["MAPPING THE SKY 349 THE GREEK ALPHABET VISIBILITY ICONS On most star charts, Alpha \u03b1 Eta \u03b7 Nu \u03bd Tau \u03c4 Beside every photograph is an icon indicating the kind of 2 Naked eye bright stars are identified Beta \u03b2 Theta \u03b8 Xi \u03be Upsilon \u03c5 view it illustrates. Some photographs show the star or 1 Binoculars by Greek letters Gamma \u03b3 Iota \u03b9 Omicron \u03bf Phi \u03c6 deep-sky object as it can be seen by the naked eye, 5 Telescope (amateur) according to a system Delta \u03b4 Kappa \u03ba Pi \u03c0 Chi \u03c7 through binoculars, or through amateur telescopes. 4 CCD invented by Johann Epsilon \u03b5 Lambda \u03bb Rho \u03c1 Psi \u03c8 Others are the result of CCD photography or show the 3 Professional equipment Bayer (see p.72). Zeta \u03b6 Mu \u03bc Sigma \u03c3 Omega \u03c9 view through professional observing equipment. ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF THE 88 CONSTELLATIONS The constellation entries are ordered by their position on Corona Borealis p.379 Hydra p.394 Norma p.414 Sagittarius p.400 the celestial sphere, beginning with Ursa Minor in the Corvus p.397 Hydrus p.419 Octans p.425 north and spiraling south in a clockwise direction, before Crater p.397 Indus p.416 Ophiuchus p.381 Scorpius p.402 finishing with Octans. This alphabetical list provides an Crux p.412 Lacerta p.369 Orion p.390 alternative way of locating constellation entries. Cygnus p.366 Leo p.377 Pavo p.392 Sculptor p.404 Delphinus p.385 Leo Minor p.376 Pegasus p.386 Dorado p.421 Lepus p.407 Perseus p.370 Scutum p.382 Draco p.415 Libra p.379 Phoenix p.417 Equuleus p.385 Lupus p.399 Pictor p.420 Serpens (Caput Eridanus p.406 Lynx p.359 Pisces p.388 Fornax p.405 Lyra p.365 Piscis Austrinus p.404 and Cauda) p.380 Gemini p.374 Mensa p.422 Puppis p.409 Andromeda p.368 Canis Major p.392 Grus p.417 Microscopium p.403 Pyxis p.408 Sextans p.396 Antlia p.396 Canis Minor p.392 Hercules p.364 Monoceros p.393 Reticulum p.420 Apus p.423 Capricornus p.404 Horologium p.419 Musca p.413 Sagitta p.382 Taurus p.372 Aquarius p.387 Carina p.411 Aquila p.383 Cassiopeia p.357 19h 18h 17h Telescopium p.416 Ara p.415 Centaurus p.398 Aries p.371 Cepheus p.356 Triangulum p.369 Auriga p.359 Cetus p.389 Bo\u00f6tes p.363 Chamaeleon p.423 Triangulum Australe p.414 Caelum p.405 Circinus p.413 Camelopardalis p.358 Columba p.408 Tucana p.418 Cancer p.375 Coma Berenices p.376 Canes Venatici p.362 Corona Australis p.415 Ursa Major p.360 Ursa Minor p.354 Vela p.410 Virgo p.378 Volans p.422 Vulpecula p.384 20h ARA TELESCOPIUM THE SOUTH PAVO NORMA 15h POLAR SKY TRIANGULUM LUPUS AUSTRALE INDUS 14h GRUS APUS CIRCINUS MUSCA CENTAURUS 13h OCTANS CRUX \u02da \u02da \u02da-90 -80 -70 \u02da \u02da-60 -50 12h There is no PHOENIX southern equivalent of Polaris, the north TUCANA pole star\u2014in fact, CHAMAELEON MENSA the area around the south celestial pole is 11h remarkably barren. This chart shows the HYDRUS sky from declinations -50\u00b0 to -90\u00b0. Many of ERIDANUS the stars on this chart are 10h circumpolar for southern VELA observers\u2014that is, the stars RETICULUM DORADO VOLANS never set and are always visible HOROLOGIUM THE NIGHT SKY in the night sky.The farther south the viewer, the greater the 9h amount of sky that is circumpolar. CARINA STAR MAGNITUDES -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Variable star PICTOR 8h 7h Star magnitudes shown here are for the equatorial and polar sky charts 5h 6h","350 THE CONSTELLATIONS EQUATORIAL SKY CHART 1 This part of the sky is best placed for observation on evenings in September, October, and November. It contains the vernal equinox, in Pisces, which is the point at which the Sun\u2019s path, the ecliptic, crosses the celestial equator into the northern half of the sky.The Sun reaches this point in late March each year.The 0h line of right ascension also passes through this point; this is the celestial equivalent of 0\u00b0 longitude (the prime meridian) on Earth. The most distinctive feature in this region of the night sky is the great Square of Pegasus\u2014 although one star in the square actually belongs to neighboring Andromeda. 3h 2h 21h 50\u02da 1h 0h 50\u02da PERSEUS CASSIOPEIA 22h 23h 40\u02da 40\u02da CYGNUS LACERTA ANDROMEDA 30\u02da TRIANGULUM 30\u02da 20\u02da ARIES PEGASUS VULPECULA 10\u02da ECLIPTIC 20\u02da PISCES DELPHINUS 10\u02da 0\u02da EQUULEUS ERIDANUS 0\u02da \u02da-10 CETUS \u02da-10 AQUARIUS \u02da-20 \u02da-20 SCULPTOR PISCIS CAPRICORNUS PHOENIX AUSTRINUS \u02da-30 \u02da-30 GRUS FORNAX THE NIGHT SKY MICROSCOPIUM \u02da-40 \u02da-40 ERIDANUS 1h 0h 23h INDUS 2h 22h \u02da-50 \u02da-50 3h 21h STAR MAGNITUDES -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Variable star Star magnitudes shown here are for the equatorial and polar sky charts","MAPPING THE SKY 351 EQUATORIAL SKY CHART 2 This area of sky is best placed for observation on evenings in June, July, and August. It contains the point where the Sun reaches its most southerly declination each year, in Sagittarius.This happens around December 21, which is the longest day in the Southern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Northern. Rich Milky Way star fields cross this region of sky, from Cygnus in the north to Sagittarius and Scorpius in the south. Hercules and Ophiuchus, both representing mythical giants, stand head to head in the north. Notable star patterns in the south are the Teapot asterism in Sagittarius and the curving tail of Scorpius, the Scorpion. 21h 15h 50\u02da 50\u02da 20h 16h 19h 18h 17h DRACO BOOTES 40\u02da 40\u02da LYRA CYGNUS CORONA 30\u02da BOREALIS 30\u02da HERCULES VULPECULA 20\u02da 20\u02da DELPHINUS SAGITTA SERPENS CAPUT 10\u02da 10\u02da AQUILA OPHIUCHUS VIRGO 0\u02da 0\u02da AQUARIUS \u02da-10 SCUTUM SERPENS LIBRA \u02da-10 CAUDA \u02da-20 ECLIPTIC CAPRICORNUS \u02da-20 \u02da-30 SAGITTARIUS SCORPIUS LUPUS \u02da-30 MICROSCOPIUM CORONA AUSTRALIS \u02da-40 \u02da-40 THE NIGHT SKY INDUS TELESCOPIUM ARA 17h NORMA \u02da-50 19h 18h 16h 21h 20h \u02da-50 15h STAR MAGNITUDES -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Variable star Star magnitudes shown here are for the equatorial and polar sky charts","352 THE CONSTELLATIONS EQUATORIAL SKY CHART 3 This region is best placed for observation on evenings in March, April, and May. It contains the point at which the Sun moves across the celestial equator into the Southern Hemisphere each year.This point lies in Virgo, and the Sun reaches it around September 21. In the northern constellation Bo\u00f6tes lies Arcturus, a notably orange-colored star whose visibility marks the arrival of northern spring. South of it is the zodiacal constellation of Virgo, whose brightest star is the blue-white Spica. Adjoining Virgo is Leo, one of the few constellations that genuinely resembles the animal it is said to represent\u2014in this case, a crouching lion. 15h 14h 12h 10h 9h 13h 11h 50\u02da 50\u02da URSA MAJOR URSA MAJOR 40\u02da 40\u02da CANES VENATICI LYNX 30\u02da 30\u02da LEO MINOR 20\u02da COMA CANCER 20\u02da BERENICES 10\u02da BOOTES LEO ECLIPTIC VIRGO 0\u02da 10\u02da \u02da-10 SEXTANS 0\u02da \u02da-10 LIBRA CORVUS CRATER \u02da-20 HYDRA \u02da-20 \u02da-30 ANTLIA PYXIS CENTAURUS \u02da-30 THE NIGHT SKY \u02da-40 VELA \u02da-40 LUPUS 13h 12h 11h 14h 10h \u02da-50 15h \u02da-50 9h STAR MAGNITUDES -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Variable star Star magnitudes shown here are for the equatorial and polar sky charts","MAPPING THE SKY 353 EQUATORIAL SKY CHART 4 This region is best placed for observation on December, January, and February evenings. It contains the point at which the Sun is farthest north of the celestial equator, on the border of Taurus with Gemini.This occurs around June 21, when days are longest in the northern hemisphere and shortest in the southern. Glittering stars and magnificent constellations abound in this region of sky, including the brightest star of all, Sirius in Canis Major. A distinctive line of three stars marks the belt of Orion, while in Taurus the bright star Aldebaran glints like the eye of the bull, along with the Hyades and Pleiades star clusters. 9h 3h 50\u02da 50\u02da 8h 4h 7h 6h 5h 40\u02da AURIGA 40\u02da 30\u02da LYNX PERSEUS 30\u02da GEMINI ARIES \u02da20 ECLIPTIC 20\u02da CANCER ORION 10\u02da 10\u02da CANIS MINOR TAURUS MONOCEROS 0\u02da CETUS HYDRA 0\u02da \u02da-10 \u02da-10 \u02da-20 ERIDANUS \u02da-20 CANIS LEPUS MAJOR COLUMBA PYXIS PUPPIS \u02da-30 \u02da-30 FORNAX CAELUM \u02da-40 VELA PICTOR \u02da-40 THE NIGHT SKY \u02da-50 6h HOROLOGIUM 9h 7h 5h 8h 4h \u02da-50 3h STAR MAGNITUDES -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Variable star Star magnitudes shown here are for the equatorial and polar sky charts","354 LONG-TAILED BEAR 2 The tail of the Little Bear curves away from the north Pole Star, Polaris (upper left). Unlike real bears, the celestial bears Ursa Minor and Ursa Major both have long tails. THE LITTLE BEAR Polaris Ursa Minor \u03b1 90\u02da \u03b4 SIZE RANKING 56 \u03b5 80\u02da BRIGHTEST STAR \u03b7 \u03b64 70\u02da \u03b25 Polaris (\u03b1) 2.0 Kochab GENITIVE \u03b3 Pherkad Ursae Minoris URSA ABBREVIATION UMi MINOR HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM May\u2013July FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u20130\u00b0 THE NORTH POLE STAR 5 DRACO 60\u02da Seen through a small telescope, Polaris Ursa Minor is an ancient Greek appears to have a faint companion (right), but THE 17h 13h constellation, which is said to this background star is unrelated. Its true LITTLE BEAR 16h 15h 14h represent Ida, one of the nymphs who companion is seen here just below Polaris. THE NIGHT SKY nursed the god Zeus when he was an MYTHS AND STORIES infant (see panel, right). Ursa Minor SPECIFIC FEATURES contains the north celestial pole and Polaris, the north Pole Star, is a NURSING NYMPHS also its nearest naked-eye star, Polaris creamy white supergiant and a or Alpha (\u03b1) Ursae Minoris (see Cepheid variable (see p.282), but its According to Greek mythology, pp.278\u201379), which is currently less brightness changes are too slight to be at his birth, the infant Zeus than one degree from the north noticeable to the naked eye.With a was hidden from his murderous celestial pole.The distance between telescope, an unrelated 8th-magnitude father, Cronus, and taken to a them is steadily decreasing due to star can be seen nearby. cave on the island of Crete, precession (see p.64).They will come where he was nursed by two closest around 2100, when the Two stars in the bowl of the Little nymphs, usually named as separation will be about 0.5 degrees. Dipper\u2014Gamma and Eta Ursae Adrastea and Ida. In Minoris\u2014are both wide doubles. gratitude, Zeus later placed The main stars of Ursa Minor Gamma is the brighter of the two, at the nymphs in the sky as form a shape known as the Little magnitude 3.0, and its 5th-magnitude the Great Bear and the Dipper, reminiscent of the larger and companion, 11 Ursae Minoris, can Little Bear, respectively. brighter Big Dipper in Ursa Major, be seen with the naked eye or although its handle curves in the binoculars. Eta\u2014at magnitude 5.0\u2014 THE PROTECTED CHILD opposite direction.The two brightest can also be seen with the naked eye. The infant Zeus is cared for by stars in the bowl of the Little Dipper, It has a partner of magnitude 5.5, 19 nymphs and shepherds, in the Beta (\u03b2) and Gamma (\u03b3) Ursae Ursae Minoris; both stars are easily Feeding of Jupiter by the French Minoris, are popularly known as visible with binoculars. Each of the artist Nicolas Poussin. the Guardians of the Pole. component stars in both Gamma and Eta lie at different distances from the Earth and are thus unrelated.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 355 THE DRAGON and is considered to be among the BEAR AND DRAGON 2 finest doubles visible with binoculars. The long body of Draco Draco Psi (\u03c8) Draconis is a somewhat closer curls around the stars of pair, with components of 5th and 6th Ursa Minor, the Little Bear. SIZE RANKING 8 magnitudes, and requires a small The head of the dragon is telescope to be divided. More easily identifiable. BRIGHTEST STAR challenging to discern is Mu (\u03bc) Draconis, with its two 6th-magnitude Etamin (\u03b3) 2.2 stars, which requires a telescope GENITIVE Draconis with high magnification to be seen as double. ABBREVIATION Dra The wide pair of stars 16 and HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM 17 Draconis is easily spotted with binoculars, and the brighter of the April\u2013August two\u201417 Draconis\u2014can be further divided with a small telescope with FULLY VISIBLE high magnification, turning this into a triple star. A similar triple is 39 90\u00b0N\u20134\u00b0S Draconis; when viewed with a small telescope with low magnification, One of the ancient Greek it appears a double, but at higher constellations, Draco represents the magnification the brighter star divides dragon of Greek myth that was slain into a closer pair with components of by Hercules (see panel, below).This magnitudes 5.0 and 8.0.Two more large constellation winds for nearly doubles that can readily be seen with 180 degrees around the north celestial a small telescope are Omicron (\u03bf) pole. Despite its size, Draco is not Draconis, with stars of 5th and 8th particularly easy to identify, apart from magnitudes, and 40 and 41 Draconis, a lozenge shape marking the head. which are both 6th-magnitude This is formed by four stars, including orange dwarfs. the constellation\u2019s brightest member, Gamma (\u03b3) Draconis, popularly In central Draco lies a planetary known as Etamin or Eltanin. nebula made famous by a striking Hubble Space Telescope image: NGC SPECIFIC FEATURES 6543, or the Cat\u2019s Eye Nebula (see Double and multiple stars are a p.258). Processed in false color, the particular feature of Draco. Nu (\u03bd) Hubble picture shows the nebula as Draconis, the faintest of the four red, but when seen through a small stars in the dragon\u2019s head, is a readily telescope it appears blue-green, as identifiable pair. It consists of identical do all planetary nebulae. white components of 5th magnitude THE CAT\u2019S EYE NEBULA 54 This amateur CCD image of NGC 6543 shows some of the color and structure captured by the Hubble Space Telescope, but visually the nebula appears as a Polaris blue-green 90\u02da ellipse. 80\u02da MYTHS AND STORIES HERCULES AND THE DRAGON 70\u02da The dragon Ladon guarded the 10h golden apples that grew on Mount 40, 41 Atlas in the garden of Hera, wife CEPHEUS \u03c1\u03b5 \u03c4 URSA MINOR \u03bb of Zeus. As his twelth labor, the \u03c3 hero Hercules was required to steal 60\u02da \u03c5\u03c7 \u03c81 64 some apples.To get to them, he \u03c0\u03b4 \u03d5 killed the dragon with a poisoned 20h \u03ba arrow. Hera placed the dragon in the sky as the constellation Draco. CYGNUS \u03c9 URSA DRAGON KILLER 19h MAJOR In this 16th-century painting by the Italian 42 artist Lorenzo dello Sciorina, Hercules is depicted slaying the dragon by hand. \u03b6NGC 6543 15 54 DRACO 19 \u03b1 10 12h 18 Thuban 13h \u03bf \u03b9 THE DRAGON 39 \u03b7 THE NIGHT SKY 45 \u03b8 BOOTES \u03be Etamin \u03b3 \u03bd \u03bc \u03b2 16, 17 18h HERCULES 17h 16h 15h","356 THE CONSTELLATIONS CEPHEUS Cepheus SIZE RANKING 27 BRIGHTEST STAR Alpha (\u03b1) 2.5 GENITIVE Cephei ABBREVIATION Cep HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM September\u2013October FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u20131\u00b0S Cepheus lies in the far northern IC 1396 4 sky between Cassiopeia and Draco. The Garnet Star or Mu Cephei (top left) lies Its main stars form a distorted tower on the edge of the large but faint nebula or steeple shape, yet this ancient IC 1396. The nebula is centered on the 6th- Greek constellation in fact represents magnitude multiple star Struve 2816. the mythical King Cepheus of Ethiopia, who was the husband of These changes can be followed with Queen Cassiopeia and the father the naked eye. Delta (\u03b4) Cephei is of Andromeda. Cepheus is not a also a double star; its 6th-magnitude, particularly prominent constellation. blue-white companion is visible through a small telescope. SPECIFIC FEATURES The constellation\u2019s most celebrated A significant variable star of a star is Delta (\u03b4) Cephei (see p.286), different kind is Mu (\u03bc) Cephei, from which all Cepheid variables take which is a red supergiant that ranges their name. Just under 1,000 light- anywhere between magnitudes 3.4 years away, this yellow-colored and 5.1 every two years or so.This supergiant varies between magnitudes supergiant is also known as the 3.5 and 4.4 every five days nine hours. Garnet Star on account of its strong red coloration. DRACO Nonvariable stars near Delta (\u03b4) and Mu (\u03bc) Cephei can be used to gauge the magnitude of these two variable stars at any given time. For example, they can be compared to Zeta (\u03b6) at magnitude 3.4, Epsilon (\u03b5) at magnitude 4.2, or Lambda (\u03bb) Cephei at magnitude 5.1 (see chart, below). 