Important Announcement
PubHTML5 Scheduled Server Maintenance on (GMT) Sunday, June 26th, 2:00 am - 8:00 am.
PubHTML5 site will be inoperative during the times indicated!

Home Explore دروس مادة التاريخ للفصل الثالث سنة ثانية متوسط

دروس مادة التاريخ للفصل الثالث سنة ثانية متوسط

Published by DZteacher, 2015-09-24 20:22:22

Description: دروس مادة التاريخ للفصل الثالث سنة ثانية متوسط

Search

Read the Text Version

‫ اﻟﻤﻐﺮب وﻻﻳﺔ إﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬-1 ™sX¢Ka}{A ©≠Bty{A . ™¶ i•{A ™¶eUc{A LB •y}{A `AZIG - ™¶kA•i ß}Ωa¬A |BIwKaº B sΩaC XAXlKaA ´{k X¶yDK{A - ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮ اﻟـــﺪرس‬ JZp}{A XΩI{ ß}Ωa¬A SKt{A -1 SKt{A ~B}KG -2 ©º•{A X¢k -3 ·A•Z¶w{A b¶aDK -4 ©ZAX¬A ~¶j K -5 ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC -6 ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC -7

: JZp}{A XΩI{ ß}Ωa¬A SKt{A . ~Ωa¬A Zc ßs ·¶}{a}{A X•¢O{ AZAZ}KaA JZp}{A XΩI{ ß}Ωa¬A SKt{A ZIKl¶ : ·Btk ·I ·B}Mk X¢k ßs -120__I .~647 å 27 ™ _a B_¶w¶ZsG ´_{G TZ_a ßIC ·I £{{A XIk uR` ,·Btk ·I ·B}Mk ™t¶{U{A X¢k ßs~yB_R{A Z_¶OZO ´_{k JZ_l{A B_¢¶s Ze_K G ,®X_ O u_{C 120__I ZIZI{A • ·B}•Z{A ~¢{IBws , |KBw} u{C ™{i¶IaG £K}eBk ´{k A•{•KaA • ßi `¶I{A : ·B¶ta ßIC ·I ™¶•Bl} X¢k ßs - 2©X_kBv B°•X_UKG ~670 __°50 ™ _a ·A•Z_¶w{A ™ ¶X__} b_aC • B¢¶__s Ze_K A msB_ ·_I ™_Iwk ™_{}R{A XBv .JZp}{A XΩI ßvBI ßs ~¢vΩi º : ™¶•Bl} ·I X¶`¶ X¢k ßs - 3• Z_IZI{A X_g zZB_l} hB_U , ™{¶a_y • ZB ¶X ZOB¢}{A BIC |wKkA,·A•Z¶w{A ™ ¶X}I msB ·I ™Iwk ZwKaAm} zIKcA £KX•k X k • ,®•{I{A b¶v ·I Z¶°` ©XkBa}I B¢RKs • LZ¢¶_K ´_{G B°XlI uR` ,·¶¶i `¶I{Aia_I,å 64 ™ _a ™_Iwk XB¢c_KaBI ™_yZl}{A L_¢K A , ·¶¶i `_¶I{A m_} u{BRK • §ZaC ·} Z… s ®Y{A ™{¶ay®•_{I{A b¶_v ·_I Z_¶°` ©XB¶wI Bc¶O ·•}{a}{A |aZC • ,LA• a b}U ™{¶i ·A•Z¶w{A ´{k £}yR ™{¶ay .~688 _°69 ™ a £¶{k ≠Bgw{A ßs SO ®Y{A

:·B}l {A ·I ·BaR X• O - 4ßs £¶{k LZeK Bs B¢IZB_R bAZ•æBI ©•AZO ™{¶Iv ™}¶k` ™ °By{A ´{k ™{}R ·B}l {A ·I ·BaR XBv JBRa ºA ´{_k £KZIOC • ´{•æA ©Z}{A·B_}l {A ·_I ·Ba_R XB_v ,™¶ BM ©Z} B¢¶{G ·•}{a}{A X•l¶ º ´KR ·AZ}l{A Z°Bj} J¶ZUK ´{G LX}k • .~702 _°83 ™ a ™ °By{A |Kv ·} ·y}K ™¶ BM ™{}R : SKt{A ~B}KG ,XB¶` ·I xZBi B°XlI u{y ~705 _°86 ™ a B¶w¶ZsG |B}c ßs SKt{A ™¶{}k Z¶e ·I ´a•} |}yKaA .SKt{A ~B}KHI ,å 92 ™ a b{X æA SKs ®Y{A : ©º•{A X¢k * : LB¶º• b}U ´{G ™}aw} JZp}{A XΩI L Bys ©º•{A X¢lI JZp}{A SKs L{K ßK{A ©ZKt{A L¶}a ·A•Z¶w{A B¢KXkBv b •K ™¶º• - 1 ™ Ii B¢KXkBv JA`{A ™¶º• - 2 ™ ¶i av ™¶º• - 3 b{IAZi B¢K}eBk b{IAZi ™¶º• - 4 ™O i B¢K}eBk JZp}{A ™¶º• - 5 :·A•Z¶w{A b¶aDK * ·¶I ·A•Z¶w{A ©XkBv ·•}{a}{A ´ I msB_ ·I ™Iwk X¢k Y }s ™¶ZRI{A • ™¶ZI{A ™¶Zyal{A XkA•w{A LZMByK ·} B¢K¶B}R{ Z•aI Li¶RC Xv • ,X O{{ AZyal} ·•yK{ (~675-~670) å 55 – å 50 ßK a ™{•X{A LB¶º• ·} ™}B_° ™¶º•y Z¢jK ( JZp}{A) B¶w¶ZsG LYUC ·A•Z¶w{A b¶aDKI • , LA≠AXK_kºA .JZp{A §BOKA ßs ™¶}Ωa¬A d•¶O{A B¢ } x{i K ©XkBv LRIeC • ™¶}Ωa¬A ™¶IZl{A

·A•Z¶w{A ™ ¶X} ≠B¶RC ·} ßR

: ©ZAX¬A ~¶j K * .·¶}{a}{A Z¶o £lsX¶ |B} ZAXw} •° : QAZU{A - C ~¢Ki{a{ BKBIMG ©ZcBI} ™t¶{U{A uZi ·} ©Bgw{A ·¶l¶ : ≠Bgw{A - J .™{wKa}{A B¶{l{A ™¶ ¶X{A : d¶O{A - t<< ·I Z}k Dc C .™_¶}Ωa¬A ™{•X{A LlaKA ·¶R • B¢U¶c ©XB¶v LRK nBsX{A ßs zZBcK ™{¶Iw{A L By ·} ·•yK¶ d¶O{A ·By • ,JAZR • TB}Z • u•¶a ·} ™R{aæA Lk• K • X O{A ·A•¶X JBiU{A .©Bc}{A • ·BaZt{A : ~¶{lK{A - Xma•K |I iws ™¶kZc{A ~•{l{A ´{k ~¶{lK{A ZeKw¶ ~{ • ,N¶XR{A • ·EZw{A ~¢t{ b¶ZXK{BI A•}K°A .§Z¶o • JXæA • ™p{◊{By ¨ZUC •{k ´{G

ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ? B¢aaª} •° ·} ? ·A•Z¶w{A ™ ¶X} LaaDK ´K} -1 ? JZp}{A ßs ~Ωa¬A Zc ßs ™ ¶X}{A §Y° ™¶}°C ß° B} -2 ? JZp}{A ßs ~Ωa¬A ZBcK A ™kZa ´{k LXkBa ßK{A |}A•l{A ß° B} -3 ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC .msB ·I ™Iwk •° B¢aaª},~670/å 50 ~Bk ·A•Z¶w{A ™ ¶X} LaaDK -1.BIZo ~Ωa¬A Zc • LBR•Kt{A ™{eA•}{ ·¶}{a}{A d¶O B¢¶s XlKa¶ ©XkBv L By Xw{ -2 :ß° JZp}{A ßs ~Ωa¬A ZBcK A ™kZa ´{k LXkBa ßK{A |}A•l{A -3 u¶ R{A ·¶X{A B¢¶{k ~•w¶ ßK{A ™¶ Ba ¬A ≠®XBI}{A * u l{A |B}lKaA ~Xk• ™OR{BI nB v¬A ™w¶Zi XB}KkA * .·Bya{A ´{k ·•¶i `¶I{A ·•{KR}{A £i{a¶ ·By ®Y{A ~{j{A *

~Ωa¬A Zc ßs ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A Z•X -2 ™sX¢Ka}{A ©≠Bty{A ~Ωa¬A Zc ßs JZp}{A ·Bya{ ®XB¶Z{A Z•X{A ´{k X¶yDK{A - . BI•ZC ßs .™¶}Ωa¬A ™{•X{{ ™¶IZp{A X•XR{A ·k nBsX{A - ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮ اﻟـــﺪرس‬ SKt{A iBc - 1 ™¶}Ωa¬A ©•kX{A Zc - 2 ‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬ ‫أﺟﻮﺑﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳﻢ اﻟﺬاﺗﻲ‬

: SKt{A iBc - 1ßwsBp{A ·B}RZ{A XIk £O•K B}y ,Ba Zt{ ™¶vZc{A • ™¶I• O{A xiB }{A • b{X æA Z¶e ·I ´a•} SKs´{•KaA ~827 ~Bk ßs • ~732 ™ a £¶¶KA•I ™yZl} ßs ·¶}{a}{A ´{k ™O Zt{A ZeK A N¶R |B}c{A ´{GZ`O ·•¶a{X æA SKs B}y.•I{A Z¢ Je} ´{G A•{e• • ·¶KZ} B}•Z A•XX° • ™¶{we ´{k ™I{BoæA .ia•K}{A h¶IæA ZRI{A ´{k ©XB¶a{A LgZs AY¢I • b{X æA |RA•a ™¶B}R{ ~848 ™ a ZB¶{BI{A

