oxford_guide_to_english_grammar

40 AMERICAN ENGLISH PAGE 3947 Numbers The British use and between hundred and the rest of a number, but Americans can leave it out. GB/US: two hundred and fifty US only: two hundred fifty8 Dates There are a number of different ways of saying and writing dates, • 195(2). Americans often say Julyfourth. In Britain the fourth of July and July the fourth are the most usual.305 Differences with adjectives and adverbs 1 Well, ill etc The adjectives well, fine, ill and unwell referring to health usually come in predicative position. • 200(2) GB/US: Our secretary is ill. But they can be attributive, especially in America. Mainly US: an ill man NOTE Sick and healthy can go in both positions. In Britain be sick means to vomit, to bring up food. GB: Trevor's daughter was sick all over the carpet. 2 Adjectives and adverbs In informal speech we can sometimes use an adjective form instead of an adverb. Americans do this more than the British. GB/US: That was really nice ofher. It certainly is raining. Mainly US: That was real nice ofher. It sure is raining. 3 Somewhere and someplace In informal American English everyplace, someplace and noplace can be used as well as everywhere, somewhere and nowhere. GB/US: Let's go out somewhere. US only: Let's go out someplace.306 Differences with prepositions 1 Out (of) and round/around The British normally say look out ofthe window, although look out the window is possible in informal speech. Americans prefer look out the window. The British say either round the park or around the park. Americans prefer around the park.

PAGE 395 307 Differences with conjunctions2 Exceptfor and asidefrom Where the British use exceptfor, Americans can also use aside from. GB/US: I'm all right now, except for a headache. US only: I'm all right now, asidefrom a headache.3 Through and till/untilAmericans can use through for the time when something finishes.US: They will stay in New York (from January) through April.GB/US: They will stay in London (from January) till/until April.With through April, the time includes the whole of April. With until April they mayleave before the end ofApril. We can also express the meaning of through like this.GB/US: They will stay in London until the end of April.In British English we can also use inclusive. This is rather formal.Mainly GB: Monday to Friday inclusiveUS only: Monday through Friday4 Idiomatic usesGB USin Oxford Street on Fifth Avenueat the weekend/at weekends on the weekend/on weekendsa player in the team a player on the teamtwenty (minutes) past ten twenty (minutes) past/after tenten (minutes) to three ten (minutes) to/of threewrite to someone write someone/write to someonevisit someone visit someone/visit with someonetalk to someone talk to/with someoneprotest about/against something protest something protest about/against something5 Prepositions after different GB: Your room is differentfrom/to ours. US: Your room is differentfrom/than ours.307 Differences with conjunctions1 Go/Come and...Americans can leave out and from this pattern.GB/US: Go and take a look outside.Mainly US: Go take a look outside.

40 AMERICAN ENGLISH PAGE 3962 In case and lestThe British use in case meaning 'because something might happen', • 259(7).Americans use so or lest. Lest is formal.Mainly GB: Go quietly in case anyone hears you.GB/US: Go quietly so no one can hear you.Mainly US: Go quietly lest anyone hear you. (formal).In America, in case often means 'if.US: If you need/In case you need any help, let me know.3 Immediately Americans do not use immediately as a conjunction. GB/US: As soon as I saw him, I recognized him. GB only: Immediately I saw him, I recognized him.308 American spellingSome words end in our in Britain but in or in America: color, labor, neighbor.Some words end in tre in Britain but in ter in America: center, liter.Some verbs can end either with ize or with ise in Britain but only with ize inAmerica: apologize, organize, realize.In Britain there is doubling of l in an unstressed syllable; • 293(3) Note. In someAmerican words there is no doubling: marvelous, signaled, councilor.Here are some words with different spellings.GB US GB USanalyse analyze labelled labeledapologize/apologise apologize labour laboraxe axe/ax litre literbehaviour behavior marvellous marvelouscatalogue catalog/catalogue metre (= 100 cm) metercentre center neighbour neighborcheque (money) check organize/organise organizecolour color plough plowcouncillor councilor practise (verb) practice (verbcounsellor counselor practice (noun) and noun)defence defense/defence pyjamas pajamasdialogue dialog/dialogue realize/realise realizefavour favor signalled signaledgrey gray/grey skilful skillfulhonour honor theatre theaterhumour humor through throughjail/gaol jail thru (informal)jeweller jeweler travelling travelingkerb (edge of tyre (on a wheel) tirepavement) curb

PAGE 397Glossaryabstract noun See concrete noun.action verb a verb that refers to something happening or changing, e.g. do, walk, buy, speak • 62active See passive.active participle the ing-form of a verb used after be in the continuous (I was watching) and in other patterns • 134adding relative clause a clause with commas around it that adds extra information, e.g. Bernard, who wasfeeling unwell, left early. • 274adjective a word like big, new, special, famous • 197adjective phrase An adjective phrase is either an adjective on its own, e.g. sweet, tall, hopeful, or an adjective with an adverb of degree, e.g. very sweet, a lot taller, quite hopeful.adverb In the sentence The time passed slowly, the word slowly is an adverb. Adverbs are words like easily, there, sometimes, quite, possibly. They express ideas such as how, when or where something happens, or how true something is.adverb phrase An adverb phrase is either an adverb on its own, e.g. carefully, often, probably, or an adverb which is modified by an adverb of degree, e.g. very carefully, more often, quite probably.adverbial The adverb late, the phrase in a hurry and the clause because I was cold all function as adverbials in these sentences: The show started late. We did everything in a hurry. I put a coat on because I was cold.adverbial clause In the sentence I'll ringyou when I get home, the clause when I get home functions as an adverbial. Compare I'll ring you later. • 248agent The agent is the person, animal or thing doing the action. In an active sentence it is the subject: Max told me the news. In a passive sentence there is sometimes an agent after by: I was told the news by Max.agreement the choice of the correct verb form after a subject: My ear torts but My ears hurt. •150apostrophe In the phrase Karen'sfriend there is an apostrophe between Karen and s.apposition In the sentence The Chairman, Mr Byers, was absent, the two noun phrases are in apposition. • 14article A/an is the indefinite article, and the is the definite article.aspect A verb can have continuous aspect (is walking, was looking) or perfect aspect (has walked, had looked), or both (have been waiting).attributive the position of an adjective before a noun, e.g. a cold dayauxiliary verb a verb such as be, have, do, will, can which we use with an ordinary verb • 60 (2)bare infinitive an infinitive without to, e.g. come, drive •115base form the form of a verb without an ending, e.g. come, call, decideclassifying relative clause a relative clause that tells us what kind is meant, e.g. a computer that will correct my spelling • 272 (3b)clause The sentence We stayed at home is a single clause. The sentence We stayed at home because it rained has two clauses. We stayed at home is the main clause,

GLOSSARY PAGE 398 and because it rained is the sub clause. A clause always has a verb (stayed, rained). The verb can be finite or non-finite. In the sentence We all wanted to go out, there is a finite clause with wanted and a non-finite clause with to go. See finite.comment adverb e.g. luckily, incredibly • 215comparative Comparative forms are older, morefamous, more efficiently etc. • 217complement a noun phrase or adjective phrase that comes after a linking verb such as be: You're the boss, Al looked unhappy, • 9. These complements relate to the subject; they are subject complements. See also object complement.compound a word made up of other words, e.g. something (some + thing), wristwatch (wrist + watch)concrete noun A concrete noun is a noun referring to something that we can see or touch, e.g. man, bottle, grass, shop. An abstract noun refers to an idea, quality or action, something we cannot see or touch, e.g. science, excitement, stupidity, routine.conditional clause a clause expressing a condition, e.g. If you need a ticket, I'll get you one. • 255conjunction A conjunction is a word like and, but, because, when, that, which links two clauses.consonant See vowel.continuous a verb form with be and an active participle, e.g. Thefilm is starting now. • 61(4)continuous infinitive e.g. to be doing, to be workingco-ordinate clause a clause linked to another by and, but or orcountable noun a noun that can be either singular or plural, e.g. bag(s), road(s), hour(s) • 144definite article the word thedegree An adverb of degree is a word like very, rather, quite. • 212demonstrative This, that, these and those are demonstrative determiners or pronouns. • 175determiner a word that can come before a noun to form a noun phrase, e.g. a, the, this, my • 143(2a)direct object See indirect object.direct speech See indirect speech.echo question a form which requests the repetition of information, e.g. She's gone to Siberia. ~ Where has she gone? • 35(1)echo tag a short question form expressing interest, e.g. I play chess. ~ Oh, do you? • 35(2)emphasis/emphatic/emphasize making a word or phrase more important, drawing special attention to a word or phraseemphatic pronoun a pronoun such as myselfor themselves, emphasizing a noun phrase, e.g. The Queen herselfvisited the scene. • 1 8 6empty subject In the sentence It was raining, it is an empty subject. It has no meaning, but we use it because we need a subject.empty verb In expressions like have a wash, give a laugh, have and give are empty verbs. It is the nouns wash and laugh which express the action. • 87end position at the end of a sentenceexclamation a special pattern with how or what, e.g. What a time you've been! or any sentence spoken with emphasis and feeling, e.g. Quick!

PAGE 399 GLOSSARYfinite A finite verb is one like goes, waited, was causing, have seen, will be, can carry. It either has a tense (present or past) or a modal verb. It can be the verb in a simple one-clause sentence. A non-finite verb is an infinitive, gerund or participle, e.g. to go, waiting. A clause is a finite clause (she goes to college) or a non-finite clause (going to college), depending on whether the verb is finite or not. • 59focus adverbial e.g. only, even, especially • 213formal We speak in a more formal style to strangers than we do to our friends. We use formal language to be polite, or on official occasions. A business letter is more formal than a letter to a friend. I am afraid I have no information is more formal than Sorry, I don't know.frequency An adverbial of frequency tells us how often, e.g. always, twice a week • 211front position at the beginning of a sentencefull form See short form.future continuous a form with will + be + active participle: I will be playing golf all afternoon. • 75future perfect a form with will + have + past participle: We will have saved enough money soon. • 79gender The words waiter (male/masculine) and waitress (female/feminine) are different in gender.gerund the ing-form of a verb used like a noun, e.g. Sailing isfun. I've given up smoking.gerund clause a clause with a gerund as its verb, e.g. Running a business isn't easy. I like sitting outside.group noun (or collective noun) a noun referring to a group, e.g. team, gang, class, audience • 156identifying relative clause (or defining relative clause) a relative clause that tells us which one is meant, e.g. the man who lives next door • 272(3a)idiom/idiomatic a group of words with a meaning which is different from the meanings of the individual words, e.g. come off (- succeed), make up your mind (= decide)imperative the base form of the verb used to give orders, express good wishes etc: Wait there. Have a good time. • 19indefinite article a or anindirect object In the sentence They gave the children presents, the noun phrase presents is the direct object, and the noun phrase the children is the indirect object. The indirect object often expresses the person receiving something. • 10indirect question How much is this picture? is a direct question. In an indirect question, we put the question in a sub clause: Could you tell me how much this picture is?indirect speech Direct speech is reporting someone's words by repeating them: 'I know the answer,' Karen said. Indirect speech is giving the meaning in our own words: Karen said she knew the answer. • 263infinitive The infinitive is the base form of the verb, e.g. They let us stay the night. We often use it with to, e.g. They invited us to stay the night. • 115infinitive clause a clause with an infinitive as its verb, e.g. He decided to open the box. You'll need to work hard.informal We use an informal style in everyday conversation and when we write to a friend. See also formal.

GLOSSARY PAGE 400ing-form the form of a verb with ing added, e.g. making, flying, used as gerund or active participle.intonation the rise and fall of the voice • 54intransitive verb a verb that cannot take an object, although it may have a prepositional phrase after it, e.g. Something happened. You must listen to me. •8invert/inversion Inversion means changing the order. In the question Has the play started? there is inversion of subject and auxiliary verb (The play has started.).irregular See regular.linking adverb e.g. also, however, finally • 216linking verb a verb like be, seem, become, look, feel that can take a complement •9literary A literary style is a formal style typical of literature, of writing.main clause A sentence has one or more main clauses, e.g. It rained or It rained and I got wet. A main clause can have a sub clause, e.g. I woke up when the alarm went off. Here I woke up is the main clause, and when the alarm went off is a sub clause. A main clause can stand on its own, but a sub clause is part of the main clause. •239(2)main verb the finite verb in a main clause, e.g. I like classical music. Hearing a knock, hejumped up. Yourfriend will expect us to be ready.manner An adverbial of manner tells us how something happens, e.g. sadly, in a hurry. • 209mid position in the middle of the sentence, after an auxiliary verb but before an ordinary verb, e.g. I was just writing a note. For details • 208(4).modal (auxiliary) verb The modal verbs are will, would, shall, should, can, could, may, might, must, need, ought to, dare.modifier/modify In the phrase a narrow street, the adjective narrow is a modifier. It modifies the noun street. It changes our idea of the street by giving more information about it. Other kinds of words can modify: I've got a tennis ball. We stopped suddenly.nationality word e.g. English, French, Japanese, Mexican • 288negative A negative sentence has n't or not or a negative word such as never, nothing. • 17nominalization expressing the meaning of a clause (e.g. They are enthusiastic) in a noun phrase (Their enthusiasm is obvious.) • 149non-finite See finite.noun a word like desk, team, apple, information •141noun clause In the sentence I knew that England had won, the noun clause that England had won functions as the object. Compare I knew the result. • 260noun phrase a noun or pronoun on its own, e.g. butter, Helen, you, or a group of words that can function as a subject, object or complement, e.g. a shop, my bag, a lot of spare time • 143object In the sentence He was wearing a sweater, the noun phrase a sweater is the object. The object usually comes after the verb. See also indirect object, prepositional object.object complement a complement that relates to the object of the sentence, e.g. The quarrel made Al unhappy. They voted her their leader. • 11ordinary verb a verb such as write, stay, invite, sell, not an auxiliary verb

PAGE 401 GLOSSARYpair noun a plural noun like jeans, pyjamas, glasses • 155participle See active participle, past participle, passive participle.participle clause a clause with a participle as its verb, e.g. Arriving home, Ifound a parcel on the doorstep. We saw a ship launched by the Queen.passive The sentence Someone stole my coat is active, but My coat was stolen is passive. A passive verb has be and a passive participle: was stolen. • 103passive gerund e.g. No one likes being made to lookfoolish.passive infinitive e.g. to be done, to be expectedpassive participle the form of a verb used after be in the passive, e.g. The room was cleaned, and used before a noun, e.g. We don't eatfrozen food.past continuous a form with the past of be and an active participle: It was raining at the time. • 66past participle the form of a verb used after have in the perfect, e.g. They have arrived. How long has he known?past perfect a form with had and a past participle, e.g. / had answered the letter the week before. • 68past perfect continuous a form with had been and an active participle: I saw that it had been raining. • 68past simple the past tense without an auxiliary, e.g. it stopped, they left • 65perfect a verb form with have and a past participle, e.g. The film has started. • 61(3)perfect gerund e.g. He denied having taken the money.perfect infinitive e.g. to have done, to have waitedperfect participle e.g. Having paid the bill, we left.performative verb When we say I agree to express agreement, we are using a performative verb, one which expresses the action it performs. Others are promise, apologize, suggest, refuse. • 16(3)person First person relates to the speaker (7, we). Second person relates to the person spoken to (you). Third person relates to other people and things (he, she, it, they).personal pronoun e.g. /, you, he, we • 184phrasal verb a verb + adverb combination, e.g. get up, look out, turn offphrase a word or group of words that is part of a clause, e.g. yourfriend (a noun phrase), was asking (a verb phrase) • 4plural A plural form means more than one. Tree is singular; trees is plural.positive I'm ready is positive; I'm not ready is negative.possessive a form expressing the idea of something belonging to someone, or a similar relationship, e.g. my chair, theirs, whose sister, Diana'sjobpossessive determiner my, your, his, our etc • 174possessive pronoun mine, yours, his, ours etc • 174predicative the position of an adjective after a linking verb such as be, e.g. The day wascold.prefix Minibus has the prefix mini. Unhappy has the prefix un. • 284preposition a word like on, by, to, with • 223prepositional object In the sentence We sat on the floor, the noun phrase the floor is a prepositional object, the object of the preposition on.prepositional phrase a preposition + noun phrase, e.g. on my way, in the garden, to you, or a preposition + adverb, e.g. before then.prepositional verb a verb + preposition combination, e.g. look at, payfor, believe inpresent continuous a form with the present of be and an active participle, e.g. we are waiting • 64

GLOSSARY PAGE 402present perfect a form with the present of have and a past participle, e.g. it has arrived, we have begun • 65present perfect continuous a form with the present of have + been + active participle: she has been working all day • 67present simple the present tense without an auxiliary, e.g. we know, she travels • 64pronoun A pronoun is a word that functions like a noun phrase, e.g. you, he, ourselves, someone. • 183quantifier a word saying how many or how much, e.g. all, some, half, a lot of, enoughquestion a sentence which asks for information • 21question phrase a phrase with what or how, e.g. what time, how long • 28question tag a short question added to the end of a statement, e.g. That was nice, wasn't it? • 34question word These words can be used as question words: who, whom, what, which, whose, where, when, why, how. • 27reflexive pronoun a pronoun such as myself or themselves referring to the subject, e.g. David blamed himselffor the accident. • 186regular A regular form is the same as most others; it follows the normal pattern. The verb call has a regular past tense called. But the verb sing has an irregular past tense sang.relative adverb where, when and why in a relative clause, e.g. the hotel where we stayed • 279relative clause a clause that modifies a noun, e.g. the woman who called yesterday, the car you were driving, people going homefrom work • 271relative pronoun a word like who, which, that in a relative clause, e.g. the person who started the arguments-form the form of a verb with s or es added, e.g. The weather looks good.sentence A sentence can be a statement, question, imperative or exclamation;• 15. It consists of one or more clauses. A written sentence begins with a capitalletter and ends with a full stop (.) or question mark (?) or exclamation mark (!).sequence of tenses the use of the same tense in the main clause and sub clause,e.g. I'm going to Greece because I like it there. (both present), I realized I hadgiven the wrong answer. (both past)short answer a subject + auxiliary used to answer a question, e.g. Who's winning?~ You are. • 29(4) See also yes/no short answer.short form Some words can be written in a full form or a short form, e.g. have or've. In the short form we use an apostrophe in place of part of the word. • 55(2)sibilant the sounds andsimple tenses the present simple or past simple tense without an auxiliary, e.g. itopens, it openedsingular A singular form refers to one thing only. Car is singular; cars is plural.state verb a verb that refers to something staying the same, not an action, e.g. be,belong, remain, know • 62statement a sentence which gives information, not a question or request • 16stress speaking a word or syllable with more force and so making it sound moreimportantstrong form See weak form.