90\u02da THE KING 2 HENRIETTA LEAVITT Shaped like a bishop\u2019s miter, URSA MINOR Cepheus is not easy to pick out Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868- in the sky. He is flanked by his 1921) worked at Harvard College 80\u02da prominent wife, Cassiopeia, and Observatory in the early 20th Draco, the dragon. century. Her study of variable stars \u03b3\u03ba in the Small Magellanic Cloud led CEPHEUS to the period-luminosity law.This law links the variation period of a 24 \u03b2 Cepheid variable to its intrinsic brightness, which in turn can 11 DELTA (\u0394) AND MU (\u039c) CEPHEI MAGNITUDE KEY indicate distance. Her law remains T 0.0\u20130.9 fundamental to our knowledge of \u02da60 22h 30m the scale of the universe. \u03bf CEPHEUS 22h 00m DETERMINATION CASSIOPEIA \u03b9\u03be \u03b8 i19 NGC 7160 By painstakingly VV \u03b1 measuring THE NIGHT SKY photographic NGC 9 \u03b7 60\u02da 12 1.0\u20131.9 plates, Henrietta 2.0\u20132.9 Leavitt discovered \u03b4 7160 \u03bd\u03bc b h + 3.0\u20133.9 2,400 variable c 14 stars of all types. \u03b6 \u03b5 IC 1396 56\u02da \u00a1 13 4.0\u20134.9 5.0\u20135.9 LACERTA Deneb 6.0\u20136.9 23h 22h 21h","THE CONSTELLATIONS 357 CASSIOPEIA Eta (\u03b7) Cassiopeiae is an M103 15 MYTHS AND STORIES attractive stellar pair consisting M103\u2019s main feature is a chain of three stars Cassiopeia of a yellow and a red star. Its like a mini Orion\u2019s belt. The northernmost THE VAIN QUEEN components are of magnitudes member of the line (top) is not a true member SIZE RANKING 25 3.5 and 7.5 and can be seen of the cluster but lies closer to Earth. Wife of Cepheus and mother of through a small telescope.This Andromeda, Queen Cassiopeia was BRIGHTEST STARS Shedir pair forms a true binary; the M52 15 notoriously vain. She enraged the (\u03b1) 2.2, Gamma (\u03b3) 2.2 fainter companion orbits the Through binoculars, this cluster appears as a Nereids, daughters of Poseidon, by brighter star every 480 years. misty patch about one-third the diameter of a boasting she was more beautiful. In GENITIVE Cassiopeiae full moon. A telescope is needed to resolve punishment, Poseidon sent a sea- Cassiopeia contains a number of its individual stars. monster to ravage her kingdom, ABBREVIATION Cas open clusters within range of small which eventually led to the rescue instruments. Chief among them is HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM M52 (see p.290), near the border of Andromeda by with Cepheus. It is visible through Perseus (see p.368). October\u2013December binoculars as a somewhat elongated patch of light, and its individual ETERNAL VANITY FULLY VISIBLE stars\u2014including a bright orange giant The boastful queen at one edge\u2014can be seen through is depicted sitting in 90\u00b0N\u201312\u00b0S a small telescope. M103 is a small, a chair, fussing with elongated group, best viewed through her hair. Cassiopeia This distinctive constellation of the a small telescope. Nearby is a larger was condemned to northern sky is found within the cluster, NGC 663, which is more circle the celestial Milky Way between Perseus and suitable for binocular observation. Cepheus and north of Andromeda. NGC 457 is a looser star cluster, pole, sometimes The large W shape formed by its five containing the 5th-magnitude appearing to main stars is easily recognizable. It star Phi (\u03c6) Cassiopeiae.This hang upside is an ancient Greek constellation, cluster\u2019s appearance has been down in an representing the mythical Queen likened to an owl\u2014its two undignified Cassiopeia of Ethiopia. brightest stars mark the manner. owl\u2019s eyes. SPECIFIC FEATURES Gamma (\u03b3) Cassiopeiae (see p.285) is a hot, rapidly rotating star that occasionally throws off rings of gas from its equator, which causes unpredictable changes in its brightness. It has ranged between magnitudes 3.0 and 1.6, but it currently lies at magnitude 2.2, which makes it the joint brightest star in the constellation. A variable with a more predictable cycle is Rho (\u03c1) Cassiopeiae, an intensely luminous, yellow-white supergiant that fluctuates between 4th and 6th magnitudes every 10 or 11 months. It is estimated that it lies more than 10,000 light-years away, which is exceptionally distant for a naked-eye star. CASSIOPEIA CEPHEUS 70\u02da CASSIOPEIA 50 48 \u03b9 \u03c9 \u03c8 60\u02da \u03b5 NGC?637 SN?1572 4 CAMELO- IC?1805 NGC?559 M52 NGC?663 PARDALIS \u03b4\u03b3\u03ba \u03b2 \u03c1\u03c4 1 Cas?A IC?1848 M103 \u03c7 \u03c51,2 LACERTA \u03d5 NGC? \u03b7\u03b1 NGC?7789 23h THE NIGHT SKY \u02da50 457 Shedir \u03c3 PERSEUS \u03b8 \u03b6\u03bb \u03bd\u03be \u03bf\u03c0 POLAR POINTER 2 The distinctive W shape formed by the ANDROMEDA main stars of Cassiopeia is easy to locate in the sky. The center of the W 3h 0h points toward the north celestial pole.","THE CONSTELLATIONS THE GIRAFFE SPECIFIC FEATURES KEMBLE\u2019S CASCADE 1 URSA The brightest star in the constellation, In an area five times the diameter of a full MINOR Camelopardalis Beta (\u03b2) Camelopardalis, is a double moon, the stars of Kemble\u2019s Cascade seem star whose fainter companion can be to tumble down the sky. The small star 90\u02da SIZE RANKING 18 seen with a small telescope or even cluster NGC 1502 can be seen in the lower powerful binoculars. South of Beta (\u03b2) left of the picture. Polaris BRIGHTEST STAR is 11 and 12 Camelopardalis, a wide double star with components of 5th DRACO Beta (\u03b2) 4.0 and 6th magnitudes. GENITIVE Within the giraffe\u2019s hindquarters is NGC 1502, a small open star cluster Camelopardalis visible through binoculars or a small ABBREVIATION Cam telescope. Binoculars also show a long chain of faint stars called Kemble\u2019s HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM Cascade, which lead away from NGC 1502 towards Cassiopeia.This star December\u2013May feature is named after Lucian Kemble, a Canadian amateur astronomer who FULLY VISIBLE first drew attention to it in the late 1970s. None of the stars, however, are 90\u00b0N\u20133\u00b0S actually related. This dim constellation of the far NGC 2403 is a 9th-magnitude northern sky, representing a giraffe, spiral galaxy that looks like a comet was introduced in the early 17th when seen through a small century on a celestial globe created by telescope. It is one of the the Dutch astronomer Petrus Plancius brightest and closest (see panel, below).The giraffe\u2019s long galaxies to the Earth, neck can be visualized as stretching outside the Local Group. around the north celestial pole toward Ursa Minor and Draco. THE GIRAFFE CAMELOPARDALIS \u03b3 70\u02da URSA NGC 2403 \u03b1 MAJOR LYNX NGC 1502 60\u02da 8h \u03b2 11,12 7 50\u02da PERSEUS AURIGA 4h 6h Capella NGC 2403 54 Color images of this galaxy reveal the pink glow of large emission nebulae in its spiral arms. It is about 11 million light-years away. THE NIGHT SKY PARTIAL VIEW 2 PETRUS PLANCIUS It can be difficult to relate the figure of a giraffe to the stars of Camelopardalis. This Dutch church minister was also Here, the stars of the giraffe\u2019s legs are an expert geographer and astronomer. shown. The animal\u2019s long neck would Petrus Plancius (1552\u20131622) taught stretch off the top of the picture. the navigators on the first Dutch sea voyages to the East Indies how to measure star positions. In turn, they produced for him a catalog of the southern stars divided into 12 new constellations, which Plancius depicted on his celestial globes. He also invented several constellations, such as Columba, Camelopardalis, and Monoceros, using some of the fainter stars visible from Europe.","Auriga also contains two THE 7h 6h extraordinary eclipsing binaries CHARIOTEER of long period. One is Zeta (\u03b6) LYNX \u03be Aurigae, which is an 50\u02da \u03b4 THE CHARIOTEER orange giant orbited by a PERSEUS smaller blue star that Auriga eclipses it every 2.7 9 years.This causes a 30 SIZE RANKING 21 percent decrease in \u03c81 AURIGA brightness for six weeks, BRIGHTEST STAR from magnitude 3.7 to 4.0. \u03c0 Capella \u03b1 NGC More remarkable, however, is \u03b2 \u03b5 1664 Capella (\u03b1) 0.1 Epsilon (\u03b5) Aurigae (see p.281).This intensely luminous giant star is 40\u02da \u03c87 \u03c82 \u03b7 \u03b6 GENITIVE orbited by a mysterious dark partner \u03bb that eclipses it every 27 years\u2014the 63 NGC 2281 \u03bd\u03c4 Aurigae longest interval of any eclipsing binary. \u03b8\u03c5 \u03bc During the eclipse, Epsilon\u2019s brightness UU 4 ABBREVIATION Aur is halved, from magnitude 3.0 to 3.8, M38 2 and it remains dimmed for more than HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM a year. Astronomers think that its companion star is enveloped in a disk December\u2013February of dust seen almost edge-on.The last eclipse occurred between 2009 and FULLY VISIBLE 2011.The next is due to start in 2036. 90\u00b0N\u201334\u00b0S NGC 1907 \u03b9M36 AE IC 405 Castor GEMINI \u03c7 16 30\u02da RT \u03ba M37 Alnath Auriga is easily identified in the Pollux northern sky by the presence of Capella (\u03b1), the most northerly first- \u03b2 Tau magnitude star. Auriga lies in the Milky Way between Gemini and TAURUS Perseus, to the north of Orion.The constellation represents a charioteer. SPECIFIC FEATURES SHARED STAR 2 THE FLAMING STAR NEBULA 54 Auriga\u2019s outstanding feature is a chain Neighboring Beta (\u03b2) Tauri AE Aurigae is a hot, massive star of of three large and bright open star completes the charioteer figure. magnitude 6 that lights up the surrounding clusters. All three will just fit within Auriga is usually identified as a cloud of gas and dust that is the Flaming the same field of view in wide-angle king of Athens, Erichthonius. Star Nebula, IC 405. binoculars. Of the trio, M38\u2019s stars are the most scattered and, when viewed with a small telescope, seem to form chains.The middle cluster is M36, the smallest cluster but also the easiest to spot, while M37 is the largest and contains the most stars, but these are faint. All three clusters lie about 4,000 light-years away. The star-forming nebula IC 405 is located nearby. Bright light from 6th- magnitude AE Aurigae near its center lights up the surrounding gases. THE LYNX SPECIFIC FEATURES double star is 38 Lyncis, with Lynx contains many interesting components of 4th and 6th Lynx double and multiple stars. For magnitudes. A telescope of 3-in example, 12 Lyncis appears double (75-mm) aperture is required to SIZE RANKING 28 with a small telescope, but with a separate the individual stars. 6h telescope of 3 in (75 mm) or larger BRIGHTEST STAR aperture the brighter star divides into 7h two components of 5th and 6th Alpha (\u03b1) 3.1 magnitudes, which have an orbital 8h 12 2 period of about 700 years. 24 15 GENITIVE An easier triple to identify is 19 Lyncis 19 Lyncis.This consists of two stars of 6th and 7th magnitudes and a ABBREVIATION Lyn wider 8th-magnitude companion, all visible through a small HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM telescope. A more challenging February\u2013March URSA MAJOR FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201328\u00b0S Lynx is a fair-sized but faint 27 LYNX constellation in the northern sky. It was introduced in the late 17th 21 century by Johannes Hevelius (see 16 p.384), who wanted to fill the gap between Ursa Major and \u02da40 31 THE NIGHT SKY Auriga. Hevelius is reputed to 10 UMa have named it Lynx because NGC 2419 only the lynx-eyed would be able to see it\u2014 38 Hevelius himself had very sharp eyesight. \u03b1 The animal he drew on his star chart, however, 30\u02da Castor ELUSIVE FELINE 2 looked little like a real lynx. Lynx consists of nothing more than a few faint THE LYNX CANCER GEMINI stars zigzagging between Ursa Major and Auriga. To spot it, sharp eyesight or binoculars are required. Pollux","360 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE GREAT BEAR the Big Dipper points toward the binary relationship, orbiting every THE OWL NEBULA 54 bright star Arcturus in the adjoining 60 years, which is quick by the The dark, owl-like eyes of the faint planetary Ursa Major constellation of Bo\u00f6tes. standards of visual binary stars. nebula M97 are visible only through large telescopes or on photographs and CCD SIZE RANKING 3 SPECIFIC FEATURES One of the easiest galaxies to images such as this one. The Big Dipper is one of the most identify with binoculars is M81, BRIGHTEST STARS famous patterns in the sky. Its shape which is in northern Ursa Major, and identify, however, is the Owl Nebula, is formed by the stars Dubhe (\u03b1), is also known as Bode\u2019s Galaxy (see or M97, located under the bowl of Alpha (\u03b1) 1.8, Merak (\u03b2), Phad (\u03b3), Delta (\u03b4) Ursae p.314).This spiral galaxy is at an angle the Big Dipper.This planetary nebula Epsilon (\u03b5) 1.8. Majoris, Alioth (\u03b5), Mizar (\u03b6) (see and can be seen on clear, dark nights is one of the faintest objects in GENITIVE Ursae p.276), and Alkaid (\u03b7).With the as a slightly elongated patch of light. Charles Messier\u2019s catalog, and a Majoris exception of Dubhe and Alioth, these A telescope is needed to spot the telescope of around 3 in (75 mm) stars travel through space in the same rather more elongated shape of the aperture is needed to make out its ABBREVIATION UMa direction, and they form what is smaller and fainter Cigar Galaxy (see gray-green disk, which is three times known as a moving cluster. p.314), or M82, which is found one larger than that of Jupiter. A telescope HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM diameter of a full moon away from with an even larger aperture reveals Mizar (\u03b6), the second star in the Bode\u2019s Galaxy.This unusual-looking the two dark patches, like an owl\u2019s February\u2013May Big Dipper\u2019s handle, is next to Alcor object is now thought to be a spiral eyes, that give rise to its popular name. (see p.276), an eighth, fainter star in galaxy, seen edge-on, mottled with FULLY VISIBLE the Big Dipper, which can be seen dust clouds and undergoing a burst with good eyesight. A small telescope of star formation following an 90\u02daN\u201316\u02daS reveals that Mizar also has a closer encounter with M81. 4th-magnitude companion. Ursa Major is one of the best-known Another major spiral galaxy in this constellations and a prominent feature In southern Ursa Major lies a constellation is the Pinwheel Galaxy, of the northern sky. Seven of its stars more difficult double star, Xi (\u03be) Ursae M101 (p.316), which lies near the end form the familiar shape of the Big Majoris, which needs a telescope with of the Big Dipper\u2019s handle.Though Dipper. But as a whole, Ursa Major is an aperture of 3 in (75 mm) to divide larger than Bode\u2019s Galaxy, it is fainter much larger than this; it is the third- it.This pair, with components of 4th and thus more difficult to see. An largest constellation in the sky.The and 5th magnitudes, forms a true even greater challenge to find and two stars in the Big Dipper\u2019s bowl farthest from the handle, THE CIGAR GALAXY 54 Dubhe (\u03b1) and Merak (\u03b2), M82 is a peculiar-looking spiral galaxy, point toward the north edge-on to us, that is undergoing a Pole Star, Polaris, burst of star formation triggered by while the curved a close encounter with the larger and handle of brighter spiral galaxy M81 about 300 million years ago. THE GREAT 8h 70\u02da BEAR 9h 13h 10h 12h M82 24 \u03c1 M81 \u03c3 DRACO \u03c02 60\u02da \u03c4 \u03bf 50\u02da 40\u02da URSA MAJOR \u03b1 23 Dubhe \u03c5 M101 Alcor 78 \u03b4 THE BIG DIPPER Merak 18 83 \u03b6Mizar \u03b5 Alioth M108 \u03b2 36 \u03d5 Alkaid M97 \u03b8 15 Phad 26 M109 \u03b3 \u03ba \u03b7 \u03b9 BOOTES \u03c7 CANES \u03c8 \u03bb VENATICI \u03bc 56 LYNX \u03c9 THE NIGHT SKY 55 LEO MINOR COMA \u03bd 30\u02da BODE\u2019S GALAXY 54 BERENICES \u03be This spiral galaxy was discovered by German astronomer Johann Elert Bode on LEO December 31, 1774. Located approximately 11 million light-years away, M81 is nevertheless one of the brightest and most visible galaxies in the sky.