["SONGHAI EMPIRE \u25b2 1450\u20131750 The Songhai Empire was one of West Africa\u2019s most powerful states. This tomb was built by Emperor Askia Mohammed in his capital Gao, in modern-day Mali. Gao\u2019s location on the Niger River allowed the empire to take control of the gold trade across the Sahara Desert. KINGDOM OF KONGO \u25b6 At its height, the Kingdom of Kongo, in present- day Angola, was the most powerful state in western Central Africa. The Kongo formed an alliance with the Dutch. Here the King of Kongo can be seen receiving Dutch ambassadors in 1642. \u25c0 KINGDOM OF MUTAPA The vast southern African Kingdom of Mutapa spanned present-day Zimbabwe, Zambia, Mozambique, and South Africa. The kingdom grew wealthy trading gold and ivory to Islamic merchants on the East African coast, but civil wars led to its decline and the Portuguese took control in 1629. A 17TH-CENTURY MAP OF THE KINGDOM OF MUTAPA, ALSO KNOWN AS MONOMOTAPA ASANTE EMPIRE \u25b6 Located in what is now modern-day Ghana, the Asante Empire was a thriving center of art and trade. The empire grew rich trading gold, ivory, and enslaved people. It was so rich that it earned the title \u201cKingdom of Gold,\u201d and gold dust was even used as currency. 99","1450\u20131750 The Ottoman Empire 1520\u20131566 1512\u20131520 1451\u20131481 1362\u20131389 Named after its founder, a warrior named Osman Ghazi, the Ottoman Empire began as a small state in Anatolia (in modern-day Turkey) in around 1300. From the 14th to the 16th centuries, it was one of the most powerful kingdoms in the world, extending into the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, and across large parts of Europe. It was known for its military might and advancements in science and arts. The Ottoman Empire lasted until the early 20th century. GREAT SULTANS Murad I expands the Ottoman Empire by capturing most of the Balkans, a region in southeastern Europe. He moves the empire\u2019s capital city to Adrianople, which he renames Edirne. In 1389, he is killed by a Serbian knight after the Battle of Kosovo. Under Sultan Mehmed II, better known as Mehmed the Conqueror, the Ottoman army captures Constantinople in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople is now known as Islambol (later Istanbul), and becomes the Ottoman capital. Selim I, also known as Selim the Grim, forces his father to give up the throne, and kills his brothers to become sultan. He then defeats the Safavid Empire in Persia and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. The Ottoman Empire becomes the most powerful empire in the Islamic world. The empire reaches its fullest extent under Suleiman I, also called \u201cthe Magnificent.\u201d He promotes science, literature, art, music, and architecture, and brings the whole of his empire under a single system of law. SULEIMAN I JANISSARY GUARDS \u25b6 The Janissary were elite soldiers who came out of the Devshirme system set up by Sultan Murad I. In this system, young Christian boys from conquered territories were converted to Islam and then trained as soldiers. Janissaries were loyal only to the sultan and formed his protective guard. They also protected frontier towns from outside attacks. 100","","Korea\u2019s Joseon Dynasty \u25b2 GYEONGBOKGUNG PALACE The Joseon Dynasty ruled over the Korean Peninsula (modern-day North Korea and South Korea) from 1392\u20131910. Gyeongbokgung was the largest and most During this time, Korea went through a golden age of important of five royal palaces built in the culture and learning as well as significant social change. city of Seoul, then known as Hanseong, during the Joseon Dynasty. Built in 1395, the From 57 bce until 668 ce, ancient Korea (modern-day Seoul, the capital of palace was home to Joseon kings as well as was ruled by three kingdoms. Then, South Korea). Over the next 500 years, the government. It was destroyed during one of the three kingdoms, Silla, gained the Joseon Kingdom went through the Imjin War with Japan, but was restored control over the entire peninsula, great changes. Neo-Confucianism\u2014a and rebuilt in the 19th and 20th centuries. and stayed in power until 935. The philosophy based on the traditional kingdom then briefly split, before teachings of the Chinese philosopher FACT being reunified under the Goryeo Confucius\u2014was promoted, and a strict Kingdom for a period of 470 years. social class system was put in place. Joseon Korea The period also saw many important had a strict class The Goryeo Kingdom was advancements in literature, science, system. People were born overthrown by General Yi Seong-gye, and astronomy. into one of four classes\u2014 who named his dynasty Joseon and yangban (landowner), became its first king, taking the title After several invasions from China chungin (middle class), Taejo. The new dynasty and Japan in the 16th and 17th sangmin (commoner), or expanded its boundaries cheonmin (lowborn). and moved its capital centuries, the kingdom entered a from Kaesong (in period of isolation for nearly SEJONG THE GREAT modern-day North 200 years, and declined Korea) to the city in the late 19th century of Hanseong as Japan gradually took over control of Korea. Sejong the Great (reigned 1418\u20131450) The wooden \u25c0 TURTLE SHIP was the fourth Joseon ruler. He dragon head created the Hangul script that made hid a cannon The geobukseon (turtle ship) it easier for everyone to read and or burner that was designed by the Korean write Korean. He also promoted released fire admiral Yi Sun-sin in the science and technology, which led or smoke. 16th century. These armored to many inventions. warships had a protective roof, like a turtle shell, which was covered with spikes. They were also equipped with cannons. Powered by up to 70 oarspeople, the ship could turn quickly and achieve bursts of high speed. 