PAGE 403 GLOSSARYsub clause See main clause.subject In the sentence The ship sails in an hour, the noun phrase the ship is the subject. In a statement the subject comes before the verb.subject complement See complement.subjunctive The subjunctive is the base form of a verb. We can use it in rather formal English in some contexts, e.g. I propose that the money be made available. • 242suffix The adverb calmly has a suffix ly. The noun movement has a suffix ment. • 285superlative Superlative forms are oldest, mostfamous, most sharply etc. • 217syllable The word important has three syllables: important.tag See question tag.tag question a sentence with a question tag, e.g. We've got time, haven't we?tense a form of the verb which shows whether we are talking about the present (I refuse, he knows, we are) or the past (I refused, he knew, we were) •61(1)to-infinitive a verb form like to go, to answer, to sleep • 115to-infinitive clause See infinitive clause.transitive verb a verb that takes an object, e.g. We enjoyed the meal. The postman brings the letters. • 8truth adverb e.g. definitely, possibly, maybe • 214uncountable noun a noun that cannot have a/an in front of it and has no plural form, e.g. gold, petrol, music, • 144. An uncountable noun takes a singular verb.verb In the sentence The parcel arrived yesterday, the word arrived is a verb. Verbs are words like play, walk, look, have, discover.verb of perception e.g. see, hear, feel, smellverb of reporting a verb used to report what someone says or thinks, e.g. say, tell, answer, promise, think • 265verb phrase a verb or a group of words that functions as a verb, e.g. opens, went, is coming, had waited, can swim, must have seen • 57viewpoint adverbial e.g. economically, weather-wise • 213(3)voiced/voiceless These consonant sounds are voiceless: . These consonant sounds are voiced: . All vowel sounds are voiced.vowel The letters a, e, i, o and u are vowels. The other letters, e.g. b, c, d,f, are consonants.weak form Some words can be spoken in a strong form or a weak form. Forexample, the word can has a strong form and a weak form .•55(1)wh-question a question that begins with a question word, e.g. who, what, where• 24word class a type of word such as a noun, adjective or preposition • 3yes/no question a question that can be answered yes or no, e.g. Are you ready?~ Yes, I am. Did anyone call? ~ No. • 24yes/no short answer an answer such as Yes, it is. or No, they didn't. • 29(2)

PAGE 404IndexThe numbers refer to sections, not about 228(1) after adjective 236(2)pages. For example, 158 means section = approximately 191(4) and around 225(1) Note d158, and 221(3c) means part 3c of + gerund 132(2, 3) after noun 237(2i)section 221. Numbers in bold type after say/tell 266(1) Note c after verb 233(3), 234(5)mean a direct treatment of or main about to 78(1a),80(3)reference to a topic. above 225(1), 225(3b), 226(2a) absent from 236(4)a/an absolutely 212(1a) Note a, 212(7a) summary 158 as + adjective + a 221 (3c) absolutely no 17(6b) alone hundred 191(1) Note b abstract noun leaving out 42(3), 45(2), 45(4) many a 177(3b) countable/uncountable 144(1b) 50 miles an hour 172 linking with previous text 48(3) with possessive 174(5) + of 133(2b) quite a, such a 212(4) suffixes 285(2) without the 165a bit (adverb) 212(1a) Note e, f, 212(7c) absurd + comparative 212(2) quite absurd 212(5c) abitmore/less212(8f) the absurd 204(2a) accepta bit of 177(2a) + noun clause 262(1c) a bit ofa 212(4) Note b performative 16(3) + gerund 133(1), 138 (2c) verb of reporting 265(2) quite a bit of 212(8c) accommodation: uncountable 144(4b) accompany + object 233(4)afew 177(2), 178(7a) according to 228(1) quite a few 2l2(8c) accusative: see object pronoun accuse... of 234(2)a great many 177(1b) Note ca little + gerund 132(2) accustomed to 236(4) adverb 212(1a) Note f, 212(7c) +comparative212(2, 8f) + gerund 132(6) + gerund 133(1) ache: simple/continuous 62(6) quantifier 177(2), 178(7a) across 225(1)a lot + comparative 212(2, 8f), 221 (8) and through, along 226(4) degree 212(7c) act and action 87(2) frequency 211(2) action verb 62a lot of 177(1), 178(7) agreement 153(2) and linking verb 209(1b) + gerund 133(1), 138(2c) active and passive quite a lot of 212(8b)abbreviated clause summary 103 with adjective 199(5) overview of forms 114 leaving out words 36 active with passive meaning 113 patterns with participles 134 active participle 134, 135(2) participle relative clauses 276 before noun 137, 283(2) Note with so/not 43 after passive verb 110(2) special styles 45 in relative clause 276(1)abbreviations spelling 64(1) Note a with a/an 159(2) add capital letters 56(6h) + noun clause 262(1c) plural 145(1d) verb of reporting 265(2)ability 98 adding relative clause 274ability ability at/in 237(2j) and identifying clause 272 (4a, 5) + to-infinitive 124(1a) additions (e.g. So do I) 43able ending 285(5i) adjectival clause: see relative clauseable comparison 218(4b) able to 98(2,3)

PAGE 405 INDEXadjective adverbial clause 248 summary 197 adverbial of place 210 and adverb 87(4), 149(2), 209(1), 305(2) same form as adverb 207(3) in front position 49(1c) with adverb of degree 212 and inversion 49(3) comparison 218 after a superlative 221(7) in complex noun phrase 147(7b) adverbial of time 210 in compound noun 283(1) Note and articles 169 formed from other words 285(5) in front position 49(1b) + gerund 133(1) Note a in indirect speech 267 with present perfect/past simple 65(5) in ly 207 (2) after a superlative 221(7) after linking verb 9(1) adverbial phrase: see adverbial nationality word 288(1a) advice + noun clause 262(6) conditional 256(2) after number + noun 283(5) I'd advise 16(3) + preposition 236 imperative 19(3) + preposition + gerund 132(4) shall I/we 71(7) after someone etc 189(4) should, ought to 93 + to-infinitive 123 advice: uncountable 144(4b) after verb + object 11(1) advisableadjective phrase 4(3), 199(1) + subjunctive 242(1) after noun 148(2) + to-infinitive 123(1)adjunct: see adverb, adverbial adviseadmire + gerund/to-infinitive 121(1) Note f + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) action/state 62(3) + passive clause 112(2c) Note admire for 234(2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2a), 270(2c)admit performative 16(3) + gerund 121(1) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2c), 270(2h) passive pattern 109(1) advise you what to do 125(2) performative 16(3) affix (prefix, suffix) 284, 285 verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2d, 2g) afford admit to 233(2) admit to + gerund 132(2, 6) not reflexive 186(2d)adore: state verb 62(1) + to-infinitive 121(1)advantage afraid comparison 218(4b) advantage for with to-infinitive 126(4) + noun clause 262(6a) advantage in/of 132(7), 237(2a) afraid of 236(2)adverb afraid of+ gerund 132(5b) Note e summary 205 position 200(2) and adjective 87(4), 149(2), 209(1), 305(2) afraid so/not 43(3) after be 232(4) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5b) Note e comparison 219 after with an infinitive 117(1) and afterwards 210(5) + participle 137(2) conjunction 250(1,2) in phrasal verb 231 + gerund 132(8a) after preposition 224(1) in indirect speech 267(2) spelling 207(1) Note order 226(7b) compound in where 189(1c) + present 77adverb clause: see adverbial clause after that 65(3a), 210(5)adverb of degree 212 after all 216(2) + comparative 212(8f), 221(8) against 225(1), 228(1) + preposition 224(3) + gerund 132 (8a)adverb of frequency 211 agent in the passive 104(3) in front position 49(1c) with verb of reporting 109(4)adverb of manner 209 with to-infinitive 113(2b) in front position 49(1c) ago 227(5c)adverb particle: see phrasal verb in indirect speech 267(2)adverb phrase 4(4), 206(1) with past 65(3a) Note b agree after noun 148(2) without be 84(5) Note badverbial 5, 205 + noun clause 262(1c) + passive clause 112(2a) Note extra adverbial 12 passive patterns 109 in front position 49(1) performative 16(3) and inversion 17(6c) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2b, 2g) after linking verb 9(2) punctuation 56(3a) after verb + object 11 (2)

INDEX agree to/with 233(2) Note a amazing + to-infinitive 121(1), 132(5b) Note a quite amazing 212 (5c) agree with + gerund 132(2), 132(5b) Note a not with very 212(1a) Note aagreeing ambition + to-infinitive 124(1a) I agree 16(3) American English 302 echo tag 35(2) Note c American spelling 308 short answer 29(2f), 43(4) among 225(1, 3b)agreement + to-infinitive 124(1a)agreement of subject and verb 150 and between 226(8)aid: uncountable 144(4b) amountaim aim at 234(2) agreement 153(2) Note b aim at+ gerund 132(2, 5a) amount of 177(4) aim of/in + gerund 132(7) amount to 233(2) + to-infinitive 121(1), 132(5a) amused 203ain't 55(2b)Note c comparison 218(4b)aircraft: plural 297 + noun clause 262 (6a)alarmed, alarming 203 + to-infinitive 123(5) alarmed at/by 236(2) amusing 203alike: position 200(2) + to-infinitive 123(1)alive: position 200(2) an 159all 178 see also a/an agreement 153(3) analysis: irregular plural 298(5) almost/nearly all212(8d) and all of which 274(4) with adjectives 202(2, 3) pronoun 181(1) Note b agreement 152(1), 152(4)all the same 246(2) conditional 259(6c)allege: passive patterns 109 taller and taller 221(1)allow linking clauses 239(1), 244 passive 108(3) linking words and phrases 13 + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) Note a, in numbers 304(7) with pronoun 184(1c) 127(3a) Note punctuation 56(2) + to-infinitive/gerund 121(1) Note f weak form 55(1)allowed to 94(3) angeralmost 212(7a, 8d) anger about/at + gerund 132(7)alone anger at 237(1) Note a position 200(2) angry quite alone 212(5c) angry about/at + gerund 132(4,5a)along 225(l), 226(4) angry about/at/with 236(2) Note b along with 244(3) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5a)already 210(2c) animal as he/she 184(3b) Note a announce with past and perfect 65(5a), 303(6) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)also 244(1) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) passive pattern 109(1) and even 213(1) Note annoyance about/at + gerund 132(7)alter: with/without object 8(3) annoyed 203alternative questions 31 annoyed about/at + gerund 132 (4, 5a)alternative to 237(2c) comparison 218(4b)alternatively 245(1) Note a + noun clause 262 (6a)although 246(3) + preposition 236(2) Note b + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5a) + adjective 199(5c) annoying 203 + participle 139(3) another 180(2)always 211(1,2) + number 180(3b) with continuous 64(2d), 66(2) Note c another one 181(1) Note cam 84(2) answer short form 55(2b) + noun clause 262(1c) weak form 55(1b) with/without object 8(2), 233(4)am (time of day) 195(1) Note a, Note c verb of reporting 265(2)amazed answer to 237(2f) amazed at/by 236(2) verb and noun 287(1) amazed at + gerund 132(4, 5a) answering questions 29 quite amazed 212(5c) anticipate + to-infinitive 132(5a) + gerund 121(1) not with very212(1a)Note a + noun clause 262(1c)amazement at 132(7)

PAGE 407 INDEXanticipatory it 50(5) approximately 191(4)anxiety Arabic 288(2a) Note b are 84(2), 151(1) anxiety about + gerund 132(7) with to-infinitive 124(1a), 126(4) short form 55 (2b)anxious weak form 55(1b) anxious about/for 236(2) Note d aren't I? anxious about +gerund 132(5b) Note f in question 30 (2a) Note + noun clause 262 (6a) question tag 34(1) Note b + subjunctive 242(1) argue with to-infinitive 123(5), 126(2), and have an argument87(2,4) + noun clause 262 (1c) 132(5b)Note f verb of reporting 265 (2)any 179 argument have an argument 87(2, 4) agreement 153(5) spelling 292(4) Note + comparative 212(8f) arise: there arose 50(4) in compounds (anyone etc) 179(1f), arms 154(1b) army: group noun 156(4) 189(2) around 225(1), 306(1) special use 179(4), 179(5c) Note + number 191(4) after without 228(2) Note arrangeany longer 210(3b) arrangefor 126(1)any more + noun clause 262(1c) adverb 210(3a) with to-infinitive 78(3), 121(1), 126(1) quantifier 180(2c) arrangement with to-infinitive 124(2a),anyone/body 189(2)anything 179(1f), 189(2) 126(4)anyway216(2) arrangementsanywhere 179(1f), 189(2)apartfrom 228(7) be to 76(1)apologize future continuous 75(2) past 80(1), 80(3) Note a apologizefor 233(2) present continuous 73(1), 74(2) apologizefor + gerund 132(2) arrest... for 234 (2) performative 16(3) arrive verb of reporting 265(2), 270 (2a, 2e) arrive at/in 233(2) spelling 308 there arrived 50(4)apology articles 158 apologyfor + gerund 132(7), 237(1) Note b see also a/an, the apology to 237(1) Note b asapostrophe with a/an 212(4) leaving out 146(6) Note + adjective 199(5b), 221(3) plural ending 145(1d) as far/long 210(4b) possessive form 146(1) conjunction (manner) 253(2) in short forms 55(2) conjunction (reason) 251(1)appalled, appalling conjunction (time) 250 with quite 212(5c) + gerund 132(1b) not with very 212(1a) Note a and like (conjunction) 253(2) Note aappear and like (preposition) 228(6) action/state 62(3) + participle 139(3) Note a it appears 50(5c) + present 77(1) linking verb 9(1) + pronoun 221(5) appear so/not 43(3) role (as Chairman) 167(5) there appeared 50(4) pattern with as/though 246(3) Note + to-infinitive 120(2) weak form 55(1b)appetite for 237(2g) as a result 247(2)applause: uncountable 144(4b) as a result of + gerund 132(8a)application for 237(2g) as far as... concerned 213(3)apply for 233(2) asfor 184(1e) Note a, 228(1) as if/as though 241 (3a), 242(3), 253(2) with to-infinitive 126(1) as long as 259 (4)appoint: clause pattern 11(1) as soon as 250(1), 250(5)apposition 14 + present 77 as though: see as if/as though agreement 152(4) Note as well (as) 244 no article 167(6) agreement 152(4)appreciate + gerund 121(1) + gerund 132(8a)approach + object 233(4) not reflexive 186(2d)approve (of) 233(1) Note b + gerund 132(2)