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 361 THE HIDDEN DOUBLE 21 Although Mizar (\u03b6) and its neighbor Alcor may appear to be a double star when seen with the naked eye (see main picture), upon further magnification, Mizar (on the left of this image) is revealed to have an even closer companion than Alcor (on the right). A FAMILIAR SIGHT 2 THE NIGHT SKY The saucepan shape of the Big Dipper\u2019s stars is one of the most easily recognized sights in the night sky, but it makes up only part of the whole constellation pattern of Ursa Major. MYTHS AND STORIES THE TALE OF THE GREAT BEAR The Big Dipper is one of the oldest, most recognized patterns in the sky. In Greek myth, it represents the rump and long tail of the Great Bear.Two characters are identified with it: Callisto, who was one of Zeus\u2019s lovers (see p.187); and Adrastea, a nymph who nursed the infant Zeus and was later placed in the sky as the Great Bear. RECURRING PATTERN The shape of the Big Dipper can be seen clearly (below, center) on this northern polar chart from Dunhuang, China, dating from AD 940 or earlier.","362 THE CONSTELLATIONS 14h 12h THE HUNTING DOGS URSA 13h MAJOR Canes Venatici 50\u02da 5 SIZE RANKING 38 40\u02da 24 M106 BRIGHTEST STAR NGC 5195 Y NGC 4449 Cor Caroli (\u03b1) 2.9 M51 GENITIVE Canum Venaticorum M63 M94 \u03b2 ABBREVIATION CVn 20 \u03b1 HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM 25 Cor Caroli April\u2013May FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201337\u00b0S THE WHIRLPOOL GALAXY 54 30\u02da NGC 4631 The core of this beautiful spiral galaxy (also 20\u02da known as M51) appears as a point of light in CANES VENATICI a small telescope, as does its companion Canes Venatici lies in the northern galaxy NGC 5195 (top) at the end of one arm. M3 sky between Bo\u00f6tes and Ursa Major. This constellation represents two dogs Canes Venatici also contains some fine BOOTES COMA held on a leash by the herdsman galaxies, such as the Whirlpool Galaxy BERENICES Bo\u00f6tes. It was formed by Johannes (see p.315), or M51, which is found Hevelius (see p.384) at the end of the seven diameters of a full moon from Arcturus 17th century from stars that had the star at the end of the handle of previously been part of Ursa Major. the Big Dipper (in Ursa Major).The THE HUNTING Whirlpool Galaxy was the first galaxy DOGS SPECIFIC FEATURES in which spiral form was detected\u2014 The constellation\u2019s brightest star, the observation being made in 1845 Alpha (\u03b1) Canum Venaticorum, is by William Parsons (see p.315) in known as Cor Caroli, meaning Ireland.The galaxy appears as a Charles\u2019s Heart, in commemoration round patch of light through of King Charles I of England.This binoculars, but a moderate-sized wide double star, with components telescope is needed to make out of magnitudes 2.9 and 5.6, is easily the spiral arms. At the end of separated with a small telescope.The one of the arms lies a smaller brighter star is slightly variable, by galaxy, NGC 5195, which is about one-tenth of a magnitude, passing close to M51. which is too small to be noticeable to the naked eye. Larger variation Two spiral galaxies worth is found in Gamma (\u03b3) Canum looking for through a small Venaticorum, a deep red supergiant telescope are the Sunflower popularly known as La Superba. It Galaxy (M63) and M94. fluctuates between magnitudes 5.0 and 6.5 every 160 days or so. THE SUNFLOWER GALAXY 54 M63 is a spiral galaxy, with patchy outer arms, that is seen at an angle from Earth. The arms give rise to comparisons with the appearance of a sunflower. The star to its right in this photograph is of 9th magnitude. THE NIGHT SKY GLOBULAR CLUSTER M3 15 TWO BRIGHT STARS 2 This cluster is one of the biggest and Canes Venatici represents a pair of brightest globular clusters in the northern hounds, but the unaided eye can see sky. A telescope with a 4-in (100-mm) aperture little more than the constellation\u2019s is needed to resolve its individual stars. brightest stars, Cor Caroli and Beta Canum Venaticorum.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 363 THE HERDSMAN binoculars. In billions of years, our MYTHS AND STORIES Sun will swell into a red giant similar Bo\u00f6tes to this star. THE BEAR-KEEPER SIZE RANKING 13 Bo\u00f6tes is noted for its double stars, DOUBLE STAR IZAR 5 Bo\u00f6tes represents a man herding the most celebrated of which is Izar Epsilon (\u03b5) Bo\u00f6tis, which is also a bear (Ursa Major). Myths differ BRIGHTEST STAR (see p.277), or Epsilon (\u03b5) Bo\u00f6tis, at known as Izar or Pulcherrima, is a as to whether he is a hunter or the heart of the constellation.To the challenging double star consisting a herdsman, as the constellation\u2019s Arcturus (\u03b1) -0.1 naked eye, it appears of magnitude of a bright orange star with a brightest star, Arcturus, means GENITIVE Bo\u00f6tis 2.4, but high magnification on a fainter blue-green companion star. telescope of at least 3 in (75 mm) \u201cbear guard\u201d or \u201cbear-keeper\u201d ABBREVIATION Boo aperture reveals a close, 5th-magnitude in Greek.The man\u2019s two dogs companion that is blue-green in are represented by adjoining HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM color, providing one of the most Canes Venatici. In Greek beautiful contrasts of all double stars. myth, Bo\u00f6tes was May\u2013June identified with Arcas, Much easier to divide with any son of Zeus and Callisto. FULLY VISIBLE small telescope are Kappa (\u03ba) and Xi (\u03be) Bo\u00f6tis. Kappa\u2019s stars, with ADJACENT STARS 90\u00b0N\u201335\u00b0S components of 5th and 7th Bo\u00f6tes is depicted here magnitudes, are unrelated, but Xi, leading the two hunting dogs, The Greek constellation Bo\u00f6tes with stars also of 5th and 7th on an 18th-century star chart contains the brightest star north of magnitudes, is a true binary with by Sir James Thornhill. the celestial equator, Arcturus\u2014Alpha an orbital period of 150 years and (\u03b1) Bo\u00f6tis\u2014which is also the fourth- has warm yellow-orange hues. brightest star in the entire sky.This large and conspicuous constellation Easiest of all are the doubles Mu extends from Draco and the handle (\u03bc) Bo\u00f6tis, with components of 4th of the Big Dipper (in Ursa Major) to and 6th magnitudes, and Nu (\u03bd) Virgo. Faint stars in the northern part Bo\u00f6tis, with two 5th-magnitude of Bo\u00f6tes once formed the now- components\u2014both are widely spaced defunct constellation of Quadrans enough to divide with binoculars. Muralis, which gave its name to the Quadrantid meteor shower that THE HERDSMAN radiates from this area every January. SPECIFIC FEATURES Arcturus is classified as a red giant, but as with most supposedly \u201cred\u201d stars, it actually looks orange to the unaided eye. Its coloring becomes stronger when viewed through 16h 15h 14h 50\u02da \u03b8 \u03ba2 \u03b9 44 URSA \u03bb MAJOR BOOTES HERCULES \u03bd\u03b2 40\u02da \u03bc \u03b3 CORONA \u03b4 \u03c1 COMA \u03b5\u03c3 BERENICES 30\u02da BOREALIS \u03c8 \u03c9 Izar 12 45 6 20\u02da \u03be \u03b1 \u03b7 THE NIGHT SKY \u03bf\u03c0 Arcturus \u03c4 SERPENS 20 CAPUT \u03b6 \u03c5 31 KITE-SHAPED CONSTELLATION 2 Bo\u00f6tes, containing the bright star Arcturus, stands aloft in spring skies in the Northern Hemisphere. The crown of Corona Borealis can be seen to its left.","364 THE CONSTELLATIONS HERCULES The most distinctive feature of this constellation is a quadrilateral Hercules of stars called the Keystone, which is composed of Epsilon (\u03b5), Zeta (\u03b6), SIZE RANKING 5 Eta (\u03b7), and Pi (\u03c0) Herculis. BRIGHTEST STAR SPECIFIC FEATURES Alpha (\u03b1) Herculis, (see p.285), or Kornephoros (\u03b2) 2.8 Rasalgethi, is actually the second- GENITIVE Herculis brightest star in Hercules. It fluctuates between 3rd and 4th magnitudes. ABBREVIATION Her As with most such erratic variables, Rasalgethi is a bloated red giant that HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM pulsates in size, causing the brightness changes. A small telescope brings a June\u2013July 5th-magnitude blue-green companion star into view. FULLY VISIBLE On one side of the Keystone lies 90\u00b0N\u201338\u00b0S M13, which is regarded as the finest globular cluster of northern skies. This large but not particularly Under ideal conditions, M13 can be prominent constellation of the glimpsed with the naked eye, and northern sky represents Hercules, through binoculars it appears like a the strong man of Greek myth. In hazy star half the width of a full the sky, Hercules is depicted clothed moon. Slightly farther away from the in a lion\u2019s pelt, brandishing a club Keystone is a second globular cluster\u2014 and the severed head of the watchdog M92.This often overlooked cluster is Cerberus, and kneeling with one foot smaller and fainter than M13, and on the head of the celestial dragon, when seen through binoculars it can Draco\u2014the tools and conquests of easily be mistaken for an ordinary star. some of his 12 labors. Several readily seen double stars are to be found in Hercules, including Kappa (\u03ba) Herculis, with components of 5th and 6th magnitudes, and 100 Herculis, with its two 6th- magnitude stars. Positioned closer together, and hence requiring higher magnification, are 95 Herculis, with two 5th-magnitude components, and Rho (\u03c1) Herculis, with components of 5th and 6th magnitudes. HERCULES UPSIDE DOWN 2 In the night sky, Hercules 16h is positioned with his feet pointing toward the pole DRACO 18h 17h (top left in this picture) and his head pointing south. 50\u02da GLOBULAR CLUSTER M13 15 LYRA \u03b9 42 \u03c7 Through binoculars, this cluster appears as a rounded patch of light. It breaks up 40\u02da M92 \u03c4\u03c5 into countless starry points when viewed through a small telescope. 52 THE HERCULES GALAXY CLUSTER 3 \u03d5 Every fuzzy object in this picture is a faint \u03c3 galaxy in the cluster Abell 2151, some 500 million light-years away. 30 Vega \u03b7 \u03b8 \u03c1 69 KEY- M13 BOOTES \u03c0 STONE 104 \u03bd 68 \u03b6 CORONA BOREALIS \u03bf \u03be \u03b5 \u03bc \u03bb\u03b4 100 113 106 95 HERCULES NGC 6210 \u03b2 109 102 \u03b3 THE NIGHT SKY 110 CLUSTER 111 ABELL 2151 93 \u03ba Rasalgethi \u03c9 \u03b1 60 29 OPHIUCHUS SERPENS CAPUT","THE CONSTELLATIONS 365 THE LYRE standard star against which and Gamma (\u03b3) Lyrae lies the most 19h 18h astronomers compare the color and photographed of Lyra\u2019s celestial Lyra brightness of all other stars. treasures, the Ring Nebula (see CYGNUS p.257), or M57.This planetary SIZE RANKING 52 The finest quadruple star in the nebula is shaped like a smoke R LYRA sky\u2014Epsilon (\u03b5) Lyrae (see p.276)\u2014 ring, and appears through a small BRIGHTEST STAR is found three diameters of a full telescope as a disk larger than that RR moon from Vega. Binoculars easily of Jupiter. Larger apertures are Vega (\u03b1) 0.0 show it as a neat pair of 5th- GENITIVE Lyrae magnitude white stars, but each of needed to make out the central 40\u02da \u03b7 \u03b51,2 these has a closer companion that is hole. Studies with the Hubble \u03b8 ABBREVIATION Lyr brought into view with a telescope of Space Telescope have revealed \u03b41,2 Vega 2.5\u20133 in (60\u201375 mm) aperture and that the \u201cring\u201d is in fact a HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM high magnification. All four stars are cylinder of gas thrown off from \u03b1 linked by gravity and are in long- the central star, oriented almost July\u2013August term orbit around each other. end-on to the Earth. \u03b3 \u03b2 \u03b61 \u03ba FULLY VISIBLE Two other double stars near Vega that are easy to identify with 90\u00b0N\u201342\u00b0S binoculars are Zeta (\u03b6) and Delta (\u03b4) Lyrae, each with components of 4th and 6th magnitudes. Beta (\u03b2) Lyrae is 30\u02da \u03bb M57 another double star, easily resolved by a small telescope into its cream and M56 blue components.The brighter star Lyra lies on the edge of the Milky (the cream one) is an eclipsing binary THE LYRE Way next to Cygnus and is a compact that fluctuates between magnitudes constellation of the northern sky. It 3.3 and 4.4 every 12.9 days. Many HERCULES includes Vega, or Alpha (\u03b1) Lyrae (see years of study have established that p.253), which is the fifth-brightest star Beta\u2019s two stars are so close that VULPECULA in the sky and one of the so-called gas from the larger of the pair Summer Triangle of stars\u2014the other falls toward the smaller two being Deneb (in Cygnus) and companion, and some Altair (in Aquila).The Lyrid meteors of it spirals off into radiate from a point near Vega around space. Almost April 21\u201322 every year. Lyra midway represents the stringed instrument between played by Orpheus (see panel, below). Beta SPECIFIC FEATURES Vega dazzles at magnitude 0.0, appearing somewhat blue-white in color to the unaided eye. It is the THE RING NEBULA 4 STRINGED INSTRUMENT 2 THE NIGHT SKY One of the most famous planetary nebulae in Lyra, dominated by dazzling Vega, the whole sky, the Ring Nebula, or M57, represents the harp played by consists of hot gas shed from a central star. Orpheus, the musician of Greek myth. Its beautiful colors are revealed only on Arab astronomers visualized the photographs such as this one. constellation as an eagle or vulture. MYTHS AND STORIES ORPHEUS Heartbroken Orpheus descended into the Underworld to retrieve his wife, Eurydice, who had been killed by a snake. His songs charmed Hades, god of the Underworld, who agreed to release Eurydice provided Orpheus did not look back as he led her to the surface. At the last minute, Orpheus glanced behind him, and Eurydice faded away. Orpheus then roamed the Earth, disconsolately playing his lyre. ENTRANCED Orpheus was said to have charmed even the rocks and streams with his music. In this 19th-century painting, he tames the wild animals with his songs.","366 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE SWAN but its main stars are arranged in ALBIREO 5 the shape of a giant cross, hence Beta (\u03b2) Cygni, also known as Albireo, marks Cygnus its alternative popular name of the the beak of the swan. This double star, with Northern Cross. its strikingly contrasting colors, is easily SIZE RANKING 16 far apart that they can be seen separated with a small telescope. SPECIFIC FEATURES separately with ordinary binoculars, BRIGHTEST STAR Cygnus\u2019s brightest star, Deneb\u2014Alpha if steadily mounted, and they are Cygni, a 4th-magnitude orange (\u03b1) Cygni\u2014lies in the tail of the swan, easy targets for a small telescope.The star, and its wide 5th-magnitude Deneb (\u03b1) 1.2 or at the top of the cross, depending brighter star, of magnitude 3.1, is companion, 30 Cygni, which has a GENITIVE Cygni on how the constellation is visualized. orange, and the fainter star, magnitude noticeable bluish color when seen Deneb is an immensely luminous 5.1, is blue-green. through binoculars. A 7th-magnitude ABBREVIATION Cyg supergiant star located about than star, again bluish, and even closer to 1,400 light-years away, making it the A similar color difference is Omicron-1, can also be seen with HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10PM most distant 1st-magnitude star. evident between Omicron-1 (\u03bf1) binoculars or a small telescope. It forms one corner of the northern Another pair of stars that is easy August\u2013September Summer Triangle\u2014a familiar sight THE SWAN in the skies of northern summers FULLY VISIBLE and southern winters\u2014which is completed by Vega (in Lyra) and 90\u02daN\u201328\u02daS Altair (in Aquila). Situated in a rich area of the Milky The beak of the swan (or the foot Way, Cygnus is one of the most of the cross) is marked by a double prominent constellations of the star, Beta (\u03b2) Cygni, known as northern sky and contains numerous Albireo. Its two stars are sufficiently objects of interest.The relatively large constellation depicts a swan in flight, 19h 22h 21h 20h 60\u02da CEPHEUS 33 LACERTA \u03c8 \u03ba \u03b9NGC 6826 50\u02da \u03c01 \u03b8 \u03c02 63 59 CYGNUS M39 \u03c91 \u03bf2 W\u03c1 57 55\u03b1 \u03bf1 30 \u03b4 Deneb \u03be \u02da40 NGC 7000 \u03b3 Cyg A LYRA \u03bd Vega \u03c3 61 M29 P 22 8 HERCULES 72 \u03c4 29 28 15 \u03bb \u03c5 \u03b7 47 \u03b5 Cyg X-1 17 \u03c7 \u02da30 \u03bc1 \u03b6 NGC 6992 39 \u03d5 52 41 \u03b22 PEGASUS Albireo VULPECULA THE NIGHT SKY POISED IN FLIGHT 2 Among the stars of Cygnus, it is comparatively easy to visualize a swan, with its wings outstretched, as it flies along the Milky Way.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 367 to spot with a small telescope is 61 through binoculars on clear, dark MYTHS AND STORIES Cygni (see p.252), which consists of nights, but its full majesty becomes two orange dwarfs of 5th and 6th apparent only on long-exposure LEDA AND THE SWAN magnitudes that orbit each other photographs or CCD images.The Veil every 650 years. A large open star Nebula is a diffuse nebula found in The swan represents the disguise adopted by cluster, M39, covers an area of sky of the wing of the swan. Again, it is best Zeus for an illicit love tryst.The object of his similar size to a full moon near the seen on photographs, although the desire is sometimes said to have been a nymph constellation\u2019s border with Lacerta. brightest part\u2014NGC 6992\u2014can just called Nemesis or, in a more popular version, be made out with binoculars or a Queen Leda of Sparta. After her union with On clear nights, the Milky Way small telescope and becomes more Zeus, Leda is said to have given birth to appears as a hazy band of light prominent with the addition of filters either one or two eggs, according to running through Cygnus, divided to the telescope. Considerably smaller, different versions of the story, from which in two by an intervening cloud of but much easier to spot, is the hatched Castor, Pollux, and their sister dust known as the Cygnus Rift or Blinking Planetary (NGC 6826) in Helen of Troy. Pollux and Helen were the Northern Coalsack.The rift the other wing of the swan, with a reputedly the offspring of Zeus, but continues, via Aquila, into Ophiuchus. Castor was the son of Leda\u2019s husband, King Tyndareus. Two large and remarkable nebulae are found in Cygnus, although neither FAMILY GROUPING Queen Leda, the twins Castor and Pollux, is easy to identify.The glowing and the swan are captured in this painting gas cloud of the North after the original by Leonardo da Vinci. America Nebula (NGC 7000), near Deneb, can be glimpsed OPEN CLUSTER M39 15 blue-green disk similar in size to that M39 is the larger and brighter of Jupiter. It is popularly known as of the two Messier clusters the Blinking Planetary because of an in Cygnus and contains around odd optical effect in which, as the 30 members arranged in a observer looks alternately directly at triangular shape, with a double it and off to one side, it appears to star near the center. It lies blink on and off. 900 light-years away and is easily spotted with binoculars. Two objects of considerable Under good conditions, M39 is astrophysical interest in Cygnus are visible to the naked eye. beyond the reach of amateur observers. Cygnus A (see p.324) is a powerful radio source, the result of two galaxies in collision millions of light-years away. Cygnus X-1 (see p.272), near Eta (\u03b7) Cygni, is an intense X-ray source, thought to be a black hole orbiting a 9th-magnitude blue supergiant in our galaxy. NORTH AMERICA NEBULA 154 In the tail of the swan lies NGC 7000, which is popularly known as the North America Nebula, on account of its similarity in shape to that continent. VEIL NEBULA 54 THE NIGHT SKY Splashed across an area wider than six full moons is the Veil Nebula, a loop of gas that is the remains of a star that exploded as a supernova thousands of years ago.","368 THE CONSTELLATIONS ANDROMEDA constellation Pegasus, where it marked field of view and to concentrate the The open star cluster NGC 752 Andromeda the navel of the horse.The star\u2019s two light.The small companion galaxies, spreads over an area larger than a full SIZE RANKING 19 names\u2014Alpheratz and Sirrah\u2014are M32 and M110, are difficult to see moon and can be identified with BRIGHTEST STARS both derived from an Arabic term through a small telescope. binoculars, but a small telescope is Alpheratz (\u03b1) 2.1, that means \u201cthe horse\u2019s navel.