: ™¶}Ωa¬A ©•kX{A Zc - 2~Ωa{A • ©Ωe{A £¶{k |•aZ{A LB¶e•K ´{k ·¶X}Kl} ~Ωa¬A Zc ßs AZ¶Iy AZ•X ™IZBp}{{ ·By .≠AXkæA ™}•Bw} • ™{•X{A ™¶B}R{ §XlI ·} ·¶XcAZ{A ≠Bt{U{A• : LBiBIZ{A b¶aDK * QAZIDI ©X•`} |yc{A ™{¶iKa} ™ ¶eR nΩv , ß ¶X • ®Zyak ´ I} •° iBIZ{A©XkBv |•C ™vZI L Bys B¶w¶ZsG ™¶º• uZi ·} ™¶}R} ™¶}Ωa¬A Z•pM{A L By : ®ZpM{A iBc {AXkA•v ´{G ™IiZv • ™¶{¶IcA L{•RK • JZp}{A ßs ©XkBv ™O i LRIeC B°XlI ·A•Z¶w{A ~M b{IAZi ~M .™¶}ΩaGuBtK{ºA • ~Ωa¬A Zc hZpI b{X ø{ ·¶¢OK} SKt{A ™¶{}k ·•}{a}{A |eA• : b{X æA SKs : z{Y ßs ~°XkBa • xZc{A ·} B¢RKs B¢¶{k Jle ·C XlI JZp{A ·} ™i `¶I ´{k .BIZ•æ ™Æ¶a{A ™¶aB¶a{A nBg•æA - .´ia•{A Z•el{A ßs BIZ•C £KsZk ®Y{A ßkBiv¬A ~Bj {A - .£{{A |¶Ia ßs XB¢O{A ßs ™IoZ{A - .ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ? BIZ•C J• O• b{X æA SKs uAX°C ß° B} -1 ? BIZ•C ßs ~Ωa¬A Zc ßs ™IZBp}{A zZBc |° -2

ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC .™¶IZp{A ™¢O{A ·} ™i `¶I ©ZeBR}• ~Ωa¬A Zc { -1 b{X æA SKs ®Y{A d¶O{A XBv XB¶` ·I xZBis, BIZ•C ßs ~Ωa¬A Zc ßs ™IZBp}{A zZBc ~l -2B¶{Bi¶G J• O• ~ 827 ~Bk ™¶{we ©Z¶`O A•RKs ·¶Y{A ~° ´ XæA JZp}{A ßs ™I{BoæA • , ~711~Bk .z{Y XlI •I{A Z¢ Je} ´KR

:™{wKa}{A JZp}{A |•X -3(™¶I{oæA ™{•X{A • ™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A, ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A) ™sX¢Ka}{A ©≠Bty{A .NΩM{A |•X{{ ß By}{A • ß }`{A ZBi¬A X¶XRK ßs ~yRK{A - .LKcK{A JBIaC `AZIG - .|•X{A ulg ßs LKcK{A ZMC - ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮ اﻟـــﺪرس‬ .™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A -C ( ‫ م‬909 - ‫ م‬776) ( {â 296 - {â 160) .™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A -J (~ 923 – ~788) ({â 311 – {â 172) .™¶I{oæA ™{•X{A -t (~ 909– ~ 800 )<D{â 296 -<{â 184) ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC

X¶¢}K Xv• , ™i `¶I• bZBs ßKZBgR ·¶I P¶`} ß° ™¶IZl{A B KZBgR ·… C JZp{A ·¶UZª}{A hlI ~k`¶ .™¶ Ba ¬A ©ZBgR{A ≠AZMG ßs ·¶}{a}{A • JZl{A Z•X ≠ºª° ´aB K .™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A -J ( ‫ م‬909 - ‫ م‬776) ( {â 296 - {â 160)™{•X |•C (QZA•U{A xZs XRC,ßgBI¬A J°Y}{A ´{G ™Ia )™¶gBI¬A ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A ZIKlKB ¶cXK B°Z•¢j ·By• ™¶aBIl{A ™sΩ_U{A ·k ™{et }• ™{wKa} ßIZl{A JZp}{BI LZ¢j ™¶}ΩaG ™¶ i• .™¶I{oæA ™{•X{Bs ™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A B°ZMG ´{k LZ¢j Xws , £vZc} ·k ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A |Bet A X¢l{

:™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A J≈ aƒ ƒ‫ﺗﻨﺴﺐ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ اﻟﺮﺳﺘﻤﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﺎن ﺑﻦ رﺳﺘﻢ اﻟﻔﺎرﺳﻲ )اﻹیﺮاﻥﻲ( اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻲ ﻗﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻘﻴﺮوان‬ .‫ﻷﺑﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﺎب ﻋﺒﺪ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻦ اﻟﺴﻤﺢ اﻹﺑﺎﺿﻲ‬ ~M §X O• ß{k ~B}¬A ™l¶c ·} A• By QZA•U{A• hBIG ·I £{{A XIk nBIKC QZA•U{A ·} ™vZs :™¶gBI¬A .(·¶te) ™yZl} ßs ~¶yRK{{ £{•Iv XlI £ k A•wc A : ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A ~ByR~ª¶ ~B}G •¢s .™¶•¶ X{A• ™¶ ¶X{A ·¶Ki{a{A ·¶I £l}O ´{G ©ZBcG B}B}G ™{•X{A §Y¢{ ´{kæA ~yBR{A ´}a¶ .™¶}Ωa¬A ™l¶Zc{A XkA•v ´{k ™{•X{A ~yBR• ©Ωe{A ßs bB {A :~°• ™}ÆC ™lIa ~yR{A ´{k JvBlK• å 168/144 ™{•X{A baª} ~KaZ ·I ·B}RZ{A XIk - å 188/168 ·B}RZ{A XIk ·I JB°•{A XIk - å 238/188 JB°•{A XIk ·I S{sC - å 241/238 S{sC ·I ZyI •IC - å 281/241 S{sA ·I X}R} ·Bjw¶{A •IC - å 294/281 ua•¶ ~KBR •IC - < å 296/294 ·Bjw¶{A ßIC ·I ·Bjw¶{A - :~¢}Bj • ·¶¶}KaZ{A ™aB¶a~yR{A A•{lO ™{•X{A ßs |ÆBIw{A ·B¶kC ·y{• J°Y}{A ßs ZZw}{A JBUK ºA CXI} ´{k ™{•X{A §Y° L}Bv™¶p¶`B}æA |ÆBIw{A ·¶I NXR¶ ·C ´ak B}{ B¶XBtK• J BOC ~¢ æ ~KaZ ·I ·B}RZ{A XIk ß I ßs B¶MAZ• .~yR{A ´{k bsB K ·}

(™¶AXZpI)·v`¶ ß I :·¶¶}KaZ{A ©ZBgRß°BjK (LZ¢¶K) ~¢K}eBk A•{lO ´KR ©ZBgR{A TZe ™}BvG ßs ©Z¶Iy AX•¢O ·•¶}KaZ{A ™}ÆæA |YILB}B}R{A• XOBa}{A• Z•ew{A LX¶c• B¢ AZ}k maKA .™IiZv• xc}X• XAXpIy ™¶}Ωa¬A ·X}{A hlI·} ·•}XBw{A ZBOK{A• ≠BIXæA• ≠B}{l{A B°Xews xA•aæA• ZOBK}{A B¢¶s LZMy• xÆAXR{A• ™}Ut{A Z•X{A• .b{X æA• xZc}{A™¶s`U{A ß A•æA ™kB e• ·BKy{A• u•e{A P¶a y ™k• K}{A ™¶•X¶{A LBkB e{A• ~¶{lK{A ™yZR Lic • .™sZU`}{A ™¶OBO`{A•

: ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A |A•` JBIaC ßa¶ÆZ{A JIa{A ™sZBO{A\"£{{A XIk •IC\" ßl¶c{A ™¶kAX{A ©•v L By - uZO |I ·¶¶}KaZ{A ´{k ≠Bgw{BI B°ZBekG uKy¶ ~{• B¢gAZw º .™aZAXæA • ™I{BoæA ~¢l}™sBg¬BI ™ a{A |°C• ™¶gBI¬A ©ZsB K} ZeB k ´{k ™{•X{A |B}KcA - .™¶{Iw{A T•Z{A X•O• ´{G .|ÆBIw{A ≠BaªZ ™i{a ´{k ~ÆBw{A ß}•yR{A B°`B¢O ™iBaI -