INDEX audience: group noun 156(4) authorize 122 (2b)ashamed auxiliary verbs 60, 83 comparison 218(4b) ashamed of 236(2) followed by adverb 208(4) ashamed of + gerund 132(5b) Note g in co-ordinate clause 239(1a) Note b position 200(2) modal auxiliary verbs 90 + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5b) Note g + not 17(2) availableaside from 306(2) availablefor/to 236(4)ask position 201 (2) Note a avoid ask about 233(3a) Note a, 262(5) Note with gerund 121(1), 131(5) askfor 233(1) Note a, 233(3a) Note a, negative meaning 17(4) Note a, 234(2) 252(2) Note c ask for with to-infinitive 126(1) awake: position of adjective 200(2) + noun clause 262(1c) award with/without object 8(2) passive pattern 108(3) passive pattern 108 + preposition 233(3a) Note a with to 10(5) verb of reporting 266 aware reporting orders 270(1) + noun clause 262(5) Note, 262(6) + subjunctive 242(1) aware of 236(4) + to-infinitive 121(1) aware of+ gerund 132(4) ask what to do 125(3) awareness ofasking for information + gerund 132(7) indirect question 33 away 232 (4) intonation 54 (2b) away from 225(1) negative question 30(1d) awful question 22 quite awful 212(5c) question tag 34(3) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) statement 16(2) not with very 212(1a) Note aasking permission 94(2) awfully 212(la, 7c)asleep: position 200(2)aspects 61 (3,4) back overview 69,114(1) back of 147 (5f) Note b passive 105(1), 114(1) in phrasal verb 232(2)assistance: uncountable 144(4b)association: group noun 156(4) backshift of tenses 268assume bad assume so/not 43(3) + noun clause 262 (1c) bad at + gerund 132(4) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) comparison 218(2b) passive patterns 109 badly: comparison 219(2)assure with noun clause 265(2,3) baggage: uncountable 144(4b)astonished at/by 236(2) bar of 144(3b)at bare infinitive 116(1) after adjective 236 patterns 127 and in, on (place) 226(1) after verb + object 140(1b) and in, on (time) 227(1) barracks 154(3) laugh/shout at 233(3c) Note b, c base form 58 place 225(1,2b) bath time227 (1a) have a bath 87(2) weak form 55(1b) not reflexive 186(2e)at all 17(6b), 212(1a) Note g beat least 191(4) + adverb 232(4)at/in the end 229(2b) agreement 151athletics 154(2) auxiliary verb 83attack continuous 84(3) form 84(2) attack on 237(2h) linking verb 9,84 verb and noun 287(1) ordinary verb 84attempt: make an attempt 87(2) not passive 104(6b) + to-infinitive 121(1), 124(1a) in questions 23(3) verb and noun 287(1) state verb 62(1)attend to 233(2) + to-infinitive 76,127(4b)attitude to/towards 237(2h) weak form 55(1b)attributive adjective 199(2,3) 200(1) be able to 98(2, 3) comparison 218(3) order 202(1, 2) with quite, so/such, too 212(4)

PAGE 409 INDEXbe about to 78(1a) belong past 80(3) without be 84(5) Note b not passive 104(6b)be allowed to 94(3) state verb 62(l,5)be bound to 78(2) Note, 95(1) Note b belong to 233(2)be due to 78(1c)be dying for/to 121(1) Note c belongings 154(1a)be going to 72 below passive 105(1d) + number 191(4) past 80(1) place 225(1), 226(2c) and will 74 bend with/without object 8(3)be likely to 96 Note beneath 225(1) Note cbe obliged to 92(1a) Note c benefit from 233 (2)be on the point of 78(1b) + gerund 132(2) past 80(3) beside 225(1)be required to 92(1a) Note c besides 244(2)be set to 78(1b) Notebe sick 305(l) Note + gerund 132(8a)be supposed to 92(3) better, bestbe sure to 78(2) Note, 95(1) Note bbe to 76 adjective 218(2b) adverb 219(2) in if-clause 258(2) hopefor the best 204(2b) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) indirect speech 270(1c) between past 80(3) and among 226(8)be used to 100(2c) place 225(1)bear: can't bear 121(2), 122(2d) time 227 (7c)because 251 and with 237(2c) beyond 225 (1,3b) because of 251 (3) billiards 154(2) because of + gerund 132 (8a) binoculars 155(4)become: linking verb 9(1) births 296(3) Notebed without the 168 bit of 144(3b) Note a, 144(4a)been 84(2) and gone 84(6), 303(7) see also a bit of weak form 55(1b) black out 232(2)before blame adverb 227(5d) conjunction 250(1,2) blame ...for+ gerund 132(3), 270(2f) + gerund 132(8a) blame... for/on 234(3) in indirect speech 267(2) performative 16(3) order 226(7b) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2f) with perfect 65(2), 68(3c) blessed 301 preposition of time 227(6c) blind: the blind 204(1b) with present 77 blowbeg blowout 232(2) + noun clause 262(1c) blow up 232(2) verb of reporting 265(2) board: group noun 156(4) with to-infinitive 121(1), 122(2a) body and one in compounds 189(1a)begin boil with/without object 8(3) + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) bored with/without object 8(2,3) get bored 107(3)behave to/towards 233 (2) bored with 236(5)behaviour: uncountable 144(4b) bored with + gerund 132(4)behind 225(1, 3b), 226(7a) boredom with + gerund 132(7)being 84 (3) boring: comparison 218(4b)belief borrow. ..from 234(2) both 178(4) beliefin 132(7), 237(2h) both... and 244(4) plural 296(2) Note bother 121(2) Note fbelieve bottle (verb) 287(3) bottom of 147(5f) Note b, 226(3) clause pattern 11(1) bound to 78(2) Note, 95(1) Note b believe in 233(2) bowls 154(2) believe in + gerund 132(2) box (verb) 287(3) + noun clause 262(lb, lc) brake (verb) 287(3) passive 104(6b), 109 brave of with to-infinitive 126(5) verb of reporting 265(2) bread: uncountable 144 (4b) I believeso43(3) state verb 62(1) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c)

INDEX PAGE 410break cannot/can't break down 232(2) can't bear 121(2), 122(2d) with/without object 8(3) certainty 95 breakup 232 (1b) can't help 121(1), 131(5) spelling and pronunciation 98(1)brilliant can't stand 121(1) Note a brilliant at 236(3) can't wait 121(1) quite brilliant 212 (5c) see also canbring capable of 236(4) with for/to 10(5) + gerund 132(4) passive pattern 108(3) bring up 232(2) capital letters 56(6) cardinal numbers 191Brit, British 288(2c) Note careBritish and American English 302buildings: names and the 171(2h-2j) care about/for 233(2) Note c, 265(5) Notebump into 233(2) action/state 62(3)burn carefor + gerund 132(2) + to-infinitive 121(1) Note d burn down 232(2) verb and noun 287(1) burn low 9(1) careful: comparison 218(4b) with/without object 8(3) careless with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5)business: countable/uncountable 144(5c) carpet: countable/uncountable 144(5a)busy + participle 138(1) Note carry on 232(2)but 246 carry on with 235(2) between adjectives 202(2b, 3b) casebut (= except) 228(7) pronoun 184(1) butfor 259(4) Note c possessive form of noun 146 + bare infinitive 127(4a) cash: uncountable 144(4b)butter (verb) 287(3) catchbuy catch on 232(1a) with for 10(5) + object + participle 140(2) passive pattern 108(3) passive pattern 110(2)by catch up with 235(2) agent 104(2, 3), 228(1) cattle 156(6) by any means 17 (6b) causative get/have 111 byfar with comparative 213(3) cause + gerund 132(8a) by means of+ gerund 132 (8a) cause of 237(2f) place 225(1), 226(6c) + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) surprised at/by 236(2) cautious: comparison 218(4b) by the+ measurement 172(3) cease + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) by the time 77, 250(1) certain by the way 216(2) time 227 (6c) certain about/of + wh-clause 262(5) Note and with 228(5) comparison 218(4b) byyourself174(6c) + noun clause 262(6) certain of 236(4), 262(5) Notecalf,calves296(2) position 200(3)call quite certain 212(5c) + to-infinitive 123(6) clause pattern 11(1) certainly 214(1) callfor/on 233(2) Note b with emphatic form 51 (2a) Note call for with to-infinitive 126(1) certainty 95 call in on 235(2) chance (verb) verb of reporting 265(2) it chanced 50(5c) verb and noun 287(1) there chanced 50(4)calm (verb) 287(4) chance (noun)camping: uncountable 144(4b) chance of 237 (2b)can + to-infinitive 124(1b) ability 98 change in conditionals 257 (3b) get changed 107(2) in indirect speech 268(3c) with/without object 8(3) perception 62(7) not reflexive 186(2e) permission 94 verb and noun 287(1) possibility 97(2) changes in indirect speech 267, 268 weak form 55(1b) characteristic of 236(4) charge passive pattern 108(3) charge... with 132(3), 234(2)

PAGE 411 INDEXchat: have a chat 87(2) cliffs 296(2) Notecheap clock time 195(1) close (verb) and cheaply 207 (4) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) close down 232(2)check with/without object 8(3) + noun clause 262 (1c) close to 225(1), 226(6) check over232(2) + gerund 132(6)cheering: uncountable 144(1b) clothes 144(4b) Note e, 154(1a)chief: position of adjective 200(1) club: group noun 156(4)chiefs 296(2) Note cod: plural 297children 298(1) collective noun 156choice + to-infinitive 124(1a) collegechoir: group noun 156(4)choose group noun 156(4) without the 168(4) with/without object 8(2) collide with 233(2) + to-infinitive 121(1) colon 56(2c,3e), 56(4) choose what to do 125(2) colour adjective: the red one 188(2b) Notechurch without the 168(4) coloured question (question tag) 34cinema with the 160(5), 168(4) Note combine with/without object 8(3)claim come + noun clause 262 (1c) passive patterns 109 come across 233(2) verb of reporting 265(2) come and... 119(1) Note + to-infinitive 121(1) with be going to 72(2) Note bclapping: uncountable 144(4b) come by 233(1) Note aclass + complement 9(1) group noun 156(4) come off 232 (2) with/without the 160(5), 168(4) + participle 138(2a)classifying there came 50(4) a/an 161, 164(2) come to 233(2) adjective 198(1) + to-infinitive 120(2) gerund 283(2) come up against235(2) possessive form 146(4b) come up with 235(2) relative clause 272(3b), 272(5c) comma 56clause apposition 14 adverbial clause 248 relative clause 272(3-5) conditional clause 255 command finite and non-finite 59 + noun clause 262(1c) gerund clause 130, 131(1, 3) + object + to-infinitive 122(2a) infinitive clause 117 verb of reporting 265(2) noun clause 260 commands: see orders participle clause 134, 136 commence 121(2) relative clause 271 comment as subject taking singular verb 152(6) comment about/on 233(3a) Note b, 237(2i) as truth adverbial 214(3) verb of reporting 265 (2)clause combinations 240 comment adverbial 215clause of manner 253(2)clause of place 253(1) clause 253(3)clause of purpose 252 in front position 49(1b)clause of reason 251 to-infinitive 119(3) comment tag 34(5) with participle 139(4) committee: group noun 156(4)clause of time 250 common comparison 218(4b) with participle 139(1-3) + to-infinitive 123(1)clause patterns 7 community: group noun 156(4)clause types 239 company: group noun 156(4)clean out232(2) comparativeclear (adjective) of adjectives 218 of adverbs 219 comparison 218(4a) with modifier 212(2) clear to 236(4) patterns 221 clear what to do 125(2) compare to/with 234(2)clear (verb) comparison clear off 232(2) summary 217 clear up 232(2) overview of adjectives 218(4d)cleft sentence 51 (3) see also comparative, superlativecleverwith to-infinitive 123(1, 5), 126(5)

INDEX PAGE 412compel + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) congratulatecomplain congratulate ...on 132(3), 234(2) complain about + gerund 132(2) performative 16(3) and make a complaint 87(2) congratulations 154 (1a) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) conjunction 243, 248 not reflexive 186(2d) + participle 139(3) verb of reporting 265(2), 270 (2e, 2g) in clause without verb 199(5c)complaint: negative question 30(1b) connection between/with 237 (2c)complement 5, 9(1), 303(1) connective relative clause 272(4b), 274(5) after action verb 9(1) Note b connector: see conjunction without article 167(5) conscious clause 262(2) in front position 49(2), 152(7) + noun clause 262(5) Note, 262(6a) pronoun 184(1b) conscious of 236(4), 262(5) Note subject/object complement 11(1) consequently 247 (2)complete 212(1a) Note a considercompletely 212(1a) Note a, 212(7a)complex noun patterns 147(7) clause pattern 11(1)complex sentence 238 + gerund 121(1)compound noun 283(1) + noun clause 262 (1c) passive patterns 109 plural 145(1c) verb of reporting 265(2)compound sentence 239(1) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) Notecompounds 283 consider what to do 125(2) considering 251(3) Note c hyphens 56(5) consist of 233(2) participles 137(2, 4) state verb 62(1, 5) with some, any 179(lf, 4c), 189 consonant changes 286concentrate contact clause 273(5) concentrate on 233(2) contain: state verb 62(1) not reflexive 186(2d) contentconcerned position 200(2) asfar as... concerned 213 (3) + to-infinitive 132(5a) position 201 (2) content with 236(2) + preposition 236(2) Note e content with + gerund 132(4, 5a)concession contents 154(1b) although etc 246 contest: stress 287(2) whoever etc 254 continueconclude: verb of reporting 265(2)concord 150 + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2)concrete noun: countable/uncountable with/without object 8(3) verb of reporting 265(2) 144(1b) continuous 61 (4)conditional clause 255 with action/state verb 62 with modal verb 91(4), 95(3), 97(1c) with any 179(1e) passive 105(1c), 114(1) with participle 139(6) see also present continuous etcconditional form: would 99 continuous infinitive 116(1)conduct: uncountable noun 144 (4b) continuous passive participle 135(4)confess in relative clause 276(2) Note contractions (short forms) 55 + gerund 121(1) contrast: see concession performative 16(3) contrast verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2e, 2g) confess to233(2) contrast between/with 237(2c) confess to + gerund 132(2) stress 287(2)confident control + noun clause 262 (6a) + object 233(4) confident of 236(2) verb and noun 287(1)confirm convenient with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) conversation: countable/uncountable verb of reporting 265(2)conflict: stress 287(2) 144(5d)confused 203 convince: verb of reporting 265(3) confused at/by 236(2) convinced + noun clause 262(6a) comparison 218(4b) cook get confused 107(3)confusing 203 with for 10(5) + to-infinitive 123(1) with/without object 8(3) co-ordinate clause 239(1), 243 cope with 233(2)

PAGE 413 INDEXcopula (linking verb) 9 curricula 298(2)copy customs 154(1b) cut copy down 232(2) verb and noun 287(1) cut down 232(2)corner after at/in/on 226(1c) Note cut down on 235(2)correct: comparison 218(4b) cut off 232(2)cost cut up 232(2) action/state 62(3, 4) cutlery 144(4b) not passive 104 (6b) verb and noun 287(1) 'd (short form) 55(2b) Note acostly 207(2) daily 207 (6), 211(4)could damage ability 98 in conditionals 257 (4d, 6b) countable/uncountable 144(4b) Note a, in indirect speech 268(3c) 154(1b) perception 62(7) permission 94 damage to 237(2k) possibility 97(2, 3) 98(3e) verb and noun 287(1) and was able to 98(3) danger in/of + gerund 132(7) weak form 55(1b) dangerous with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) after wish 241 (2b) dangling participle 136(2) Notecould have done 97(3), 98(3d) dare 101, 303(9) in conditionals 257(6b) darkwith/without the 169(6) after wish 24l(2c) darts 154(2)couldn't dash 56(2c,3e), 274(2) impossibility 98(3e) dates 195(2) past ability 98(3b) past certainty 95(5) US 304(8)council: group noun 156(4) dawn with/without the 196(6) Notecount on 233(2) day + gerund 132(2)countable noun 144 without article 169(5)countries without preposition 227(2a) Note b capital letter 56(6d) day with/without the 169(6) with/without the 171 (2a) deadcountryside with the 160(5) quite dead 212(5c) uncountable 144 (4b) the dead 204(1b)couple 191(1) Note i deaf: the deaf 204(1b)court without the 168(4) deal: a great deal of 177(4a)cowardly 207 (2) deal in/with 233(2) Note dcrash deaths 296(3) Note crash into 233(2) decide with/without object 8(3)crazy about 236 (2) intention 78(3)crew: group noun 156(4) + noun clause 262 (1c)crises: irregular plural 298(5) with/without object 8(2)criteria 298(2) decide on 120(1) Note, 233(2), 262(5) Notecriticize... for 234(2) + passive clause 112(2a) Notecriticizing passive patterns 109(1, 3) patterns 120 conditional 256(2) verb of reporting 265(2) might 97(1d) and take a decision 87(2) negative question 30(1c) + to-infinitive 121(1)crockery: uncountable 144(4b) decide what to do 125(2)cross out 232(2) decimals 193(2)crossroads 154(2) decisioncrowd: group noun 156(4)crowded with 236(1) decision about/on 262(5) Notecruel: comparison 218(4b) + to-infinitive 124(2a)cry decisions with will 71(4), 74(2), 75(2) cry out 232(2) declarative (statement) 16 verb of reporting 265(2) declarecurious clause pattern 11(1) curious about 236(2), 262(5) Note + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) + noun clause 262(5) Note passive patterns 109 performative 16(3) verb of reporting 265(2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) Note b

