehall) dnpaaunou rJszm~&nqw 13 dnis~muidouuiriinum~umoumsilnwii~ui~ialrprlii~13u2 a h i o oms& 6$d~nm~rnmisnn~ourmmaii~sdnii a'wb~aacl6uu(Empiricism) unmis~dhpi~rnm nisnnnodbramis'irnsit~ ~ ~ l ? i u o d i d i mt h~n~iai rin'~qwaGuu (Rationalism) ds~,1sii%nisni~a~n~ianirdiu-ib.a'6a~ lunmasswd 15 i l p l i E i ~ i l u ~ u ~ n a i ~ a ~ ~ n i s ~ n w i 6ui un~i i~nuuii~L\"d1i Ai ~ l i i l (Padua University) d d o r a u ~ n i ~ n i ~ r ~ w n d r ~ a t ~ f iil p~lh~ ~8anm~i i ~ i n d&$ds?tI ~ ~ riuwi~uiAnwiluimi~ Iunlpla.r~d17 ~ & n i i r i l u ~ p l n o ~ a o ~ i w u i ~ \"i1ni ai sm~ik ~ a u ~ m u ~ w u ~ ~ ~ a r n % \" b p d dsrbm~~cln~w~rabb~clb(Tbh3en Royal Society of London) l u R.R. 1662 w\"ll911'91~ ~ u ~ i i n i j i n u i ~ i a m ~ u ~ . d ~ 3 u ~ i u ~udmr5~u~1iu~a~o~uda7u~5a~uwd&i m~ uaidau fsxl5'uEnaou ' Burns, PP.447-52.

~n^anuimumindiid~~~u~~~wiu I 1. h ~ d otsruw~ t(Ciopernicus, R,H.1473-1543) 1 2. niplnlo (Galilee, R.H.1564-1642) 3. L T I Qf~lslui%~lLURQU (Sir Francis Bacon, R.H.1561-1626) ~I 4,a o ~ u~mnifn(Rene Descartes, m.H.1596-1650) 5.~(nof1ou(adaa6u (Sir Isaac Newton, n.H.1642-1727) 1I I I I 1 I I I wn~innisfiu~~ad?nuinins\" i ~ ~ i ~ f l ~ ~ a i ~ f i i a ~ ~ i 1 u n i s ~ s ~ i ~ ~ uinuio umluilufld~nlnri?odi~d~tulsarm~i~~i dirwduonnuyi~q 4 oht IXud 2. nsrquiu!?u~~azoi?afh 3.14ufifiunrqdnsninis~8u8~ 4.~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n l 9 ~ l ~ l ~ l ~ ~ ~ I. niafi~dbssrobsiuGud 'lu n.n. 1450 oec/u nmubusfn (John Gotenberg) uvidu~5ubu' (Mainr) I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s w ~ ~ ~ d~ uv o w T ~ M11~~L~d~~~PliIiP~iIn~niAs~~uW~rQ w vlaiudsmis 616

uluv~imc(public Opinion) ~ i l ~ ~ ~ n i d M ' q n n u J d a u 1 a u ~ u n 1 ~ 1 ~ nq ~ ~ ~ a i u 6 ~ ~ ~ u ~6aii~n?Y7a?1ai~ 1.4. n i ~ f i u 6 r i ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ i i r n ~ a i ~Lndiu~Awjlii1jlUukufinl (Bible) l f i n i 3 g f i u 6 ~ ~ u m w i u t i o d u i n iudtAuriu~3utGnduu6auniwi8un~iwnin u ~ r n l w n z i u ~d ~ ~avvm ~ ~ ~ i u ~ ~ ~n O~ Ui uI ~a ~u O~ ~i r~ iL ' L ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ n~\"1I1GJdL3~aQisu~ L ~ ~ ~ I ~ L ~ a ~ d ~ ~ n ~ d ~ u ~ ~ i u o u w i ~n' il3d~i $6 8a ts~ma ut f~l u~~~a h ~ ~ ~ n \" i 1 w ' n i 5 d ~ ~ r ~ ~ i a u i aoa~tao~~Z,vwndildu+an.n 1500 B n i i i ~ ~ u d 3 t m ~ ~ 8 u a f l ~73~ fuiruiw~is'~Gui6~liido ~Asrto a ' b d r w n r (Aldinepress) driioiniin@Q$JZQbk;*$iJiiei( (~ldu~s anutius, ..a 1450 -1515) ~ n i ~ f i u ~ a 5 s ~ n n y ~ ~ i f l ~ n ~ n ~ ~ u ~ ~ o a 2. nr~quiu3wuanildu