102","\u25bc HANGUL A ruler was dipped into the funnel to measure rainfall. Until the mid-15th century, the Korean language was written using classical Chinese characters, but \u25c0 RAIN GAUGE these were difficult to learn and only the educated knew them. In 1446, the Hangul script became During the reign of Sejong the Great, the the official Korean alphabet. It contained just cheugugi rain gauge was invented and 28 letters and was much easier to learn. distributed all across the kingdom. This instrument helped people keep accurate records of rainfall, which helped them predict the weather and therefore improve crop harvests. SHIN SAIMDANG \u25b6 1450\u20131750 Each quarter Shin Saimdang was one of the most famous of this wooden artists, writers, and calligraphers under the seal features a Joseon dynasty during the 16th century. Hangul character. She painted nature scenes, particularly flowers and insects. Two of her poems still survive, but most examples of her calligraphy have been lost over the years. IMJIN WAR Japan twice invaded the Joseon Kingdom in the 1590s, in a conflict known as the Imjin War. Early in the conflict, the Japanese laid siege to the fortress at Busan (below), killing 8,000 Koreans. The war ended when the Japanese withdrew in 1598.","1450\u20131750 The European Renaissance In the late medieval period, dramatic changes took place in European society, which had remained relatively unchanged for hundreds of years. New ways of thinking led to a great blossoming of culture and art. This period, lasting from the 14th to the late 16th centuries, is known as the Renaissance (meaning \u201crebirth\u201d). In the 14th century, contact with By the 15th century, Renaissance ideas \u25c0 NEW ARCHITECTURE other cultures and the rediscovery had spread across Europe, helped by of ancient texts influenced artists and the development of the printing press, Renaissance architects found thinkers. They reacted against the which introduced both new works and inspiration in the buildings of ancient narrow teachings of the Church and the writers of the ancient world to Greece and Rome, which often had developed a new philosophy called many more people. The Renaissance elegant domes and columns. Designed humanism, which valued knowledge movement marked the end of in 1418, the dome of Florence gained through learning and experience. the medieval world, and laid the Cathedral was the largest to be built foundations for the modern world. in western Europe since Roman times. The Renaissance began in Florence and other city-states of northern Italy. RENAISSANCE WOMEN \u25bc Painters and sculptors abandoned the flat style of medieval art in favor of Despite the new ways of thinking, depicting subjects in a more lifelike Renaissance women were expected to stay way. Rich people, eager to show off at home. They were given little opportunity their status, began sponsoring works to study, though some who had privileged of art in these new styles. This led to advances in architecture, literature, backgrounds became poets and writers. science, and other areas. An Italian noblewoman, Sofonisba Anguissola, was one of the few successful female Renaissance artists. She painted this portrait of her sisters playing chess in 1555. LORENZO DE\u2019 MEDICI Lorenzo de\u2019 Medici (1449\u20131492) was the most powerful man in Florence at the height of the Italian Renaissance. Known as \u201cLorenzo the Magnificent,\u201d he used his vast wealth, earned from banking, to support great artists such as Michelangelo and Sandro Botticelli. 104","The arm span \u25b2 USING PERSPECTIVE is the same as the figure\u2019s height. Renaissance artists developed new techniques to make their paintings appear more natural, including the use FACT of perspective to give the illusion of distance. This view of a city, called The Ideal City, is painted on a flat surface, In 1543, Polish but it appears to have depth as the buildings in the background become smaller and seem further away astronomer Nicolaus from the viewer. Copernicus proved that Earth DECORATIVE ARTS revolves round the sun, rather Artists and craftworkers produced beautiful objects to decorate the villas and palaces of the wealthy, including than the other way around\u2014 bronze and marble sculptures, ceramics, jewelery, and fine metalwork. Decorative objects were often displayed in cabinets to show off the taste of the collector. \u25b2 VITRUVIAN MAN a major breakthrough in our understanding The notebooks of Italian of the universe. Renaissance artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci were filled with brilliant sketches and designs for inventions ahead of their time, such as a helicopter-like flying machine. He JAR FOR MEDICINES made this drawing, called Vitruvian Man, to illustrate the \u201cperfect\u201d GOLD VESSEL FOR HOLDING SALT proportions of the human body. Neck carved entirely out of ivory LUTE \u25b2 THE RENAISSANCE SPREADS TERRA-COTTA WALL DECORATION From Italy, the Renaissance spread out across northern Europe. Monarchs such as King Francis I of France (reigned 1515\u20131547) invited Italian artists to work for them. The Ch\u00e2teau de Chambord (above) was built by Francis I to display his wealth and power. It included Renaissance features in its design, some of which may have been the work of Leonardo da Vinci. 105","The written word Humans have used spoken language for hundreds of thousands of years, but it was only around 5,000 years ago that writing was invented. Since then, people have created writing systems such as alphabets, as well as tools that allow us to write things down. Picture words Record taking Lost symbols Egyptian hieroglyphs Cuneiform Indus script Where Egypt Where Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) Where Indus Valley, modern-day Pakistan When c. 3300 bce to c. 394 ce When c. 3200 bce to c. 75 ce When c. 2600\u2013c. 1900 bce Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics The Sumerians of southern Discovered at archaeological sites (see p.20) used around 1,000 Mesopotamia (see p.16) invented in modern-day Pakistan, the Indus different pictures to represent a writing system to keep track of script was created by the Indus Valley words, sounds, and objects. business transactions. They used a Civilization (see p.32). The meaning They fell out of use around sharpened reed to make indents of of the script has been lost, but experts 400 ce and remained a mystery different shapes on a tablet made think that it was written from right until the discovery of the of wet clay. This writing to left and had around 400 Rosetta Stone in 1799. This system is now known signs, representing stone contained a text written as \u201ccuneiform,\u201d syllables or in three languages: ancient meaning whole words. Greek, hieroglyphics, and an \u201cwedge- ancient Egyptian script. shaped.