INDEXdecrease desire decrease in/of 237(2e) stress 287(2) desire for 237 (2g)deduction (logical certainty) 95 + object 233(4)deep, deeply 207(5) state verb 62(l,5)deer: plural 297 + to-infinitive 124(1a)defective verb: see modal verb despise: state verb 62(1, 5)defining relative clause: see identifying despite 246(4)definite article: see the + gerund 132(8a)definitely 214(1) deter...from 132(3), 234(2) determination + to-infinitive 124(1a) with emphatic form 51(2a) Note determineddegree adverb 212 + noun clause 262(6a)delay quite determined 212(5c) + to-infinitive 123(5) + gerund 121(1) determiner 143(2a) delay in/of 237(2e) + countable/uncountable noun 144(2) verb and noun 287(1) demonstrative 175delexical verbs (empty verbs) 87 + gerund 133delicious with quite 212(5c) + name 170(2)delight: countable/uncountable 144(5e) possessive 174delighted + quantifier 143(3c) after quantifier 178(lb, 1c) + noun clause 262(6a) detest + preposition 236(2) Note a + gerund 121(1) + to-infinitive 123(5) state verb 62(1) not with very 212(1a) Note a develop with/without object 8(3)demand did 88(2) demandfor 237(1) Note a, 237(2g) emphasis 51(2) + noun clause 262(1c) in question 65(1) + object 233(4) did not/didn't 55(2b), 65(1) performative 16(3) didn't need to 92(3c) verb of reporting 265(2) die + subjunctive 242(2) with to-infinitive 121(1), 124(1a), 126(4) die down 232(2)democracy: countable/uncountable 144(5c) dying 294 (2) Notedemonstrate + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) be dyingfor/to 121(1) Note cdemonstratives 175 difference between 237(2c)dentist different + preposition 221(1) Note, 236(4), 306(5) possessive: the dentist's 146(6) + preposition + gerund 132(4) with the 160(5) quite different 212(5c)deny difficult with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) + gerund 121(1) difficulty negative meaning 17(4) Note a with gerund 131(2b), 132(7) with object 8(2) Note + preposition 237(2k), 262(5) Note passive pattern 108(3) direct and directly 207(4) performative 16(3) direct object 8(2), 10(1) verb of reporting 265(2) direct speech 264(1)denying 29(1) Note adepend punctuation 56(4) without be 84(5) Note b dirty: comparison 218(2b) depend on 233(2), 262(5) Note disabled: the disabled 204(1b) depend on + gerund 132(2) disadvantage with to-infinitive 126(4) state verb 62(1, 5) disadvantaged: the disadvantaged 204(1b)dependent clause: see sub clause disagreedependent on 236(4) + gerund 132(4) performative 16(3)depressing 203 disagree with + gerund 132(2) + to-infinitive 123(1) disagreeing: short answer 29(2f)derivation 282 disappointed/ing 203describing disapprove of + gerund 132(2) a/an 161(1) disaster with to-infinitive 126(4) adjectives 197 discount: stress 287(2)deserve discourage.. .from 132(2), 234(2) + gerund 113(1) discover state verb 62(1,5) + to-infinitive 121(3h) discover how to 125(2)desirable+ subjunctive 242(1) + noun clause 262(1c) passive patterns 109 + object + to-infinitive 122(2c)

discuss INDEX with object 8(2) Note discuss what to do 125(2) dread + gerund/to-infinitive 121(3c)discussion + preposition 237(1) Note b, + object + gerund 131(5) 262(5) Note dreadfuldisgusted/ing with quite 2l2(5c) quite dreadful 212(5c)disjunct 214-216 + to-infinitive 123(1)dislike not with very 212(1a) Note a countable noun 144(5e) dream + gerund 121(1) irregular verb 300, 303(11) + object + gerund 131(5) + noun clause 262(1c) state verb 62(1)dispose of 233(2) dressdistributives 178 countable/uncountable noun 144(5c)dive: irregular in US 303(11) get dressed 107(2)divide non-reflexive verb 186(2e) divide... into 234(2) drily 294(l) Note b with/without object 8(3) drinkdivorce: get divorced 107(2)do drink up 232(2) do... about 234(2) verb and noun 87(2), 287(1) auxiliary verb 51(2), 64(1), 83 drive do away with 235(2) clause patterns 8(2, 3), 11(1) emphasis 51(2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) emphatic imperative 19(1), 303(1) verb and noun 287(1) with gerund 138(2) drop of 144(3b) do let's 19(6a), 303(3) drop in on 235(2) and make 89 drunk: get drunk 107(3) ordinary verb 88 drunken 301 replacing verb 38(2c), 303(2) dry do the same 43(5b) adjective and verb 287(4) do so/it/that 43(2) with/without object 8(3) do the shopping 138(2) not reflexive 186(2e) Note b weak form 55(1b) dryly 294(1) Note b do without 233(2) due todoctor with the 160(5) future 78(1c)does 88(2), 300 Note c + passive 113(2b) Note reason 251(3) see also do duly 292(4) Notedoesn't/does not 55(2b), 64(1) dummy subject: see empty subjectdominoes 154(2) during 227(4)don't/do not55(2b), 64(1) dusk with/without the 169(6) Note duty: see obligation don't have to 92(3a) dying don't let's 19(6a), 303(3) dyingfor/of 233(2) Note e don't think 262(1b) be dyingfor/to 121(1) Note c don't you think (tag) 34(1) Note e spelling 294(2) Notedouble 194(2) dynamic verb: see action verbdouble negative 17(5)doubling of consonants 293 each 178(5), 181(2) US 308(4, 5) agreement 153(3), 157doubt each ...the other 186(4c) countable/uncountable noun 144(5e) + noun clause 262(1c) each other 186(4) verb of reporting 265(2) eager state verb 62(1) verb and noun 287(1) comparison 218(4b)dove (past of dive) 303(1) eagerfor236(2)down + noun clause 262(6a) in phrasal verb 232(lc, 2) + subjunctive 242(1) preposition 225(1) with to-infinitive 123(5), 126(2)dozen 191(1) Note i eagerness + to-infinitive 124(1a)draughts 154(2) earlierdraw adverb 219(1) with/without object 8(2) indirect speech 267(2) draw up 232(3) with past simple 65(3a)drawing: countable/uncountable 144(5d) early: adjective and adverb 207(3) earnings 154(1a) earth: on earth for emphasis 26(6c)

INDEX PAGE 416easily + superlative 212 (3) endings 6(1)easy summary 289 comparison 218(4b) enemy: group noun 156(4) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) engagedeat and have a meal 87(2) getengaged 107(2) with/without object 8(2) engaged to 236(4) eat up 232(2) enjoyecho question 35(1) action verb 62(4) Note becho tag 35(2) with gerund 121(1), 131(5)echoes290(2) enougheconomics 154(2) adverb 212(1b)ed-adjectives 203 far/long enough 210 (4b)ed-form: see past form quantifier 180(1)ed-participle: see past participle, with to-infinitive 123(4), 126(3) enquire 265(2), 269(1) passive participle entereducation: countable/uncountable with/without object 8(2), 233(4) there entered50(4) 144(4b) Note b enthusiastic about 236(2)effect entirely212(1a) envious of 236(2) effect of + gerund 132(7) envy: state verb 62(1) effect on 237(2d), 262(5) Note equipment: uncountable 144 (4b)effort with to-infinitive 124(1b) er ending for people 285 (3a)either escape + gerund 121(1) in short additions 43(1a) especially 213(1) adverb 43(1a), 244(1) ess female ending 285 (3e) agreement 153(5) essential and any 179 (4b) either... or 245(1) + subjunctive 242(1) quantifier 178(4) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2)elder, eldest 218(5b) not with very 212(1a) Note a position 200(1) establish: passive pattern 109(1)elderly: the elderly 204(1b) establishment with the 160(5)elect: clause pattern 11(1) estimateellipsis: see leaving out wordselse + noun clause 262 (1c) passive patterns 109 or else 245(1) Note b + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) after question word 26(6b) even 213(l,2) after someone etc 189(4) even if 259(8)embarrassing + to-infinitive 123(1) even so 246(2)emerge: there emerged50(4) even though 246(3)emphasis 51 ever 211(i) Note c overview 51 (5) with present perfect/past 65(5b), 303(6) ever211(1) Note c after superlative 221(7) imperative 19(1) whoever etc 26(6c), 254,281 negative 17(6) every 178(5) repeating words 37(2) agreement 153(3), 157emphatic pronouns 186(1, 3) and all, whole 178(3) Note aemphatic stress 51(1) almost every 212(8d) on the 159(2) Note b, 170(2) Note a and each 178(5)emphatic verb 51 (2) every bit as 221(8)empty every day 211(3), 227(2) adjective and verb 287(4) + noun 181(2) comparison 218(4b) every one and everyone 189(1a) Note a quite empty 212(5c) every time (conjunction) 250(4b)empty object 50(5b), 122(2d) Note c everybody 189(1a)empty subject agreement 189(5) it 50(5), 109, 118(1), 131(1, 2), 262(4) everyone 189(1a) and passive 104(4) agreement 189(5) there 50(1-4), 131(2) everyplace 305(3)empty verb 87 everything 189(1b)enable + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) everywhere 189(1c)encourage + object + to-infinitive 122(2a) conjunction 253(1)end: with/without object 8(3) evidence: uncountable 144(4b)end of 147(5f) Note b exact: comparison 218(4b)end position 208(5) example of 237(1)

PAGE 417 INDEXexceed: comparative meaning 221(1) Note fall down on 235(1)except fall for 233 (2) verb and noun 287(1) + bare infinitive 127(4a) false preposition 228(7), 306(2) quite false 212(5c) except (that) 253(5) not with very212(1a) Note aexchange... for 234(2) family: group noun 156(4)excited 203 famous get excited 107(3) comparison 218(4b) excited about/at 132(4), 236(2) famous for 132(4), 236(4)excitement about/at + gerund 137(2) fancy + gerund 121(1)exciting 203 far 210(4) + to-infinitive 123(1) as far as 227(6a) Note dexclamation 20 comparison 218(2b), 219(2) indirect 262(6b) far from 17(6b)exclamation mark 56(1) far too 212(1a) Note i, 212(8) Noteexcuse farther, farthest 218(2b), 219(2) excuse. ..for/from 132(3), 234(2) Note and further, furthest 218(5a) with gerund 121(1), 131(5), 132(3) fascinated/ing 203exhausted/ing w i t h quite212(5c) with quite 212(5c)exist not with very212(la.) Note a not passive 104(6b) fashion 207(2) state verb 62(1) fast: adjective and adverb 207(3) there exists 50(4) favourite 221(1) Noteexpect fear (noun) action/state 62(3) countable 144(5e) + noun clause 262(lb, lc) fear of + gerund 132(7) + object 233(4) fear (verb) passive patterns 109 + noun clause 262(1) verb of reporting 265(2) passive pattern 109(1) expect so 43(3) fed up with 236(2) with to-infinitive 121(1), 122(2c) + gerund 132(4) + will 74(1), 77(3) feeble: comparison 218(4b)expensive with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) feelexpense in/of + gerund 132(7) simple/continuous 62(6)experience felt/could feel 62(7) countable/uncountable 144(5c) feel it happen/happening 140(1) + gerund 131(2a) feel like 132(2), 233(2) experience in/of 237(2j) linking verb 9(1) verb and noun 287(1) + noun clause 262(1c)expert + preposition 237(2j), 262(5) Note passive patterns 109explain not reflexive 186 (2e) and give an explanation 87(2) verb of reporting 265(2) + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) passive pattern 109(1) feel up to 235(2) explain what to do 125(2) feelingsexport: stress 287(2) be 84(5)extra adverbials 12 simple tense 64(2b), 66(2c)extraordinary with quite 212(5c) feet 296(1)extremely 212 (1a) female endings 285 (3e) fetch with for 10(5)face few 177(2, 3) + gerund 121(1) and a few 177(2) face up to 132(6), 235(2) negative word 17(4) very/so/toofew 212(8a)fact+ clause 262(7) fewer, fewest 220fail fill out 232(2) find negative meaning 17(4) Note a clause pattern 10(5), 11(1) with/without object 8(2) + noun clause 262(1c) + to-infinitive 121(1) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c)failure + to-infinitive 124(1a) find out 232(lb, 2)fairly 212(1a), 212(5c) Note a find out how to 125(2) and fair 207 (4) passive patterns 108(3), 109, 110(2)fall fine: position of adjective 200(2), 305(1) with adverb 232(1c) + complement 9(1) fall back on 235(2)

INDEX formulae/formulas 298 (4) fortunate + to-infinitive 123(5)fine (verb): fine. ..for 234(2) fraction 193(1)finish adverb of degree 212(1a) + gerund 121(1) agreement 153(2) Note c with/without object 8(3) freefinite clause 239(3a) comparison 218(4a)finite verb 59 and freely 207 (5)firm: group noun 156(4) freeze with/without object 8(3)first frequency adverb: see adverb of frequency frequent: comparison 218(4b) and firstly 207 (4) Note c, 216(4) ordinal number 192 friendly 207(2)fit (adjective): fit for 236(4) frightened of 236(2)fit (verb) from action/state 62(3) fit in with 235(2) place 225(1, 3b) irregular in US 303(11) from ... point of view213(3) passive 104(6b) time 227(7)fix up232(1b) weak form 55(1b)fly with/ without object 8(3) front position 208(3)focus adverbials 213(1, 2) for emphasis 49, 231(6)follow: therefollows 50(4) fruit: uncountable 144(4b)following full of 236(4) full stop 56(1) in indirect speech 267(2) fully 293(4) in phrase of time 169(8), 227(2b) funfond of 236(1) + gerund 131(2) + gerund 132(4) uncountable 144(4b)foolish funny: comparison 218(4b) comparison 218(4b) furious + preposition 236(2) Note b with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5) furniture: uncountable 144(4a)foot, feet 296(1), 297 Note further, furthest 218(2b), 219(2)for and farther, farthest 218(5a) after adjective 236 further(more) 244(2) = because 251(1) Note e future 70 for example 216(2) overview 81 + gerund 132(8a), 252(3) future continuous 75 = in favour of 228(1) future perfect 79 for doing and to do 132(5) future perfect continuous 79 Note c leave/make for 233(4) Note b future progressive 79 needfor 237 (2g) with present perfect/past 65(5d) gang: group noun 156(4) purpose 126(6), 252(3) garage (verb) 287(3) for the sake of 228(1) gaze up at 235(1) and since 227(5) gender 6(1) and to 10(5) with to-infinitive 126 ess ending 285(3e) weak form 55(1b) he/she/it 184(3b)forbid generalizations performative 16(3) all, most 178(2a) verb of reporting 265(2) articles 162, 164(2), 165 + object + to-infinitive 122 (2b) overview of articles 166force the+ adjective 204 and make 127(3a) generally211(1, 2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) generous with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5)forecast genitive: see possessive form of nouns + noun clause 262(1c) gentle: comparison 218(4b) verb of reporting 265 (2) geographical names and the 171foreign plurals 298(2-5) gerundforget summary 128 clause pattern 11(2) Note a after do 138(2) + object + gerund 131(5) after need etc 113(1) + noun clause 262 (1c) + noun 283(2) noun + gerund 283(3) + to-infinitive/gerund 121 (3a) passive 112, 114(3) forget what to do 125(2)forgive: performative 16(3)formal: comparison 218(4b)formation of words 282former: position 200(1)