\u201d Gamma (\u03b3) Andromedae, known needed to resolve its individual stars Mirach (\u03b2) 2.1 also as Almaak or Almach (see p.277), of 9th magnitude and fainter. GENITIVE SPECIFIC FEATURES is a double star of contrasting colors. NGC 7662, which is popularly Andromedae ABBREVIATION And On a clear night, the farthest it is It consists of an orange giant star of known as the Blue Snowball, is one HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM possible to see with the naked eye magnitude 2.3 and a fainter blue of the easiest planetary nebulae to October\u2013November is about 2.5 million light-years, companion, and it is easily seen identify, and it can be found through FULLY VISIBLE which is the distance to the through a small telescope. a small telescope. 90\u00b0N\u201337\u00b0S Andromeda Galaxy (see This celebrated constellation of the pp.312\u2013313), a huge spiral of 2h 23h northern skies depicts the daughter stars similar to our own galaxy. of the mythical Queen Cassiopeia, Also known as M31, this PERSEUS 1h 0h who is represented by a neighboring galaxy spans several diameters constellation.The head of the princess 50\u02da is marked by Alpheratz (or Sirrah )\u2014 Alpha (\u03b1) Andromedae\u2014which is the of a full moon and lies high 65 3 star at the nearest corner of the in the mid-northern sky on Square of Pegasus, in another adjacent constellation. Long ago, Alpheratz was fall evenings.The naked 51 87 regarded as being shared with the eye sees it as a faint patch; it looks elongated, 60 \u03c9 \u03be \u03d5 \u03c8\u03bb rather than spiral, \u03c5 \u03ba because it is tilted at a 40\u02da \u03b31 Almach M110 \u03b9 \u03bf steep angle toward the Earth.When NGC 891 \u03bd M31 LACERTA looking at M31 M32 through a \u03c4 NGC 7662 telescope, low \u03bc\u03b8 58 NGC 752 ANDROMEDA magnification \u03b2 Mirach \u03c3 must be used to give the widest 30\u02da TRIANGULUM \u03c0 THE BLUE \u03b4 \u03b1 SNOWBALL 54 When seen through a small \u03b5 Alpheratz telescope, NGC 7662 appears as a bluish disk. Its structure \u03b7 \u03b6 PEGASUS is brought out only on CCD images such as this one. PISCES THE ANDROMEDA GALAXY 4 ANDROMEDA Only the inner parts of M31 are bright enough to be seen with small MYTHS AND STORIES instruments. CCD images such as this bring out the full extent of the spiral HEROIC RESCUE arms. Below M31 on this image lies M110, while M32 is on its upper rim. According to Greek mythology, Andromeda was chained to a rock on the seashore and offered as a sacrifice to a sea monster in atonement for the boastfulness of her mother, Queen Cassiopeia. The Greek hero Perseus, flying home after slaying Medusa, the Gorgon, noticed the maiden\u2019s plight. He responded by swooping down in his winged sandals and killing the sea monster. He then whisked Andromeda to safety and married her. DAMSEL IN DISTRESS The Flemish artist Rubens added the flying horse Pegasus to his 17th-century depiction of Andromeda\u2019s dramatic rescue by Perseus from captivity on the rock. THE NIGHT SKY HEAD TO TOE 2 Andromeda is one of the original Greek constellations. Its brightest stars represent the princess\u2019s head (\u03b1), her pelvis (\u03b2), and her left foot (\u03b3).","THE CONSTELLATIONS 369 THE LIZARD to be a peculiar 14th-magnitude 0h 23h 22h variable star, has given its name to a Lacerta class of galaxies with active nuclei THE LIZARD CEPHEUS called BL Lac objects or \u201cblazars.\u201d SIZE RANKING 68 50\u02da \u03b2 A BL Lac object is a type of quasar BRIGHTEST STAR that shoots jets of gas from its center ANDROMEDA 9 directly toward the Earth. Because Alpha (\u03b1) 3.8 we see these jets of gas head-on, these \u03b14 BL Lac objects tend to look starlike. NGC GENITIVE 5 7243 Lacertae 2 11 ABBREVIATION Lac 15 6 BL HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM September\u2013October FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201333\u00b0S 10 1 LACERTA Lacerta consists of a zigzag of faint 30\u02da PEGASUS CYGNUS stars in the northern sky, squeezed between Andromeda and Cygnus like 3h 2h a lizard between rocks. It is one of the seven constellations invented by 40\u02da PERSEUS Johannes Hevelius (see p.384) during 30\u02da the late 17th century. ANDROMEDA This constellation contains R \u03b3\u03b2 no objects of note for amateur \u03b4 astronomers, although BL Lacertae (see p.325), which was once thought M33 THE TRIANGLE 6\u03b1 Triangulum TRIANGULUM SIZE RANKING 78 BRIGHTEST STAR Beta (\u03b2) 3.0 GENITIVE Trianguli ABBREVIATION Tri HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM November\u2013December FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201352\u00b0S This small northern constellation ARIES PISCES is to be found lying between Andromeda and Aries. It consists 20\u02da of little more than a triangle of three stars.Triangulum is one of the THE TRIANGLE constellations known to the ancient Greeks, who visualized it as the TRIANGULUM AND MARS 2 M33 54 THE NIGHT SKY Nile delta or the island of Sicily. This image of the three stars that The clouds of pinkish gas in the arms of M33 make up the shape of Triangulum also show up in CCD images of this spiral galaxy SPECIFIC FEATURES includes the planet Mars, passing in the Local Group. It is presented almost Triangulum contains the third-largest through neighboring Pisces. face-on to the Earth. member of our Local Group of galaxies, M33 or the Triangulum Galaxy (see p.311). In physical terms, M33 is about one-third the size of the Andromeda Galaxy, or M31 (see pp.312\u201313), and is much fainter. The spiral galaxy M33 appears as a large pale patch of sky. It is similar in size to a full moon, when viewed through binoculars or a small telescope on a dark, clear night.To see the spiral arms, a large telescope is needed. M33 looks like a starfish on long-exposure photographs. There is little else of note in the constellation apart from 6 Trianguli. This yellow star has a magnitude of 5.2 and has a 7th-magnitude companion that can be detected through a small telescope.","370 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE VICTORIOUS HERO of the pair drops to just one-third its MYTHS AND STORIES normal value, a change that is readily Perseus noticeable to the naked eye. Algol\u2019s MEDUSA brightness returns to normal after SIZE RANKING 24 another five hours. Predictions of Perseus, the son of Zeus and Dana\u00eb, was Algol\u2019s eclipses can be found in sent to bring back the head of Medusa, the BRIGHTEST STAR astronomical annuals and magazines. Gorgon, whose evil gaze turned everything to stone. He was given a bronze shield by Mirphak (\u03b1) 1.8 Rho (\u03c1) Persei is a variable of a the goddess Athene, a sword of diamond GENITIVE Persei different kind: it is a red giant that by Hephaestus, and winged sandals by ABBREVIATION Per fluctuates by about 50 percent in Hermes. Looking only at Medusa\u2019s brightness every seven weeks or so. reflection in his shield, Perseus managed HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM to decapitate the Gorgon. Popularly termed the Double November\u2013December Cluster, the twin open clusters SUCCESSFUL MISSION NGC 869 and NGC 884 are one of Perseus proudly displays the severed head FULLY VISIBLE the showpieces of the northern sky. of Medusa, the Gorgon, in this neoclassical Each cluster contains hundreds of sculpture by Antonio Canova. 90\u00b0N\u201331\u00b0S stars of 7th magnitude and fainter, and covers an area of sky similar to Perseus is a prominent northern that of a full moon.They lie more constellation lying in the Milky Way than 7,000 light-years away in the between Cassiopeia and Auriga. It is Perseus spiral arm of our galaxy. Both an original Greek constellation and clusters are noticeable to the naked represents Perseus, who was sent to eye as a brighter patch in the Milky slay Medusa, the Gorgon. In the sky, Way near the border with Cassiopeia Perseus is depicted with his left hand and can be seen well through holding the Gorgon\u2019s head, which is binoculars or a small telescope. marked by Algol\u2014Beta (\u03b2) Persei\u2014a famous variable star (see p.276). His M34 is a scattered open cluster of right hand brandishes his sword, several dozen stars near the border marked by the twin clusters NGC with Andromeda. It covers an apparent 869 and NGC 884. area similar to that of a full moon and is easy to spot through binoculars. SPECIFIC FEATURES ALPHA PERSEI CLUSTER 2 The constellation\u2019s brightest Mirphak and its surrounding cluster lie above member\u2014Mirphak, or Alpha (\u03b1) center. The Pleiades Cluster is lower right, Persei\u2014is of magnitude 1.8. It lies and Capella, in Auriga, is lower left. at the center of a group of stars known as the Alpha Persei Cluster or THE Melotte 20. Scattered over an area of VICTORIOUS HERO sky that is several times the diameter of a full moon, the cluster is an excellent sight through binoculars. Algol is an eclipsing binary consisting of two stars in close orbit, one much hotter and brighter than the other.Together they shine at magnitude 2.1, but every 69 hours the fainter star eclipses its companion. Over a period of five hours, the combined light 5h 4h 3h 2h CAMELOPARDALIS CASSIOPEIA NGC \u03b7 869 NGC 884 \u03b34 M76 AURIGA NGC 1528 \u03bb\u03c4 \u03d5 50\u02da Capella \u03bc MELOTTE 20 Mirphak 53 \u03b4 34 \u03b1 \u03b9 \u03b8 48 \u03c8 \u03c3 \u03ba ANDROMEDA 58 \u03bd 32 M34 40\u02da \u03b5 Algol 52 Per A \u03b2 DOUBLE CLUSTER 15 Of these two star clusters, NGC 869 (left) THE NIGHT SKY PERSEUS \u03c9 \u03c1 \u03c0 12 appears to be more densely packed. NGC 884 (right) contains some red giant stars, which NGC 1342 16 TRIANGULUM its neighbor lacks. 54 NGC \u03be 24 17 1499 40 \u03b6 \u03bf 30\u02da TAURUS ARIES","THE CONSTELLATIONS 371 THE RAM Aries SIZE RANKING 39 BRIGHTEST STAR Hamal (\u03b1) 2.0 GENITIVE Arietis ABBREVIATION Ari HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM November\u2013December FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201358\u00b0S This not particularly conspicuous EASY DOUBLE 5 3h 2h constellation of the zodiac is found Gamma (\u03b3) Arietis is between Pisces and Taurus. Its most readily separable by a TRIANGULUM recognizable features are three stars small telescope to reveal near the border with Pisces: Alpha a pair of white stars, each (\u03b1), Beta (\u03b2), and Gamma (\u03b3) Arietis, of 5th magnitude. of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th magnitudes. THE RAM Aries depicts the golden-fleeced 4h ram of Greek legend (see panel, below). Over 2,000 years ago, the PERSEUS vernal equinox\u2014the point at which the ecliptic crosses the celestial \u03b6 39 14 30\u02da equator\u2014lay near the border of \u03b4 41 35 Hamal 20\u02da Aries and Pisces.The effect of 10\u02da precession (see p.64) has now ARIES \u03b1\u03bb moved the vernal equinox almost Sheratan \u03b2 into Aquarius, but it is still called \u03b5 the first point of Aries. Mesartim \u03b3 \u03c0 SPECIFIC FEATURES ECLIPTIC Gamma was one of the first stars TAURUS discovered to be double, and it was found by the English scientist CETUS Robert Hooke in 1664, when telescopes were still quite crude PISCES and it was not realized that double stars are numerous.To the naked eye, it appears of 4th magnitude, but when viewed through a small telescope it consists of nearly identical white stars of magnitudes 4.6 and 4.7. Lambda (\u03bb) Arietis, of 5th magnitude, has a companion of 7th magnitude that can be seen through large binoculars. Pi (\u03c0) Arietis, also of 5th magnitude, has a very close companion of 8th magnitude. MYTHS AND STORIES THE GOLDEN FLEECE Aries represents the ram whose golden THE NIGHT SKY fleece hung on a tree in Colchis on the Black Sea. Jason and the Argonauts undertook an epic voyage to bring this fleece back to Greece. Jason was aided in his task by Medea, who had fallen in love with him. She was the daughter of King Aeetes, who owned the fleece. Medea bewitched the serpent guarding the fleece so that Jason could steal it. Taking Medea and the fleece with him, Jason then sailed away in the Argo. GOLDEN MOMENT LEGENDARY RAM 2 Watched by an admiring Medea, Jason From a crooked line formed by three faint removes the glittering fleece from the oak tree stars, ancient astronomers visualized the on which it hung at Colchis, in this illustration figure of a crouching ram, with its head by L. du Bois-Reymond. turned back over its shoulder.","372 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE BULL magnitude either side of its average HYADES AND PLEIADES 21 value of 0.85 and is barely noticeable. The Hyades (lower left) is the Taurus Although Aldebaran appears to be larger of these two dazzling star part of the Hyades cluster, it is clusters; the Pleiades (upper SIZE RANKING 17 67 light-years away\u2014less than half right) is a tighter bunch that BRIGHTEST STAR the cluster\u2019s distance\u2014and is appears hazy at first glance\u2014 Aldebaran (\u03b1) 0.85 superimposed only by chance. good viewing conditions are GENITIVE Tauri The main stars of the Hyades are needed to see all nine named ABBREVIATION Tau arranged in a V-shape that is the stars with the naked eye. HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM width of over ten diameters of a full December\u2013January moon. More than a dozen stars are an unrelated cloud into which the supernova remnant resembled the legs FULLY VISIBLE visible with the unaided eye, and cluster has drifted. of a crab.The Crab Nebula is found 88\u00b0N\u201358\u00b0S dozens more come into view through The first object on Charles two diameters of a full moon away binoculars. At 150 light-years away, Messier\u2019s list of cometlike objects from Zeta Tauri.Through a small the Hyades is the closest major star (see p.73), M1 is the remains of a telescope, it appears as a faint cluster to Earth. On one arm of the star that exploded as a supernova in elliptical glow several times larger Hyades\u2019 V-shape is a wide double AD 1054. It was given its popular than the disk of Jupiter. Large star,Theta (\u03b8) Tauri. At magnitude name. the Crab Nebula, by the Irish apertures are needed to make out Taurus is a large and prominent 3.4, the brighter of the pair,Theta-1 astronomer William Parsons (see the level of detail seen by Parsons. northern constellation of the zodiac, and it contains a wealth of objects (\u03b81), is also the brightest member of p.315) in 1844, because he thought including the Pleiades and Hyades star clusters (see p.291 and p.290) and M1, the Hyades. Another double star that the filaments of gas that the Crab Nebula (see pp.270\u201371). Its stars represent the head and fore- is easy to spot is Sigma (\u03c3) Tauri, protruded from the 5h 4h quarters of a mythical Greek bull.The which has two 5th-magnitude Hyades cluster is centered on the bull\u2019s face, while the constellation\u2019s brightest components, near Aldebaran.The 6h PERSEUS star, Aldebaran\u2014Alpha (\u03b1) Tauri (see p.256)\u2014is its glinting eye. Alnath (or apex of the Hyades cluster points 30\u02da Elnath)\u2014Beta (\u03b2) Tauri\u2014and Zeta (\u03b6) toward Lambda (\u03bb) Tauri, an Tauri mark the tips of the bull\u2019s long horns. Each November, the Taurid eclipsing binary of the same type as meteors appear to radiate from a point south of the Pleiades. Algol (in Perseus). It varies between GEMINI 136 \u03b2Alnath \u03d5 PLEIADES magnitudes 3.4 and 3.9 in a cycle M45 SPECIFIC FEATURES lasting just under four days. 20\u02da 139 TAURUS Aldebaran is a red giant whose color 132 ECLIPTIC is clearly apparent to the naked eye. An even brighter star cluster is NGC 1746 \u03b9 \u03c4 \u03c5\u03ba 37 ARIES As with many red giants, it is slightly the Pleiades, which hovers over the M1 114 109 variable in brightness, but the amount bull\u2019s shoulders. Although popularly NGC 1647 \u03c9 is only about one-tenth of a known as the Seven Sisters, after a \u03b6 group of mythical Greek nymphs THE CRAB NEBULA 54 (see panel, opposite), the Pleiades 119 \u03b5 T This supernova reveals the beauty of a in fact contains nine named stars: \u03b1 HYADES massive star\u2019s violent death throes. 