\u201d Scholars used the Greek to work out the meaning of the hieroglyphs. Early alphabet Writing material Phoenician alphabet Paper Where Phoenicia (modern-day Lebanon) When c. 1200\u2013c. 900 bce Where China 3. Mashing it 5. Drying While earlier civilizations invented When c. 105 ce to a pulpy paste out the paper writing systems that had hundreds of symbols and signs, the Phoenicians (see By the 2nd century ce, papyrus (made from a Fire p.36) developed a simple alphabet, in which each symbol represented a single reedlike plant) and parchment (made from sound. It had 22 letters, which stood for consonants, and was the ancestor of all animal skins) had long been used as writing modern European alphabets. materials, but they were expensive and 106 decayed over time. The Chinese invented a writing material made from the pulp of plants, such as bamboo. The new material, paper, was cheap and strong, and could be mass produced easily. 1. Collecting 2. Cutting 4. Laying the paste bamboo bamboo out on a board","Printing 1450\u20131750 Woodblock printing Details from a page from the Buddhist Diamond Sutra from 868 ce, the earliest-known printed manuscript Where China When 7th century ce The Chinese first used woodblock printing to print on paper during the Tang era (see pp.68\u201369). Wooden blocks were carved with images or words and then ink was applied. A print was made by brushing thin paper onto the block. In the 11th century, Chinese artisan Bi Sheng created moving type by carving letters onto clay. After being baked hard, they were then arranged on an iron frame and pressed against an iron plate. Movable type quickly, compared to scribes writing each Writing machines one out by hand. The printing press caught Printing press on across Europe and its success meant Typewriter that knowledge and new ideas could be Where Germany shared far faster than ever before. Where US When 1450 When 1868 3. The press German inventor Johannes Gutenberg\u2019s pushes The first modern typewriter was printing press was a huge leap forward the paper created by inventor Christopher Latham for communication. The machine down onto Sholes and mechanic Carlos S Glidden. perfected the technique of using the letters. Typewriters were faster than writing movable type originally developed by things out by hand, and they remained the Chinese and Koreans. It allowed popular for over a century until they whole books to be printed incredibly were eventually replaced by electronic word processors and computers. 2. Paper is placed here and pulled over the letters. 1. Ink is applied to letters with ink balls. 107","European expansion 1450\u20131750 Since ancient times, Europeans had been aware of the regions surrounding the Mediterranean, as well as parts of Asia and North Africa. But in the 15th century, they began to set their sights on places farther afield, taking to the open seas to find what lay beyond the edges of their maps. \u25b2 HENRY THE NAVIGATOR There were many reasons for the The first expeditions in the European yearning for exploration, mid-15th century began a Prince Henry of Portugal earned but, at least to begin with, seizing centuries-long campaign of himself the nickname \u201cHenry the foreign lands was not one of them. European expansion and Navigator,\u201d despite never setting off Expensive goods such as silk and colonization. By the start on any voyages himself. He funded spices arrived overland from Asia, of World War I in 1914, expeditions from Portugal to explore and the first European expeditions European nations had the West African coast, which was then aimed to establish a faster, safer sea conquered more than unknown to Europeans. For them, these route in order to expand trade. 80 percent of the land journeys kick-started the era sometimes on the planet, and the called the Age of Exploration. However, as explorers began to effects of this violent realize the abundance of resources colonization are still in the lands they visited, they started felt across the globe seizing territory by force, often today (see pp.172\u2013173). using their superior weapons to kill or enslave Indigenous people living there. SAILING ESSENTIALS VOYAGES TO AFRICA \u25b6 New inventions and technologies made the During his exploration of East Age of Exploration possible. The Portuguese Africa, Portuguese navigator Diogo developed small, fast, and powerful ships called caravels to explore the vast oceans. C\u00e3o discovered that the continent Navigational instruments such as the was bigger than Europeans had astrolabe and backstaff helped sailors previously thought. He erected figure out their location while at sea. stone pillars called padr\u00e3oes (right) to mark his progress and Triangular sails ASTROLABE claim land. Later explorers to allowed the ship Africa continued this custom. to \u201ctack\u201d (zigzag into the wind). \u25b2 COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE BACKSTAFF Between 1492 and 1504, Italian explorer Christopher Columbus made four voyages to the Americas, MODEL OF CARAVEL establishing the first links of a connection between Europe and the Americas. Fruits and vegetables such 108 as pineapples and sweet potatoes were shipped to Europe, while livestock and crops such as wheat were introduced to the Americas\u2014as were deadly diseases such as smallpox. The early trade of goods, ideas, and diseases between the two regions was known as the Columbian Exchange.","\u25c0 REACHING BRAZIL 1450\u20131750 While sailing around Africa to reach India in 1500, Portuguese explorer Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral\u2019s fleet was carried by the wind further west than intended, and stumbled upon the coast of South America. He claimed the land\u2014now part of Brazil\u2014for Portugal before proceeding to India. TRAVELS OF DA GAMA \u25b6 Europe and India had traded with each other since ancient times but the overland journey between them