.™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A -J (~ 923 – ~788) ({â 311 – {â 172)ßs ™l¶c{{ L}Bv ™{•X |•C ß°• J{Bi ßIC ·I ß{k ·I ·aR{A ™¶ZY ·} ZIyæA B¢aaª} ´{G Ja K .V¶ZBK{AbaDs ·¶¶•{l{A ©Z•M |cs ZMA ´evæA JZp}{A ´{G xZc}{A ·} |}By{A £{{A XIk ·I |•æA b¶ZXG Zs ~923/_°311 ™ a ´{G L}AX• ~788/_°172 ™ a ™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A : B¢KaB¶a• B¢}Bjß I• ·¶¶•}æA ~Bj ·k ~yR{A NZA•K • ™¶ZAX¬A LB}¶j K{A N¶R ·} u{KU¶ ™aZAXæA ~Bj ·y¶ ~{ . B¢{ΩR A • ™{•X{A zytK ßs LIIaK ßK{A ™¶`yZ}Ω{BI B}¢ k u{KU¶ £ y{ bBIl{A£K{tys ZIyæA b¶ZXG £¶IC L•} XlI X{• ®Y{A ß BM{A b¶ZXG ,ZIyæA b¶ZXG ™{•X{A baª} B¢K}ÆC Z¢cC .§•l¶BI Jc B}{• £¶IC ~aBI §•}a• £{A•UC• ™¶ZIZI{A ©` y £}C .bBs ma•s ©ZAX¬A • ·AZ}l{BI ´ KkA :|•æA ßR¶ .B}¶jk ΩiI ·By :(~BOR{A)·aR{A .B¢K•v • B¢kBaKA ´evC ™{•X{A Lp{I §X¢k ßs:mIAZ{A ßR¶ ßsAZpO{A B¢{BO}uR`{BI CXI• ß}Ωa¬A ~{Bl{A ´{k ≠Ω¶KaºA ´{G £at LR}i ™IZBp}{A ≠º• ´{G b¶ZXG ·D}iA ·¶Rßs b¶ZXG Ny}s _°172 ™ a ®•AZp}{A Z`U ·I X}R} ·Ba}{K ß{A• AZBKU} £¶{G ~j A• ZÆA`O{A ´{k . ™ gR{A• ·AZ°• |e• ´KR ®ZÆA`O{A Ziw{A ´{G XK}¶ ßa¶ZX¬A Y•t {A AXI ~M Z¢cC ™lIa ·Ba}{K´{k |}k B}y ~Ωa¬A ßs ßRA• {A §Y° |UXDs ´evæA JZp}{A ßI• O XB¢O ™yZRI b¶ZXG ~Bv B}y´{k• u¶ R{A ~Ωa¬A ©X¶wk ´{k JZp}{A m}O• ™¶a•O}{A• ™¶ AZe {A• ™¶X•¢¶{A ·} £Ky{}} Z¶¢iK .£wt{A ßs z{B} ~B}¬A J°Y}

: B¢KZBgRßK{A bBs ™ ¶X} ©X{BU{A B¢}{Bl} `ZIC ·} • ´evæA JZp}{A ßs ™eBU • ©Z°A` ©ZBgR ™aZAXæA ~BvCB¢{B} ·} ™¶Z¢t{A ™}iBs ©Z¶}æA B¢KaaC ßK{A ·¶¶•Zw{A ™l}BO• _°192 ™ a ß BM{A b¶ZXG B¢aaC`yZ} L By• b •KI _°114 ™ •K¶`{A XlI LBl}BO{A ~XvC ß°• |•æA ßR¶ B°X{A• X¢k ßs fBU{AZKat{a BIBI{A B¢¶O¶ZU ·} ·Bys BI•Z•C ·} ´KR JΩi{A• ≠B}{l{A B°Xev ´ia•{A ·•Zw{A ßs nBlcG .BI•Z•C ´{G JZl{{ ™I•a }{A ~BvZæA |vB :£IBIaC • ™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A ZB¶¢ A :™¶{BK{A |}A•l{A ´{G ~ 923 / å 311 ~Bk ™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A ZB¶¢ A X•l¶ . B¢ ¶I B}¶s ™asB K} • ™{wKa}{A LAZB}¬A ·} XXk ´{G ™{•X{A ~¶awK - |ÆBIw{A ·¶I ™¶Iel{A |¶`¶ B}¶j K Jlc{A ~¶j KI ™{•X{A ~B}K°A ~Xk - ß_ _I • b{X æA ßs ™¶}C ß I ·¶•Xk ·¶I B¢KDc Y } ™{•X{A n•v• - .b •K ßs J{oæA ·I ~¢¶{• • bBIl{A ßK_{A ~•el}{A |XB_l{A ®X¢}_{A ©ZytI ™¶}iBt{A ©•kX{A Z•¢j - .JZp}{A ß }ª} ·} QYa{A L°•KaA

< .™¶I{oæA ™{•X{A -t (~ 909– ~ 800 )D{â 296 -{â 184) :B¢KDc • B¢IaB B¶RC L}g• i¶R}{A ´{G Ze} X•XR ·} ©XK}}{A ™¶w¶ZsA ™¶º•{ ™}eBk ·A•Z¶w{A ™ ¶X} L By .™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A• ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A B¢ k L{et A ~M b{X æA·} A•I{i ~M ·A•Z¶w{A ß{A•• ™kBgZ{A ·} X¶cZ{A ·•ZB° WC ßyl{A |KBw} ·I X}R} ´{k q¶`B}æA ZBM~¢KIoZI X¶cZ{A JKBys ~¢¶{k ´{•K¶ ·C ®ZÆA`O{A JA`… {A ™}eBk (™ Ii)|}Bk J{oæA ·I ~¶°AZIG·C ´{G ™¶I{oæA ™{•X{A LcBk• ~800/ _°184 ™ a £Iwk ßs ™¶º•{A |lO• £K¶{•K ´{k ™t¶{U{A xsA•s . ~909/_°296 ™ a ·•¶}iBt{A B¢¶{k ´gv

‫ﺟـــﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﺰﻳـﺘـــﻮﻥـــــﺔ‬ : B¢KaB¶a• B¢}BjB¢y{} ·By• ™¶aBIl{A ™sΩU{{ B¶}aA ™lIBK B¢ •ªc u¶ZeK ßs |ΩwKaºA ™}BK ™¶I{oæA ™{•X{A L By .£K{•X ßs ™w{i}{A ™i{a{A JRBe : ~BavC ™lIZC ´{G ™{•X{A S{Be} L}av• ™¶ZRI{A * ™¶IZR{A * X¶ZI{A * ™¶{B}{A * . ·•eKU} JBKy §XkBa¶ |•ªa} b¶ÆZ ~av |y ´{k•

:ßsAZpO{A B¢{BO} ºB}c ia•K}{A h¶IæA ZRI{A ·}• BIZo ©ZOZO |BIO ´{G BvZc b{IAZi ·} ™I{BoæA ™{•X Y•t XK}A (.™{wKa}{A JZp}{A |•… XI ™eBU{A ™i¶ZU{A Zj A).BI• O X¶ZO{A ic ´{G : ßI{oºA d¶O{A : nA• C ™MΩM ´{G ·•}K ¶ (X•a X¶Ik• ,~Ok,ZIZI , JZk ) x{B¶s ™lIZC ´{G ßI{oºA d¶O{A ~a… v .®ZRI{A d¶O{A - ®ZI{A d¶O{A - ßy{}{A bZR{A -|w • ia•K}{A ZRI{A X¶a ·By YG ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A ZUBt} ZIyC ·} ~¶jl{A ßI{oæA |•iaæA ZIKl¶•212 ™ a LAZs ·I XaC ~B}¬A ©Bgw{A ßgBv B¢RKs ßK{A) ™¶{we ´{G ™¶}Ωa¬A ™¶IZl{A ©ZBgR{AXRC L Bys (~1090/å 483 ™ a ·•¶X B}Z• {A B¢IeKoA ·C ´{G B¢¶s ß}Ωa¬A ~yR{A ~AX•,~827/_°• By¶aZ•y• B¶ ¶XZa ßKZ¶`O• B¶{Bi¶A J• O Bg¶C ™I{BoæA SKs B}y, ™}{j}{A BI•Z•C ´{G Z• {A YsB } . Ba Zs J• O• B}•Z uZBc} A•p{I :™I{BoæA ©ZBgR~•wK ©ZcK }{A J¶KBKy{A• ©Z¶My{A XOBa}{A L By• B}¶jk AZBcK A ~°X¢k ßs ™¶IZl{A ™sBwM{A LZcK A≠B}{l{A ~Xv B}y xZc{A ™}ÆC X¶ ´{k ™sZl}{A ßs ma•K{{ xZc}{A ´{G ™¶}{l{A LBMlI{A L{aZC• ~¶{lK{BI™¶}{l{A ™yZR{A |gtI JZl{A• q¶`B}æA ·¶I QA`K}A NXR• JZp}{A ßs ~{lK{{ B°Z¶o• XAXpI ·} . ©Z°Be}{A• ´{k ™l¶ }{A ·•eR{A A•}BvC• ™}¶Xw{A A•R{eC• ©X¶XO{A ·X}{A A•aaDs ·AZ}l{BI ™I{BoæA ~K°A B}y .©ZBOK{A• ™kB e{A• ™kAZ`{A A•lOc• |RBa{A |•i : £IBIaC• ™I{BoæA ZB¶¢ AN{BM{A ·Zw{A |ΩU BI•ZC J• O ßs ß}Ωa¬A Y•t {A m¶a•K ·} L y} ©•v ·} ™I{BoæA £p{I B}} ~oZ{BIßK{A JZp}{A |•X Z¶e}I £¶Ic B°Z¶e} ·Bys Ω¶•i Z}KaK ~{ ™{•X{A §Y° ©•v ·… C ºG ®ZO¢{A .B¢KZeBk :ß{¶ B} ™I{BoæA ™{•X i•wa ´{G LXC ßK{A |}A•l{A ·} •