PAGE 419 INDEX after phrasal/prepositional verb goose, geese 296(1) 231 (4a) Note b gossip: uncountable noun 144(4b) got spelling 129(2) Note a and to-infinitive after verb 121 have got 85gerund clause 130, 131(1, 3) have got to 92(2)get gotten 303(5d) government: group noun 156(4) + adjective 107(3) gradable adjectives with quite 212(5c) get away with 235(2) grain o/144(3b) get back 232(2) grant get by 232(2) passive pattern 108(3) clause patterns 9(1), 10(5), 11 with to 10(5) grateful get it done 111 (2) gratefulfor + gerund 132(4, 5a) get you doing it 140(2) gratefulfor/to 236(2) Note f linking verb 9(1), 107(3) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5a) get on with 132(2), 235(2) gratitudefor + gerund 132(7) get over 232(2) great forming passive 107(1), 112(1) Note a great deal of 177 (4a) get round to 235(2) + to-infinitive 123(1) gerto233(l)Note a groan: verb of reporting 265(2) + to-infinitive 121(1) group noun 156 get up 186 (2d), 232(3) US 304(1) getyou to do it 111(1), 122(2b) Note c grow get washed 107(2) linking verb 9(1)give 10 + to-infinitive 120(2) passive pattern 108 growl: verb of reporting 265(2) give out 232(2) grumble: verb of reporting 265(2) give up 121(1), 232(1a) guarantee give way to 234(4) + noun clause 262(1c)glad performative 16(3) + noun clause 262 (6a) verb of reporting 265 (2) position 200(2) + to-infinitive 121(1) + to-infinitive 123(5) guessglass: countable/uncountable 144(5c) have/make a guess 87(2)glasses 155(4) + noun clause 262(1c)glue (verb) 287(3) guessso/not43(3) guilty of 236(4)go + gerund 132(4) go along with 235(2) gun (verb) 287(3) go and... 119(1) Note gymnastics 154(2) go away 232(1b) go back on 235(2) h after a/an 159(2) Note a with be going to 72(2) Note b habits go down with 235(2) go for a walk 87 simple tenses 64(2c), 65(3b) go infor235(2) will, would, used to 100 and journey 87 (2) had 85 (2) linking verb 9 inversion 258(3) go on 232(2) short form 55 (2b) go on + gerund/to-infinitive 121(3g) weak form 55(1b) go on with 235(2) had better 93(2) go over 232(2) in indirect speech 268 (3c) go shopping 138(2) had have done 257(6a) Note go with 233(2) had to 92(1c, 2b) go without 233(2) certainty 95(5) indirect speech 268(3d), 270(1c)going to: see be going to and must have done 95(3)gone and been 84(6), 303(7) hair: countable/uncountable 144(5c)good half 193(1a) adverb 212(1a) good at 132(4), 236(3) half (of) 178(2b) comparison 218(4b) one and a half 193(1c) no good + gerund 131 (2a) half past 195(1) good of you 126(5) halves296(2) + preposition 236(3) hammer (verb) 287(3) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5) and well 207(7)good wishes: imperative 19(3), 19(4b)goods154 (1a)

INDEX have to certainty 95(1) Note ahand have to do if and have it to do passive pattern 108(3} 124(2) Note b hand out 232(2) and must 92(1) with to 10(5} passive 106(1) US 303(5c)handful 177 (4b)handicapped: the handicapped 204(1b) he 184(1), 184(3)handsome: comparison 218(4b) + relative clause 272(2) Notehang with short form 55(2b) weak form 55(1b) hang on 232(2) with/without object 8(3) he/she 184(5) Note bhanging participle 136(2) Note headlineshappen in if-clause 258(1) Note words left out 45(2), 76(1) Note it happened + clause 50(5c) present simple 64(2e) Note c there happened to 50(4) Note headquarters 154(3) happen to 233 (2) health: uncountable 144(4b) + to-infinitive 50(4) Note, 120(2), heaps of 177(4a) hear 258(1) Note could hear 62(7)happy hear you do/doing 140(1) + noun clause 262(1c) comparison 218(4b) with/without object 8(2) + noun clause 262 (6a) + preposition 233(3b) + preposition 236(2) Note a verb of reporting 265(2) + preposition + gerund 132(4), heavy: comparison 218(4b) help 135(5b) Note d can't help with gerund 121(1), 131(5) + to-infinitive 123(5), 135(5b) Note d + infinitive 121(1) Note e, 122(2b) Note ehard with/without object 8(2) and hardly 207(5) uncountable noun 144(4b) + to-infinitive 123(1) verb and noun 287(1)harden with/without object 8(3) helpfulhardly 207(5), 212(7a) comparison 218(4b) hardly any 212(8e) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5) negative word 17(4) helping verb: see auxiliary verb hardly... when 250(5) helpless: comparison 218(4b)harm: uncountable 144(4b) herharmful to 236(4) personal pronoun 184(1, 3)has 85(2a) possessive 174(3) short form 55 (2b) weak form 55(1b) weak form 55(1b) here44(5), 175(4a)hasten + to-infinitive 121(1) front position 49(3b)hate here's55(2b) heroes290(2) + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) Note a hers 174(3) + object + gerund 131(5) herself186 state verb 62(1) + object + to-infinitive 122(2d) hesitate + to-infinitive 121(1)have high, highly 207(5) action/state 62(3) him 184(1) auxiliary verb 83 have you do it 111 (1) weak form 55(1b) have it done 111 (2) himself 186 empty verb 87 his 173(4) have it happen to you 111 (3) have it happening to you 140(2) Note c weak form 55(1b) have you doing it 140(2) hit: verb and noun 287(1) have on 232(2) hold ordinary verb 86 not passive 104(6b) clause pattern 11(1) possession 85 hold on 232(2) short form 55(2b) hold on to 235(1) US 303(5) hold up232 (1b) weak form 55(1b) home without article 168(4)have got 85 homeless: the homeless 204(1b) US 303(5) homework: uncountable 144(4b)have got to 92(2) honest with to-infinitive 126(5) see also have to

PAGE 421 INDEXhope (noun) ideal: not with very 212(1a) Note a countable/uncountable 144(5e) identifying relative clause 272(3a, 5) hope for/of 237(2g) Note pronouns 273hope (verb) idioms continuous 63(4) hopefor233(2) adjective after noun 201 (2) Note c + noun clause 262(1c) the+ adjective 204(2b) passive pattern 109(1) without article 167(3, 7) + present/future 77(3) Note hope so/not 43(3) with as... as 221 (3a) Note a + to-infinitive 121(1) uses of be 84(5) verb + complement 9(1)hopeful: comparison 218(4b) do and make 89hopeless at 236(3) with get 107(2)horrible participle clause 139(7) phrasal verb 232 quite horrible 212(5c) with possessive 174(7) + to-infinitive 123(1) prepositional phrase 229 not with very 2l2(1a) Note a prepositional verb 233-235horrified prepositions in US 306(4) + noun clause 262(6a) if: see also conditional clause + to-infinitive 123(5) + adjective 199(5c)hospital with/without article 168(4), 304(4) if ever 211(l) Note chotel: pronunciation 159(2) Note a ifI were you 242(3)hourly 207(6) and in case 259(7)houses: pronunciation 296(4) in noun clause 33, 261(1), 262(3) Notehousework: uncountable 144(4b) ifonly 241 (2d)housing: uncountable 144(4b) +participle 139(3)hovercraft: plural 297 + present 77, 257(2, 3)how in reported question 269(1b) how about 28(2), 132(8a) if so/not 43 (3e) how come 28(3) Note and when 259(1) conjunction 253(2) if-clause 255 in exclamation 20(1) see also conditional clause and what... like 26(4) Note ill how long and since when 25(3) Note b comparison 218(2b) Note a how many/much 28(3), 177(1) position 200(2), 305(1) in question phrase 28(3) imagine question word 26(4), 27 action/state 62(3) how's 55(2b) + gerund 121(1)however + object + gerund 131(5) = but 246(2) + noun clause 262 (lb, lc) = no matter how 254(1) + past 241 (3) in emphatic question 26(6c) verb of reporting 265 (2)hundred 191(1), 304(7) imagine so 43(3) hundreds of 191(3) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c)hungry immediately comparison 218(4b) conjunction 250(5), 307(3) the hungry 204(1b) indirect speech 267(2)hurry: not reflexive 186(2d) impatienthurt + noun clause 262 (6a) with/without object 8(3) + to-infinitive 123(5) simple/continuous 62(6) imperative 19hyphen 56(5) with be 84 (3) Notehypotheses 298(5) in conditionals 257 (3b) leaving out 42(4)I 184(1) impersonal expressions leaving out 42(1), 45(4) it: see empty subject with short form 55 (2b) you, one, they 185 imply + noun clause 262(lc, 1d)i and y: spelling 294 import: stress 287(2)ice: countable/uncountable 144(5c) importantidea +subjunctive 242(1) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) + noun clause 262(7) impossibility: can't 97(2f) idea of+ gerund 132(7) with to-infinitive 126(4) idea what to do 125(2)

INDEX infinitive clause 117 infinitive relative clause 277impossible inflections: see endings quite impossible 212(5c) influence + to-infinitive 123(1), 123(2) Note not with very212(1a) Note a + object 233(4) influence on/over 237(2d), 262(5) Noteimpressed by/with 236(2) informimprove with/without object 8(3) with about/of 234(5a)in with about + gerund 132(3) + indirect object 265(3) and at, on 226(1), 227(1) performative 16(3) be in 232(4) verb of reporting 265(2) in a... fashion/manner/way 207(2) information 46 + gerund 132(8a) Note b and intonation 54(2a) place 225(1, 2c) passive 104(2) time 227(1, 3), 227(5b) Note c information: uncountable 144(4a) with transport 228(5b) ing-form 58in addition (to) 132(6, 8a), 244(2,3) adjective 203in/at the end 229(2b)incase 259(2) spelling 64(1) Note a with subject there 50(2h) in case of 259(4) Note c see also gerund, participle US 307(2) injured: the injured 204(1b) Note ain charge of 228(1) inner: position 200(1)in conclusion 216(2) inquirein consequence 247(2) + noun clause 262(5) Notein favour of 228(1) verb of reporting 265(2), 269(1) + gerund 132(8a) inquiry + noun clause 262(5) Notein front of 225(1), 226(7) insidein/on the way 229(2c) place 225(1)in order time 227(3) Note b in order that 252(2) insist in order to 252(1) + noun clause 262(1c)in other words 216(2) insist on 233(2)in pen 228 (5a) Note b insist on + gerund 132(2), 270(2e)in so far as 253(4) performative 16(3)in spite of 132(8a), 246(2) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2a, 2g),in that 253(4)in that case 259(4) Note b 270(2e)in time 229 (2a) + subjunctive 242(1)in view of 228(4), 251(3) insistence on + gerund 132(7)inclusive 306(3) instead of 228(1)incomplete sentences: see leaving out + gerund 132(8a) words negative meaning 17(3) Note aincrease institution without the 168, 304(4) names 171(8-10) increase in/of 237(2e) instruct with/without object 8(3) + object + to-infinitive 122(2a) stress 287(2) verb of reporting 265(2)incredible instructions quite incredible 212(5c) conjunction + participle 139(3) + to-infinitive 123(1) imperative 19(3) not with very 212(1a) Note a reported 125(2) Noteindeed 51 (2a) Note word left out 45(3) with very 212(1a) Note b insult: stress 287(2)indefinite article: see a/an insure... against 234(2)indefinite pronoun 189 intelligent with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5)indicate + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) intend 78(3)indirect object 10 + finite clause 122(2b) Note a in the passive 108 + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) before tell, inform etc 262(1d), 266 passive 104(6b), 109 before to-infinitive 122(2a) state verb 62(1)indirect question 33, 269 + object + to-infinitive 122(2b)indirect speech 263 intensifier: see adverb of degreeindoor: position 200(1) intention 78(3)inferior to 236(4) be going to 72(2), 74(2)infinitive - past 80(1) summary 115 and gerund after verb 121 see also to-infinitive, bare infinitive

PAGE 423 INDEXintention + to -infinitive 124(1a) replacing demonstrative 175 (4b) Note,interest 184(3b) Note d, 267(2) Note echo tag 35(2) do it/so/that 43(2) intonation 54(2c) empty object 50(5b), 122(2d) Note cinterest empty subject 50(5), 109(1,3), 118(1), interest in 237(1) Note a interest in + gerund 132(7) 131(1, 2), 262(4) verb and noun 287(1) leaving out 42(1)interested 203 and one 188(4) get interested 107(3) passive pattern 109(1,3) interested in 236(2) with short form 55(2b) interested in + gerund 132(4), and there 50(6) item of 144(4a) 132(5b) Note c its 174(3) interested in + noun clause 262(5) Note and it's 174(3) Note d + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5b) Note c it's 55(2b) Note ainteresting 203 itself 186 + to-infinitive 123(1)interfere with 233(2) jealous of 236(2)interrogative: see question jeans: pair noun 155(4)interrogative pronoun: see question word jewellery: uncountable 144(4b)interview + preposition 237(2i) job with a/an 161(2)into 225(1), 225(3b), 228(5b) Note job of + gerund 132(7) and in 225 (2c) jog: have a jog 87 (2)intonation 54(2) join with/without object 8(3) echo question/tag 35 journey and travel 87 (2) question without inversion 32 judge + object + to-infinitive 122 (2c) question with or 31(1) judgement: spelling 292(4) Note question tag 34(3) jury: group noun 156(4)intransitive verb 8 just not passive 104(6a)introductory it: see empty subject it just about to/going to 78(1a) Noteinversion just about+ superlative 212(3) overview 49(4) just as + adjective 221(8) phrasal verb 231 (6) just as (conjunction) 250(4d) question without inversion 32 degree 212(7a) after question word 25(1) = only 213(2a) Note b after should, were, had 258(3) time 65(5a), 210(1c), 303(6)inverted commas 56(4) justify with gerund 121(1), 131(5)invest ..in 234(2) keeninvitations comparison 218(4a) keen on 236(2) answering 29(3) keen on + gerund 132(4), 132(5b) Note c imperative 19(3), 19 (4b) with to-infinitive 123(5), 126(2), won't 71(6) 132(5b) Note cinvite invite back 232(2) keep verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2c) clause pattern 10(5), 11 invite... to 234(1) keep on 232(2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2a) keep (on) + gerund 121(1)involve with gerund 121(1), 131(5) keep up 232 (1b)involved keep up with 235(2) involved in 236(4) was kept waiting 110(2) position 201(2) kept you waiting 140(2)iron countable/uncountable noun 144(5c) key to 237(2f) iron out 232(2) kindirregular forms comparison 218(2b, 5), 219(2) kind to 236(3) noun plurals 295 with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5) verbs 299 kind of 53(1c), 144(3e)is 84(2), 151(1) what kind of 28(1), 144(3e) short form 55(2) what kind of and what... like weak form 55(1b)it 184(1, 3) 198(1) Note a overview 184(4) kingdom in names 171(1) + be for emphasis 51(3) knife, knives 296(2) replacing clause 44(4)

INDEX leave out 232(1b) passive patterns 108(3), 110(2)knock leaving out words knock at/on 233(2) summary 36 knockdown 232(2) before adjective 199(5) knock off 232(2) answering question 29 knock out 232(2) articles 42(3), 45, 167-9 subject of co-ordinate clause 239(1a)know after if 259(2) get to know 62(5) Note noun 44(1), 181 I know 43(3b) object 8 + noun clause 262(1c) one(s) 188(2) without object 8(2) preposition before wh-clause 262(5) Note passive 104(6b), 109 relative pronoun 273(5) verb of reporting 265(2) that 261(3), 264(2a) state verb 62(l,5) to before infinitive 116(6) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) leisure: uncountable 144(4b) know what to do 125(2) lend you know 53(1c) passive 108(3) see also want to know with to 10(5) length 196(2)knowledge less 220, 221(1,2) with a l44(4b) Note b a lot less 2l2(8i) knowledge of 237(2j) suffix 285 (5e) lest307(2)lack let + object 233 (4) let down 232(2) lack of 237 (2k) imperative form 19(6) not passive 104(6b) let in on 235(3) state verb 62(1) let me 19(6b) + object + infinitive 127(3a)land: uncountable 144 (4b) not in passive 110(1b) Notelast let's 19(6a) question tag 34(6) indirect speech 267(2) lie and be 84(4) and Iatest 2l8(5c) lie down 87(2), 186(2d) with the 160(4) and lay 11 (2) Note b, 300 in phrase of time 65(3a), 169(8), 227(2) linking verb 9(2) + to-infinitive 277 lying 294(2) Notelastly 207(4) Note c + participle 138(1)late there lies50(4) late for 236(1) position 200(3) lifelately 207(5) with present perfect 65(2) countable/uncountable 144(5d)later without preposition 227(2) plural 296(2)latest light: countable/uncountable 144(5c) and last 218(5c) lightning: uncountable 144(4b) the latest 204 (2b) like (conjunction) and as 253 (2)laugh: verb and noun 87(2), 287(1) like (preposition) 221(1) Notelaughter: uncountable 144(4b) and as 228(6)lay and lie 11 (2) Note b, 300 like (verb)lead clause pattern 11(1) clause pattern 11(2) + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) + object + to-infinitive 122 (2b) + object + gerund 131(5)leaf,leaves296(2) passive 104 (6b)learn state verb 62(l,4) forms 300, 301,303(11) + object + to-infinitive 122(2d) learn from 234(2) and would like39(2) Note, 99(3a) + noun clause 262(1c) likeable 292 (3) Note verb of reporting 265(2) likely 96 Note, 207(2) + to-infinitive 121(1) + to-infinitive 123(6) learn how to do it 125(2) link between/with 237(2c)learned (adjective) 301 linking adverbial 216l e a s t 220, 221 (2a) in front position 49(1b) not in the least 17(6b) linking verb 9leave and action verb 209 (1b) clause patterns 8(2), 10(5) US 303(1) leavefor 233(4) Note b leaveyou waiting 140(2) leave off+ gerund 121(1)