126 Convoluted filaments of gas expand away Aldebaran from the site of the supernova explosion, which was seen from Earth in AD 1054. the seven sisters and their parents, 134 5 Atlas and Pleione.The brightest 10\u02da ORION 90 \u03bb \u03be member is Alcyone (see p.277), 88 \u03bc 47 \u03bf CETUS which is of magnitude 2.9 and lies Betelgeuse near the center of the cluster.The \u03bd Pleiades covers an area of sky three times the width of a full moon. On long-exposure photographs of the Pleiades, a surrounding haze is 0\u02da 10 visible.This was once thought to be leftover gas and dust from the stars\u2019 THE BULL formation, but it is now recognized as ERIDANUS THE PLEIADES \u02da25 3h 50m 3h 45m Maia Asterope Alcyone Taygeta Pleione Celaeno Atlas Electra \u02da d24 Merope THE HYADES MAGNITUDE KEY 0.0\u20130.9 4h 40m 4h 30m \u00a1 THE NIGHT SKY 18\u02da b\u0011 1.0\u20131.9 b\u0010 b\u000f \u02da17 2.0\u20132.9 Aldebaran 3.0\u20133.9 _ 75 4.0\u20134.9 m\u0010 63 5.0\u20135.9 6.0\u20136.9 89 85 e\u000f 70 a 81 80 e\u0010 71 m\u000f l 58 76 \/ 60 57","373 MYTHS AND STORIES THE LOST PLEIAD The popular name for the Pleiades is the Seven Sisters, although only six stars are easily visible to the naked eye.Two myths have arisen to explain the \u201cmissing\u201d Pleiad. One myth says that THE NIGHT SKY the star that shines least brightly is Merope, the only one of the seven sisters to marry a mortal. Another story says that it is Electra, who could RAGING BULL 2 not bear to stay and watch the fall of Troy, the Taurus, the celestial bull, thrusts his star- tipped horns into the night air. The bull is city founded by her brother. said to represent a disguise adopted by Zeus in a Greek myth. The bright reddish The names of the stars in the WANDERING STAR \u201cstar\u201d seen here on the bull\u2019s back, below cluster do not follow either This 19th-century painting, the Pleiades, is actually the planet Mars. of these legends, however, for The Lost Pleiad, depicts the the faintest named member separation of one of the Pleiades from her sisters. is actually Asterope.","374 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE TWINS mark the heads of the twins, while THE ESKIMO NEBULA 54 their feet lie bathed in the Milky Way. The planetary nebula NGC 2392 is so Gemini In mid-December each year, the called because it is surrounded by a Geminid meteors radiate from a point fringe of gas that resembles the fur- SIZE RANKING 30 in Gemini near Castor. lined hood of an Inuit parka. BRIGHTEST STAR SPECIFIC FEATURES Castor is a remarkable multiple star. Pollux (\u03b2) 1.2 To the naked eye, it appears as a single entity of magnitude 1.6, but through GENITIVE Geminorum ABBREVIATION Gem HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM a small telescope with suitably high January\u2013February magnification, it divides into a Although Castor and Pollux are FULLY VISIBLE sparkling blue-white duo of 2nd and named after twins, the stars 3rd magnitudes.The two stars form a themselves are far from identical. 90\u00b0N\u201355\u00b0S genuine binary, with an orbital period Being an orange giant, Pollux is of 450 years, which also has a noticeably warmer-toned than Castor. 9th-magnitude red dwarf companion. It is also closer to Earth, lying only Although these three stars cannot be 34 light-years away, compared to This prominent zodiacal constellation divided further visually, each is a Castor\u2019s 51 light-years. represents the mythical twins Castor spectroscopic binary, bringing the The open star cluster M35 lies at and Pollux, who were the sons of total number of stars in the Castor the feet of the twins. Under clear Queen Leda of Sparta and the system to six. skies, this cluster can be glimpsed brothers of Helen of Troy (see Leda with the naked eye, but it is more and the Swan, p.367).The constellation THE TWINS easily found with binoculars, through LARGE AND SMALL CLUSTER 15 is easily identifiable within the which it appears as an elongated, The large star cluster M35 is visible through northern sky because of its two elliptical patch of starlight spanning binoculars; larger telescopes reveal a fainter brightest stars, which are named after the same apparent width as a full and more distant cluster, NGC 2158 (bottom the twins. Even though it is labeled moon.When viewed through a small right), in the same field of view. Beta (\u03b2) Geminorum, Pollux is telescope, its individual stars seem to brighter than Castor, or Alpha (\u03b1) form chains or curved lines. Nebula, or NGC 2392 (see p.259), a Geminorum (see p.276).The two stars Two variable stars of note in planetary nebula with a bluish disk Gemini are Zeta (\u03b6) Geminorum similar in size to that of the globe of (see p.286), which is a Cepheid Saturn and visible through a small 8h 7h 6h variable that ranges between telescope. Larger telescope apertures magnitudes 3.6 and 4.2 every 10.2 are needed to reveal the nebula\u2019s AURIGA days, and Eta (\u03b7) Geminorum (see surrounding fringe of gas, reminiscent p.284), which is a red giant whose of an Inuit parka, that gives NGC \u03bf\u03b8 brightness can vary anywhere 2392 its popular name. An alternative Castor \u03b1 \u03c1 between magnitudes 3.1 and 3.9.This name for this nebula is the Clown- \u02da30 constellation also contains the Eskimo Face Nebula. \u03c3 \u03c4 \u03b2 Pollux \u03b9 \u03c7 \u03d5 \u03c5 GEMINI \u03b5 M35 \u03ba \u02da20 ECLIPTIC \u03b4 \u03bc \u03b71 \u03b6 \u03bd NGC 2392 TAURUS 81 \u03bb ORION \u03b3 Alhena 38 \u03be 30 10\u02da CANIS Betelgeuse MINOR CANCER MONOCEROS Procyon THE NIGHT SKY CELESTIAL TWINS 2 Castor and Pollux, the twins of the Greek myth, stand side by side in the sky between Taurus and Cancer. The bright \u201cstar\u201d in the middle of Gemini in this picture is actually the planet Saturn.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 375 THE CRAB is Zeta (\u03b6) Cancri. Its components, of still the width of a full moon in the MYTHS AND STORIES 5th and 6th magnitude, form a binary sky. It lies about 2,600 light-years Cancer star with an orbital period of more away\u2014more distant than the Beehive A SMALL VICTORY than 1,000 years. Cluster, which is 520 light-years away. SIZE RANKING 31 M67 can be found with binoculars, According to the Greek story, a The Beehive Cluster (M44) is a but a telescope is needed to resolve crab attacked Hercules during his BRIGHTEST STAR large open cluster at the the heart of individual stars. At an estimated age of fight with the many-headed Hydra Cancer, located between Gamma (\u03b3) around 5 billion years, it is one of the but was crushed underfoot during Beta (\u03b2) 3.5 and Delta (\u03b4) Cancri.The ancient oldest open clusters known\u2014it is also the struggle. Such a minor role GENITIVE Cancri Greeks could see the cluster as a misty of an age similar to Earth\u2019s. befits this faint constellation. spot with the unaided eye, but in ABBREVIATION Cnc modern urban skies it is unlikely to THE BEEHIVE CLUSTER 1 SCUTTLING AWAY be visible without binoculars.This Also known as the Manger Cluster, M44 is an A small crab can be seen in the foreground of HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM cluster consists of a scattering of stars open cluster located between the two asses this 18th-century engraving, Hercules Fights of 6th magnitude and fainter. It feeding from the manger, Gamma (\u03b3) (center, the Lernean Hydra. February\u2013March appears to cover an area more than top) and Delta (\u03b4) Cancri (center, bottom). three times wider than the diameter FULLY VISIBLE of a full moon, and although it can be seen through binoculars, it is too 90\u00b0N\u201357\u00b0S wide to fit in the field of view of most telescopes. Cancer is the faintest of the 12 zodiacal constellations, lying in the The Beehive Cluster\u2019s glory northern sky between Gemini and overshadows another open cluster, Leo, and it represents the crab of M67, which is smaller and denser yet Greek mythology (see panel, right). Cancer includes the major open star cluster M44 (see p.290), which is alternatively known as the Beehive Cluster, the Manger Cluster, or Praesepe\u2014which is the Latin for both \u201chive\u201d and \u201cmanger.\u201d It also includes the stars Gamma (\u03b3) and Delta (\u03b4) Cancri, which represent two donkeys feeding at the manger.These two stars are sometimes known as Asellus Borealis and Asellus Australis, the northern and southern asses. SPECIFIC FEATURES M67 15 Iota (\u03b9) Cancri is a 4th-magnitude Inferior to M44, but still worthy yellow giant with a nicely contrasting of note, M67 can be found 7th-magnitude blue-white companion. with binoculars in the region of The companion is just detectable Cancer south of the ecliptic. through 10 x 50 binoculars, and it is easy to identify through a small telescope. Another double star that can be seen through a small telescope THE CRAB 9h 8h Castor LYNX \u03b9 Pollux GEMINI 20\u02da \u03b3 CANCER Regulus M44 10\u02da LEO ECLIPTIC \u03b4\u03b6 SEXTANS \u03b1 M67 HIDDEN CRAB 2 THE NIGHT SKY \u03b2 CANIS Cancer is the faintest constellation in 0\u02da the zodiac, but it contains a major star MINOR cluster, M44, which is just visible in this photograph as a hazy patch near the Procyon center of the constellation. HYDRA MONOCEROS","376 THE CONSTELLATIONS SPECIFIC FEATURES 11h 10h Unusually, this constellation has no star labeled Alpha.This is due to an URSA MAJOR error by the 19th-century English THE LITTLE LION astronomer Francis Baily, who 40\u02da LYNX assigned the Greek letters to the 30\u02da Leo Minor constellation\u2019s stars.When doing so, 20\u02da 10 he overlooked assigning a Bayer SIZE RANKING 64 letter to the brightest star, 46 Leonis \u03b2 Minoris, which should have been BRIGHTEST STAR recorded as Alpha (\u03b1), although he 21 did label the second-brightest star 46 Leonis Minoris 3.8 as Beta (\u03b2) Leonis Minoris. 46 30 37 GENITIVE Although Leo Minor contains no objects of interest for users of LEO MINOR Leonis Minoris binoculars or a small telescope, Beta (\u03b2) is a close double star that can be LEO ABBREVIATION LMi separated by a telescope with very large aperture. It has a magnitude of HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM 4.2, and its component stars orbit each other every 37 years. March\u2013April THE LION CUB 2 FULLY VISIBLE Having located the distinctive shape of the Sickle in Leo (top, right), look north of it to 90\u00b0N\u201348\u00b0S find the faint stars of Leo Minor. This small, insignificant constellation, THE LITTLE adjacent to Leo in the northern sky, LION represents a lion cub, although this is not suggested by the pattern of its stars. It was introduced in the 17th century by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (see p.384). BERENICE\u2019S HAIR SPECIFIC FEATURES an elliptical patch of NGC 4565 54 The Coma Star Cluster, also known light through a small Seen edge-on, this Coma Berenices as Melotte 111, is the constellation\u2019s telescope; it is best seen spiral galaxy displays main feature. It comprises several with a telescope with a lane of dark dust SIZE RANKING 42 dozen faint stars, which fan out an aperture of 6 in along its spiral arms distinctively for several diameters of a (150 mm) or more. A when viewed through BRIGHTEST STAR full moon southward from Gamma (\u03b3) dust cloud near the larger apertures. Comae Berenices.This open cluster, galaxy\u2019s nucleus creates Beta (\u03b2) 4.2 which is seen to best advantage the \u201cblack eye\u201d effect. through binoculars, has been imagined GENITIVE as both the bushy tip of a lion\u2019s tail NGC 4565, another and a lock of Berenice\u2019s hair. spiral galaxy, lies edge-on to the Comae Berenices Earth and is more difficult to spot. It ABBREVIATION Com Coma Berenices contains numerous appears long and thin when viewed galaxies in its southern half. Most through a telescope with a 4-in HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM of these are members of the Virgo (100-mm) aperture, and a lane of dark Cluster, such as M85, M88, M99, and dust is revealed in long-exposure April\u2013May M100, but two notable exceptions, photographs. M64 (see p.314) and NGC 4565, are FULLY VISIBLE closer to the Earth. THE BLACK EYE GALAXY 54 The spiral galaxy M64 sports a large, dark 90\u00b0N\u201356\u00b0S Popularly known as the Black Eye dust cloud near its core, giving it the Galaxy, M64 is a spiral galaxy tilted at appearance of a blackened eye. Coma Berenices represents the an angle to the Earth, which is seen as flowing locks of Queen Berenice of Egypt, which she cut off as a tribute BERENICE\u2019S to the gods after the safe return of HAIR her husband, Ptolemy III, from battle during the 3rd century BC. It is a faint but interesting northern constellation, lying between Leo and Bo\u00f6tes. In the mid-16th century, it was named as a constellation by the Dutch cartographer Gerardus Mercator. Before then, its stars were regarded as forming the tail of Leo. 13h 12h 14h 37 30\u02da BOOTES \u03b2 31 16 1\u03b34MELOT1T1E1 20\u02da Arcturus 41 LEO THE NIGHT SKY NGC 4565 12 FS 7 M64 23 35 M53 \u03b1 36 M85 11 MANE OF HAIR 2 M91 M88 The distinctive splay of the Coma Star COMA M100 Cluster marks out Coma Berenices in M98 the night sky. Leo\u2019s hindquarters can BERENICES be seen closer to the horizon. M99 10\u02da VIRGO","11h 10h 377 THE LION SPECIFIC FEATURES 13h LYNX Leo Regulus\u2014Alpha (\u03b1) Leonis SIZE RANKING 12 (see p.253)\u2014lies at the foot of 30\u02da URSA MAJOR LEO MINOR the Sickle. It is the faintest of the BRIGHTEST STAR first-magnitude stars, at magnitude Regulus (\u03b1) 1.4 GENITIVE Leonis 1.4, and its wide companion is of \u03bc\u03ba ABBREVIATION Leo 8th magnitude. HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM The double star Algieba, or March\u2013April Gamma (\u03b3) Leonis, consists of 72 54 \u03b6 \u03b5\u03bb FULLY VISIBLE components of magnitudes 2.2 20\u02da 93 \u03b4 60 Algieba \u03b3 THE SICKLE NGC 2903 and 3.5. Both stars are orange 82\u00b0N\u201357\u00b0S giants, and they orbit each other 40 every 600 years or so. A nearby \u03b7 star\u201440 Leonis\u2014is unrelated. \u03b2 \u03b8 LEO \u03b1 Regulus ECLIPTIC Zeta (\u03b6) Leonis is a wide Denebola M65 NGC 31 R\u03bf \u03be M66 3628 triple star, consisting of a M105 \u03c0 10 \u03b9 M95 3rd-magnitude star with a 10\u02da M96 6th-magnitude companion to \u03c1 The outline stars of Leo really do bear a marked resemblance both the north and south, which \u03c7 to a crouching lion, in this large \u03c3 59 constellation of the zodiac, located can be seen with binoculars. All just north of the celestial equator. It is one of the easiest constellations three stars are at different to recognize.The pattern of six stars that marks the lion\u2019s head and distances from Earth and, hence, 58 chest is known as the Sickle and is shaped like a reversed question they are unrelated. \u03c4 NGC 3521 HYDRA mark or a hook.The Leonid meteors radiate from the region A pair of spiral galaxies, M65 VIRGO \u03c5 61 SEXTANS of the Sickle every November (see pp.220\u201321). and M66, can be glimpsed with a 0\u02da 87 \u03d5 small telescope beneath the hind quarters of Leo. A fainter pair of spirals, M95 and M96, lie under the lion\u2019s body, as does an elliptical galaxy, M105, about one degree away. \u02da-10 CRATER THE LION ALGIEBA 5 LEO TRIPLET 54 This beautiful pair of golden-colored A trio of galaxies lies near Theta orange giants is clearly visible through (\u03b8) Leonis: M65 (lower right); small telescopes. M66 (lower left); and the edge-on spiral NGC 3628 (top). Although NGC 3628 appears the largest on photographs, it is less bright than the others and is difficult to see through small telescopes. THE BIG CAT 2 MYTHS AND STORIES THE NIGHT SKY The crouching lion is a distinctive sight in the night sky. The pattern of its stars HERCULES AND THE LION is disturbed here by the presence of Jupiter under the lion\u2019s body. Leo represents the mythical lion that lived in a cave near the Greek town of Nemea, terrorizing the area and emerging to attack and devour local inhabitants. As the first of the 12 labors in his quest for immortality, Hercules was sent by his cousin Eurystheus to kill the lion. Finding that the creature\u2019s hide was impervious to his arrows, Hercules instead wrestled and strangled the beast. He then used the lion\u2019s own razor-sharp claws to cut off its pelt, which he wore victoriously as a cloak. THE HERO AND THE BEAST Hercules grapples with the Nemean Lion in a sculpture by the 16th-century Flemish artist Jean de Boulogne, or Giambologna.","378 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE VIRGIN of only 2.4 in (60 mm). For the MYTHS AND STORIES rest of the 21st century, it will be Virgo possible to split the components of THE VIRGIN GODDESS Gamma Virginis with a small-aperture SIZE RANKING 2 telescope. Both of the stars are of Virgo is usually identified as Dike, magnitude 3.5. the Greek goddess of justice, who BRIGHTEST STAR abandoned the Earth and flew up In the upper part of Virgo\u2019s body to heaven when human behavior Spica (\u03b1) 1.0 lie the numerous galaxies of the deteriorated. Neighboring Libra GENITIVE Virginis Virgo Cluster. None is easy to see represents her scales of justice.Virgo with a small instrument.The brightest is also visualized as Demeter, the ABBREVIATION Vir members are giant ellipticals, notably harvest goddess, who holds an ear of M49, M60 (see p.317), M84, M86, wheat, which is represented by the HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM and M87 (see p.323). M87 is a strong constellation\u2019s brightest star, Spica. radio and X-ray source also known as April\u2013June Virgo A. Long-exposure photographs FULLY VISIBLE 67\u00b0N\u201375\u00b0S show it is ejecting a jet of gas, like BOUNTIFUL OFFERINGS certain quasars. Demeter presented Triptolemus, a prince of Eleusis, with a chariot drawn by winged dragons and grains The Sombrero Galaxy (see p.316), Virgo straddles the celestial equator, or M104, is Virgo\u2019s best-known of wheat to sow crops wherever he traveled. between Leo and Libra. It is the largest constellation of the zodiac, galaxy.This spiral is about two-thirds and the second-largest overall.The constellation depicts a Greek virgin as far away as the Virgo Cluster. It is Arcturus 14h 13h 12h goddess (see panel, right).Virgo oriented almost edge-on to the Earth, contains the Virgo Cluster (see p.329), so that a dark lane of dust in the COMA the closest large cluster of galaxies to Earth, which is some 50 million galaxy\u2019s plane crosses its central bulge. BERENICES light-years away and which extends over the border of Virgo into Coma The bulge may be all that can be seen BOOTES Berenices.The Sun is in Virgo during the September equinox each year. through a small telescope; the dust M90 M86 LEO SPECIFIC FEATURES lane is only revealed 70 M89 M84 \u03be Gamma (\u03b3) Virginis, or Porrima M87 \u03bd (see p.253), is a binary star with the when seen through \u03b5 \u03c1M60 M59M58 relatively short period of 169 years. As a large-aperture 10\u02da \u03bf a result of this short period, the effects \u03c3 \u03c0 of the two stars\u2019 orbital motions can telescope or on long- M49 easily be followed through amateur 78 telescopes. As seen from Earth, the exposure photographs. two stars were closest together in 2005, when a telescope with an The brightest quasar \u03b4 M61 aperture of 10 in (250 mm) was 16 \u03b2 needed to separate them. By 2012, the in the sky, 3C 273 110 109 stars had moved far enough apart that (see p.325), also lies they could be divided by a telescope in the bowl of Virgo. 