JA`{A ßs B¢I A•}Bv ßK{A ©XBI¬A ™¶{}k ™eBU• u l{A• ©•w{BI £{ ~°YUC• Jlc{A ´{k B¢}ByR ©•av -C ._°280 ™ a ®ZÆA`O{A £{ ™}Y º Z•OD} X O ´{k ™I{BoæA XB}KkA -J™l¶c{A ·By ·¶R LA•¢c{A ßs £aB}p A• £KZaC |BOZ• §X{A• £{Kv ßs N{BM{A £{{A ©XB¶` x}R-t .£K{•X uAZiC ´{k ~¢KAZBeK A ·•{Oa¶ ·•¶}iBt{A ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ZyYA ?®ZO¢{A mIAZ{A• ®ZO¢{B¶ BM{A ·¶ Zw{A ·¶I JZp}{BI LZ¢j ßK{A ™{wKa}{A |•X{A ß° B} -1 .ß By}{A• ß }`{A B°ZBiG . ™{•X |y{ ßsAZpO{A |BO}{A ™i¶ZU{A ´{k XXR -2 ?£I ©Z¶pe |•X Z•¢j• ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A LKcK ·k PK AYB} -3ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC:ß° ®ZO¢{A mIAZ{A• ®ZO¢{A ß BM{A ·¶ Zw{A ·¶I JZp}{BI LZ¢j ßK{A ™{wKa}{A |•X{A -1 ia•æA JZp}{BI<å 296 _ å 160·} : ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A * ´ XæA JZp}{BI å 296 _ å 184 ·} : ™¶I{oæA ™{•X{A * .´evæA JZp}{BI<å 311_ å 172·} : ™¶a¶ZX¬A ™{•X{A * .™{wKa}{A JZp}{A |•X ™i¶ZU Zj A : ™{•X |y{ ßsAZpO{A |BO}{A X¶XRK -2™¶AXI• ®ZO¢{A N{BM{A ·Zw{AZUA•C ßs NΩM{A |•X{A i•wa ´{G LXC LBkAZe• ulg £ k PK -3 .®ZO¢{A mIAZ{A ·Zw{A

©XR•}{A JZp}{A |•X -4 ™sX¢Ka}{A ©≠Bty{A .©XR… •ƒ }{A JZp}{A |•… X ´{k uZlK{A -.≠AXkø{ ®XeK{A • ©•w{A x¶wRK ßs ©XR•{A ™¶}°C - ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮ اﻟـــﺪرس‬ m¶¶cK{A ™yZR -1 ·•¶}iBt{A -2 ™¶}iBt{A ©•kX{A Z•¢j -3 ™¶X¢}{A -4 ™¶Z¶`{A ™{•X{A -5 : Z¶cE -6 ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A -7 XB}R ß I ™l{v -8 ( ™¶BOI ) ™¶ZeB {A -9 ·¶aB¶ ·I £{{A XIk -10

™¶iIAZ}{A ™yZR{A -11 ·•}M{}{A -12 ™aB}{Oa -13 ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶ -14 ™{•X{A ma•K -15 ßiIAZ}{A b{X æA -16 ™vº`{A ™yZl} -17 ·X}{A b¶aDK -18 : ·•XR•}{A -19 LZ}•K ·I X}R} -20ß}•ZX {A ß}•y{A ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk -21 :™{•X{A ~Bj -22 b{X æA ·k nBsX{A -23 |•iaæA -24 b{X æA• JZp}{A X¶R•K -25 JBwl{A ™yZl} -26 ™¶IXæA• ™¶Zyt{A ™yZR{A -27 ®XBeKvºA iBc {A -28 ·AZ}l{A• ·X}{A -29 ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC

: m¶¶cK{A ™yZR -1Z_}k ©Bs• XlI LRgKA• , ~{a• £¶{k £{{A ´{e |•aZ{A ©Bs• L¶wkA ßK{A ©ZKt{A ´{G m¶¶cK{A ©Zys X•lKB_}¶s L_{•RK ~_M , ™sΩU{BI xRC B¶{k ·C ¨ZK ·¶ }ª}{A ·} ™tÆBi L Bys , £ k £{{A ßgZ JBiU{A ·I™l¶_c• ™_¶}B}¬A• ™_¶X¶`{A : B_¢ } xZ_s ™l¶c_{A• , L_¶I{A |E ß_s ™sΩU{A ZeRI ®XB ¶ J°Y} ´{G XlI . b¶ZXG : ·•¶}iBt{A -2L_}Bv X_v• , £¢O• £{{A ~Zy ß{k ™O•`• ~Ωa{A £¶{k ßI {A L I ≠AZ°`{A ™}iBs ´{G ·•¶}iBt{A JaK ¶. ™sΩU{A ßs xR{A JRBe £ C B¶kX} ®X¢}{A £{{A X¶Ik ™}Bk`I ~ 909 / § 296 ™ a ™¶w¶ZsG ßs ™{•X{A : ™¶}iBt{A ©•kX{A Z•¢j -3JRB_e £_ C B¶kX_} ®X_¢}{A £_{{A X_¶Ik ™_}Bk`I ~ 909 / § 296 ™ a ™¶w¶ZsG ßs ™¶}iBt{A ™{•X{A L}Bvß{¶kB}_aG ™_¶kAX B_¢}B¶w{ X_¢} X_v• xXBe_{A Z_tlO ·_I |¶kB}aG ·I X}R} X¶tR £ C• ™sΩU{A ßs xR{AQBOR ´{k Z¶UæA AY° uZl… K N¶R . ™¶p¶`B}æA ™}BKy ™{¶Iv B¢KZe { XcR• ßl¶c{A £{{A XIk •IC ´kX¶B°Y_UKA• , u¶i_a ßRA•_ I ·B_Oy¶G ™_ ¶X}I ZwK_aA• ~ 893 / å 280 ™ a ~°X{I ´{G ~¢wsAZs ·¶¶ZÆA`O~B_}¬A ZyY_¶ Z_U¿ ·B_y} ·} |wK ¶ LA• a Zck dBk• , JZp}{A XΩI ßs ™¶l¶c{A ©•kX{A Zc { `yZ}ZB_MC JA•_O £_IBODs , §XX_¢¶ º•_aZ ~¢}yB_R £_¶{G |_aZDs ™_I{BoæA §Z_}C q{Is . §Z•¢j JZv• ®X¢}{A£_{{A X_Ik •_IC B_°X•w¶ ßK{A ™}BKy n•}O}I ~XieBs £{BKw{ Bc¶O ™¶{BoæA `¢Os , ßI{oæA ~yBR{A Jgo909 / å 296 ™_ _a ™¶{BoæA ™{•X i•wa• §ZBeK BI L¢K A ™ RBi zZBl} ·¶w¶Zt{A ·¶I LZO• ßl¶c{AB_}{• . £_wwR B_}I §Z_IU¶• £}XwKa¶ ®X¢}{A £{{A X¶Ik §X¶a ´{G |aZC §Z}C TBO I ßl¶c{A ·w¶KaA B}{• ~uZ_i ·_} B_wRΩ} ·B_y £_ æ ( ZAZX_} ·IA ) ·¶¶aBIl{A ß{A• £ Oa ´evæA JZp}{BI ™aB}{Oa |e•ß_s ´g_ws §X¶_a Z_¶ZRK{ £OKA• Bc¶O `¢O §º•}{ NXR B}I ßl¶c{A ~{k B}{• ßtKy}{A ßaBIl{A ™t¶{U{A´_{G ~_Us J_y•} ß_s £_I XBk• ·Oa{A ·} §º•} QZUDs ™aB}{Oa |UX ~M ™¶}KaZ{A ™{•X{A ´{k £w¶Zi™_}Bl{A ™_l¶I{A Y_UDs ·A•Z_¶w{A ™_ ¶X} ´{G |wK A ~M ™sΩU{BI bB {A £l¶BI N¶R ( ©XBvZ ) ™I{BoæA ™}eBk . ®X¢}{A £{{A X¶Ik §X¶a uZi ·} |Kv ·C ßl¶c{A ≠A`O ·By ™ a{A bt ßs• ~ 909 / § 296 ™ a

: ™¶X¢}{A -4|wK A• B¢ ¶eRK ßs q{BI• , B}¢} B¶IZR Blv•} B¢{ ZBKUA• ßl¶c{A ®X¢}{A £{{A X¶Ik B¢aaC ™¶{RBa ™ ¶X} . ™¶Z¶`{A ™{•X{{ ™M{BM{A ™}eBl{A LRIeC ~M ™¶}iBt{A ™{•X{{ ™}eBk B°YUKA• , å 308 ™ a B¢¶{GB_¢K¶ I B_} G\" B_¢ÆB I ´_{k B_w{l} |B_v ®Y_{A ßl¶c_{A ®X_¢}{A B¢a_aª}{ ™Ia_ ~aºA AY° L{}R : ™¶X¢}{A . \"ZB¢ ·} ™kBa•{• ~iA•t{A B¢I ~eKlK{ ©Z°Bw{BI Z°`æA m}BO{A

: ™¶Z¶`{A ™{•X{A -5 XB_ } ·_I ®Z_¶` ~_yR{A ´{•_K ~ 971 ™ _a ß_s• ~ 935 ™ _a Y_ } ·¶¶}iB_t{A nB_IKG ·_} ®Z¶`• I ·By |B}c_{A• b •_K XΩ_I ~_yR X_ k Z_IyC ™¶{ΩwK_aBI m_K}K ®Y_{A ®Z_¶` ·_I ·¶y{I £ IA £t{U ~M ßOB¢ e{A ~_M ~ 1048 Y_ } ·A•Z_¶w{A ~M ~ 971 Y } ™{•X{{ AZw} ™¶Z•e }{A LYUKA• . ( XΩI{A xZc ) ®ZÆA`O{A (2 ™w¶M• ) . ~ 1057 Y } ™¶X¢}{A - 971 ·¶_I B_} Z_ÆA`O{A |B}_c• b •_K ßs L}yR ™¶ZIZI ™{Ωa ·•¶OB¢ e{A , ®Z¶`• I : ·•¶Z¶`{A . ~ 1152 2- ™w¶M•{A : Z¶cE -6 ~ 936 / § 324 ™ _a ·¶_y{I ·_I XB_}R B¢a_¶aDK ß_s nZ_c X_v• ZÆA`O{A xZcI ™¶OB¢ e ™}eBk ß° (3 ™w¶M• ) . ~ 971 ™ a B¢¶s ~yR{A ´{•K• . ™ ¶i• ™{¶a}{A ·} ·¶ÆB I{A J{O•´_{G |_e•¶ º_• ... B¢ } ·eRC ZBivæA z{K ßs b¶{ £ C ZyY¶ , ™ ¶eR ™{¶{O Z¶cC• \" : ®ZyI{A |Bv§ 367 ™ _a ®Z¶` ·I ·¶y{I B°Z•a ´ I ®Y{A• ... |BOZ ©Zck £¶}R¶ mg•} ·} ºG |BKwI B¢ } ≠ßc . B¢{A•}C TBIKaA• XB}R ·I ua•¶ B¢IZU• . 273 f - ß{¶}{A X}R} - ZÆA`O{A V¶ZBK 3 ™w¶M•{A