was long and expensive. At the turn of the 16th century, Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama established a new sea route from Portugal to India, sailing around Africa, and then north across the Indian Ocean to reach Calicut (modern-day Kozhikode) in India. \u25c0 REACHING AUSTRALASIA Europeans first arrived in Australia in 1606, when Dutch explorer Willem Janszoon set foot in the north of what is now Queensland. In 1642, fellow Dutchman Abel Tasman became the first European to reach New Zealand, Tonga, anAdRFCijTi.IHCisOcCreEwANdrew sketches of the Ma\u02c9 ori warriors they encountered (left). ATLANTIC ASIA VOYAGES OF EXPLORATION OCEAN NORTH EUROPE Thanks to their location on the western AMERICA PORTUGAL edge of Europe close to Africa, many SPAIN European voyages of exploration set sail from either Spain or Portugal. Sailors Cuba would be at sea for years at a time, traveling through uncharted and 1492 Columbus unpredictable waters. 1502\u201304 Columbus AZTEC EMPIRE 14 Cape INDIA PACIFIC OCEAN Acapulco Panama Sierra Kozhikode Leone Philippine Caribbean 1481\u201382 C\u00e3o INDIAN OCEAN Islands Sea 97\u201398 da Gama AFRICA Moluccas Mogadishu PACIFIC OCEAN Borneo Malindi SOUTH Java New AMERICA Kilwa Guinea Lima Sofala KEY S\u00e3o Vicente 1500 AUSTRALIA Diogo C\u00e3o Buenos Aires Cabral 1642\u201343 Tasman Christopher Columbus Cape of Madagascar Good Hope Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral Vasco da Gama NEW ZEALAND Abel Tasman Strait of SOUTHERN OCEAN Magellan 109","1509\u20131533 HENRY VIII\u2019S SIX WIVES The Tudors 1450\u20131750 Catherine of Aragon, Henry\u2019s first The rule of the Tudor Dynasty began in 1485 when Henry Tudor wife, gives birth six times but only seized the throne of England by defeating King Richard III 1533\u20131536 one child\u2014Mary (later Mary I)\u2014 of the rival Yorkist Dynasty in battle, and became Henry VII. survives infancy. Henry annuls The Tudors reigned for more than a century, until the death of (cancels) their marriage in search Elizabeth I in 1603. During this period, England grew in power of a male heir. and influence, becoming richer than ever before, and enjoyed an unprecedented flowering of culture and the arts. While Henry\u2019s marriage 1536\u20131537 to Anne Boleyn produces The Tudors introduced important was succeeded by three of his children the future Queen changes that impacted all areas of life in turn\u2014Edward\u00a0VI in 1547, Mary\u00a0I in 1540 Elizabeth I, he has in England. Wary of Yorkist rebellions, 1553, and Elizabeth\u00a0I in 1558. her executed when Henry VII (reigned 1485\u20131509) seized she does not their lands and strengthened the Elizabeth I was a strong ruler, and produce a son. power of the monarchy. during her reign England emerged as a major power, rivaling Spain for ANNE BOLEYN His successor, Henry VIII (reigned dominance in Europe. Elizabeth\u2019s 1509\u20131547) removed the authority reign was also an age of international Jane Seymour bears Henry a male of the Catholic Church, appointing expansion, as explorers and merchants heir to the throne, and is the only himself the leader of a new Church ventured to the Americas and set up queen to do so. She dies shortly of England, which preached a form of colonies. Education improved and the after their son Edward is born. Christianity known as Protestantism. arts flourished, too, especially the He also built up the Royal Navy to theater. Despite this, many people The fourth woman to marry Henry become one of the most powerful lived in poverty and struggled to is German-born Anne of Cleves. naval forces in English history. Henry afford food and clothing. Their marriage is annulled after 1540\u20131542 just six months. \u25c0 HENRY VIII 1543\u20131547 Catherine Howard, Henry VIII\u2019s fifth Although English monarchs ruled their wife, suffers the same fate as Anne own land, they were answerable to Boleyn. She is beheaded after she fails to bear him children during the the supreme authority of the Pope in two years of their marriage. Rome. When the Pope refused to allow Henry VIII to divorce Catherine Parr outlives Henry his first wife, Henry cut ties but dies soon after him in 1548. with the Catholic Church. He She writes a prayer book, becoming went on to close England\u2019s monasteries, seizing their the first woman in lands and wealth for himself. England to publish a Although intelligent and book in English under cultured, Henry was a cruel her own name. king and had two of his six wives executed. CATHERINE PARR\u2019S PRAYERS The globe represents OR MEDITATIONS England\u2019s dominance in overseas trade and exploration.","MARY I \u25b6 The eldest daughter of Henry\u00a0VIII, Mary I (reigned 1553\u20131558) married Spain\u2019s Catholic king, Philip II, and restored the Catholic faith in England. Her reign was marked by violence and bloodshed, and after ordering the execution of leading Protestants she became known as \u201cBloody Mary.\u201d \u25bc ELIZABETH I Coin depicting Mary\u00a0I, \u25b2 DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA commemorating her Dedicated and shrewd, Elizabeth I (reigned marriage to Philip\u00a0II In 1588, King Philip II of Spain sent a fleet of 130 ships\u2014 1558\u20131603) established herself as a powerful of Spain the Spanish Armada\u2014to invade England and overthrow monarch who was highly respected by her Elizabeth I. This was the biggest threat England had faced subjects. She reinstated Protestantism but was for centuries, yet the English fleet triumphed after just an a much more tolerant ruler than her sister Mary. eight-hour battle. This remarkable victory showcased the Her reign was considered a golden age in country\u2019s naval strength to the rest of Europe. England. She never married, and without an heir to the throne, Elizabeth\u2019s death in 1603 marked the end of the Tudors. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE \u25b6 Still widely agreed to be the greatest figure of English literature, William Shakespeare wrote almost 40 plays, including Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet. Many were performed at the open-air Globe Theatre in London (right). It burned down in 1613, but was reconstructed in 1997 and still puts on performances today. CHILD IN TIME After King Henry VIII died in 1547, his only son Edward VI took to the throne at the age of nine. The \u201cBoy King\u201d suffered with ill health and died seven years later in 1553. 