0\u02da \u03c4 3C 273 However, it is much more distant than the \u03d5 \u03b6 Porrima \u03b7 Virgo Cluster.Through VIRGO \u03b3 most telescopes, it \u03bc \u03b9 \u03b8 \u03c8\u03c7 appears as nothing more \u03ba than a 13th-magnitude star. LIBRA 74 M104 Only professional equipment will reveal it as the center \u02da-10 \u03b1 Spica of an active galaxy, which is some 2,000 million light- ECLIPTIC \u03bb 69 CORVUS CRATER years away from Earth. THE WHEAT GODDESS 2 \u02da-20 89 61 THE VIRGIN Spica (bottom, left), is one of the 20 brightest stars in the sky. Its name is Latin for \u201cear of HYDRA wheat,\u201d and it marks the bounty that the Virgin holds in her left hand. THE NIGHT SKY THE SOMBRERO GALAXY 5 The Sombrero Galaxy (M104) is a spiral galaxy with a large central bulge, seen almost edge-on, and resembling a Mexican hat. It lies about 30 million light-years away. M87 54 Through a small telescope, the giant elliptical galaxy M87 appears as a rounded glow, but photographs and CCD images reveal the jet of gas that is being expelled from its highly active nucleus. Here, the jet is just visible near the top right of the core.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 379 THE SCALES Zubeneschamali (\u201cthe northern the brighter star. Mu (\u03bc) Librae, Delta (\u03b4) Librae is an eclipsing claw\u201d) or Beta (\u03b2) Librae, which with components of 6th and 7th variable. Every two days eight hours, Libra shows a greenish tinge when viewed magnitude, is a more difficult pair it rises and falls between 5th and 6th through binoculars or a telescope. to separate; a telescope with 3 in magnitudes.This change can be easily SIZE RANKING 29 This highly unusual coloring is (75 mm) aperture is needed. followed with binoculars. due, presumably, to the chemical BRIGHTEST STAR composition of Zubeneschamali\u2019s THE SCALES 15h outer layers. Beta (\u03b2) 2.0 SERPENS 11 GENITIVE Librae In the heart of the constellation CAPUT lies Iota (\u03b9) Librae, a double with stars VIRGO ABBREVIATION Lib of 5th and 6th magnitudes which LIBRA can be viewed through binoculars. A 16 HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM small telescope will reveal the closer 9th-magnitude companion of May\u2013June FULLY VISIBLE 60\u00b0N\u201390\u00b0S \u02da-10 Zubeneschamali \u03b2 \u03b4 \u03bc 37 \u03b5 \u03b11,2 OPHIUCHUS 48 \u03b3 Zubenelgenubi This constellation of the zodiac lies just south of the celestial equator \u02da-20 \u03b8 ECLIPTIC between Virgo and Scorpius. \u03b9 Originally, the ancient Greeks visualized the constellation as the \u03ba claws of the neighboring Scorpius, which is why Libra\u2019s brightest stars NGC 5897 have names that mean \u201cnorthern claw\u201d and \u201csouthern claw.\u201d Libra\u2019s 42 present-day identification as Virgo\u2019s scales of justice became more \u03c3 common in Roman times. Antares \u03c5 SPECIFIC FEATURES \u03c4 Zubenelgenubi (Arabic for \u201cthe \u02da-30 southern claw\u201d) or Alpha (\u03b1) Librae is a wide double star of 3rd and 5th SCORPIUS magnitudes and is easily divisible with binoculars or even sharp unaided LIBRA\u2019S STARS 2 eyesight.To the north of this pair is Now regarded as the scales of the constellation\u2019s brightest star, justice, the stars of Libra were once visualized as the claws of the adjacent scorpion, Scorpius. THE NORTHERN CROWN Corona Borealis has three double stars components of 5th and 6th MYTHS AND STORIES magnitudes\u2014an attractive sight when Corona Borealis of note for small-instrument users, seen through a small telescope\u2014while PRINCESS ARIADNE Sigma (\u03c3) Coronae Borealis is a SIZE RANKING 73 although none is particularly bright. yellow pair with components of 6th Ariadne, daughter of King Minos Nu (\u03bd) Coronae Borealis is a pair of and 7th magnitudes, which can also of Crete, helped Theseus slay the BRIGHTEST STAR 5th-magnitude red giants divisible be split with a small telescope. Minotaur, a gruesome creature that with binoculars. Zeta (\u03b6) Coronae was half bull, half human.Theseus Alphekka or Gemma Borealis is a blue-white pair, with sailed off with Ariadne to the (\u03b1) 2.2 island of Naxos, where he then abandoned her.The god Dionysus GENITIVE looked down on the princess and was overcome. At their wedding, Coronae Borealis Ariadne wore a jewel-studded crown, which Dionysus threw into ABBREVIATION CrB the sky, where the crown\u2019s jewels were changed into stars. HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10PM CROWNING GLORY June Dionysus, known as Bacchus by the Romans, holds Ariadne\u2019s jeweled crown in this FULLY VISIBLE painting by the 17th-century French artist Eustache Le Sueur. 90\u02daN\u201350\u02daS THE NORTHERN CROWN Corona Borealis is a small but 16h distinctive constellation in the northern sky, between Bo\u00f6tes and BOOTES Hercules, consisting of a horseshoe shape of seven stars. It is one of the 40\u02da original Greek constellations and represents the crown worn by \u03c4 \u03ba\u03b6 Princess Ariadne (see panel, right). SPECIFIC FEATURES 30\u02da \u03bd\u03c3 \u03b8 THE NIGHT SKY The arc of the northern crown contains the remarkable variable CORONA star R Coronae Borealis (see p.287), a yellow supergiant \u03be BOREALIS normally of 6th magnitude, which shows sudden dips in brightness. \u03b9R \u03b2 These fades, which are due to a build-up of sooty particles in its \u03b5 \u03b3\u03b1 CROWN OF STARS 2 atmosphere, occur every few years T Alphekka Like a celestial tiara, the seven and can last for months. main stars of Corona Borealis \u03b4 form a distinctive arc between Bo\u00f6tes and Hercules. HERCULES","380 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE SERPENT about twice the size of M16. It is Delta (\u03b4) Serpentis, near the \u02da30 situated in Serpens Cauda near the serpent\u2019s head, is a binary with 16h Serpens tip of the serpent\u2019s tail. components of 4th and 5th magnitudes. It is divisible using CORONA SIZE RANKING 23 Close to the border with Virgo lies high powers of magnification M5, which is about 25,000 light-years on a small telescope. BOREALIS BRIGHTEST STAR away. Its condensed center appears as a faint area about half the size of a full Theta (\u03b8) Serpentis, near \u03c0 SERPENS Unukalhai (\u03b1) 2.6 moon, when viewed with binoculars, the serpent\u2019s tail, is a pair of CAPUT while the curving chains of stars in white stars that are easily split GENITIVE its outskirts are revealed only through through a small telescope.This 20\u02da \u03c1 a telescope with an aperture of 4 in wide double star has components \u03ba\u03b9 Serpentis (100 mm) or more. of magnitude 4.6 and 5.0. \u03b3 ABBREVIATION Ser THE SERPENT \u03b2 HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM R June\u2013August FULLY VISIBLE 74\u00b0N\u201364\u00b0S 19h 18h 17h \u03b4 10\u02da \u03bb Although counted as a single \u03b8 IC 4756 OPHIUCHUS Unukalhai constellation, Serpens is in fact split into two separate areas, and is thus 0\u02da \u03b5\u03b1 unique. It is one of the original 48 Greek constellations and straddles \u03b7\u03b6 M5 the celestial equator. Serpens represents a huge snake coiled around Ophiuchus, \u03c3 who holds the head (Serpens Caput) in his left hand and the tail (Serpens \u03bc Cauda) in his right. In Greek mythology, snakes were a symbol of \u02da\u201310 M16 SERPENS \u03bf \u03bd rebirth, because of the fact that they shed their skins. Ophiuchus represents SCUTUM CAUDA \u03be the great healer Asclepius, who was reputedly able to revive the dead (see panel, opposite). SPECIFIC FEATURES \u02da\u201320 The Eagle Nebula (see pp.244\u201345) in Serpens Cauda was made world- M5 15 famous by a spectacular Hubble Space This is one of the finest Telescope picture of dark columns of globular clusters in northern dust embedded within its glowing skies. M5 is noticeably gas. Unfortunately, the dust columns elliptical in shape when show up only through a telescope of viewed through a telescope. large aperture and on long-exposure photographs such as those from the Hubble Space Telescope. The Eagle Nebula contains a star cluster, M16, which can be spotted readily through binoculars or a small telescope. It appears as a hazy patch covering an area of sky that is similar in size to a full moon. Another open cluster that is visible through binoculars is IC 4756, which appears THE NIGHT SKY THE EAGLE NEBULA 543 SERPENTINE STARS 2 This image was captured by a professional The upper part of the snake (above, four-meter telescope. It can only be seen well right) contains Unukalhai (\u03b1), with telescopes of large aperture. which derives its name from the Arabic for \u201cthe serpent\u2019s neck.\u201d","18h 17h 381 HERCULES THE SERPENT HOLDER globular clusters, although none is Rasalhague \u03b1 particularly prominent. M10 and M12 Ophiuchus (see p.295) are both near the center \u02da10 72 \u03b9 of the constellation and detectable SIZE RANKING 11 through binoculars on a clear night. 71 IC 4665 \u03ba Better sights for binoculars are two NGC 6633 NGC 6572 BRIGHTEST STAR large and scattered open clusters, OPHIUCHUS NGC 6633 and IC 4665. Rasalhague (\u03b1) 2.1 74 66 \u03b2 \u03c3 An outstanding multiple star is GENITIVE Rho (\u03c1) Ophiuchi, lying near Antares 70 67 \u03b3 \u03bb (in neighboring Scorpius).This 5th- Ophiuchi magnitude star has a 7th-magnitude 0\u02da 68 companion either side of it, and these ABBREVIATION Oph are best viewed through binoculars. SCUTUM M14 41 M12 \u03b5 \u03b4 Another 6th-magnitude companion 30 M10 HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM that is much closer to the central star \u02da\u201310 RS can be identified through a small \u03c5 June\u2013July telescope using high magnification. \u03bc 20 \u03b6 The complex nebulosity in this area, FULLY VISIBLE including around Antares, is revealed \u03bd only in long-exposure photographs. 59\u00b0N\u201375\u00b0S SERPENS \u03b7 M107 The beautiful double star CAUDA This large constellation straddling 70 Ophiuchi consists of yellow \u03d5 the celestial equator depicts a man and orange dwarfs, with \u02da\u201320 M9 \u03c7 holding a snake.The head of components of 4th and Ophiuchus adjoins Hercules in the 6th magnitudes, while the 58 \u03be \u03c8 north, while his feet rest on Scorpius double star 36 Ophiuchi is ECLIPTIC \u03c9 \u03c1 in the south.The Sun passes through a pair of orange dwarfs 51 44 M27 Ophiuchus in the first half of with components of Antares December, but despite this the 5th magnitude. \u03b8 M19 constellation is not regarded as a 36 true member of the zodiac. Barnard\u2019s Star is the most celebrated star in Ophiuchus and is \u02da\u201330 45 M62 Ophiuchus was the site of the last the second-closest star to the Sun. supernova explosion seen in our Even though this red dwarf is a mere SCORPIUS galaxy, which appeared in 1604. It far 5.9 light-years away, its light output is outshone all other stars and is known so feeble that it appears as only THE SERPENT HOLDER BARNARD\u2019S STAR MOVEMENT MAGNITUDE KEY as Kepler\u2019s Star (see p.273) after magnitude 9.5, and it is too faint to Johannes Kepler, who wrote about it see without a telescope. Barnard\u2019s Star INTRICATE NEBULOSITY 4 18h 00m 17h 40m 0.0\u20130.9 in De stella nova (see p.68). is moving so quickly relative to the Complex nebulosity extends from background stars that its change in the area around Rho (\u03c1) Ophiuchi \u02da10 1.0\u20131.9 SPECIFIC FEATURES position is noticeable over a matter of (at the top of the image below), Lying on the edge of the Milky Way, only a few years (see chart, right). southward to Antares (bottom). 71 2.0\u20132.9 in the direction of the center of our 3.0\u20133.9 galaxy, Ophiuchus contains numerous 4.0\u20134.9 star clusters. Messier cataloged seven 5.0\u20135.9 6.0\u20136.9 IC 4665 8\u02da 6\u02da 2050 ` 4\u02da 2000 0\u02da 66 1950 67 a 70 68 M10 15 MYTHS AND STORIES THE NIGHT SKY The large globular cluster M10 is some ASCLEPIUS 14,000 light-years away. Like its Ophiuchus is identified with neighbor M12, Asclepius, the Greek god of it is detectable medicine who reputedly had the through binoculars power to revive the dead. Hades, on a clear night. god of the Underworld, feared that this ability endangered his trade in dead souls and asked Zeus to strike Asclepius down. Zeus then placed the great healer among the stars. RESTORATIVE POWERS Asclepius is watched as he heals a female patient, in this 5th-century BC marble relief from Piraeus, Greece. SNAKE MAN 2 Ophiuchus represents a man wrapped in the coils of a huge snake, the constellation Serpens. The ecliptic runs through Ophiuchus, and planets can be seen within its borders.","382 THE CONSTELLATIONS 19h 18h THE SHIELD AQUILA OPHIUCHUS Scutum SIZE RANKING 84 \u03b7\u03b2 BRIGHTEST STAR R \u03b4 \u03b1\u03b6 Alpha (\u03b1) 3.8 M11 \u03b5 GENITIVE Scuti \u02da-10 M26 ABBREVIATION Sct \u02da-20 SCUTUM \u03b3 SERPENS HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM CAUDA July\u2013August SAGITTARIUS FULLY VISIBLE 74\u00b0N\u201390\u00b0S This minor constellation is situated in stars form a fan THE SHIELD a rich area of the Milky Way, between Aquila and Sagittarius, south of the shape, like a flock celestial equator. It was introduced by Johannes Hevelius (see p.384) in the of ducks in flight, when seen late 17th century. He gave it the name Scutum Sobiescianum, meaning through a small telescope. Near the Sobieski\u2019s Shield, to honor his patron, King John Sobieski of Poland. apex of the fan is an 8th-magnitude SPECIFIC FEATURES red giant.The Wild Duck Cluster is Delta (\u03b4) Scuti is the prototype of a class of variable star that pulsates in an area of the constellation that is in size every few hours, changing brightness by only a few tenths of a known as the Scutum Star Cloud. magnitude. Delta itself varies between magnitude 4.6 and 4.8 in less than This rich star field is located just five hours, but the change is only detectable with sensitive instruments. south of Beta (\u03b2) Scuti. Far more obvious is R Scuti, an orange supergiant that rises and falls WILD DUCKS 15 between magnitudes 4.2 and 8.6 in Seen through a small a 20-week cycle. telescope, M11 looks like the V-shaped flight Near R Scuti is the beautiful Wild pattern of wildfowl. This Duck Cluster (M11), which appears effect is less apparent as a smudgy glow half the apparent on photographs. width of a full moon when viewed through binoculars.This open cluster SOBIESKI\u2019S SHIELD 2 gained its popular name because its Scutum has no bright stars of its own, but it lies in an area of the Milky SCUTUM STAR CLOUD 21 Way, between Aquila and Sagittarius, One of the brightest parts of the Milky that is particularly rich with stars. Way lies in Scutum and is known as the Scutum Star Cloud. The bright spot at center left is the Wild Duck Cluster. THE ARROW SPECIFIC FEATURES ARROW IN FLIGHT 2 The small arrow Sagitta flies over the Sagitta There is little of note in Sagitta for stars of Aquila, the eagle, and toward users of small instruments. Zeta (\u03b6) Sagittae is a 5th-magnitude star with Delphinus, the dolphin. SIZE RANKING 86 a 9th-magnitude companion that is BRIGHTEST STAR visible in a small telescope, but it is Gamma (\u03b3) 3.5 not a particularly impressive double. GENITIVE Sagittae S Sagittae is a Cepheid variable that ABBREVIATION Sge halves in brightness every 8.4 days THE ARROW HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM before recovering again, as it swings August between magnitudes 5.2 and 6.0. FULLY VISIBLE Midway along the shaft of the 90\u00b0N\u201369\u00b0S arrow is M71, a modest globular 20h 19h cluster detectable with binoculars but better VULPECULA THE NIGHT SKY seen through a HERCULES telescope. M71 lacks the Sagitta was known to the ancient central condensation 20\u02da \u03b3 M 71\u03b6\u03b4 \u03b1 Greeks, who believed it represented typical of most 10\u02da WZ VZ \u03b2 SAGITTA an arrow shot by either Apollo, globulars and instead Hercules, or Eros. It is the third- looks more like a dense S smallest constellation, lying in the open cluster. Milky Way between Vulpecula and DELPHINUS Aquila in the northern sky. It is faint WZ Sagittae is a AQUILA and easily overlooked. dwarf nova variable (see Novae, p.282). It is Altair rarely in outburst.