.P¶Z¶Zk•I QZI : Z¶cE : ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A -7~ 1007 / å 398 ™ a LaaDK ßOB¢ e{A XB } ·I ®Z¶` ·I ·¶y{I ·I XB}R B¢aaª} ´{G ™{•X{A JaK K. B_I• O JA`_{A• ™ g_R{A ~¶_{vG• , B_IZo ·Ba_}{K ´_{G BvZ_c ™_IB k ·_} J{Bp{A ßs B°X•XR LXK}A• . ( 4 ™w¶M• ) . ( ~ 1152 / å 547 ) ™ a ·¶XR•}{A X¶ ´{k ™{•X{A Liwa•BKIM BkBOc• AZ¶Iy By{} , £}•v |Rs• §Z°X X¶Zs• §XR• P¶a XB}R ·By \" : ~ΩkæA ßs ·¶X{A ·Ba{ |Bv . \" |AXO{A JKy ßs Zj • ·A•Z¶w{BI £wt{A CZv Xv , Bt¶eR ™¶°AX• . 239 f - ß{¶}{A X}R} - ZÆA`O{A V¶ZBK JBKy \" ™¶•{}• ·Ba}{K ´{G bAZ•C |IO ·¶I B} £at { JZp}{A z{B}} miKvA XB}R ·G \" : ·•X{U ·IA |Bv 4- ™w¶M•{A

: XB}R ß I ™l{v -8·¶e_R m_v•} B_¢{ ZBKUA Xv• ~ 1007/ å 398 ™ a ·¶y{I ·I XB}R B¢aaC ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A ™}eBk ß° (5™w¶M•).™{¶a}{A ™ ¶X} JZv X¶gBl}{A |IOI

: ( ™¶BOI ) ™¶ZeB {A -9~1067/ å 460 ™ _a B¢a_¶aDK ß_s nZc• bB {k ·I ZeB {A B°B I , ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{{ ™}eBk ß BM ß° .™¶w¶ ¶t{A ®AX{e ™ ¶X} ·} ™¶Zw} ´{k ( 06 ™w¶M• )B¢ a_RC• ºA•_}C B¢l_a•C• AZ_¶U B_°Z`oC• B_w{U B_°ZMyC• AZ_iv XΩI_{A ZIyC ·} ß° \" : ßa_¶ZX¬A |Bv . \" BIeU• £yA•s B¢}kC• ·yBa}• AZ•ev 275 f . ß{¶}{A X}R} . ZÆA`O{A V¶ZBK JBKy 5- ™w¶M•{A. ™l{w} B¢¶{G ·ta{A . XB}R ß I XΩI ·¶k• ia•æA JZp}{A ™ ¶X} L By ™¶BOI ™ ¶X}• \" : ßa¶ZX¬A |Bv . ZBOK Z¶aB¶} B¢{°C• ... ™I•{O} AZRI• AZI B¢¶{G ™lK}æA• . ™iR } |sA•w{A B¢I• 276 f ZÆA`O{A V¶ZBK 6-™w¶M•{A

: ·¶aB¶ ·I £{{A XIk -10, § 430 ™ _a ©XB_Il{{ |Bp ¶a_{A Z_¢ I ~¶°AZIG ·I ßR¶ m} \" ™¶•A` \" ™iIAZ ´ I ®Y{A ßy{B}{A £¶wt{A •° . ~¢ ¶X ßs ~¢¢wts ™}M{}{A ™OB¢ e |ÆBIv ·} bB {A £¶wt{A |•R m}OK B} ·BkZa : ™¶iIAZ}{A ™yZR{A -11·I £{{A XIk YUC B}X k . § 430 ™ a \" ™¶•A` \" iBIZ ßs ≠AZRe{A xB_}kDI ™¶iIAZ}{A ™yZR{A LCX_I™_kB}O{A §Y_°• , ·¶X_{A Zc_ ¶• £_{{A |¶Ia ßs XB¢O{A JR ~¢¶s NI¶• ·¶X{A ~¶{BlK ~•w{A ßs Zc ¶ ·¶aB¶A•_{UX , Z_}k ·_I ß_R¶ ©XB_¶v LRK £{lO Bc¶O ~¢ } u{Ds . ·¶iIAZ}{A ~aBI A•sZk £}`ΩK L By ßK{A . ™¶aB¶a ™yZR ~B¶æA ß{A•KI LRIeC ™¶RΩe¬A ™yZR{A §Y° ·y{• , ·¶R{e}y JZp}{A ´{G ™l}•_e• Z_¶Iy m}B_O £_I• £_{•R ™¶XAZt ¬A uZp{A LAZck ·}• ™RBa ·} ·•yKK ™ yM •° : iBIZ{A . ™IvAZ}{{ Be•eU• ·AYø{

: ·•}M{}{A -12·¶t_cBK ·_I u_a•¶ ™_}Bk`I ~ 1050 / § 453 ™ _a ´e_væA JZ_p}{A ß_s ™_¶iIAZ}{A ™_{•X{A La_aDKA•sZls ~¢°•O• ´{k ( JBw {A ) ~BM{{A ·•Xc¶ B¢{BOZ ·By• ( ™¶ZIZI{A ™ •K}{ ™{¶Iv ´{G ™Ia ) ß •K}{{A . ·¶}M{}{BI : ™aB}{Oa -13´_{•C ß_° . (L_{{sBK ™_RA•) JZp}{A J• O ßs mwK , Z¶Iy ·Dc LAY ®ZBgR `yZ}• ™¶U¶ZBK ™ ¶X} . ·¶¶KB `{A ·Bi{a ´{k A•gv• ~1055 ™ a ·•iIAZ}{A B¢{UX ßK{A ( ·X}{A ) xiB }{A : ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶ -14) . ™_¶ZIZI{A ™_ •K}{ ™_{¶Iv ´_{G ß_}K ¶ ~ 1061 / § 453 ™ a ™¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X{A• dyAZ} ™ ¶X} baª} ( 07 ™w¶M•

: ™{•X{A ma•K -15´_{G B_I• O ZO¶ {A• BIZo ßa{iæA i¶R}{A ´{G BvZc ZÆA`O{BI ™O¶K} |¢a ·} ™¶sAZpO{A B¢KlvZ LXK}A . ºB}c b{X æA X•XR u•e{A £aBI{ AX°A` ºXBk B}`BR B¶aB¶a BkBOc B¶Ua , ·B}OZKIºA ~{y¶ º ™¶IZl{BI Ω°BO ua•¶ ·By ·•Z_w} u_ æA ´_ vC ·¶_ ¶l{A |_RyC ™_}Bw{A |X_Kl} B_t¶R Z}aC ·By• B¢ BI{C• |I¬A ~•R{• Z¶lc{A £{yC• 500 ~Z_R} ©Zo dyAZ}I ßs•K• 400 ™ a ≠AZRe{BI X{• , ™ a ™ÆB} dBk• ... Zlc{A XlO ·¶IOBR{A .§ . 287 f - ß{¶}{A X}R} - ZÆA`O{A V¶ZBK JBKy 7 -™w¶M•{A

: ßiIAZ}{A b{X æA -16LB_}•O¢{ ™_gZk A•RIeDs ~¢K•v Ltlgs \" uÆA•i{A z•{} \" ©Z¶pe z{B}} ´{G b{X æA XΩI LyytK™¶Zya_k ™_{}R `_¢Os , ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶I XBIk ·I X}Kl}{A ™{BKcv z{} XO KaBs ( ·BIa¬A ) ¨ZBe {A™_{}RI XB_k ~M ~ 1076 / å 479 ™ a £at I zZBl}{A XBv• , b{X æA ´{G xZBi |IR x¶g} B¢I miv• . ·¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X ´{G B¢}g• b{X æA ´{k ´{•KaBs ~ 1090 / å 484 ™ a ™¶ BM : ™vº`{A ™yZl} -17ua•¶ ©XB¶wI ßiIAZ}{A d¶O{A ·¶I ©Z¶¢c{A ™lv•{A £¶s LZO b•¶{iI ß{B}c mw¶ b{X æBI |¢a ™vº`{A~ 1086 / å 479 ™ _a ™{BKcv z{} bXBa{A •a •t{A ·¶I• b{X æA z•{} ·} £¶{G ~g C ·}• ·¶tcBK ·I . ·BIa¬A d¶O ~`° B¢¶s• : ·X}{A b¶aDK -181060 /<å 451 ~B_k Z}k ·I ZyI •IC B°X¶¶cK ßs CXI ßK{A dyAZ_} ·•i_IAZ}{A B¢aaC ßK{A ·X}{A |•C å 454 ™ a ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶ B¢}KC•,~·Ba_}{K m_} XlI B}¶s LRIeC ßK{A , ( ™{R}{A ) LAZAZvBK ™ ¶X} ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶ B I å 474 ™ a ßs• . ( ia•æA JZp}{A ) ZÆA`O{A ~¶{vG ™}eBk ·•iIAZ}{A B°YUKA• , ©XRA• ™ ¶X} : ·•XR•}{A -19XIk £¶{G JZw}{A §Y¶}{K £t{U ßs•K B}{• , ®X¢}{BI Jw{K ®Y{A , LZ}•K ·I X}R} ´{G ™{•X{A §Y° JaK K´_{k ≠Ω¶K_aºA ·_} ~ 1146 / å 541 ~B_k ß_s ·_y}K• ·¶iIAZ_}{A ´{k Z¶p¶ YUDs , ß{k ·I ·}ª}{ALX_K}A• ·¶X_R•}{A ™_{•X ~B_vC• ´evæA JZp}{A ßs ·¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X |A`C• dyAZ} ·¶iIAZ}{A ™}eBk . ºB}c b{X æA J• O ´{G BIZo ßa{iæA i¶R}{A ´{G BvZc b{IAZi ·} B°X•XR . ·¶XR•}{BI £IBReC uZls X¶R•K{A J°Y} ´{G LZ}•K ·I X}R} BkX Xw{ : ·•XR•}{A