111","\u25b2 THE AZTECS AND CORT\u00c9S Conquest of the Americas Spanish conquistador (conqueror) Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s arrived in Mexico in 1519. He made When Europeans first traveled to the Americas in the late alliances with Indigenous people, such as 15th century, Indigenous cultures thrived in modern-day Mexico the Tlaxcala, and with their help was able and Central and South America. Stories of their wealth soon to capture the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan reached Europe, and Spanish explorers flocked to the new (see p.92) after a 79-day siege in 1521. He lands. They invaded these territories, ultimately leading to the renamed the former center of the Aztec collapse of the Indigenous civilizations. Empire as Mexico City. \u25b2 CONQUEST OF THE MAYA By the 16th century, Indigenous support. Once the native populations cultures such as the Aztecs and had been defeated, the Spanish set When the Spanish reached Central America Inca (see pp.92\u201393), and Maya (see about colonizing the conquered lands. in the 16th century, instead of a single pp.38\u201339) had developed sophisticated The Spanish government introduced Maya kingdom, they found an alliance civilizations. However, they were not a system called encomienda, in of multiple cities scattered around the prepared for the European invaders, which conquered Indigenous laborers Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula. This meant that who arrived armed with guns, wearing worked for the settlers, and were the invaders had to fight individual armor, and riding horses. An even taught the Christian faith. Spanish strongholds to bring the Maya under their bigger threat came from new diseases settlers took advantage of this control. The conflict lasted 170 years brought into the Americas from arrangement, treating the Indigenous and only ended in 1697 when the last Europe, such as smallpox, that workers horribly. The system only Maya city\u2014Tayasal in modern-day killed hundreds of thousands. lasted a few decades in some places, Guatemala\u2014was defeated. but was not abolished throughout The Spaniards made use of internal the Spanish Empire until the late 112 rivalries to conquer Mexico and other 18th century. parts of the Americas with Indigenous","BARTOLOM\u00c9 DE \u25bc NEW DISEASES 1450\u20131750 LAS CASAS Spanish invaders and settlers carried A Spanish missionary and historian, many new diseases, such as smallpox, Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas (c. 1474\u20131566) influenza, measles, chickenpox, and was shocked at the cruel treatment of typhus, that spread quickly among the Indigenous people by Spanish the Indigenous people of the Americas. colonists. Determined to stop this Since they had no natural immunity exploitation, he documented it in a to these diseases, many who got sick report to the Spanish king, Charles V. died. Almost 80 percent of the Aztec As a result the and Inca population died from such government made diseases, which allowed the Spanish laws that gave to conquer the rest easily. some protection to Indigenous \u25b2 ATAHUALPA people. The last Inca emperor Atahualpa (reigned 1532\u20131533) was deeply respected by his people in Peru. In 1532, he agreed to hold an interview with Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro, at which the Spaniards launched an unexpected attack. Atahualpa was taken prisoner and later killed. \u25c0 SPANISH SILVER Although the Spanish came seeking gold, they discovered the world\u2019s largest supply of silver in the mountains of Potos\u00ed (in modern-day Bolivia). Huge quantities of silver were taken to Spain to cover the cost of the country\u2019s wars in Europe. The silver from Potos\u00ed was used to mint Spanish dollar coins (left) called \u201cpieces of eight.\u201d \u25bc PORTUGAL AND BRAZIL Portuguese explorer Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral was on his way to India in 1500 when he accidentally found Brazil and claimed it for Portugal (see p.109). This marked the start of extensive colonization of Brazil by Portuguese settlers. In 1549, the city of Salvador (below) was established by the Portuguese as the first capital of Brazil. \u25b2 CHRISTIANITY The colonization of the Americas involved bringing the native people into the fold of the Catholic Church. Indigenous practices and beliefs were not tolerated. Their temples were either destroyed or replaced with buildings such as this Jesuit church in Cuzco, Peru, built on top of an Inca ceremonial building. 113","The Safavids WARS WITH THE OTTOMANS 1450\u20131750 A land dispute leads to war between 1623\u20131639 1603\u20131618 1578\u20131590 1532\u20131555 the Ottomans and the Safavids. The In 1501, a 14-year-old boy called Ismail seized control Ottomans emerge as victors, and of Persia (modern-day Iran). Over the next 200 years, the gain large parts of western Asia. Safavid Dynasty he founded ruled over one of the greatest empires to emerge from the region. At its height, the Safavid The Safavids are in chaos after the Empire controlled large parts of Turkey, the Caucasus region death of the shah. Taking advantage, between Asia and Europe, and parts of western Asia. the Ottomans attack and capture Safavid territories in the Caucasus. The Safavids were followers of a with large mosques covered in branch of Islam called Shia. This calligraphy and multi-colored tiles. Led by Shah Abbas I, the Safavids set them at odds with the followers Craftworkers and artists produced fine attack and regain territories in the of other branches of Islam, most metalwork, ceramics, and textiles, Caucasus and western Iran that notably the Sunni rulers of the which were in great demand in had been lost to the Ottomans. Ottoman Empire, their rivals in the markets across Asia and Europe. region. Rivalry between the two In the final war between the two empires led to a series of wars. The empire