PAGE 425 INDEXlinking word: see conjunction, linking machinery: uncountable 144(4b) adverbial made of 236(4) magnificentliquid measure 196(4)listen quite magnificent 212(5c) not with very212(1a) Note a action 62(7) Note b mail (verb) 287(3) listen to233(2) main: position 200(1) listen to + object + participle 140(1) majority 178(2a) Note blitter: uncountable 144(4b) agreement 153(2), 156(4)little make (noun) 144(3e) negative word 17(4) make (verb) quantifier 177(2) clause patterns 9(1), 10(5), 11(1) = small 200(1) Note a and do 89 very little 212(8a) empty verb 87live + object + infinitive 127(3a) linking verb 9(2) make out 232(2) live on 233(2) passive pattern 110(1b) there lives 50(4) make up for 235(2) live up to 235(2) make up your mind 125(2)lively 207 (2) male noun 285 (3e) Notelives (plural noun) 296(2) man suffix 285 (3e) Note blivestock 156(6) nationality word 288(2d)living: the living 204(1b) man, men 296(1)'ll (short form) 71(1) man/woman + noun 145(1c)loads of 177(4A) manage + to-infinitive 121(1)loaf 144(3b) management: group noun 156(4) loaves296(2) manner 207(2), 209(2)location singular/plural 154(1b) adverbial of place 210 manner adverb: see adverb of manner preposition of place 255 many 177(1), 178(7a)lock up 232 (2) very many 212(8a)logic: certainty 95 market without the 168(4)lonely 207(2) marriedlong (adverb) 207(3), 210(4) get married 107(2)long (verb) with to-infinitive 121(1), 126(1) married to 236(4)long and short forms 55 marry + object 233(4)look marvellous action/state 62(3), 62(7) Note b quite marvellous 212(5c) looks as if 50(5c), 253(2) Note with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) lookforward to 235(1) not with very 212(1a) Note a lookforward to + gerund 132(6) masculine noun 285 (3e) Note have a look 87(2) mass noun: see uncountable noun linking verb 9(1), 303(1) masses of 177(4a) lookout 232(3) mathematics 154(2) look outfor 235(2) matter look out over 235(1) matter of + gerund 132(7) + preposition 233(1) state verb 62(1,5) look up 232(3) matter with 237(2k) look up to 235(2) mature: comparison 218(4b) verb and noun 287(1)lose get lost 107(2) with/without object 8(2) passive pattern 110(2) lose time + participle 140(3)lot of: see a lot oflots of 177(1)loud and loudly 207 (4)love + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) + object + gerund 131(5) passive 104 (6b) state verb 62(1), 62(4) + object + to-infinitive 122(2d) verb and noun 287(1)

INDEX PAGE 426may miss with gerund 121(1), 131 (5) with but 246(1) Note b mistake (noun) with to-infinitive 126(4) indirect speech 268(3c) mistake (verb) with for 234(2) permission 94 mix with/without object 8(3) possibility 91 mob: group noun 156(4) expressing wish 19(6c) Note modal verbmay have done 97(3) summary 90maybe 97(1a) Note b, 214(1) overview 102mayn't 97(1a) Note a + bare infinitive 127(1)me 184(1) in indirect speech 268(3c, 3d) passive 106, 114(2) weak form 55(1b) with performative verb 16(3)meal and eat 87 (2) modern: comparison 218(4b)meal without article 169(7) modifier 143(2c)mean (adjective) with to-infinitive 123(1, 5), adjective 198(1) adverb of degree 212 126(5) adverbial 206(3)mean (verb) noun 147 clause after a noun 272(2) + gerund/to-infinitive 121 (3f) phrase after a noun 148, 272(2) + object + gerund 131(5) of number 191(4) + noun clause 262(1c) of preposition 224(3) passive 104(6b), 109(2) molten 301 state verb 62(4) Note a moment: the moment (conjunction) 250(5) + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) money 196(1)means: by/with 228(5) money: uncountable 144(4b)means (noun) 154(3) month with/without article 169(3)measles 154(2) monthly 207(6), 211 (4)measure: action/state 62(3), 104(6b) months 296(3) Notemeasurements 196 mood: see subjunctive + adjective 199(1) Note b more + singular verb 152(3)media 298(2) + adjective 218, 221(1) with the 160(5) + adverb 219(3)melt: with/without object 8(3) a lot more 180(2c), 212(8f)men 296(1) quantifier 220mention more so 43(5a) + gerund 121(1) some more 180(2) + object + gerund 131(5) moreover 244(2) + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) most verb of reporting 265(2) + adjective 218mere: position 200(1) + adverb 219(3)method of 237 (2f) in phrase of frequency 211 (3)mice 296(1) and mostly 207 (5)mid position 208(4) quantifier 178(2), 220midday without article 169(6) mouse, mice 296(1)middle-aged: the middle-aged 204(1b) mouths 296(3)midnight without article 169(6) move: with/without object 8(3)might movement: prepositions 225(2) Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms 170(1) in conditionals 257 (3b, 4d, 6b) much indirect speech 268 (3c) + comparative 212(2), 221(8) permission 94(2) Note + gerund 133(1), 138(2c) possibility 97might as well 97(1e) much more 212(8f)might have done 97(3), 257 (6b) not so much ... as 218(2a) Note dmileage: spelling 293(2) Note quantifier 177(1), 178(7a), 212(8a)military: group noun 156(4) much too 212(1a) Note i, 212(8) Notemillion 191(1) very much 212(7d), 212(8a) mumps 154(2) millions of 191(3) murmur: verb of reporting 265(2)mind must certainty 95 + gerund 121(l)Note d must do and must be doing 95(4) + object + gerund 131(5) indirect speech 268(3d), 270(1c) + noun clause 262(1c) necessity 92(1)mine 174(3)minority 156(4), 178(2a) Note b weak form 55(1b)minute: time of day 195(1) the minute (conjunction) 250(5)misrelated participle 136(2) Note

PAGE 427 INDEXmustn't 92(4) neglect+ to-infinitive 121(1) indirect speech 268 (3d) neither and needn't 92(4b) US 303(10) in short addition 43(1c) agreement 153(5)mutter: verb of reporting 265(2) negative word 17(4)my 174(3) neither... nor 245(2)myself 186 quantifier 178(4)mysterious: the mysterious 204(2a) nervous of 132(4), 236(2) never 211(l,2)name: clause pattern 11(1) and ever 211(l) Note cnames negative word 17(4) with past 303 (6) agreement 152(3), 156(5) nevertheless 246(2) subject of gerund 130(2) new: the new 204(2a) months, days without article 169 news of people 56(6c), 170 + noun clause 262(7) of places and the 171 with singular verb 154(2)narrow uncountable 144(4a) comparison 218(4b) newspaper headlines: see headlines verb 287(4) newspaper with the 160(5)nationality word 288 next with a/an 161 (2) indirect speech 267(2)natural + to-infinitive 123(1) and nearest 218(5d)navy: group noun 156(4) with past 65(3a)near 225(1), 226(6) with the 160(4)nearly 212 (7a) in phrase of time 169(2), 227(2) nearlyall/every212(8d) next to 225(1), 226(6d) and near 207 (5) + to-infinitive 277nearest and next 218(5d) nicenecessary nice and + adjective 202(3a) Note as/than necessary 199(5b) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2, 5) + subjunctive 242(1) night with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) with/without article 169(6)necessity 92 with at/in 227(1c) Note in indirect speech 268(3d) noneed 92(3b) answering negative question 30(3) need for 237(2g) + comparative 212(2, 8f) + gerund 113(1) + gerund 133(1) passive 104(6b) negative word 17(4), 179(2) + object + passive participle 140(5) and none 181(2) state verb 62(1) and not 17(2c) + to-infinitive 121(3h), 124(1a) quantifier 179(2) US 303(9) as question tag 34(1) Note f verb and noun 287(1) refusing permission 94(1b) Note, 133(1)needn't 92 (3) + singular noun 145(2c) Note in indirect speech 268(3d) no good + gerund 131 (2a) and mustn't 92(4) no longer 210(3a)needn't have done 93(3c) no matter 245(2)negative 17 no one 189(1a) in passive 105(2) negative word 17(4) with truth adverb 214(1) no sooner... than 250(5) see also not no way 17(6c)negative gerund 129(4) nobody: see no onenegative imperative 19(1) noise: countable/uncountable 144(5d)negative infinitive 116(5) nominal: see nounnegative participle 135(6) nominalization 149negative prefix 284(2) non-count noun: see uncountable noun and comparison 218(4b) Note non-defining relative clause: see non- after not 17(3) Note b with participle 137(2) Note identifyingnegative question 30 non-finite clause 239(3b), 240(3), 249(4) as exclamation 20(3) non-finite verb 59negative statement 17 non-gradable adjectivenegative word 17(4) adverbial in front position 17(6c) with quite 212(5c) + any 179(1c) not with very 212(1a) Note a

INDEX PAGE 428non-identifying relative clause 272(4a, 5), nowhere 189 (1c) 274 negative word 17(4)non-restrictive relative clause: see non- n't: see negative identifying short form 55(2)none 178(2b, 2d) nuisance agreement 153(5) + gerund 131 (2a) negative word 17(4) with to-infinitive 126(4), 131(2a) Note and neither 178(4b) and no 181(2) number (singular and plural) agreement 150noon without article 169(6) Note plural of nouns 145noplace 305(3)nor number of 177(4a) agreement 153(2) in short addition 43(1c) negative word 17(4) number of times 194 neither... nor 245(2) frequency 211(3)normal with present perfect 65(5b) comparison 218(4b) + to-infinitive 123(1) numbers 190normally211(1, 2) in compound 283(5)not 17 after some 179(5d) not only... but also 152(4), 244(4) short form 55 (2b) numerous 177 (4a) not unless 259(6a) Note not very 212(1a) Note c obey + object 233(4) weak form 55(1b) object 5, 8 see also negativenote down 232(2) and adverbial 208(5b)nothing 189(1b) direct and indirect 10 negative word 17(4) in front position 49(2)notice of phrasal verb 231(3) notice you do/doing 140(1) without preposition 233(4) + noun clause 262(1c) object with/without object 8(2) + noun clause 262(1c) passive pattern 109(1) passive pattern 109(1)notify: verb of reporting 265(2, 3) performative 16(3)nought 191(5) Note object to 233(2)noun object to + gerund 132(2, 6) summary 141 verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2e, 2g) + adjective 201 object complement 11(1) without article 162(1), 164, 165, 167 object pronoun 184(1) compound 283 of phrasal/prepositionalverb 231(4) object relative pronoun 273(3) + ed 137(4) objection to 237(1) Note a + indirect speech 265(5) + gerund 132(7) + ly 207(6) obligation 93 + noun 147, 283(1) oblige + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) from other words 285(2,3) obliged to 92(1a) Note c from phrasal verb 231 (7) observe + phrase 148, 149(3), 165 observe you do/doing 140(1) with plural form 154 + noun clause 262(lc, 1d) + preposition 237 passive patterns 109 + preposition + gerund 132(7) verb of reporting 265(2) + relative clause 271 obvious + that-clause 262(7) obvious to 236(4) + to-infinitive 124 obvious what to do 125(2)noun clause 260 occasionally 211(1, 2) punctuation 56(3b) occurnoun phrase 143 there occurred 50(4) as adverbial 206(1) occur to 233(4) equivalent to clause 149 o'clock 195(1) Note a after noun 148(2) odd+ to-infinitive 123(1)noun plural: see plural noun odds 154(1a)now 44 (5) of 228(3) indirect speech 267(2) ofall 221(7) now (that) 251(1) in compound preposition 225(1) Note a and this 175(4a) after gerund 133(2) of my own 174(6b) nice of you 126(5) in nominalization 149

PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 165(2), 170(1) Note b one ...the other 186(4c) Note after number 191(3) Note, 193(1b) pronoun 178(1e), 185(2), 188 in place name 171 and someone 189(1a) Note c after place/month 148(2) Note US 304(6) and possessive form 146(3,4), 149 one another 186(4) + possessive pronoun 174(5) one of 153(1), 163(2), 178(1c, 1e) after quantifier 178(1c, 1d), 181(3) with superlative 221(7) Note b of-pattern for quantity 144(3), 147(6) one of whom/which 274(4) verb + about/of 233(3b), 234(5) owes 188 weak form 55(1b) one's 185(2b) of whom/which 274(4), 275(2) Note oneself 185(2b)off 225(1), 228(5b) Note only 213(2) in phrasal verb 232(2), 232(4) only a few 177(2a) Note boffer with an/the 160(4) passive 108(3) and inversion 17 (6c) + to-infinitive 121(1), 124(1a) with a number 191(4) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2b) ifonly 241 (2d) with to 10(5) position of adjective 200(1)offers with to-infinitive 277 answering 29(3a) onto 225(1, 2c) can 97(2b) open with/without object 8(3) conditional 256(2) open condition 256(1), 257(2,3) imperative 19(3), 19(4b) past 257(5) intonation 54 (2b) opinion question 22(2) asking for 34(1) Note e shall 71(7) present simple 64 (2b) with some 179 (1d) opinion of 237(2h) will 16(2), 71(6) opportunityoften 211(1,2) opportunity of 237 (2b)oil (verb) 287(3) + to-infinitive 124(1b)old opposed to 236(4) position 202(1a) Note b + gerund 132(6) the old 204(lb, 2a) opposite 225(1)omission: see leaving out words and in front of 226(7c)omit + to-infinitive 121(1) opposition: group noun 156(4)on or = about 228(1), 237(2i) in conditional 259 (6c) and at, in 226(1), 227(1) linking word 13, 152(2), 245 + gerund 132(8a) Note b with pronoun 184(1c) have... on 85(1) Note c in question 31 and onto 225(2c) or rather216(2) in phrasal verb 232(2), 232(4) orchestra: group noun 156(4) place 225(1), 228(5b) Note order time 227 (1b, 1c) with for 10 (5) with transport 228(5b) + noun clause 262(1c)on account of 132(8a), 251(3) performative 16(3)on behalf of 228(1) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(1a)on board 228 (5b) Note + object + to-infinitive 122(2a)on condition that 259(4) Note a order of words: see word orderon the contrary 246(5) Note orderson the other hand 246(2) be to 76(2)on the phone 228 (5c) Note imperative 19(2)on the point of 78(1b), 80(3) must 95(4)on/in the way 229 (2c) reported 270(1)on top of 225(1), 226(3)once 194(1) ordinal number 192 after cardinal number 143(3h) conjunction 139(3), 250(1), 250(3) in date 195(2a) frequency 211(3) in fraction 193(1a) with present perfect 65(5b) + to-infinitive 277one and a/an 163 ordinary: the ordinary 204(2a) and body in compounds 189(1a) ordinary verb 60(2) one day 163(3) one/a hundred 191(1) Note b be, have, do 83 after (an)other 181(1) Note c other 180(3), 181(1) Note c other than 189(4) Note b the other day 65 (3a)

INDEX PAGE 430otherwise 216(1), 259(6b) Note part with 233 (2)ought to participate in 233(2) participle indirect speech 268(3c) obligation 93(1) summary 134 probability 96 as adjective 203our, ours 174(3) before noun 137ourselves 186 pattern with there 50(3)out see also active participle, passive in phrasal verb 232(2), 232(4) prefix 284(1) participleout of 225(1), 228(5b) Note participle clause 134, 136 motive 251(3) Note b participle relative clause 276 US 306(1) particle: see phrasal verboutdoor: position 200(1) particulars 154(1a)outer: position 200(1) partitive of 144(3), 147(6)outside 225(1) parts of speech 3outskirts 154(1a) party: group noun 156(4)over pass and above 226(2) = more than 191(4) clause patterns 8(2), 10(5) in phrasal verb 232(2), 232(4) pass out 232(2) place 225(1) passive pattern 108(3) prefix 284(1) passive 103 time 227(4d) overview of forms 114overviews passive gerund 112, 114(3), 132(8a) Note c a/an, some and the 166 passive infinitive 112, 114(3) active and passive verb forms 114 in relative clause 277 Note a basic uses of articles 160(7) passive participle 105(1), 135(1,3) comparison of adjectives 218(4d) action/state 105(4) emphasis 51(5) with adverb of degree 212(7b) future 81 after get 107 imperative forms 19(7) irregular 300 inversion 49(4) before noun 137 uses of it 184(4) formed from phrasal verb 231(7) modal verbs 102 in relative clause 276(2) nationality words 288(3) past structure of noun phrase 143(2d) clock time 195(1) one and ones 188(5) place 225(1) pronouns and Possessives 187 past continuous 66 uses of so 43 (6) in conditionals 257 (4d) verb tenses and aspects 69 passive 105(1c) who, whom, which and that 273(6) past form 58owe irregular 300 passive 108(3) of modal verb 91(3) state verb 62(1) pronunciation 291(2) with to 10(5) spelling 65(1) Note aown past participle 135(1, 3) my own 174(6) irregular 300, 301 passive 104 (6b) before noun 137(3) state verb 62(1, 5) in present perfect 65(1) own up to 235 (2) pronunciation 291 (2)ox, oxen 298(1) spelling 65(1) Note a past perfect 68pack up 232 (2) in conditionals 257(6)pains 154(1b) and had it done 111 (2) Note apaint: clause patterns 8(2), 11(1) in indirect speech 268(3b)painting: countable/uncountable 144(5d) inversion 258(3)pair noun 155 passive 105(1b)pants: pair noun 155(4) and past perfect continuous 68(5a)paper and past simple 68(3) unreal past 241 (3a) countable/uncountable 144(5c) after wish2il(2c) the paper 160(5) past perfect continuous 68parcel (verb) 287(3) and past continuous 68(5b)part 178(6) and past perfect 68(5a) past progressive: see past continuous