GnnBmni~mfloaiaTdunus$i o T n r h f i g ~ l(Copernicus, 11.1. 1473-1543) l66u wunqwi~duan'uszuu@u$nsaia adrinhliln~wuoun& 2-3 iuriouiozfi~admsu ~nGuul~~iiimu~loaa9Tn~dBofQo Kma~ f i ~ r m u ~ n(nOni athe Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres) uifiuGbwsuwih n.rc. 1543 nFiia~~ma~o15m6~~u~udnai9Qnaaia (Helliocentric Universe) IddTaniuuuhikod Taddl&Gnaiud16yuinCn i d a ~ f i u u ~uun'uniana~ad9 udiuauuinhoi7saia a n : T a n l i l u d s ~ n i a u ' a i ~ m a ~ ~ ~ 9 d o z m ' o ~ T n ~ s s o u naaoin'nd ~ a i u f b d u d ~ 1 ~ f s ' ~ i ~ ~ ~ 9 ~m~ n~auiu' dbib~iad~du~qannCahansrnudo n a ~ u d o i 6 u a o ~ a i ad~dT,s d n u m o ~ i a u i ~ ~ a9z dmi a~ nu o~ du i~ ~ u n i s f i c l i u n ~ i a ~ d o ~ u nqwjjeosdTw~a3(Ptolemy) . I ~ n i n u i m a m i a i a 8 m i ~go~ ~muiraTa (Galileo, m . ~ .1564-1642) dse5w$a\"os doswislna 6u~uniau~aism091awq.jia4 mas (The Galilean Satellites), asbLwauaosnia w-6(Configuration of Saturn), gwhma~oifimu('Sunspots) u a - h m ~ a n ~ f l i ~ #(Miiloky + way) uonoind;li~b~krii~~i~0~innebu~tut~i9ao9m~au~bnsi~S/ibbaz~u~i~an y i n n i ~ a n ~ o i 7 n$i n~ ~ i l u n i ~ i i u u i r n ~ w ~ ~ ~.-a w ~d~ s u n a b n u a ~ u s ~ u u $ u < n s a i a l u r i n a s ~ w i 16 u ' n i n u i r c i n h i a ~ u a s ~ u d nhbic L F I ~ L R O SUohan Kepler, n.pl. - 6 6 ~ w u $ i n i ~ ~ ~ o s a o ~ ~ a n b ~ a z ~ i a w7s z~~ &n ~wi zaSd/ i u~ u a ~ i ~ 5 o z d lld~ l d a ~ n a u ~ s ~ ~ u d n ~ j nua~iur$ihi=dlaoudau M \" I ~ . A \" ~ I S B U U ~ L ~ U ~ ~ ~ s:uupu~ns~ianu;sd%~

(Discovery of the New Route and New



Tdsqrnal ~ d s ~ n n n d u d ~ z m ~ ~ a \" n u u ~ idudaw~ ~ ~ ~ a d d u ~ ~ a n w ~ z ~ ~ w i ~ m f b ~ a d ~ u a u I s i ~ws~zo~2n&~unaa~~ibmafnsbGuubnaz~~~iaynsbbolmdsbqb~anun~Z3nuailu~n~t~u95~~sniaulq nisnRuEo k ~ d f i m ~ a ~b6~i\"d~1an6h~&d~7^~ani(yPn~rince Henry,The Navigator, m.n. 1394-1460) losaaotn~m5koliud2 (King ~ o h n11) nulunyumw?d13~duunou nisnAuJoluld-r~nnijnisIsio~oauirn~~;ludridu 1 ~ ~ ~ q d n 3 d n i 3 n E uv6doa l ' ~ wuaazu ~~un~u~fl~n~~ulioaiabd~s;nnao~fliisa~~8u~i~b~u~~~~~ ui%bafia b u a a (Bartholomew D I ~ UI&ftunid~u~ni(lqflaodbbofini~m\" LSUWR&IBlPu FIA. 1488 I M*QRULL k ~I L L WRU U ~~ W~(~Cape of Storm) udfoui .UU wszntiioohf! 2 (King John 11) nnidld urmauud~aaisr~rl<(dCape of Good Hope) 2. aidn m i n i m ~~RsanijlmuoGaoLu~nuqmlad ~ L M. Ya~d' U&U \" L ~(JG\"o~a) u i ~ a ~ aiah m i niui (Vasco da G uibsdsznww8un~ulu~1.w.149716 mudsmz%mnaosEu~Ru 3. rd%bmmuma rd& n i u ~ l a(Predo Cabral) k~mi~Ruiio11lkd~~~wuEsiu~~daflGuiuniaui ~dn?daov~~nid3eaun\"uwi~f(~fuiou~snd%noonuonbkunidbbntIdfisddmza\"uoon ao.sni1~o~u5n116uinnrdstm~uniaa~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ; L ~ ~ B ~ u ~ ri1u~u~~u~~ua~~n~do~~~5nid~~u~odfdss;nnn ' Wallace K. Ferguson, Europe in Transition,.1300-1520.(Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1962), PP.413-6.