reached its peak under empires, the Ottomans gain complete Shah Abbas I, but began declining control over the region now known The Safavid Empire was located after his death in 1629. A century later, as Iraq. along the Silk Road, the trade route in 1736, Shah Tahmasp II was deposed that connected the Far East and by one of his military commanders and Mosaics of Europe. The empire developed busy the dynasty\u2019s rule came to an end. colored tiles ports and markets and grew rich by charging foreign traders to use them. SHAH MOSQUE \u25b6 Art and architecture flourished In 1590, Abbas I moved the capital of under Safavid rule. The shahs (kings) his empire to the city of Isfahan. The ordered the building of grand cities, new capital was rebuilt and filled with buildings that displayed the empire\u2019s wealth. At its center was the beautifully tiled Masjid-e-shah, or Shah Mosque, which was the tallest building in the city. \u25b2 SHAH ABBAS I After its formation, the Safavid Empire was frequently at war. The reign of the fifth shah, Abbas I, brought stability. He set up a permanent army, reclaimed lands lost in previous wars, encouraged trade, and welcomed foreigners into his court. 114","\u25b2 THE SHAHNAMA \u25b2 PERSIAN RUGS FACT Safavid artists produced some of the finest During the Safavid period, carpet weaving Coffeehouses illuminated manuscripts of the period. These expanded to become an important industry. were important hand-decorated books often contained Carpets woven from silk and gold contained gathering places in Safavid detailed paintings of scenes from folk or a combination of flower and geometric Iran, where ordinary folk historical stories. Tales from the Shahnama patterns. They were exported to markets all met to smoke hookahs (water (Book of Kings), an epic poem by the over Europe, and even as far as China. pipes), drink coffee, and 10th-century Persian poet Ferdowsi, were listen to poets reciting very popular. The illustrations for these stories Metal decorated linked the Safavid shahs to ancient Persian with gold their work. rulers to make them appear as heroes. ART AND CRAFTS Honeycomb-like Safavid arts and crafts were inspired ceiling design by the work of the Ottomans and the Chinese. The most well known are tiles decorated with beautiful calligraphy or using the haft-rangi (\u201cseven-color\u201d) technique. Also popular were Chinese-inspired blue and white ceramics, woven carpets, and intricate metalwork. GOLD AND METAL JUG CERAMIC DRINKING VESSEL CALLIGRAPHY ON THE MASJID-E-SHAH, ISFAHAN GLAZED DECORATIVE TILE 115","Playing Pit and pebble game games Mancala 1450\u20131750 Throughout history, humans have devised ways to entertain themselves using objects such as cards, counters, boards, and dice. Over millennia these have evolved into the games we know today, from traditional sets with simple rules and basic pieces, all the way to modern electronic consoles with advanced technology and lifelike interactive graphics. Strategy game Card game Chess Chinese playing cards Where Asia Where China When c. 600 ce When 9th century ce Many countries claim The earliest known playing cards to have invented chess are believed to have originated in but one forerunner of China during the Tang Dynasty the game appeared in (see pp.66\u201367), though how games India in the 7th century. with these cards were played is not Over the centuries known today. The modern pack of chess has evolved and 52 playing cards, with hearts, spades, spread across the globe, becoming one of the most diamonds, and clubs, developed much popular strategy games. It is played with two players later, in France during the 15th century. who take turns to move 16 pieces to attack each other\u2019s king. The aim is to trap the king into Decorative cards were checkmate, so that it cannot move to safety. made of flexible cardboard. Word game Crossword Where US When 1913 The first crossword puzzle was published in the Sunday supplement of the New York World newspaper. A series of written clues help the player complete a grid of horizontal and vertical missing words. Crosswords are not only entertaining, but also expand vocabulary and aid brain development. 116","Ancient board game Royal Game of Ur Where Africa and Asia All seven of When 3000\u20131000 bce these pieces need to Among the world\u2019s oldest games, move across mancala is a fast-paced, two-player the board. game of skill and strategy Where Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) 1450\u20131750 in which pebbles are When c. 2600 bce moved across a board pitted with holes. The aim Also known as the Game of Twenty Squares, the Royal Game of the game is to capture of Ur has players competing to move their pieces to the other the opponent\u2019s pebbles. Different side of the board first, based on rolls of a four-sided dice. Many versions of this game exist and the versions of this board game have been discovered across eastern rules and number of players can vary Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. across regions. Modern board game Tile-laying game Monopoly Mahjong Where US Where China When 1904 When c. 1850 US author Elizabeth Magie The classic game of created The Landlord\u2019s Game to mahjong challenges explain the unfairness of the four players to make property system, and the game sets out of tiles later inspired Monopoly. The engraved with symbols aim is to move around a board depicting Chinese characters, buying up properties, while circles, bamboo stalks, dragons, trying to make opponents go winds, seasons, and flowers. The bankrupt. Modern versions of winner is the person who scores Monopoly feature famous street the most points based on their names from major cities. final hand of tiles. Role-playing game Video game console Dungeons & Dragons PlayStation Where US Where Japan When 1974 When 1994 The fantasy role-playing game The first generation of home of Dungeons & Dragons invites computer consoles appeared players to create fantastic stories in the 1970s, but gaming using their own imaginations. One technology vastly improved player is the Dungeon Master, who over the next few decades. In runs the game and creates the world 1994, Sony released the PlayStation in Japan. of the story, while the other players It made history as the first console to sell more take on the role of heroes to go than 100 million units, bringing the joy of video on quests, battle monsters, and games to more people than ever before. find treasures. 