PAGE 431 INDEXpast simple 65 phone (noun) after preposition 228(5c) in conditionals 257(4, 5) phone (verb) irregular 300 passive 105(1a) phone back 232(2) and past continuous 66(2) + object 233(3c) Note and past perfect 68(3) phonetic symbols: page ix and present perfect 65(4) phrasal-prepositional verb 235 unreal present 241 (3a) passive 105(3) US 303(6) phrasal verb 230 passive 105(3), 231(5)past subjunctive 242(3) and prepositional verb 231 (4)past tense phrase 4 after adjective 201(1) in indirect speech 268 after noun 148, 149(3), 165 sequence of tenses 241 after pronoun 184(1e) Note d past simple 65 as subject 152(6)paths 296(3) phrase of time 210(1)pay: uncountable noun 144 (4b) and articles 169pay (verb) physics 154(2) and payfor 233(1) Note b pick payfor + gerund 132(2, 5a) with for 10(5) passive pattern 108(3) pick out 232(2) with to 10(5) piece of 144(3b, 4a) + to-infinitive 132(5a) pincers 155(4)peaceful: comparison 218(4b) pity (noun)pennies and pence 296(5)people 296(1) Note b countable 144(5e) pity for 231(1) with plural verb 156(6) pity: state verb 62(1) and they 185(4) place: preposition 225per 172(1) Note place adverbial 210 per cent 193(3) see also adverbial of placeperception: see verb of perception place names and the 171perfect 61(3) plan with to-infinitive 78(3), 121(1), 124(1a), with modal verb 91(4), 95(3), 97(1c), 97(3), 126(4) 106(2) play with/without object 8(2) passive 105(1b), 106(2), 114(1) pleasant see also present perfect etcperfect comparison 218(4b) position 200(3) + to-infinitive 123(1) quite perfect 212(5c) pleased + to-infinitive 123(1) + noun clause 262 (6a) not with very 2l2(1a) Note a position 200(2)perfect gerund 129 + preposition 236(2) Note a passive 112 + preposition + gerund 132(4),perfect infinitive 116(1) passive 112 132(5b) Note dperfect participle 135(1, 5) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5b) Note d in clause of time 139(1d) pleasing: comparison 218(4b)performative verb 16(3) pleasureperiod (full stop) 56(1) countable 144(5e)permission 22(2), 94 pleasure in 237(1)permission: uncountable 144(4b) + preposition + gerund 132(7)permit plenty 180(1) pliers 155(4) + gerund 121(1) Note f plural name 171(1) stress 287(2) plural noun + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) after fraction 193(1c)person: suffix 285(3e) Note b generalization 162(1)personal pronoun 184 irregular 295 before gerund 130(2) pronunciation, spelling 290 + relative clause 272(2) Note regular 145 and relative pronoun 272(7) with/without the 165persons 296(1) Note b plural or singular verb 150persuade plus: conjunction 244(2) Note verb of reporting 265(3) pm (time) 195(1) Note a, c + object + to-infinitive 122(2a) pocket (verb) 287(3)phenomena 298(2)

INDEX PAGE 432point prefer point... at 234(2) clause pattern 11(1) point at/to 233 (2) with gerund 121(1), 131(5), 132(6) + preposition + gerund 132(7} + noun clause 262(1c) point out 232(2), 262(1c, 1d), 265(2) state verb 62(1, 5) prefer... to 132(6), 234(2)police with to-infinitive 121(2), 122(2d) with plural verb 156(6) the police 160(5) preferable + subjunctive 242(1)polite preferable to 221 (1) Note comparison 218(4b) polite to 236(3) preference: see prefer, would prefer, with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5) would ratherpolitics 154(2) preferencefor 237 (2g)pollution: uncountable 144(4b) prefix 284poor hyphen 56(5d) position 200(3) premises 154 (1a) the poor 204(1b) preparations + to-infinitive 124 (1a)population: group noun 156(4) preparepopular with 236(4)position of adjectives 200-2 preparefor 126(1), 233(2)position of adverbials 208 with to-infinitive 121(1), 126(1)possess: state verb 62(1, 5) preparedpossessive form of noun 146 preparedfor 236(4) + to-infinitive 123(5) as determiner 143(3d), 165(2) Note preposition before gerund 130(2) summary 223 pronunciation 290(4) after adjective/noun/verb 230 expressing time and place 146(5) + gerund 132Possessives 174 after infinitive 117(2) each/one another's 186(4) modified 224(3) else's 189(4) Note a in passive 105(3), 234(1) one's 185(2b) + personal or reflexive pronoun 186(2b) someone's etc 189(3) in question 25(3), 26(3)possibility 97 + question word + to-infinitive 125(2) if-clause 257(4c) in relative clause 273(4), 274(3)possibility 97(1a) Note b + wh-clause 262(5) possibility of 132(7), 237(2b) + whose 275(3)possible 97(1a) Note b prepositional adverb (particle): see phrasal as possible 199(5b) position 201(2) Note b verb + to-infinitive 123(1), 123(2) Note prepositional phrase 224(2)post (noun): the post 160(5)post (verb) with to 10(5) after adjective 201 (2)postpone + gerund 121(1) idiomatic 229potatoes 290(2) manner 209(2)poultry 156(6) after noun 148(2)pound 196(1), 297 Note a as subject 208(3) Notepour with/without object 8(3) truth adverbial 214(2)practise prepositional verb 231(2), 233 + gerund 132(2) + gerund 121(1) passive 105(3), 231(5) with/without object 8(2) and phrasal verb 231(4) and practice 308(5) present (adjective)praise... for 234 (2) present at 236 (4)pray: verb of reporting 265(2) position 200(3), 201(2)predicative adjective 199(2, 4), 200(2) present (verb) with preposition 234(3) present continuous 64 comparison 218(3) in conditionals 257(2b) Note, 257(3b, 3c) order 202(3) future meaning 73(1), 74predict passive 105(1c) + noun clause 262(1c) performative verbs 16(3) Note c performative 16(3) present perfect 65 verb of reporting 265(2) in conditionals 257(3b)prediction passive 105(1b) be going to 72(1), 74(1) and past simple 65(4) could 97(2d) and present perfect continuous 67(2) I predict 16(3) US 303(6) may/might 97(1a), 97(2d) , 74(1), 95(1)

PAGE 433 INDEXpresent perfect continuous 67 possessive 174present progressive: see present continuous patterns with quantifiers 178(1d, 1g)present simple 64 quantifier as pronoun 181 + relative clause 272(2) Note, 273(5) Note agreement 151(2) pronunciation of endings 289 in conditions 257(2, 3) proof: uncountable 144(4b) future meaning 73(1), 77 prop word one 188 passive 105(1a) proper noun: see name performative verbs 16(3) property: countable/uncountable 144(5c) in sub clause 77 proposal + to-infinitive 124(1a)present tense narrative 64(2e) proposepress group noun 156(4) + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) the press 160(5) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)presume + passive clause 112(2c) Note + noun clause 262 (1c) passive patterns 109(1,3) passive patterns 109 performative 16(3) presume so/not43(3) verb of reporting 265(2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) + subjunctive 242(1)pretend prospect of + gerund 132(7) + noun clause 262(1c) protest + to-infinitive 121(1) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)pretty performative 16(3) adverb 212(1a) + preposition 306(4) comparison 218 (4b) stress 287(2)prevent proud prevent.. .from 132(3), 234(2) + noun clause 262 (6a) with gerund 131(5), 132(3), 234(2) proud of 236(2) negative meaning 17(4) Note a + to-infinitive 123(5)previous 169(8), 227(2b) prove indirect speech 267(2) clause patterns 9(1), 11(1)price of 237(l) it proved 50 (5c)principal: position 200(1) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)prison without the 168 passive patterns 109privileged: theprivileged204(1b) there proved 50(4)pro-form (replacing words) 36 + to-infinitive 120(2)probability: should, ought to 96 proven 301probably 214(1) provide. ..for/with 234(3) provided/providing 259(4) with will 74(1) public: group noun 156(4)problem publicly 292(5) Note pull with gerund 131 (2b, 2c), 132(7) problem in/of 132(7) clause pattern 11(1)produce: stress 287(2) pull down 232(2)progress pull off 232(2) uncountable noun 144(4b) pull up 232(3) stress 287(2) pump up 232(2)progressive: see continuous punctuation 56prohibition 94(1b) punish...for + gerund 132(3), 234(2)promise purpose 252 + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) with for 126(6), 252(3) passive pattern 108(3), 109(1) noun + noun 147(6) performative 16(3) possessive form 146(4a) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2b, 2g, 2h) with to-infinitive 119(1) with to 10(5) purpose in/of + gerund 132(7) + to-infinitive 121(1), 124(1a) push: clause pattern 11(1) verb and noun 287(1) putpromises clause pattern 11(2) I promise 16(3) put off 121(1), 232(lb, 2) put on 232(2) shall 71(8) putout232(2) will71(6) put up 232(3)pronoun put up with 132(2), 235(2) summary 183 puzzled/ing 203 after as/than 221(5) pyjamas 155(4) demonstrative 175 after give 10(4)

INDEX readqualifier (phrase/clause after noun) 148, clause patterns 8(2), 10(5) 272(2) read out 232(2) read over232(2)quantifier verb of reporting 265(2) summary 176 ready overview 182 and due 113 (2b) Note comparison 220 readyfor 126(2), 236(4) after determiner 143(3c) readyfor + gerund 132(4, 5a) modified 212(8) with to-infinitive 123(5), 126(2), 132(5a) patterns 178(1) real + relative clause 273(5) Note adverb 212(1 a) Note d comparison 218(4a)quarter 193(1), 195(1) position 200(3)question 21 really 212(1a, 7a) emphatic 51 (2a) Note intonation 54(2b) repeated 51(1b) Note passive 105(2) reason 251 reporting 269 participle clause 139(4) short question 38(3) reasonquestion about/of + gerund 132(7) reason for 237(2f)question mark 56(1) reason for + gerund 132(7)question phrase 28 reason that/why 279question tag 34 reassure: verb of reporting 265(2, 3) after imperative 19(4) rebel: stress 287(2) after short answer 29(2f) recent: comparison 218(4b) US 303(4) recently with present perfect/past 65(5a)question word reciprocal pronoun 186(4) overview 27 recognize + noun clause 262(1c) details 25, 26 recommend modified 26(6) with preposition 25(3) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) as subject/object 25(1, 2), 269(2) Note a passive pattern 109(1) + to-infinitive 125 performative 16(3) see also wh-clause verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2c)quick + subjunctive 242(1) and quickly 207(4) with to-infinitive 121(1) Note f, 122(2a) + to-infinitive 123(5) Note c recordquit + gerund 121(1) verb of reporting 265(2)quite stress 287(2) with a/an 212(4) reduced clause: see abbreviated clause meanings 212(5c) reduction in/of 237(2e) + quantifier 212(8b, 8c) refer to 233(2) and rather 212(5b) reflexive pronoun 186(1, 2) stress 212(5a) refrain from 233(2) with verb 212(7a) refund: stress 287(2)quotation marks 56(4) refusalradio 160(5) Note won't 71(5), 257(3d)rain: uncountable noun 144(4b) wouldn't 80(2)raise and rise 8(3) Note refusal + to-infinitive 124(1a)rare + to-infinitive 123(1) refuserarely211(l,2) passive pattern 108(3) performative 16(3) negative word 17(4) verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2b)rather + to-infinitive 121(1) regard with a/an 212(4) Note a regard ...as 122(2c) Note c, 234(1) + comparative 212(2) regardfor 237(2h) or rather 216(2) regret: ifonly 241 (2d) + quantifier 212(8b) regret and quite 212(5b) + gerund/to-infinitive 121 (3b) + too 212(1a) Note i, 212(8) Note + noun clause 262(1) with verb 212(7a) passive pattern 109(1)rather than regular and irregular verbs 299 + adjective 218(2a) Note d related to 236(4) + infinitive 127(2) negative meaning 17(3) Note areach + object 233(4)reaction to 237(2h)

PAGE 435 INDEXrelationship between/with 237(2c) + subjunctive 242(1)relative adverb 51(4b) Note e, 279 + object + to-infinitive 122(2a)relative clause requests can 22(2), 97(2b) summary 271 conditional 256(2) after superlative 221 (7) could 97 (2b) pattern with there 50(3) I request 16(3)relax: not reflexive 186(2d) intonation 54 (2b)relaxed/ing 203 might 97(1d)relief: countable 144(5e) reported 270(1)reluctance + to-infinitive 124(1a) with some 179(1d)reluctant with to-infinitive 123(5), 126(2) will 71(6), 99(2), 257(3d)rely on 233(2) would 99 (2), 257 (4e) require + gerund 132(2), 233(2) + gerund 113(1)remain + that-clause 122 (2b) Note a + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) linking verb 9(1) required to 92(1a) Note c there remains 50(4) research (noun)remains (noun) 154(1a) research into 237(2j), 262(5) Noteremark uncountable 144(4b) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) research (verb): research into 233(2) verb of reporting 265 (2) resembleremember + object 233(4) remember ...as 234(2) not passive 104(6b) + object + gerund 131(5) state verb 62(1) + gerund/to-infinitive 121 (3a) resent with gerund 121(1), 131(5) + noun clause 262(1c) reserve with for 10(5) + object 233(4) resigned to + gerund 132(6) not reflexive 186(2d) resist with gerund 121(1), 131(5) remember what to do 125(2) resort to 233(2)remind + gerund 132(2, 6) remind... about/of 234(5a) Note b respect for 237 (2h) remind ...of + gerund 132(3), response question (echo tag) 35(2) responsible 132(5b)Note b responsiblefor 132(4), 236(4) verb of reporting 265(2, 3), 270(2c, 2h) position 201(2) + object + to-infinitive 122(2a), rest and have a rest 87(2) 132(5b)Note b not reflexive 186(2d)reminders: imperative 19(3, 4b) verb and noun 287(1)repeat: verb of reporting 265(2) restrictive relative clause: see identifyingrepeating words result 247 participle 139(5) for emphasis 37(2), 51 (1b) Note to-infinitive 119(2) in speech 53(1a) resultreplace... with 234(2) resultfrom/in 233(2) Note freplacing words 36 there resulted 50(4)reply resume + gerund 121(1) + noun clause 262(1c) reveal verb of reporting 265(2) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)reply question (echo tag) 35(2) passive patterns 109report + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) report about/on 233(3a) Note b, 237(2i), revise for 233 (2) rhetorical question 22(3) 262(5) Note rice: uncountable 144(4b) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) rich: the rich 204(1b) passive patterns 109 riches 154(1a) verb of reporting 265(2) ride: verb and noun 87(2), 287(1) + object + to-infinitive 122 (2c) ridiculous: quite ridiculous 212(5c)reported speech 263 rightreporting orders 270 + comparison 218(4a)reporting questions 269 + preposition 212(6)republican names 171(1) quite right 212(5c)request (noun) and rightly 207 (4) Note b requestfor 237 (2g) + to-infinitive 123(5) + to-infinitive 124(1a)request (verb) + noun clause 262(1c) passive pattern 109(1) performative 16(3) + object 233(4) verb of reporting 265(2)