: LZ}•K ·I X}R} -20™_{¶Iv ™¶Ie_k ´_{k• ™_¶ ¶X{A ©•kX_{A ´{k B¢a¶aDK ßs X}KkA Xv• , ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{{ ßR•Z{A ~¶k`{A •°·_y{• £_}yR{ b•a_{A ™_wi } mgUC• ~¢¶{k LAZBeK A ©Xk xwR• ·¶iIAZ}{A ´{k ZBM N¶R ©X•}e} (08 ™w¶M•) . dyAZ} ·¶iIAZ}{A ™}eBk |UX¶ ·C |Iv å 524 ™ a £I |Ok L•}{Aß_s ·B_y . ~ 1080 /<å 473 ™ _a ´evæA JZp}{A J• O ™vZ° ßs LZ}•K ·I £{{A XIk ·I X}R} X{•iwa} ´{G XBk ~ 1118 / å 512 ™ a ßs• ~{l{{ BI{Bi LA• a Zck ß{A•R ´g}C AXO}• B ¶XK} £K{•ti·_} X_lK ™_¶I°Y} ™_yZR CXI¶ ·C £{ ZXv• JZp}{A ßs ~Ωa¬A TΩeG ™{BaZ |}R¶ £ DI m Kw} •°• £aCZ . ·¶XR•}{A ™yZR ß°• , ™¶aB¶a{A LByZR{A ~°C . uZeKI ·¶XR•}{A ™yZR \" • Z•K•{ ßO•Z \" ·k 8 -™w¶M•{A : ß}•ZX {A ß}•y{A ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk -21≠B_t{U ~_jkC ·_} •_°• ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{{ ®Zyal{A• ß ¶X{A ~¶k`{A •°• B¢ B¶ I X¶c}• B¢ ByZC Xi•} £ C . BI¶XC• B¢¶ws ·By YG . ·¶XR•}{A·_}• , ™_{•X{{ ß_w¶wR{A b_aª}{A ·¶UZª_}{A h_lI Z_IKl¶• , LZ}•_K ·_I X}R} ©Bs• XlI £Kl¶BI} L}KSK_s• ™_¶XB}R{A ™_{•X{A ´_{k• ~ 1146 ™ _a dyAZ_} ~¢K}eBk |•UX• ·¶iIAZ}{A ´{k ≠Bgw{A £{B}kCb{IAZ_i |RA•_a ·_} ·B_}Z• {A XZi• ~ 1159 ™ a b •KI ®Z¶` ß I XΩI SKs• ~ 1152 ™ a ™¶BOI´_{G BvZ_c Ze_} X•X_R ·_} ß}Ω_a¬A JZ_p}{A XΩ_I X_¶R•K ~_K z{Y_I• . b{X æA SKs• ~ 1160 ™ a (9 ™w¶M•) BIZo ßa{iæA i¶R}{AB_IR} Dc_ ~ 1059 / § 487 ™ _a ( ·Ba_}{K ) ™_}•ZX ßRA• AZOBKI ß}•y{A ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk X{•™_ ¶X}I |_R £_w¶Zi ß_s• £K_aAZX ™_lIBK}• P_R{A ™g¶Zs ≠Bgw{ xZc}{A ´{G |¶RZ{A ~`KkBs . ™aAZX{{B}¶s £K •Bl} ´{G §BkX• , ™¶ZwIl{A• r•I {A £¶s S}{ ®Y{A LZ}•K ·IBI ´wK{A B¢¶s• , ™¶BOI ßRA• I ™{Ω}b¶Zc_ •{A ´_{G ™{Ω} ·} £IRieA ~M ... nXI{A ™IZBR}• ~{l{A ≠B¶RG• Zy }{A ·k ߢ {A ·} £I ~ÆBv •° . ·¶XR•}{A ™{•X ™}BvG• ·¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X iBwaG ´{k Bl} Ω}k zB °• ... ´evæA JZp}{Bs ·Ba}{Ks . ZÆA`O{A ~ΩkC ~Ol} \" h¢¶• |XBk \" ·k 9- ™w¶M•{A

: ™{•X{A ~Bj -22dyAZ_} LY_UKA• , B_¶MAZ• ~_yR{A SI_eC• ·¶ }ª}{A Z¶}DI ~yBR{A Jw{ : ®ZAX¬A• ßaB¶a{A ~¶j K{A -C . LBliBw} ´{G ™{•X{A L}av• ™{•X{{ ™}eBk·•_yK X_v• . xZ_s ´{G ~av Xv• , ~{Bl{A d•¶O ¨•vC ·} ·¶XR•}{A d¶O ·By : ®Zyal{A ~¶j K{A -J . ™¶ZRI ™liv 400 ß{A•R ·} ®ZRI{A |•iaæA : b{X æA ·k nBsX{A -23ßs• . ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk |Iv ·} ~ 1144 /<å 539 ™ a ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{{ b{X æA XΩI nBgUG ~K Xw{B_¢¶s Xe LAZ} ©Xk b{X æA ´{G ZRI{A `BKOA Xws ( å 595 -<å 580 ) ua•¶ ·I Z•e }{A §X¶tR X¢k . zZæA ™lv•I LsZk ßK{A ™lv•{A ßs<å 591 ~Bk B°ZUE• å 581 ™ a ßs z{Y ·By ·BIa¬A ·A•Xk (10 ™w¶M• ). B_¢{°C ~BK¶æA• b{X æA ™}¶K¶{A |Bv ? ™}¶K¶{A• ~BK¶æA B}• £{ |¶v ? ™}¶K¶{A• ~BK¶æBI ~y¶e•C \" : ~¢{ |BvB°X_¶l ´KR B°ZBty XB¢O ßs ·A•K ·{ B {OC ßs £{{A X} •{• , B¢}° ·} ~jkC ≠ßc B a•t ßs b¶{ £ C. 309 f - ß{¶}{A zZBI} - ZÆA`O{A V¶ZBK \".... ™{tp{A• ~yB¶Ds . ~Ωa ZAX

10-™w¶M•{A : |•iaæA -24`_yZs , B_¢ ByZC X_i•}• B¢a_aª} ß_{k ·_I ·}ª}{A XIk ·Bys , B¢K¶•wK• ™{•X{A ~¶j KI ·•XR•}{A ~K°A(400) ™_ÆB}lIZC ß_IZR{A• ®ZB_OK{A £{•iaC LAXR• XXk q{I• , AZRI• AZI d¶O{A ™¶•wK ´{k £}B}K°A£I XO KaK• ™¶IZ•æA |•X{A £IB¢K ™¶ZRI ©•v ZIyC ·By• ™{•X{A Ø A•} u{KU} ´{k ™k`•} ™¶ZRI ™liv (11 ™w¶M• ) . xZc}{A ßs ™¶}Ωa¬A |•X{A . ©Bs•{A £KZgR B}{ ·¶XR•}{A £¶ I{ Z•e }{A ™¶e•LB •c_{A ... XB_Kl{A• X•_ O{A |_w { J_yAZ} LB¶X {c_{A : B_¢}B¢} n•_ K Ja_RI ™_¶ZRI{A miw{A Lk• K \"it {B_I ß_}ZK ß_K{A LB_w¶ O }{A |_}RK J_yAZ} LB_vAZR{A• ... nBsX_{{ QAZ_IC B¢¶s Je K ©Z¶Iy JyAZ} . \" ... ©Z•B }{A ™l¶Za ©Z¶pe ·ta LAXAZi{A ... ~•O¢{A X k •Xl{A ´{k |lKc}{A \" ´a•} X}RC ·¶X{A `k - ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A V¶ZBK ßs LBaAZX 11 -™w¶M•{A ®XR•}{A ®ZRI{A |•iaæA miv : b{X æA• JZp}{A X¶R•K -25|}cK{ LlaKA ßI°Y{A B°X¢k ßs• , ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A ßs ·¶}{a}{A X¶R•K uX¢I ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{A L}Bv™ _a ™{•X{A ´{G ·¶¶XB}R{A XΩI ~g ~K Xv• Ze} X•XR ´{G i¶R}{A ·} £{y ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A• b{X æA·_y}K B_}y . ~ 1160 ™ _a b{IAZ_i ·_} ·B}Z• {A XZi• , ~ 1159 ™ a ·¶¶Z¶`{A XΩI ~M , ~ 1152( ~ 1195 ™ a zZæA ™yZl} ) ·BIaæA LB}O¢{ XR mg• ·} Z•e }{A §X¶tR ~M ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk . ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{A ´{G b{X æA ~g• : JBwl{A ™yZl} -26·e_R ™_yZl} ß_s ·¶¶I¶{e_{A X_¶ ´_{k ≠AZy ™}¶`° ®XR•}{A d¶O{A ´w{K ~ 1212 /<å 609 ~Bk ßsN¶R ™{•X{{ |ΩR ºA• ulg{A ™{RZ} LCXI B¢¶s• , ·¶}{a}{A ·} Z¶Iy XXk B¢¶s |Kv , b{X æBI JBwl{A