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 383 THE EAGLE Altair is flanked by 4th-magnitude MYTHS AND STORIES Alshain, or Beta (\u03b2) Aquilae, and 3rd- Aquila magnitude Tarazed, or Gamma (\u03b3) WINGED CARRIERS Aquilae, which form a distinctive trio. SIZE RANKING 22 The eagle has at least two identifications in SPECIFIC FEATURES Greek mythology. It was the bird that BRIGHTEST STAR Aquila\u2019s main feature of interest is Eta carried the thunderbolts for the god Zeus, (\u03b7) Aquilae (see p.286), which is one and in one myth Zeus sent an eagle, or Altair (\u03b1) 0.8 of the brightest Cepheid variables. Eta took the form of an eagle, to carry the GENITIVE Aquilae ranges between magnitudes 3.5 and shepherd boy Ganymede up to 4.4 on a cycle of 7.2 days. As with all Mount Olympus, where he ABBREVIATION Aql members of this class, it is a brilliant was made a servant of the supergiant. Its distance is estimated at gods. Zeus had spied the boy HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM 1,400 light-years. tending sheep in a field and had become infatuated with July\u2013August The constellation also has some him. Ganymede is represented faint double stars that can readily by neighboring Aquarius. FULLY VISIBLE be split with a small telescope: 15 Aquilae, with stars of 5th and 7th ON EAGLE\u2019S WINGS 78\u00b0N\u201371\u00b0S magnitudes; and 57 Aquilae, with two The beautiful youth Ganymede is carried 6th-magnitude components. aloft by an eagle in Peter Paul Rubens\u2019s 17th- Aquila depicts an eagle in flight (see century painting The Abduction of Ganymede. panel, right). It lies on the celestial equator in a rich area of the Milky STELLAR TRIO 2 Way near Cygnus, Scutum, and Altair, the constellation\u2019s brightest star, Sagittarius, yet there are no deep-sky is flanked by 3rd-magnitude Tarazed objects of particular note within it. (top), which has a noticeably orange Aquila\u2019s brightest star, Altair or Alpha color, and 4th-magnitude (\u03b1) Aquilae (see p.252), forms one Alshain (bottom), forming corner of the northern Summer an attractive Triangle of stars, completed by Vega stellar trio. (in Lyra) and Deneb (in Cygnus). THE HOOK 21 THE EAGLE This easily recognizable group of stars 19h in southern Aquila includes Lambda (\u03bb) Aquilae (center left) and branches into neighboring Scutum. 20h 20\u02da VULPECULA HERCULES DELPHINUS SAGITTA FF \u03c1 AQUILA \u03b5 \u03b6 10\u02da \u03b3 NGC 6709 R EQUULEUS Tarazed \u03be \u03b1 \u03bc Altair Alshain \u03b2 \u03b4 0\u02da \u03b7\u03bd SERPENS CAUDA 71 \u03b8 \u03b9 SCUTUM 70 69 15 THE NIGHT SKY AQUARIUS \u03ba 26 \u03bb 12 57 \u02da-10 SWOOPING ACROSS THE SKIES 2 The eagle swoops across the evening skies CAPRICORNUS in the second half of the year. Its main star, Altair, is the most southerly of those that SAGITTARIUS form the northern Summer Triangle. Aquila points toward the stars of Capricornus.","384 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE FOX 22h 21h 20h 19h Vega Vulpecula SIZE RANKING 55 THE FOX CYGNUS LYRA BRIGHTEST STAR named Vulpecula cum Anser (the 30\u02da Alpha (\u03b1) 4.4 fox with the goose). Its name has GENITIVE Vulpeculae since been simplified to Vulpecula. T 23 15 HERCULES ABBREVIATION Vul Despite its relative obscurity, it 31 contains two unmissable objects HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM for binocular users. PEGASUS 30 13 \u03b1 August\u2013September 20\u02da VULPECULA M27 12 1 9 FULLY VISIBLE 29 90\u00b0N\u201361\u00b0S SPECIFIC FEATURES BROCCHI'S The brightest star in the DELPHINUS CLUSTER constellation, Alpha (\u03b1) Vulpeculae, is a 4th-magnitude SAGITTA This small, faint northern red giant with a 6th-magnitude constellation lies in the Milky Way, south of Cygnus.When it was first orange star nearby, which is visible introduced in the late 17th century by the Polish astronomer Johannes with binoculars.The two lie at Hevelius (see panel, below), it was different distances and are unrelated. the hook. All the stars are unrelated, size of a full moon, when viewed Brocchi\u2019s Cluster is one of the however, and so do not form a true through binoculars. Its twin-lobed or binocular treasures of the sky. cluster.The Coathanger\u2019s shape is hourglass shape is revealed only with This grouping of ten stars, with therefore the delightful product of a larger instruments and on long- components ranging from 5th to 7th chance alignment. exposure photographs. It is about magnitude, is better known as the Popularly known as the Dumbbell 1,000 light-years away. CCD images Coathanger because of its shape: a Nebula, M27 is the easiest planetary and photographs show a variety of line of six stars forms the bar of the nebula to spot in the sky. It appears as colors, but visually the Dumbbell hanger, while the remaining four are a rounded patch, about one-third the appears gray-green. THE COATHANGER 1 Perhaps the most charming of all star clusters is Brocchi\u2019s Cluster, also known as the Coathanger. This group of stars, easily visible through binoculars, appears to mark out the shape of a simple coathanger. THE DUMBBELL NEBULA 154 JOHANNES HEVELIUS Reputedly the easiest planetary nebula to spot, M27 can be found with Johannes Hevelius (1611-87) was binoculars on dark nights. A telescope born and worked in the town of is needed to make out the twin lobes Danzig, Germany (now Gdansk, that give rise to its popular name. Poland), where he established an observatory equipped with the finest instruments of his time. Among his legacies was a star catalog and atlas, published posthumously by his assistant and second wife, Elizabeth, introducing seven new constellations and filling the gaps in the northern skies. THE NIGHT SKY FOX IN THE MILKY WAY 2 JOINT EFFORT Vulpecula is a shapeless constellation Johannes Hevelius and his wife Elizabeth sandwiched between the more easily measured star positions with a large sextant. recognizable pattern of Sagitta, the This instrument is commemorated in one of the arrow, at the left of this picture, and the constellations Hevelius invented, Sextans. head of the swan, Cygnus.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 385 THE DOLPHIN Delphinus SIZE RANKING 69 GAMMA DELPHINI 5 Gamma (\u03b3) Delphini is an attractive double BRIGHTEST STAR star. Although both the component stars are usually described as yellow, some observers Rotanev (\u03b2) 3.6 see the fainter star as bluish. GENITIVE Delphini stars: Sualocin (\u03b1), Rotanev (\u03b2), and ABBREVIATION Del Gamma (\u03b3) and Delta (\u03b4) Delphini. Who coined the name Job\u2019s Coffin, HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM and when, is not known. August\u2013September FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201369\u00b0S This small but distinctive constellation SPECIFIC FEATURES is situated between Aquila and Pegasus. According to Greek myth, Gamma (\u03b3) Delphini is normally Delphinus represents the dolphin that saved the poet and musician Arion described as an attractive orange- from drowning after he leaped into the sea to escape robbers onboard a yellow double star. Its components ship. Alternatively, the constellation is said to depict one of the dolphins are of 4th and 5th sent by Poseidon to bring the sea nymph Amphitrite to him to marry. It magnitudes, and they VULPECULA is one of the constellations listed by the astronomer Ptolemy (see p.347). are easily separated by 20\u02da HR a small telescope. The whole constellation was once PEGASUS \u03b3 \u03b1Sualocin SAGITTA popularly known as Job\u2019s Coffin, The fainter and presumably because of the boxlike closer double star 10\u02da \u03b4 \u03b2 \u03b6 Altair shape of its area, although sometimes Struve 2725, which this name is restricted to the diamond has components Rotanev asterism formed by the four brightest of 7th and 8th magnitudes, can also \u03b5 NICCOL\u00d2 CACCIATORE be seen through a small telescope and is NGC 6934 visible in the same field of view as EQUULEUS DELPHINUS Gamma (\u03b3) Delphini. AQUILA 0\u02da Alpha (\u03b1) and Beta (\u03b2) Delphini bear the unusual THE PLAYFUL DOLPHIN 2 names Sualocin and Rotanev.When reversed, The kite-shaped Delphinus, on the these names spell Nicolaus Venator.This is the edge of the Milky Way near Cygnus, brings to mind a dolphin jumping Latinized name of Niccol\u00f2 Cacciatore from ocean waters. (1780\u20131841), an Italian astronomer who was assistant to Giuseppe Piazzi, the director of the Palermo Observatory, Sicily. Cacciatore defied convention by surreptitiously naming two stars after himself in the Palermo star catalog of 1814. No one realized what he had done until much later, by which time the star names had become established. THE DOLPHIN THE FOAL been added to the sky by the 20\u02da Greek astronomer Ptolemy in his Equuleus 2nd-century-AD compendium of the original Greek constellations. 21h SIZE RANKING 87 SPECIFIC FEATURES PEGASUS THE NIGHT SKY BRIGHTEST STAR Gamma (\u03b3) Equulei is a wide double star, with components 10\u02da \u03b4 \u03b3 Alpha (\u03b1) 3.9 of 5th and 6th magnitudes and GENITIVE Equulei is easily separated with binoculars. DELPHINUS Its two stars are unrelated.The ABBREVIATION Equ 5th-magnitude double star 1 \u03b2\u03b1 1 Equulei\u2014labeled as Epsilon (\u03b5) HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM Equulei on some maps\u2014has EQUULEUS a 7th-magnitude companion, September which can be seen through a 0\u02da small telescope, and a fainter FULLY VISIBLE true companion, which can be AQUARIUS seen only through instruments 90\u00b0N\u201377\u00b0S with larger apertures. Other THE FOAL than these two double stars, The second-smallest constellation in there is nothing of note in THE HORSE\u2019S HEAD 2 the sky represents the head of a young Equuleus for users of binoculars Equuleus consists of a small area of horse, or foal, and lies next to the or small telescopes. faint stars wedged between Pegasus larger celestial horse, Pegasus. No and Delphinus and is easily overlooked. myths or legends are associated with Equuleus, which is thought to have","386 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE WINGED HORSE THE GREAT SQUARE 2 The most distinctive feature of this Pegasus constellation is the Great Square of Pegasus, which forms the SIZE RANKING 7 horse\u2019s body. BRIGHTEST STARS Beta (\u03b2) 2.4, Epsilon (\u03b5) 2.4 GENITIVE Pegasi ABBREVIATION Peg HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM September\u2013October FULLY VISIBLE 90\u00b0N\u201353\u00b0S Pegasus lies north of the zodiacal constellations Aquarius and Pisces, in low northern declinations, and it adjoins Andromeda. It was one of the original 48 Greek constellations. Pegasus represents the flying horse ridden by the hero Bellerophon, although he is sometimes wrongly identified as the steed of Perseus (see panel, below). Although only the forequarters of the horse are indicated by stars, the constellation is still the seventh-largest in the sky. SPECIFIC FEATURES The Great Square of Pegasus is formed by the stars Alpha (\u03b1), Beta (\u03b2), and Gamma (\u03b3) Pegasi, plus Alpha (\u03b1) Andromedae. Long ago, the fourth star of the Square was also known as Delta (\u03b4) Pegasi and was shared with 0h 23h 22h LACERTA Andromeda, but now it is ANDROMEDA exclusively Andromeda\u2019s. A line MYTHS AND STORIES NGC 7331 \u03c0 CYGNUS of more than 30 full moons BELLEROPHON would fit into the Square, yet AND PEGASUS 72 \u03b7 for such a large area it is Pegasus the winged horse was born from the body of Medusa, the \u03b1 And 78 \u03b2 Scheat \u03bf surprisingly devoid of stars, Gorgon, when she was decapitated by Perseus. He flew to Mount 20\u02da \u03c7 \u03c8 32 its brightest one being Upsilon Helicon, home of the Muses, GREAT \u03c5 where he stamped on the ground \u03bc \u03b9 \u03ba (\u03c5) Pegasi, of magnitude 4.4. and brought forth a spring called SQUARE OF \u03bb Therefore, when the Great Hippocrene, the \u201chorse\u2019s fountain.\u201d PEGASUS With the aid of a golden bridle \u03c4 56 Square is viewed through from Athena, the hero Bellerophon tamed Pegasus, and rode the horse 2 polluted skies, it may seem on his successful mission to kill the fire-breathing monster Chimaera. completely empty. Bellerophon later attempted to ride Pegasus up to Olympus, to 51 The constellation\u2019s two join the gods, but he fell off.The brightest stars are Beta, a red horse arrived safely. 1 giant that varies between 9 TAKING FLIGHT Pegasus beats his wings, as though attempting Algenib \u03b1 PEGASUS magnitudes 2.3 and 2.7, and to ascend to the skies, in this statue in Powerscourt Gardens, Dublin, Ireland. \u03b3 70 Markab Epsilon (\u03b5) Pegasi, a yellow 10\u02da 55 \u03be 31 M15 star of magnitude 2.4 with \u03b6 PISCES \u03b8 \u03b5 a wide 8th-magnitude \u03c1 \u03bd companion that can be seen 0\u02da Enif through a small telescope. 35 Not far from Epsilon lies the globular cluster M15 EQUULEUS (see p.295), which is one of the finest such objects in THE NIGHT SKY northern skies. It is just at the limit of naked-eye visibility when viewed through clear skies. M15 15 Just outside the Great A telescope with 6-in (150-mm) Square of Pegasus is a 5th-magnitude aperture resolves this cluster into individual star called 51 Pegasi, which was the stars. It is over 30,000 light-years away. first star beyond the Sun confirmed to have a planet in orbit around it.This planet was discovered in 1995, and its THE WINGED HORSE mass is about half that of Jupiter.","0h 23h PEGASUS 22h 21h 387 THE WATER CARRIER 0\u02da PISCES \u03b7\u03b6 \u03c0 EQUULEUS \u02da-10 Aquarius \u02da-20 \u03b1 Sadalmelik M2 SIZE RANKING 10 ECLIPTIC \u03b3 AQUARIUS BRIGHTEST STARS WATER JAR \u03bf Sadalmelik (\u03b1) 2.9, \u03d5 \u03b2 3 Sadalsuud (\u03b2) 2.9 \u03c7 Sadalsuud GENITIVE \u03c82 \u03c81 \u03bb\u03b8 \u03be Aquarii \u03c83 \u03c3 \u03bc\u03b5 ABBREVIATION Aqr \u03bd NGC 7009 HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM \u03c92 \u03c91 \u03c4\u03b9 M73 M72 June\u2013July 104 \u03b4 CAPRICORNUS FULLY VISIBLE 101 66 65\u00b0N\u201386\u00b0S 98 NGC 7293 88 This large constellation of the zodiac is visualized as a youth (or, sometimes, 99 an older man) pouring water from a 89 jar. It is is found between Capricornus and Pisces, near the celestial equator. 