asdu ' ~ ~ d u ~ 3 u d s z ~ w d l n ~ u u n iduda ydw s l ~ u ~ s u w ~ ~ G m n \" u ~ z ~ a ~ u 5 ~ ~ ~ i ~ s ~ d u uomunu6n L ~jnUri;nitmaiu~ada\"i<~uo~'fids~w~\"nia~09'iij~~n1nz~ai5ain~~uan\"~ ~riunia~5uAo~~ndu~~m~uuofl~p~&amuzodidiot8ngiu~mfd6 (Pope Alexander VI) ~%inun~n~dsq~nabbazabduw\"ia'y~iwa(T~rbe~at~ya\"ouf Tordesillas, n.n 1494) &ab-trvlw'kriuua (Christopher Columbus, R.H. 1446-1506) 1,3u~ia~doarauY? dsz~watimia\"~ ~ ~ l 6 ~ t 1 n a i u ~ a u ~ n ~ 0 ~ i ~ n i ~ f i u ~ i n ~ s z ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 u i u r~disa~douon~5umsEnn.n. 1492 6u~u1~wi~wza\"umn~w~i:d~iibaWGnII\"~LY~ILnUQI au ~ l ~ l u i s ~ b ~ U ~ l d d 6 d ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ z a(Th\"eB~aha~ma~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Islands) B~~LG~L$IIQ?'IL~U~O~iLd$~Uo n ~ ~ n i zq d ui ai~amnz~aun\"s~duui1 vl~mi:Ziuc~ur:~uiuw (The West Indis Islands) fiouiruiliitRuniddw4do~u3ni~~ 3 $3 ~ ~ u ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ b m u ~ ~ n ~ i u i i ~ u ~ bu~db~~dunwifulw~xiu ' b u ~ d w ~ d b ~ ~ wani3L~uwi~uodnR'u~ad: u3.~4sduunaiuab'wi<3~izw\"il09'~ia;'fisdaifidid7 A ~ A ~uniniuniduiwi~mza\"umnauinnau:gu7 d~uanuwi~lvl~ouo~w~11woabnul?~&n(iVikings) ~nuL~uniduiu~a1unolai131~dud~~qudirsu~~nbbwf~aiuod\"n , ' Ferguson, PP.416-22.

baa$uidn ma*b[i;lw (Hernando Cortes) ~Guwis\\beliisaow?d~~u3nwi°li6asasi;M n'uw?nlutAuums~dib~abw(Aaztecs) '~ui~mabdudud~iimmaad~dn$~;rb~niluu~a;lf!~mu nu;s&gquuiDuuaznotdi o i r ~ 1 u 1 & ~ q 1 ~ & k ~ l p s \" ~ ~ f i a ~ d ~ a d 1 d ~ ~ 16f l l ~ ~ ~ d l q 3 3 ~ i 3. uiaCa u i a u i (Balboa) ~ E r r n i s h ~ ~ o n i d n ~ u J~nui lui 'nC(das~~~udiuiui~~azwu u~iayn3rad%nb~umu~~a.3wn. 1513 4. tbZflT5 BURT (Inca) ~m~3o~~d2!bid.n!~iovu~uu- pw lauC1uInihw~nw~s61bb~zfiuna\"ud~zbwfiabdu

nagpdn1 d~mrrmflirm1iilu5ub~mu~qao\"~nni~moulrrd8aoPylwn1iod~uni16unrunuk(iLOW Land) L ~ ~ ~ ? u I , Q ~ ~ I R~.RI.~16~02Lr~j nua iIuua i l l ~ i s n n ~ ~ n i s ~ i b ~ a zInuiFsI~JEI.u ~ ~ 1602 ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ U % ~ ~ ~ I ~ A I I U ~ S Z L ~ ~ D P I X W ~ U L (RDUUB~~C~~~z~s~Itn' Ud iDa P ~ ~ P J ~ W