·¶Z_} ß_ I |•UX_I ~ 1269 /<å 668 ™ _a B¢_gAZw A ·B_ys. B¢K_aBÆZ ´_{k ≠AZ_}æA• ©º•_{A bsB_ K . dyAZ} ~¢K}eBk : ™¶IXæA• ™¶Zyt{A ™yZR{A -27≠B_}{l{A ~B_}C |B_O}{A A•_RKs• J_Ky{A ≠B_ KvA• ™_¶IXæA• ™_¶Zyt{A ™_yZR{A m¶OcKI ·•XR•}{A ~ByR{A `BK}A, ™_¶ÆAXKIA : |_RAZ} NΩ_M ´_{G ~a_v• ™_{•X{A ßRA• |y ßs ~¶{lK{A ZcK A• . ß}{l{A bsB K{A• ™cvB }{{u_{KU} ß_s ≠B_}{l{A ·_} Z_¶My m_I • , ™¶ta_{t{A• ™¶}Ω_a¬A ~•_{l{A LZc_K A z{Y_I• ™_¶l}BO , ™_¶• BM, ( 14 ™w¶M• ) . ·•X¶` ·IA• , ( 13 ™w¶M• ) |¶ti ·IA , ( 12 ™w¶M• ) XcZ ·IA : ~¢ } LBeeUK{A .·•X{U ·IA•™_ ¶X}I X_{• , ~{a_} ß_IZk £_¶ws• J_¶Ii• u•a_{¶s , ßa_{X æA X}R} ·I X}RC ·I X}R} X¶{•{A •IC •°™ta_{t{A• J_i{A z_{Y XlI bZX ~M , §X{A• X¶ ´{k ™¶kZc{A ~•{l{A ~{lK . ~ 1126 / § 520 ™ a ™IiZvJB_Ky - bt _{A ~_{k ß_s ™{Da_} - J_i{A ß_s LB_¶{y{A : £KBt{ª} ·}• . ~ 1198 / § 595 ™ a ßs•K• . xB¶ZK{A 12-™w¶M•{A ( 12 ™w¶M• ) XcZ ·IA ™¶U¶ZBK ©YIV¶ZB_K ™_iB Zo ™_ ¶X} JZv X{• , ßa{X æA ßa¶w{A |¶ti ·I X}R} ·I z{B}{A XIk ·I X}R} ZyI •IC •°u_{KU}I ™{}B_c• ©X_¶O ™_sZl} £{ L By• , §Zek ≠B}yR• ≠B}{k X¶ ´{k bZX , u•Zl} Z¶o £KXº•ß_s ™{B_aZ : £_KBt{ª} ·}• ~ 1185 / § 581 ~Bk ßs•K z{t{A• , ™ta{t{A• , Ji{A B¢ } ™eBU , ~•{l{A . Ji{A ßs ©`•OZC• ·Bjw¶ ·I ßR , bt {A 13-™w¶M•{A ( 13 ™w¶M• ) |¶ti ·IA ™¶U¶ZBK ©YI. ~1003 / §394 ™ _a ™_IiZwI X_{• , ·•X¶` ·IBI Z•¢c}{A ß}•`U}{A £{{A XIk ·I X}RC X¶{•{A •IC •°AZ_¶Iy AZkB_c ·By • , B¢ÆB¢ws • B¢ÆB¶ oC • ™IiZv ≠B¢O• ·} §•IC ·By • ™twM} ™Æ¶I ßs ·•X¶` ·IA Dc• u_e•{A • ≠B_MZ{A • |`p{A ßs B¶Zlc B A•¶X ByZBK ~1070 / §463 ™ a B¢¶s ·sX • ™¶{¶IcG ßs ßs•K . JBKl{A 14-™w¶M•{A ( 14 ™w¶M• ) ·•X¶` ·IA ™¶U¶ZBK ©YI

: ®XBeKvºA iBc {A -28ZeR• xA•aæA ~¶j K ~K YG , ™¶{UAX{A ™¶XBeKvºA ™yZR{A Lic s , ·}æA XBa ®XR•}{A X¢l{A ~B¶C ßsV_{A ... ·¶aBR {A• ·¶ZBUt{A• ·¶vAZ•{A• ·¶oBIe{A• ·¶ZBil{A x•a : |M} , XRA• x•a ßs ™l e |y, ·Ba_}{K : |_M} ™_¶{UAX ™_¶ZBOK `_yAZ} ©X_k LZ¢K_cA z{YI • , Ba¶ÆZ ™l e |y bCZ ´{k |lO• , . ≠AZRe{A J• O |•X m} ™¶ZBOK LBvΩk A•}BvC• ™aB}{Oa• ·A•Z¶w{A , LZ¢¶K™_¶ZBOK{A `_yAZ}{A LCX_I ~ 1153/å 547 ™ _a B_IZ•C |•X m_} ™_¶ZBOK ™_¶vBtKA ·}ª_}{A XIk Xwk B}{ -• ™_¶BOI • b •_K• b{IAZ_i : |M} ™¶{RBa{A ™¶ZBOK{A `yAZ}{A L}jBlK ·¶R ßs , B¢K By} XwtK ™¶{UAX{AX_v• . ™¶ZBOK{A LΩ}Bl}{A ~¶j K ·aR• Z¶Iy ®ZBOK |•iaæ B¢yΩK}A JIaI ·¶ ° B¢ÆB ¶} ZIk ·Ba}{Km_} ®ZB_OK{A |XB_IK{A ~OR mtKZA z{YI• ™¶{RBa{A ·X}{A ßs ™¶ZBOK LºBy• SKtI LΩ}Bl}{A §Y° LR}a . ·¶¶{Bi¶¬A• ·¶¶• O{A m} ™eBU ia•K}{A h¶IæA ZRI{A |•X ... ·BOZ}• ™¶aBR ß A•C ,X•{O ,ßIAZ`, £yA•s , J•IR:LAZXBe{A - . V{A ... Z•ik , ·XBl} , ™c}vC : LAXZA•{A - £¶{k B}• £{B} XXR¶ ·¶sZi ·¶I Xwk : ™¶vBtKA ·Ba}{K ™ ¶X}I Z¶Iy{A m}BO{A

: ·AZ}l{A• ·X}{A -29A•X¶_c• ™_}¶Xw{A A•R{_eC• iB_IZ{A |_M} ©X_¶XO{A ·X_}{A A•a_aDs , ™_¶ZB}l}{A ™_aX ¢{BI ·•X_R•}{A ~K°A©ZB_ }• dyAZ_}I ·¶_IKy• , ™¶{¶I_cG m}B_O B_¢ }• z_{Y ´_{k ©X°B_c AZB_ME A•_yZK• Z•e_w{A• XOBa_}{A .b{X æBI B¶{¶IcHI AX{AZ¶O{A ( |ΩiæA ) Z•el{A ZIk ·Ba ¬A B°`O C ßK{A ™¶XB}{A LBt{U}{A : ZBM¿A B¢{_eC ™_}{y{A• B_¶Z¶I¶G ©Z_¶`O £I_c ´_{G B_IZ•C ia• ·} ©ZOB¢}{A |AX •{A |ÆBIv ´{G ™Ia : b{X æA . b{X æA XΩI ´{G ß}Ωa¬A SKt{A ßs L{•R , ( B¶a•{X Bs ) B¶c•{X Bs



LA`O }{A ~°C ™}eBl{A ~yR{A ™{•X{A ~aA~ 921 ™ ____a ™____¶X¢}{A ™____ ¶X} b¶____aDK ~1171/~909 ™¶}iBt{A ™{•X{A ·A•Z¶w{A . ZÆA`O{BI ™¶X}R}{A• b •KI ™¶Z•e }{A• ™¶Z•e }{A ~1159/~971 ™¶Z¶`{A ™{•X{A ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A XΩI X¶R•K Z¶cE ™ ¶X} ≠B I - ™¶X¢}{A ~971 ™¶Z•e }{A™__ B¶{} X__¶XOK• Z__ÆA`O{A ™__ ¶X} b¶__aDK - ~1048 ·A•Z¶w{A . ™¶X}{A• ~1057 ™¶X¢}{A™{¶a___}{A JZ___v ™___l{w{A ™___ ¶X} b¶___aDK - ( ™¶BOI ) ™¶ZeB {A• ™l{w{A ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A ™¶ZeB {AZ•e_w{A• ™¶BOI• ™l{w{A ßs XOBa}{A ≠B I - ~1152/~1007ß__s J__y•y{A , ·•__}¶}C , ©ª__{ª{{A Ze__v) dyAZ} ~1146/~1061 ™______________{•X{A (™¶BOI dyAZ} ~1269/~1146 ™¶iIAZ}{A dyAZ} ™ ¶X} b¶aDK - (·Ba}{KI Z¶Iy{A m}BO{A) XOBa}{A ≠B I - ™______________{•X{AXOBa__}{A• Z•e__w{A ·__} X__¶Xl{A b¶__aDK - ™¶XR•}{A (™¶{¶IcA m}BO) bZAX} ©Xk• iBIZ{A ™ ¶X} ≠B I - (®ZRI |•iaC) ™¶ZRI ©•v ≠B I - ™k• K} ™kB e ™}BvG -~1269 ~1212 ~1163 ~1146 ~1086 ~1062 ~ 1152 ~ 1148 ~ 1007 ~ 971 ~ 909·•XR•}{A ·•iIAZ}{A ™¶}iBt{Aå 668 4 3 å 541 2 å 454 å 547 1 å 397 å 359 å 297 ™¶Z¶`{A ™{•X{A ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A