86 The stars Gamma (\u03b3), Zeta (\u03b6), Eta (\u03b7), and Pi (\u03c0) Aquarii form a Y- PISCIS AUSTRINUS shaped grouping that makes up the Water Jar, from which a stream SCULPTOR of stars represents water flowing toward Piscis Austrinus. In early \u02da-30 May each year, the Eta Aquarid meteor shower radiates from the SPECIFIC FEATURES apparent size, at almost half the THE WATER CARRIER area of the water jar. Zeta\u2014the star at the center of the diameter of a full moon. However, Water Jar group\u2014is a close binary because its light is spread over such a THE HELIX NEBULA 154 In Greek myths and stories, of 4th-magnitude stars just at the large area, the Helix Nebula can be NGC 7293 is visible as a pale rounded patch Aquarius represents Ganymede\u2014 limit of resolution with a telescope identified only when skies are clear through binoculars under dark skies, but its a beautiful shepherd boy to whom of 2.4 in (60 mm) aperture. Located and dark.Visually, this nebula appears detailed structure and approximate colors are the god Zeus took a fancy. Zeus near the border with Equuleus, the as a pale gray patch, showing none brought out in CCD images such as this. dispatched his eagle (or, in some globular cluster M2 appears as a fuzzy of the beautiful colors captured stories, turned himself into an eagle) star when viewed through binoculars on photographs. to carry Ganymede up to Mount or a small telescope. Olympus, where he became a waiter The second planetary nebula\u2014 to the gods.The Eagle is represented Aquarius contains two of the best- the Saturn Nebula (NGC 7009)\u2014 by neighboring Aquila. known planetary nebulae in the sky. is easier to spot, appearing to be of The Helix Nebula (NGC 7293; see a size similar to the disk of Saturn p.257) is thought to be the closest when viewed with a small telescope. planetary nebula to Earth, being some Its faint extensions on either side, 300 light-years away. It is therefore rather like the rings of Saturn, give one of the largest of such nebulae in rise to the object\u2019s popular name. THE SATURN NEBULA 54 NGC 7009\u2019s resemblance to the ringed planet Saturn is most evident when it is viewed through a large telescope or on a CCD image. POURING WATER 2 THE NIGHT SKY The cascade of stars that represent the flow of water from Aquarius\u2019s jar is to the left of this image. The distinctive Water Jar is center-top.","388 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE FISH Alrescha (\u03b1) is a close pair of stars of A beautiful face-on spiral galaxy, 4th and 5th magnitudes that can be M74, lies just over two diameters of a Pisces separated with a telescope with an full moon from the constellation\u2019s aperture of 4 in (100 mm).These two brightest star, Eta (\u03b7) Piscium. It SIZE RANKING 14 stars form a true binary with an appears as a round, bright glow orbital period of more than 900 years. through a small telescope; the spiral BRIGHTEST STAR Zeta (\u03b6) and Psi-1 (\u03c81) Piscium are arms only show up well through a two more doubles that can be divided telescope with larger aperture and on Eta (\u03b7) 3.6 with a small telescope. long-exposure photographs. GENITIVE THE CIRCLET 21 The body of the southerly Piscium fish is marked by a ring of stars called the Circlet. ABBREVIATION Psc One of the stars, TX Piscium, is a red giant of HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM variable brightness, which appears noticeably orange October\u2013November through binoculars. FULLY VISIBLE DIVERGENCE 2 Pisces represents a pair of 83\u00b0N\u201356\u00b0S fish tied together by their tails with ribbon. The point where This zodiacal constellation represents the two ribbons are knotted two mythical fish (see panel, right). together is marked by the star Its main claim to fame is that it Alpha (\u03b1) Piscium. contains the vernal equinox, which is the point where the Sun crosses the MYTHS AND STORIES celestial equator into the Northern Hemisphere each year in March\u2014 EROS AND on star maps, this is where 0h right APHRODITE ascension intersects 0\u00ba declination. Because of the slow wobble of the Ancient Greek myths concerning Earth, known as precession (see p.64), the origins of the constellation of the point of the vernal equinox is Pisces are rather vague. In one gradually moving along the celestial myth, Aphrodite and her son Eros equator and will enter Aquarius in transformed themselves into fish about ad 2600. and plunged into the Euphrates to escape the fearsome monster SPECIFIC FEATURES Typhon. In another version of the The most distinctive feature of Pisces same story, two fish swam up and is the ring of seven stars lying south carried Aphrodite and Eros to of the Great Square of Pegasus. safety on their backs. Known as the Circlet, this ring marks the body of one of the fish. It includes TX Piscium (also known as 19 Piscium), a deep-orange-colored red giant that fluctuates irregularly between magnitudes 4.8 and 5.2. 2h 1h TRIANGULUM 30\u02da \u03c4 20\u02da \u03c5 ARIES \u03d5 \u03c7 \u03c81 \u03c82 \u03c83 RESCUE AT SEA M74 TV THE FISH In this 17th-century painting by the Flemish artist Jacob Jordaens, Aphrodite and Eros are \u03b7 PEGASUS carried away on the back of a fish. THE NIGHT SKY 10\u02da PISCES \u03c9 \u03b9 \u03b8 \u03b2 \u03bf \u03b6\u03b5 \u03b4 TX 7 \u03bd \u03bc M74 54 \u03b1 The spiral galaxy Alrescha \u03be ECLIPTIC CIRCLET \u03b3 M74 is seen face-on and appears as a 0\u02da \u03bb\u03ba rounded glow when viewed through a CETUS 27 small telescope. 33 30 Larger apertures are needed to see its AQUARIUS spiral arms.","THE CONSTELLATIONS 389 THE SEA MONSTER double star that is more challenging M77 54 to divide than Menkar. High Because it is a Seyfert galaxy, the spiral Cetus magnification on a telescope is galaxy M77 looks like a fuzzy star required to see the two component through smaller telescopes\u2014only its SIZE RANKING 4 stars, of 4th and 7th magnitudes. extremely bright core can be seen. BRIGHTEST STAR Mira (\u03bf) is the prototype of a devastating bombardments.Thus the common type of red giant that prospects for life in its vicinity seem Diphda or Deneb pulsates in size over months or years. Kaitos (\u03b2) 2.0 GENITIVE Ceti Mira can reach magnitude 2 at its Tau (\u03c4) Ceti is 11.9 light-years away. rather slim. ABBREVIATION Cet brightest\u2014although magnitude 3 Its temperature and brightness make it M77 is found near Delta (\u03b4) Ceti. is more usual\u2014while at its faintest HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM it drops to magnitude 10. Hence, This spiral galaxy is the brightest depending on how much it has example of a Seyfert galaxy (see Types October\u2013December of Active Galaxies, p.320). Related to FULLY VISIBLE swollen or contracted within its the most Sun-like of all Earth\u2019s nearby quasars, Seyfert galaxies are a class of 11-month cycle, Mira can be either stars.Tau is, however, surrounded by a galaxies that have extremely bright 65\u00b0N\u201379\u00b0S a naked-eye star or one that is swarm of asteroids and comets, which centers. M77 is oriented face-on visible only with a telescope. would subject any local planets to toward the Earth, although only its core is visible through a small Cetus is represented on old star TAURUS 3h 2h telescope, and it looks only like a charts as an unlikely-looking, almost small, round patch. M77 lies just under 50 million light-years away. comical, hybrid sea monster, although 10\u02da PISCES the figure is also sometimes referred to as a whale. It is one of the original \u03bb \u03bc \u03be2 \u03be1 0h 48 Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in his Almagest. It is a large \u03ba \u03b1 Menkar \u03bd ECLIPTIC but not very obvious constellation \u03b3 20 found in the equatorial region of the sky, and it lies south of the zodiacal 0\u02da M77 \u03b4 constellations Pisces and Aries. Cetus is home to the celebrated variable \u03bf Mira star, Mira (\u03bf) (see p.285), as well as a peculiar spiral galaxy, M77. SPECIFIC FEATURES ERIDANUS \u03b8 CETUS AQUARIUS \u03b7 Menkar (\u03b1) is the second-brightest \u02da-20 \u03d5 \u03b9 46 star in the constellation. It forms part \u02da-10 \u03b5 \u03b6 NGC 246 3 of the loop of stars that mark the sea \u03c0 \u03c4 \u03c1 \u03b2 6 monster\u2019s head, and it has a wide and \u03c5 2 Diphda unrelated 6th-magnitude companion \u03c3 7 that is visible through binoculars. Positioned near the neck of the sea monster is Gamma (\u03b3) Ceti, a close THE SEA MONSTER 56 FORNAX SCULPTOR MYTHS AND STORIES THE SEA MONSTER Cetus was the sea monster sent to devour the princess Andromeda in the famous Greek myth (see p.368). On his return from killing Medusa the Gorgon, Perseus spied Andromeda\u2019s plight and swooped down on the sea monster as it attacked, stabbing it repeatedly with his sword in a fury of blood and foam, and leaving its water- logged corpse on the beach for the local people to pillage. LURCHING MONSTER 2 MYTHICAL MONSTER THE NIGHT SKY Cetus is large but not particularly prominent. Old star charts depict Cetus with enormous Its most celebrated star is the variable red jaws and a coiled tail, its flippers dipped in the giant Mira (\u03bf), which for much of the time is neighboring constellation, the river Eridanus. too faint to be seen with the naked eye.","390 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE HUNTER SPECIFIC FEATURES Betelgeuse contrasts noticeably picked out from its surrounding glare Marking one shoulder of Orion is in color with Rigel\u2014Beta (\u03b2) using a small telescope.Two other Orion Betelgeuse\u2014Alpha (\u03b1) Orionis (see Orionis\u2014an even more luminous easily seen double stars are in Orion\u2019s p.256) \u2014a red supergiant hundreds of blue supergiant, which marks one of belt. Delta (\u03b4) Orionis has a 7th- SIZE RANKING 26 times larger than the Sun. Betelgeuse Orion\u2019s feet. Apart from the rare times magnitude companion, which is varies irregularly in brightness between when Betelgeuse is at its maximum visible through a small telescope or BRIGHTEST STARS magnitudes 0.0 and 1.3, but it averages magnitude, Rigel is the brightest binoculars. It is a greater challenge around magnitude 0.5. It is about star in the constellation. Rigel lies to reveal the close 4th-magnitude Rigel (\u03b2) 0.2, 500 light-years away, and it is closer 860 light-years from Earth\u2014almost companion of Zeta (\u03b6) Orionis\u2014this Betelgeuse (\u03b1) 0.5 to Earth than any of the other bright twice as far away as Betelgeuse. Its requires a telescope with an aperture stars in Orion. 7th-magnitude companion can be of at least 3 in (75 mm). GENITIVE Orionis ABBREVIATION Ori HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM December\u2013January FULLY VISIBLE 79\u00b0N\u201367\u00b0S Orion is one of the most glorious constellations in the sky, representing a giant hunter or warrior followed by his dogs, Canis Major and Canis Minor (see panel, below). Its most distinctive feature is Orion\u2019s belt, formed by a line of three 2nd- magnitude stars almost exactly on the celestial equator. A complex of stars and nebulosity represents the sword that hangs from Orion\u2019s belt and contains the great star-forming region of M42, the Orion Nebula (p.241). In October each year, the Orionid meteors seem to radiate from a point near Orion\u2019s border with Gemini. THE NIGHT SKY MULTIPLE COMPANIONS 5 BRIGHT HUNTER 2 Sigma (\u03c3) Orionis is a remarkable multiple Orion, the hunter, is one of the most star with three fainter companions\u2014two magnificent and easily recognizable on one side and an even fainter one on the constellations. A line of three stars opposite side\u2014appearing rather like a planet makes up his belt, while an area of star orbited by moons. clusters and nebulae forms his sword. MYTHS AND STORIES THE GREAT HUNTER In Greek mythology, Orion was a tall and handsome man and the son of Poseidon, god of the sea.The Greek poet Homer, in his Odyssey, described Orion as a great hunter who brandished a club of bronze. Despite his hunting prowess, Orion was killed by a mere scorpion, some say in retribution for his boastfulness. In the sky, Orion is placed opposite the constellation of Scorpius and, each night, the hunter flees below the horizon as the scorpion rises. HUNTER AND WARRIOR This depiction of Orion is from an ancient manuscript based on the Book of Fixed Stars, which was written by the Arabic astronomer al-Sufi around AD 964.","391 The real treasures of this constellation faint objects. On clear nights, it THE TRAPEZIUM 54 lie in the area around Orion\u2019s sword. appears to the naked eye as a hazy At the heart of the Orion Nebula lies a NGC 1981, for example, appears as patch of light, and is obvious through multiple star called the Trapezium (\u03b81) a large, scattered cluster of stars any form of optical aid. An extension (center, right). Its four stars are visible through binoculars; its brightest stars of the Orion Nebula bears a separate through small telescopes, but with are of 6th magnitude. NGC 1977 number, M43, but both are part of the larger apertures, two additional stars is an elongated patch of nebulosity same cloud. At the center of M42 lies can also be seen. surrounding the stars 42 and 45 a multiple star,Theta-1 (\u03b81) Orionis Orionis. Nearby is the Orion Nebula, (see p.281), better known as the THE ORION NEBULA REGION MAGNITUDE KEY an enormous star-forming cloud of Trapezium because it appears as a gas, 1,500 light-years away, covering group of four stars of 5th to 8th 5h 40m 5h 30m 0.0\u20130.9 THE ORION NEBULA 54 an area of sky wider than two magnitude when seen through a small To the naked eye and diameters of a full moon. Its glowing telescope.To one side of the nebula \u02da\u20134 NGC 1.0\u20131.9 through binoculars, the Orion gas appears multicolored on photo- lies Theta-2 (\u03b82) Orionis, a double 1981 Nebula (M42) appears only graphs and CCD images, yet visually star with components of 5th and 6th 2.0\u20132.9 as a misty patch, south of it looks only gray-green because magnitudes that can be separated with 45 42 3.0\u20133.9 Orion\u2019s belt, its heart lit up the eye is not sensitive to colors in binoculars. At the tip of Orion\u2019s 4.0\u20134.9 by newborn stars. Its full sword lies Iota (\u03b9) Orionis, a double, NGC 1977 5.0\u20135.9 beauty and its pinkish color THE HUNTER with components of 3rd and 7th \u03b81Trapezium 6.0\u20136.9 become apparent only on magnitudes, divisible with a small \u02da\u20136 M43 \u03b9 M42 photographs and CCD 7h telescope. Struve 747 is a wider images such as this. 6h double star nearby, with components \u03b82 of 5th and 6th magnitudes. Struve 747 Even more impressive is the multiple star Sigma (\u03c3) Orionis 49 \u03c5 (p.281). A small telescope shows that the main 4th-magnitude star has two 7th-magnitude companions on one side and a closer 9th-magnitude component on the other. Extending from the belt star Zeta (\u03b6) Orionis is a strip of bright nebulosity, IC 434, against which is silhouetted the Horsehead Nebula (see p.240).This is probably the best- known dark nebula in the sky, and it shows well on photographs.To see it visually requires a large telescope and a dark viewing site. \u03c72 \u03c71 5h GEMINI NGC 2175 U 69 TAURUS Aldebaran \u03be\u03bd 15 11 \u03bf1 ORION \u03bf2 \u03c01\u03c02 10\u02da \u03bc\u03b1 \u03bb \u03d51 \u03d52 \u03b3 \u03c03 MONOCEROS Betelgeuse \u03c04 0\u02da 32 Bellatrix \u03c06 \u03c05 \u03c9 \u03c8223 \u03c1 \u03c81 56 51 \u03b4 M78 22 NGC 2024 \u03b5 31 \u03b6 IC 434 \u03c3 \u03b7 M 42 \u03c4\u03b2 29 \u02da-10 \u03ba Rigel ERIDANUS CANIS LEPUS Sirius MAJOR \u02da-20 THE NIGHT SKY THE HORSEHEAD NEBULA 43 Looking like a knight in a celestial chess game, the Horsehead Nebula is a curiously shaped dark dust cloud silhouetted against IC 434, a backdrop of glowing hydrogen. It lies to the south of Zeta (\u03b6) Orionis (center left) in Orion\u2019s belt.","","","394 THE CONSTELLATIONS THE WATER SNAKE MYTHS AND STORIES Hydra HERCULES AND THE HYDRA SIZE RANKING 1 The Hydra was a serpent with nine heads, one of them immortal, which BRIGHTEST STAR lived in a swamp near the town of Lerna, emerging to ravage crops and Alphard (\u03b1) 2.0 cattle. As the second of his labors, GENITIVE Hydrae Hercules was sent to kill the ABBREVIATION Hya monster. He flushed it from its lair with flaming arrows and cut HIGHEST IN SKY AT 10 PM off each head in turn, ending with the immortal head, which he February\u2013June buried under a rock. FULLY VISIBLE 54\u00b0N\u201383\u00b0S Hydra depicts the multiple-headed DEADLY BLOWS monster that fought and was killed by Hercules battles with the Hydra in this sculpture by Hercules in the second of his labors Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph Bosio (1768\u20131845), which is (see panel, right). During the struggle, exhibited in the Tuileries gardens, Paris. a crab joined forces with the Hydra but was crushed underfoot by divided with a telescope with an LONG SERPENT 2 Hercules; it was later commemorated aperture of at least 3 in (75 mm) The Hydra\u2019s head, at the right in this as the constellation Cancer. Although and high magnification.The yellow photograph, lies south of Cancer while the Hydra had nine heads, it is and blue component stars are of the tip of its tail lies far to the left, represented in the sky with a single magnitude 3.4 and 6.7 and have an south of the stars of Libra. head\u2014presumably its immortal one. orbital period of nearly 1,000 years. The constellation is the largest of M48 is an open star cluster on all 88 and stretches for more than a the border with Monoceros. It lies quarter of the way around the sky nearly 2,000 light-years away. M48 from its head, south of Cancer and is larger than a full moon and it is just north of the celestial equator, to seen well through binoculars or a its tail in the Southern Hemisphere small telescope. It contrasts with the between Libra and Centaurus. Despite globular cluster M68 (see p.295), its size, there is little to mark out this which resembles a fuzzy star when constellation other than a group of six viewed through binoculars or a stars of modest brightness, which small telescope. forms the head of the water snake. M83 is a spiral galaxy, toward the SPECIFIC FEATURES Hydra\u2019s tail, that lies about 15 million Hydra\u2019s brightest star is 2nd-magnitude light-years away.Through a small Alphard, or Alpha (\u03b1) Hydrae. Alphard telescope, it appears as an elongated means \u201cthe solitary one,\u201d and this glow, but a telescope of larger name reflects its position in an aperture will reveal its spiral structure otherwise blank area of sky.This and its noticeable central \u201cbar,\u201d which orange-colored giant is in fact the may be similar to the bar that is only star in the constellation brighter thought to lie across the center of than magnitude 3.0. It is about 175 the Milky Way Galaxy. light-years away. Epsilon (\u03b5) Hydrae is a close binary star with components The planetary nebula known as of contrasting colors that can be the Ghost of Jupiter, or NGC 3242, is to be found near the star Mu (\u03bc) Hydrae, in the central part of Hydra\u2019s body. THE GHOST OF JUPITER 54 -20\u00b0 LIBRA When viewed through a small -30\u00b0 THE NIGHT SKY telescope, the planetary nebula NGC 54 52 3242 appears as an ethereal, blue- 58 green, elliptical glow about the size of the planet Jupiter, hence its popular name\u2014the Ghost of Jupiter. M83 54 This magnificent face-on spiral galaxy is to be found lying on the border of Hydra and Centaurus. M83 has a central \u201cbar\u201d of stars and gas, and it is sometimes known as the Southern Pinwheel.","","","",""]
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