Company) d f u ~ n n i a o ~ d b ~ n a ~ ~ w(Biaftaiveiar)~ UuLnizvai v?ljnl&w8wEwanau~u ~ u h a i a n i s 6 i u n a ~ d q ~ n a w 1 a m ~ a \" udo'da ~w ~ ~ n ~ b1nnuuih~ gs ~un(H~e6nr4y1Hudson) ~abilum?knqub~uw~a'bda\"~~asw~euloi nbum~~flur~u~r~i ~ i k h o k k a owiu~uoiaf a o & m i u u b m - t . ( ~ a n h a t t a n ) ' r m ~ l q ~ ~ o hiir?i &d i~rns$~%(~New Amsterdam) ~ilu~utjnaianisP;iuaa~w~u'Fanl~~ d ~ a ~ w ~ ~ u n u ~ s n i . r r i i s a s ~ 8 u w i a n i s t ~ u ~ o ~irdaosas~inu~ao~auni~=vi r i ~ ~ d ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ nL ld,3d ~ 7 ~ ~ a ~ ~ aq i k~d~r i n~dRi - i~a o~u~o atd~t ~f l ? ~ ~ 1 n f di16'nJ ~ j u y 1. Q I A A1$6bU$ QAI AI$~~LU$(~~CC~aUrti~eSr) ~~uniada~d&nsnidobu?nib3~~dboU?L?NLLI.J& b.u& anb.su.a'(St Lawrence ~ i v e rl)u R.H. 1535 d3-mn ^nuumu~bnu~~8uuoad~lisan~wdia fiadmud (New France) 2. ssgwaa sns aasasds LbgaJaJaa bns aasssds (Samual de champlain) b5uwia1ddisaowido~d5n1~~ia miu~$uwiauoaoinn i ~ ~ ~ s ~ b b ~ d i s a ~ ~ n b d i ' b d u wo~ufdisou%~ sua~awnrisbw~ai~uwn&5s (The Great Lakes) un-~kaanidnisnwiu2undbuuoamib9.h (Quebec) aima (La Salle) ~ ' ~ u r n a ~ o ~ d ~ i s a oIugi n~ ad ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ s ~ ~ u~rinaeBJma ~ a 8 ~ m a ~ m n ~~oa~il~oimi~nuuoa~~a~wa

?uuTd (The Seven Years War, n.H. 1756-1763)~ h ~ b ~ ~ n Ri J~~ u~ I Un~i$ Ji L-C I ~ u a e ~ l u a m(T~he French and Indian War) 3z~ii~ojn~udiunddn\"ud~d~cala$W B u ~ G u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ n ~ e l ur~i i~~u~wn \"~uwf~i i~l~usv li ~l d i 6 ~ v i ~ ~ G ~ a 1 u n i s d 0 ~ ~ e l s z ~ n a ~ i ~ o ~ u 5~unniidobuinimu'oo~znsoun-io~oi~iQnu~uw\"a7elI&sl~i~~ - ~ ~ I ~ H U [ L I I uiuii wxeifisau~dvlumnluhl~sbnui~n(T~hpe3Sun Never Set in British Empire! ~ndi~aoaami~~~~uumu~i~i~n~aed~dn~~ 1. Q P ~ UFIIUQW oodu miuow uohn Cabot) ~iluviafmi i ~ d u u 16?u& $d-ainw-iz~$i baujd 7 (King Henry VII) d d o j n q w ~ ~ b ~ u n i d ~ i u u ~ i a ~ ~ ~ b b ~ m b b a u ? n u i ~ d ~ \" a d o ~ u ~ ~ d o u 5 ~ a ~ ~ nuiigzu~(wCadpe Breton Island) au R.W. 1497 miYI~iuqRbn3m (Sir Francis Drake) bi3ufib~u8naia6dqwb~unid-ioulan raoi aearsaei m u d (Sir Walter Raleigh) cfluu'n~?uiioaiaknqiG?uw.rzu3u



lunpranwd 16 ~ r u u n i . r k ~ ~ d d u u ~ ~ ~ >~(c,~apaittalpis~mp) ~& ~K ~ud~ouki ~ ~ fiuqudiuauuin ~ d o o ' n ~ i ~ d n s d~n~ ~i Gi U L L ~ : L L S J J I~U~ I ~ I $ ~ ~ U O U P I S I U R ~ ~ ~ ~ buini3 ~ ~ : ~ a ~ b ~ u u l u 6 u l ~lhl f3ldm3a:~\"abi u~?~i%(~edicil)uEnid ua: aqaqnbnof (Fugger) !uauos$u



I \"awuinir I 1 ~.ICCndnvi~iiiinouiirinu~wwu~uuuecCn~iluunuI~dliiS~.~i~~u~i~ ' mna'ban (Universal Man) w~au~da?iuiuf lii~ l u ~ n n ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ d o l i ~ ~ u \" d i a m n n I 'ban L L w~nA;~iutduo:'br