: ™jRΩ} . ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A ´{G B¢y•{} ZUE J•Z°• ®X }Z• {A •`p{A - 1 . b{X æBI ™vº`{A ™yZl} -2 . ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk ©Bs• -3 . b{X æBI JBwl{A ·eR ™yZl} -4´_{G B_¢y•{} Z_UE J•Z_°• XΩI_{{ ·¶¶X }Z• {A •`pI ~ 1148 ™ a ·By ™¶Z¶`{A ™{•X{A i•wa - : ™jRΩ} . ™¶XB}R{A ™{•X{A™¶X¢}{A ~¢K}eBk ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶ |•UXI ~ 1159 ™ a ·By B¢i•wa ·C ·•Z¶ ·¶UZª}{A XlI JaR• - ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ?ZKaK{A ´{G ~¢K}ÆC DO{ AYB}{• ,·•¶}iBt{A JaK ¶ ·} ´{G -1 ? B¢K{}c ßK{A xiB }{A ß° B}• ™¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X{A LaaDK ´K} -2 §Y° ≠B}jk ~° ·} • ? ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{A B¢K{}c ßK{A xiB }{A ß° B} -3 ? ™{•X{A

ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC ™O•`• (f)£{{A |•aZ L I ≠AZ°`{A ™}iBs ´{G ·•¶}iBt{A JaK ¶ -1 ~¢K}ÆC DO{.·¶aR{A• ·aR{A ~C• £¢O• £{{A ~Zy J{Bi ßIC ·I ß{k .(ßl¶c{A ) ~¢I°Y} Zc m }• ©XZBi}{A ·} Bs•U ZKaK{A ´{G ~1050/ å 453 ™ a¨evæA JZp}{A ßs ™¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X{A LaaDK -2 ZÆA`O{BI ™O¶K} |¢a ·} ©XK}}{A ™wi }{A :ß° B¢K{}c ßK{A xiB }{A b{X æA ·} ≠`O ´{G BI• O ZO¶ {A ·}• BIZo ßa{iæA i¶R}{A ´{G .ºB}ci¶R}{A ´{G BvZc Ze} ·} XK}}{A ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A |y ß° ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{A B¢K{}c ßK{A xiB }{A -3 .b{X æA ´{G ™sBgG BIZo ßa{iæA ·I ·}ª}{A XIk LZ}•K ·I X}R} :™eBU}° ™¶XR•}{A ™{•X{A ≠B}jk .ua•¶ ·I Z•e }{A • ß{k

ßw¶IiK u{}‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻـــﺮ اﻟـــﺪرس‬ JZp}{A ßs ™¶}Ωa¬A ·X}{A ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC

: JZp}{A ßs ™¶}Ωa¬A ·X}{AhZC ß_s , bvBt_e• ™_a•a ·¶_I , bIB_v P¶_{U ´_{k ™¶vZc_{A ™_¶RB {A ß_s ™¶{RB_a ™_ ¶X} : ™_¶X¢}{AB_¢¶s ~B_vC• £ Bi{a_{ A`_yZ} B_¢{lO• . ~ 913 / å 300 ™ _a ßl¶c{A £{{A X¶Ik B°B I ™¶a •K{A ™¶Z•¢}O{A·X}{A mÆA•Z ·} LRIeC ´KR. ZK} 250 ß{A•RI ºG §Zev ·k XlI¶ º ®Y{A m}BO{A• Z•ew{A• |`B }{A . (b •K)´ XæA JZp}{A ßs ™¶}Ωa¬A ™¶X¢}{A ™ ¶X}{ ~¶Xw{A ≠B ¶}{A

™¶X¢}{A ™ ¶X}I Z¶Iy{A m}BO{A ™¶X¢}{A ™ ¶X} JA•IC XRC

bB_ {k ·I ZeB {A nZc ZÆA`O{A ßs ß}Ωa¬A V¶ZBK{{ ©Z•e ß°• ™¶{RBa ™ ¶X} : ( ™¶ZeB {A ) ™¶BOI|_IO ·_} JZw{B_I ( ®AX{_e ≠B_ ¶} ) ß_w¶ ¶s m__v•} ·_} ™IZw} ´{k ~ 1067 / § 460 ™ a B¢a¶aDK ßsß_}{k nBl_cA `_yZ} LRI_eDs , ™¶Z_eB {A B°B}_a• ·¶¶XB_}R{{ ™_¶ BM{A ™}_eBl{A B_¢{lOs . B_¶AZ•vB}¶~{B_l{A• bX ¢}{A ßcK¶sX •XZB •¶{• ß}•y{A ß{k ·I ·}ª}{A XIk QZUK B¢ }• B°X°Bl} |gtI ®ZBgR• . ( JZp{A ~`ZA•U ) LB¶gB¶Z{A ßs Z¶¢c{A ß{Bi¶¬A ( ™¶ZeB {A ) ™¶BOI ™ ¶X} . Z_RI{A Si_a ·_k Z_K} 800 •_{k ´_{k ZÆA`O{{ ßIZp{A ~¶{v¬A ßs mwK ™¶{UAX ™ ¶X} ·Ba}{K : ·Ba}{K ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A ©Z°•O LRIeDs ®XR•}{A• ßiIAZ}{A ·¶X¢l{A ßs ia•æA JZp}{A ~¶{vG ™}eBk ߢs ™_w¶ æA XOBa_}{A• ™_¶{Bl{A Z•e_w{A• ™_}Ut{A |`B_ }{A B_¢¶s A•X¶_c X_ws ßa_{X æA ®ZB_}l}{A B_¢ s |g_tI ™_l¶IiI ™_¶RΩs ·Ba_}{K \" ß_{¶}{A zZB_I} |B_v . JΩ_i{A• ZBOK{A ™{Iv z{YI L Bys . ZA•aæBI B°•iBRC• . \" B¢lv•} ™l¶IiI ™¶ZBOK B¢ Bya ™l¶IiI ™¶kB e B¢gZC

·Ba}{K ™ ¶X}™}_eBk L By• , ´evæA JZp}{A ia• ßs mwK , ß}Ωa¬A JZp}{A XΩI ·X} ~jkC ·} ß° : dyAZ}u_a•¶ B_¢}KC• , ~ 1060 / å 541 ~B_k ™ ¶X}{A ≠B I ßs Z}k ·I ZyI •IC CXI Xv• ·¶XR•}{A• ·¶iIAZ}{AJZ_p}{A ß_s ~Ω_a¬A• ©ZBg_R{A `_yAZ} ~_°C ´_{G L_{•RK ´KR ~K¶ ™ ¶X}{A §Y° ≠B I XBy B}• ·¶tcBK ·IB_¢¶s LÆc_ Ds , ®XR•}{A X¢l{A• ßiIAZ}{A Zel{A |ΩU Bl¶Za AZ•iK dyAZ} LZ•iK Xv• , ß}Ωa¬AJB_Iw{BI dyAZ_} `_¶}KK B_}y . B_¢K¶B}R{ ZA•_aæBI B°•iBRC• LB¶tcKa}{A• bZAX}{A• xA•aæA• XOBa}{A . ßiIAZ}{A ·t{A £OK C B} n•ZC ·} ß°• ·¶¶X•ZI{A ™Iv B¢ } ßK{A•©ZB_}l{A ·_s m_ÆA•Z ·} xRI ZIKlK ßK{A ™ YÆ} m}BO |y{ XO YG m}BO{A dyAZ} ßs ·AZ}l{A ·s ©`¶} ·G . ZU¿ m}BO ·} u{KU} ™ YÆ}{A nBtKZA• ™¶}Ωa¬A

dyAZ} ™ ¶X} ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™{ÆaC ? ~aºA AY¢I L¶}a AYB}{?™¶X¢}{A ™ ¶X} mwK ·¶C -1 ? B°≠B I ~KC ®Y{A ·} ? dyAZ} ™ ¶X} mwK ·¶C -2JZp}{A ™}eBk ·•yK{ ·Ba}{K ·•XR•}{A • ·•iIAZ}{A ZBKUA AYB}{ -3 ? ia•æA·Ba}{K ,™¶BOI ,™¶X¢}{A ·} |y mv•} z`BO G ·} ™i¶ZU ´{k XXR -4 .dyAZ}•

ßKAY{A ~¶•wK{A ™I•OC ´{G ™Ia ~a¬A AY¢I La}a bIBv P¶{U ´{k b •K{ ßvZc{A |RBa{A ´{k ™¶X¢}{A ™ ¶X} mwK -1 . ®X¢}{BI Jw{¶ ·By ®Y{A ßl¶c{A £{{A X¶Ik B¢aaª}~Bk ™¶iIAZ}{A ™{•X{A baª} ·¶tcBK ·I ua•¶ B°≠B I ~KC ´evæA JZp}{A ia• dyAZ} ™ ¶X} mwK -2 ~ 1062 ™¶{BK{A JBIaø{ ia•æA JZp}{A ™}eBk ·•yK{ ·Ba}{K ·•XR•}{A• ·•iIAZ}{A ZBKUA -3 ~B¢{A ßO¶KAZKa¬A mv•}{A * ™¶I OæA LA≠AXKk¬A ·k ¨D } ßs B¢{lO¶ ®Y{A ·¶eR{A B¢lv•} * . |XKl} WB }• ™IeU ™¶kAZ` ßgAZC ·} £¶{k Zs•KK B}{ AZj * .ßIZl{A JZp}{{ ™¶aB¶a ™i¶ZU |w -4


Like this book? You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes!
Create your own flipbook