117","The Reformation In 1517, Martin Luther wrote his Ninety-Five Theses\u2014a list of complaints against the Catholic Church\u2014and sent them to the Archbishop of Mainz. Luther was a German monk and professor of theology, and his act of protest launched the Reformation, a movement of religious change that permanently divided Christianity in Europe. 1450\u20131750 In the early 1500s, the Catholic decide how people worshipped ULRICH ZWINGLI Church was the only branch of God. Printed copies of the Theses Christianity in western Europe, as it spread quickly across Europe, Ulrich Zwingli (1484\u20131531) was had been for 1,000 years. At its head winning widespread support. As the leader of the Reformation in was the Pope in Rome, and under the Reformation grew, the Church him were bishops, priests, and split in two, with Catholics on Switzerland. He wanted monks. The Church had religious one side and the reformers, who to simplify worship power over all men and women, from called themselves Protestants, on the and taught that the kings to peasants. Some people, other. Religious differences divided Bible was God\u2019s however, were beginning to challenge the Protestants, too. For more than the Church\u2019s authority. They accused 100 years, a series of devastating law. His ideas were the Pope and other Church leaders of religious wars raged through much very influential. greed and questioned their right to of Europe. \u25c0 SELLING INDULGENCES In his Theses, Martin Luther accused the Church of abusing the practice of selling \u201cindulgences,\u201d certificates that were supposed to reduce punishment for sins in the afterlife. Luther is said to have nailed the Theses to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany. King Henry VIII hands out copies of his authorized version of the Bible in English. \u25b2 TRANSLATING THE BIBLE The early reformers translated the Bible\u2014 believed to be the direct word of God\u2014 from Latin into the common European languages to make it available to all. A copy of an English translation of the Bible was placed in every church in England. 118","\u25c0 PEACE OF AUGSBURG In Germany, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout Catholic, led the attacks against Luther. But many German princes became Protestants. In an attempt to end this religious conflict, the Peace of Augsburg (1555) agreed that each German prince was free to decide which religion his subjects should follow. Seal of a COUNCIL OF TRENT \u25b2 1450\u20131750 German ruler Alarmed by the spread of CALVINISM \u25b6 Protestantism, Pope Paul II gathered Catholic leaders to meet By the 1550s, Protestantism several times between 1545 and had split into two main 1563. This \u201cCouncil of Trent\u201d branches\u2014Lutheranism, launched the Counter which followed the ideas of Reformation to strengthen the Luther, and Calvinism, loyalty of Church members. founded by Frenchman John Churches were built in an ornate style and music was encouraged Calvin (right), who fled to make worship more attractive. from Catholic France to Switzerland. The Calvinists followed a simpler, and stricter, form of worship than Lutherans. WARS OF RELIGION Both Catholics and Protestants carried out violent acts during the religious wars that followed the Reformation. The wars were mainly fought in Germany, France, and the Netherlands and did not come to an end until 1648. Catholic Spanish soldiers can be seen here sacking the Protestant city of Antwerp in the Netherlands in 1576.","The Mughal Empire 1450\u20131750 When a warlord from Central Asia named Babur invaded northern India in the early 1520s, he set the stage for one of the greatest empires the world had ever seen. Over the next 300 years, the Mughal Empire he established conquered much of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. By the 18th century, however, Mughal power had begun to decline. Armed with matchlocks (early guns) Under the Mughals, Islamic art and FACT and powerful cannons, Babur and his culture flourished. Many of the grandest army had arrived in India searching monuments still standing in India and The official for a new kingdom. He overthrew the Pakistan today date from Mughal times. language of the Mughal unpopular Lodhi Sultanate in Delhi court was Persian. Arabic in 1526 and established the rule of After the death of the sixth Mughal was used for religious prayer the Mughals. After Babur\u2019s initial emperor Aurangzeb in 1707, the and ceremonies while victories, his descendants extended empire began to crumble. Shivaji, ruler Urdu came to be spoken their empire across much of the of the rival Marathas, was the first to by the intellectual elites, Indian subcontinent. defeat the Mughal armies. Then came the East India Company, a powerful poets, and saints. NUR JAHAN British trading corporation, with its own private army. The British slowly \u25c0 MUGHAL Royal women did not hold much grabbed territory as their own until ARCHITECTURE power in the Mughal court, but they overthrew the last Mughal Nur Jahan (1577\u20131645), was an emperor in 1857. The Mughals built many majestic forts and beautiful exception. The wife of tombs. Made of red Emperor Jahangir, she sandstone and white was a poet, a skilled marble, Humayun\u2019s Tomb hunter, a diplomat, in Delhi is one of their most and an art lover. elegant early monuments. She advised her Its architectural style, with husband and might domes and arches, was have even copied in later buildings, made political such as the magnificent decisions on Taj Mahal, a tomb built Jahangir\u2019s by Shah Jahan for his wife behalf. Mumtaz Mahal. MAJOR EMPERORS 1530\u20131556 1556\u20131605 1526\u20131530 Soon after taking the throne, Babur\u2019s son Akbar is considered the greatest Mughal After defeating the last Sultan of Delhi Humayun loses much of his kingdom and is emperor. He restores Mughal rule in the at the first Battle of Panipat, Babur goes forced into exile in Persia. After 15 years, territories lost by his father, promotes on to gain more territory in northern India. he reclaims his empire with the help of the art and culture, and encourages harmony But his rule is unstable, and when he dies Persians, but dies within a year of doing so. between Hindus and Muslims. he leaves a kingdom of fighting tribes. 