INDEX PAGE 436ring say so/not 43(3b, 3c) ring back 232(2) + that 264 (2a) with/without object 8(3), 233(3c) Note + to-infinitive 270(1a) Note c ring off 232(2) scales 155(4) ring true 9(1) scarcely 212(7a) ring up 232(1a) Note negative word 17(4) scared of 236(2)rise scarfs/scarves 296(2) Note rise in/of 237(2e) scenery: uncountable 144(4b) and raise 8(3) Note scheme schemefor 237 (2f)risk with gerund 121(1), 131(5) + to-infinitive 124(1b)rob and steal 234(3) schoolroofs 296(2) Note group noun 156(4)roll with/without object 8(3) without the 168room for 237(l) scissors 155(4)round225(1) Scot, Scottish 288(2d) Note b scream: verb of reporting 265(2) US 306(1) sea without the 168(4)rub out 232(2) searchrubbish: uncountable 144(4b) and search for 233(4) Note crude with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(5) verb and noun 287(1)run seaside with the 160(5), 168(4) season with/without article 169(2) + complement 9(1) seat and sit 87 (2) and have a run 87(2) see run into 233(2) see about 233(2) with/without object 8(1) action/state 62(7) Note a run out 232 (2) and can see 62(7) run out of 235(2) see you do/doing it 140(1) run over 232(3) + noun clause 262(1) + participle 138(1) without object 8(2) verb and noun 287(1) see off 232(2) passive patterns 109, 110's (possessive) 146 see to 233(2) see also possessive form of noun seeing (that) 251(1) seek's (short form) 55 (2b) Note a + object 233(4)s-form 58 + to-infinitive 121(1) seem agreement 151(2) seem as if 50 (5c) pronunciation 290(3) it seems + clause 50(5c) spelling 64(1) Note b linking verb 9(1)s-plural: see plural noun not passive 104(6b)sad+ to-infinitive 123(5) it seems so/not 43(3b-3d)safe state verb 62(1, 5) comparison 218(4a) there seems 50(4) Note safe from 236(2) + to-infinitive 120(2) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2) + to-infinitive or complement 9(1) Note a,safes 296(2) Notesail with/without object 8(3) 303(1)saleable 292 (3) Note seldom 211(1,2)salmon: plural 297same negative word 17(4) the same as 221(1), 236(4) self, selves 186 the same replacing words 43 (5b) sell with the 160(4), 200(1) Note, 221(1) Note in the same way 216(2) sell off 232(2)satisfaction with + gerund 132(7) passive 108(3)satisfied with to 10(5) + to-infinitive 132(5a) semi-colon 56 (2a) satisfied with 236(2) send satisfied with+ gerund 132(4, 5a) send away/offfor 235 (2)save clause patterns 10, 11(1) with for 10(5) sendfor 233(2) save... from 234 (2) passive 108(3) with gerund 121(1), 131(5) senses: see verb of perceptionsavings 154(1b) sensible with to-infinitive 123(1, 5), 126(5)say passive patterns 109 verb of reporting 266

PAGE 437 INDEXsentence 2(3) showsentence adverb 214-216 + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)sentence relative 278 passive patterns 108(3), 109sentence types 15 with to 10(5)separate with/without object 8(3) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c)sequence of tenses 241 show you what to do 125(2)series 154(3)serious about 236(4) shower and have a shower 87(2)set shrunken 301 shut with/without object 8(3) set off 232(2) shyly 294(1) Note b set up 232(1b) sickset to 78(1b) Noteseveral 177(4b), 182 position 305(1) Note several times 211(3) Note the sick 204(1b)sex: see gender side of 147(5f) Note bshake with/without object 8(3) sightseeing: uncountable 144(4b)shall silly future 71 comparison 218(4b) indirect speech 268(3c) Note b with to-infinitive 123(1, 5), 126(2, 5) in tag 34(6) similar to 221(1) Note, 236(4) US 303(8) simple: comparison 218(4b) weak form 55(1b) simple gerund 129shame: countable 144(5e) simple infinitive 116(1)shan't 71(2) Note simple passive participle 135(4)share simple past: see past simple simple present: see present simple share out 232(2) simple sentence 7 share... with 234(2) sinceshave get shaved 107(2) conjunction of reason 251(1) not reflexive 186(2e) conjunction of time 250(1)she 184(1, 3) and/or227(5) with short form 55 (2b) + gerund 132(8a) weak form 55(1b) with present perfect/past 65(5d)sheep: plural 297 since when 25(3) Note bsheer: position 200(1) sincere: comparison 218(4b)sheet of 144(3b) sing with/without object 8(2)shelf,shelves296(2) single: every single 178(5b) Note bshine with/without object 8(3) singular and plural: agreement 150shingles 154(2) singular nounship (verb) 287(3) without article 167shocked at/by 236(2) in compound 147(4), 155(2) Note, 283(3),shopping 304(2) do the/go shopping 138(2) in generalization 162(2, 3) uncountable 144(4b) ending in s 154(3)short additions 43(1) sitshort answers 29(2, 4) + adverbial 9(2) with so 43(4) sit down 186(2d)short form 55 and have a seat 87(2)short of 236(4) + participle 138(1)short question 38(3) there sits 50 (4)shorts 155(4) skill at 237(2j)should sleep: verb and noun 87(2, 4), 287(1) slice of 144(3b) in condition 258(1), 258(3) slide with/without object 8(3) after in case 259(7) slightly 212(1a) Note f, 212(7c) indirect speech 268 (3c) + comparative 212(2) obligation 93(1) slow probability 96 and slowly 207(4) instead of subjunctive 242(2) + to-infinitive 123(5) Note c US 303(8) slow down 232(2) weak form 55(1b) slyly 294(1) Note b I would/should 99(4) smash with/without object 8(3)shout smell shout at/to 233(3c) Note c action/state 62(3) shout out 232(2) and can smell 62(7) verb of reporting 265(2) linking verb 9(1) + object + participle 140(1)

INDEX PAGE 438smile species 154(3) and give a smile 87(2) spectacles 155(4) verb of reporting 265(2) sped/speeded 300 Note m verb and noun 287(1) spelling in US 308 spelling of endings 289smooth (verb) 287(4) spendsnap: verb of reporting 265(2)so passive pattern 110(2) spend... on 234(1) overview 43(6) spend time doing 140(3) + adjective 212(4), 221(3) split infinitive 117(1) Note so as to 252(1) split... into 234(2) so far/long 210(4b) spoken English 53 so far with present perfect 65(2) sport: countable/uncountable 144(5d) so long as 259(4) spread with/without object 8(3) so many/much 177(1b), 212(8a) staff: group noun 156(4) and such 212(4) stand so that 252(2) + adverbial 9(2) so... that 247(3) and be 84(4)society: group noun 156(4) can't stand 121(1) Note asoften with/without object 8(3) stand for 233(2)sole: position 200(1) with/without object 8(3)solution to 237(2f) stand out 232(2)some 179 + participle 138(1) agreement 153(3) there stands 50(4) and articles 164, 166 stand up 186(2d) in compound 179(1f) stand up for/to 235(2) in phrase of frequency 211(3) start + gerund 133(1), 138(2c) get started 107(2) some more 180(2) + gerund/to-infinitive 121(2) and one, it, they 188(4) with/without object 8(2, 3) some people and someone 189(5) Note start off 232(2) + singular noun 179(5) + object + participle 140(2) some things and something 189(5) Note state weak form 179(3) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d)somebody 189 (1a) passive pattern 109(1) agreement 189(5) verb of reporting 265(2)someone 189 (1a) state verb 62 agreement 189(5) passive 104(6b) + relative clause 272(2)Note statement 16someplace 305 (3) statistics 154(2)something 189(1b) stay: linking verb 9 or something 53(1c) steal and rob 243 (3)sometimes 211(1, 2) step up 232(2)somewhat 212(1a) Note f, 212(7c) stick of 144 (3b) + comparative 212(1a) Note f, 212(2) stick to 233 (2)somewhere 189(1c) stillsoon: comparative 219(1) Notesorry = but 246(2) Note + noun clause 262 (6a) manner 207(3) + preposition 236(2) Note c with present perfect 65(2) + preposition + gerund 132(5b) Note h time 210(2b) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5b) Note h stimuli 298(3)sort of 144(3e) stone: countable/uncountable 144(5a) in speech 53(1c) stop what sort of 28(1) stop... from 132(3), 234(2)sort out 232(2) with gerund 121(3e), 131(5), 132(3)sound negative meaning 17(4) Note a clause patterns 8(3), 9(1) with/without object 8(3) verb and noun 287(1) with to-infinitive 121 (3e)spacecraft: plural 297 straight: adverb 207(3)spare: clause pattern 10(5) strange + to -infinitive 123(1)speak street names 171 (2f) and can speak98(l) Note a strengthen with/without object 8(3) with/without object 8(2) stress 54(1) speak out 232(2) compound noun 147(3, 5) verb of reporting 265(2) Note emphatic 51(1)special styles 45 on modal verb 91 (1) Note b

PAGE 439 INDEX with phrasal/prepositional verb 231 (4c) suggestions with quite 212(5a) answering 29(2a) word both verb and noun 287(2) asking for 71(7)strike... as 234(2) can 16(2), 97(2a) + gerund 132(3) conditional 256(2)strip off 232(2) could 97(2a)strong: the strong 204 (1b) imperative 19(3)strong and weak forms 55 intonation 54 (2b)student of 237(2j) let's 19(6a)study with/without object 8(2) shall 22(2), 71(7) what/how about 28(2)stuff with why 30(1c) in speech 53(1c) suit uncountable 144(4b) + object 233(4)stupid not passive 104(6b) comparison 218(4b) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2, 5) sum up 232 (2)stupidly 215(2) sunken 301style: special styles 45 sunrise with/without article 169(6)sub clause 239(2), 240 superior to 221(1) Note, 236(4) of future time 77 superlative tenses 241subject 5 of adjective 218 agreement with object 157 of adverb 219 agreement with verb 150 after among 225(3b) of co-ordinate clause 239(1a) modified 212(3) of gerund 130(2) patterns 221(7) of imperative 19(5) adjective with the 160(4) leaving out 42(1) + to-infinitive 277 linking with previous text 47(2), 48 supernatural: the supernatural 204 (2a) of participle 136(2) supply with preposition 234(3) Note prepositional phrase 208(3) Note suppose question word 25(2) conditional 241(3), 259(5) and verb 6(2), 12(2) + noun clause 262(1b, 1c)subject complement 9(1), 11 (1) passive patterns 109 US 303(1) + present/past 241 (3)subject pronoun 184(1) verb of reporting 265 (2)subject relative pronoun 273(2) suppose so 43(3)subjunctive 242 + subjunctive 242(3) US 303(12) + object + to-infinitive 122(2c) were in if-clause 258(2) supposed to 92(3) expressing wish 19(6c) Note supposing241(3), 259(5)subordinate clause: see sub clause suresubstitute for 237 (2c) Areyou sure?43(3b)substitution 36 be sure to 78(2) Note, 95(1) Note bsucceed in 233 (2) comparison 218(4a) + gerund 132(2) + noun clause 262(6), 265(5)success sure of 236(4), 262(5) Note success in + gerund 132(7) quite sure 212(5c) + preposition 237 (2j) Note sure what to do 125(2)successful in 236(4) + will 74(1) + gerund 132(4) surprisesuch 212(4) echo tag 35(2) Note b such a lot 212(8b) negative question 30(1a) such... that 247(3) surprise at+ gerund 132(7)suffer from 233(2) surprised 203suffix 285 surprised at+ gerund 132(4, 5a)suggest comparison 218 (4b) + finite clause 122(2a) Note b with double negative 17(5) Note + gerund 121(1) + noun clause 262(6) and make a suggestion 87(2) + preposition 236(2) + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) + to-infinitive 123(5), 132(5a) + passive clause 112(2c) Note surprising 203 passive pattern 109(1) surroundings 154(1a) performative 16(3) suspect verb of reporting 265(2), 270(2d), 270(2g) + noun clause 262 (1c) + subjunctive 242(1) suspect so/not 43(3) stress 287(2)

INDEX tense 61(1), 63 see also verb tenseswear + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) tense change in indirect speech 268 verb of reporting 265(2) terrible + to-infinitive 121(1) with to-infinitive 123(1), 126(2)swim: verb and noun 87, 287(1) not with very 212(1a) Note aswing with/without object 8(3) terribly 212(1a, 7c)switch ojf/on 232 (2) terrificsympathyfor 237 (2h) + to-infinitive 123(1) not with very 2l2(1a) Note atag34,35 terrified of 236(2) see also question tag, echo tag than 221(4), 221(5, 6) + adjective 199(5b), 218(2a) Note dtake + gerund 132(1b) take after 233(2) weak form 55(1b) take care of 234(4) thank take down 232(2) thank... for 132(3), 234(2) empty verb 87 performative 16(3) take... for 234 (2) verb of reporting 265(2), 270 (2a) take notice of 234(4) thankful with gerund/to-infinitive 132(5a) take off 232(2) thanks (noun) 154(1a) take on 232(3) that takeover232(3) there took place 50(4) that day 65(3a), 227(2b), 267(2) with to 10(5) demonstrative 175 take to + gerund 132(6) do that 43 (2) take up 232(3) + gerund 133(1) take... up on 235(3) relative pronoun 273(1), 279(2) replacing clause 44(4)talk with short form 55 (2b) talk about 132(2), 233(2) = so 212(1a) Note h have a talk 87(2) that way 43(5a) talk over 232(2) weak form 55(1b) and say 265 (2) Note that-clause talk to/with 306(4) summary 260 verb and noun 287(1) in indirect speech 264 (2a) after phrasal verb 231 (4a) Note btalking of 216(2) subjunctive 242task of + gerund 132(7) thetaste summary 158 + adjective 204 action/state 62(3,7) + comparative 222(2) taste for 237(2g) replacing demonstrative 267(2) Note linking verb 9(1) + gerund 133, 138(2b)tax on 237(1) leaving out 42(3), 45teach and noun on its own 165, 168 teach you how to 125(2) + part of body 174(4) Note + noun clause 262(1c, 1d) + place name 171 passive 108(3) + superlative 218(3) with to 10(5) their, theirs 174(3) + object + to-infinitive 122(2b) and his/her 184(5) Note ateam: group noun 156(4) them 184(1), 184(3c)tear with/without object 8(3) weak form 55(1b)teeth 296(1) themselves 186telephone numbers 191(5) then 44(5)telephone (verb) 287(3)television 160(5) Note and then 244(2)tell after if-clause 259(3) with about 132(5b) Note b indirect speech 267(2) + noun clause 262(1d) with past 65 (3a) passive 108(3) there 44(5), 175 (4a) verb of reporting 266 + be 50, 109(2) Note reporting orders 270(1) in front position 49(3b) tellyou so 43(3b) pattern with gerund 131 (2b) tell you to/how to 125(2) Note and if50(6)telling the time 195(1) pronunciation 50(2g)temperature 196(5) in question tag 34(1) Note atemporal clause: see clause of timetend to 97(2e) Note, 120(2) with there 50(4)



INDEX PAGE 442top 147(5f) Note b, 226(3) ugly 207(2) on top 0/225(1), 226(3) unattached participle 136(2) Note on top of that 244(2) uncountable noun 144totally 212(7a) in generalization 162(1) not with very212(1a) Note a with/without the 165 under 225(1), 226(2c)towards 225(1), 225(3b) = less than 191(4) and to 226(5) prefix 284(1) understandtown without article 168(4) couldn't understand 98(1) Notetraffic: uncountable 144(4b) + object + gerund 131 (5)train: the train 160(5) + noun clause 262(1c)train (verb) with to-infinitive 121(1), 122(2b) passive 104(6b), 109transfer: stress 287(2) verb of reporting 265(2)transferred negative 262(1b) state verb 62(1)transitive verb 8 + object + to-infinitive 122(2c)translate into 234 (2) understand what to do 125(2)transport: prepositions 228(5b) understandable + to-infinitive 123(1)transport undertake + noun clause 262(1c) uncountable noun 144(4b) + to-infinitive 121(1) stress 287(2) underwear: uncountable 144(4b)travel unemployed: the unemployed 204(1b) doubling of l 293(3) Note, 308(4) unexpected: the unexpected 204(2b) and journey 87(2) unexplained: the unexplained 204(2a) uncountable noun 144(4b) union: group noun 156(4)troops 154(1a) unite with/without object 8(3)tropics 154(1a) United States + singular verb 156(5) Note university verb and noun 287(1) trouble with 237(2k) without article 168(4), 304(4)trousers 155(4) group noun 156(4)true US 304(4) comparison 218(4b) unknown quite true 212(5c) an unknown 204(1b) Note btruly 292(4) Note the unknown 204(2a)truth adverbial 214 unless 259(6) clause 253(3) unlike 228(6) Note in front position 49(1b) unreal condition 256(1), 257(4, 6)truths 296(3)Note unreal present/past 241 (3) indirect speech 268(3b) Note ctry until 227(6), 227(7b) + gerund/to-infinitive 121 (3d) + adjective 199(5c) have a try 87(2) conjunction 250(1) try on 232(2) + participle 139(3) with past perfect 68(3c)turn with present 77 clause patterns 8(3), 9(1), 11(1) unwell: position 200(2) turndown 232(2) unwilling+ to-infinitive 123(5) turn into 234(2) up 225(1) turn off 232 (2) in phrasal verb 232(2), 232(4) turn on 232(2) up to turn out+ that-clause 50(5c) + number 191(4) turn out+ to-infinitive 50(4) Note, 120(1) place 226(5) turn up 232(2) time 227(6a) Note c up to you 228(1)tweezers 155(4) upper: position 200(1)twice 194 upsettwilight with/without article 169(6) Note upset about 236(2)two nouns together 147 position 200(2) urgetypes of condition 257 + noun clause 262(1c)types of sentence 15 verb of reporting 265(2)types of verb 7 + object + to-infinitive 122(2a)typical of 236 (4) us 184(1) US English 302