120","Lahore Delhi H \u25c0 MUGHAL TERRITORY SHAH JAHAN \u25b2 Agra i m a l a y a s The Mughals expanded into The fifth Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan neighboring independent kingdoms. came to power in 1628. Music, art, and Ajmer The rulers of these lands were either architecture thrived under his rule, in a golden defeated in battle, given a place in age for Mughal culture. In this painting, Chittor the Mughal government, or made Shah Jahan sits in his durbar (court), with his to sign peace treaties (agreements). son Aurangzeb saluting him on the left. Ahmedabad By the time of Babur\u2019s great-great- great-grandson, Aurangzeb, the \u25c0 FLORAL ART Arabian Hyderabad Bay of empire stretched from present-day Sea Bengal Afghanistan to southern India. Colorful designs showing flowers and animals were very popular in Madras KEY Mughal art, and were also used Mughal Empire in architecture, textiles, and INDIAN under Babur even jewelery. This 18th-century OCEAN Mughal Empire pendant, worn around the neck, under Aurangzeb is inlaid with gold, pearls, and precious stones. 1605\u20131627 1628\u20131658 1658\u20131707 Jahangir focuses on Shah Jahan executes his brothers During Aurangzeb\u2019s reign, the Mughal managing the empire. He to win the throne. His reign is Empire expands to its greatest extent. permits the British to trade peaceful, and his passion for building However, it is plagued by rebellions, in India, which leads to the leads to the creation of some of the and begins to decline after eventual fall of the Mughals. empire\u2019s finest monuments. Aurangzeb\u2019s death. AURANGZEB 121","1450\u20131750 The Scientific Revolution In the 16th and 17th centuries, groundbreaking scientific discoveries and developments revolutionized our understanding of the world. The Scientific Revolution got underway when European thinkers\u2014mostly men as women were barred from studying\u2014began to challenge the opinions of ancient philosophers and the accepted beliefs of Christianity. This gave rise to a new \u201cscientific method,\u201d based on the principle that ideas need to be tested with experiments to see if they are true. Copernican revolution The sun is depicted as the center of Nicolaus Copernicus the universe. Where Poland Compound microscope When 1543 Hans and Zacharias Janssen Our understanding of the universe was transformed by Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who argued that Where Netherlands the planets rotated around the sun. His revolutionary When early 1590s ideas were published in the book On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, which sparked a lot of controversy Dutch father and son Hans and Zacharias because they challenged the belief supported by the Janssen found that looking through lenses Christian Church that Earth was the centre of the universe. placed at both ends of a tube made objects appear bigger. Although the magnification 17TH-CENTURY DUTCH of their pioneering compound microscope ENGRAVING OF COPERNICUS\u2019S (a microscope with more than one lens) MODEL OF THE UNIVERSE was limited, it was the first step in opening up the invisible world Human anatomy of microorganisms. Andreas Vesalius Where Switzerland When 1543 Physician Andreas Vesalius thought that the only way to understand the human body was to see inside it. While studying in Italy and Switzerland, he spent a lot of time dissecting (cutting up) the bodies of executed criminals and made accurate drawings of what he found. His illustrations were published in On the Structure of the Human Body, which revolutionized the study of human anatomy. 122","Galileo\u2019s telescope on the moon, and three of Jupiter\u2019s largest moons. They also proved Galileo Galilei beyond doubt that Copernicus\u2019s theories were correct. Where Italy When 1593\u20131610 Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei was the first person to use a telescope to study the night sky. His observations revealed spots on the sun, mountains 1450\u20131750 Scientific method Mercury barometer Francis Bacon Evangelista Torricelli Where England Where Italy When 1620 When 1643 An influential politician, English Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli philosopher Francis Bacon was also a invented the mercury barometer, keen scientist. In his book New Method, the first device that could accurately he argued that scientific knowledge measure atmospheric pressure\u2014 was key to improving human life, and the weight of all the air around us that the way to establish scientific facts in the atmosphere. Since this was by careful observation. His thinking pressure changes in different was the basis of the modern scientific weather conditions, the barometer paved the way for future scientists to method, which uses develop accurate weather forecasts. experiments to make new Boyle\u2019s law discoveries. Robert Boyle Laws of motion Where England When 1662 Isaac Newton Irish scientist Robert Where England Boyle developed an When 1687 air pump (right) to study the behavior of gases. Celebrated English scientist Isaac This led him to discover Newton was the first to explain Boyle\u2019s law, which explains how gravity\u2014the invisible force how adding pressure to gas that pulls everything toward the decreases its volume. Boyle\u2019s center of the planet\u2014works after many discoveries, reached watching an apple fall from a through experimentation, tree. He described it in his book helped confirm his Mathematical Principles of Natural status as the first Philosophy, along with his three modern chemist. laws of motion, which explain the forces that make things move.","The Czardom of Russia When the Grand Prince of Moscow Ivan IV came to power in 1450\u20131750 1547, he took the title of \u201cCzar of all Russia\u201d\u2014\u201cczar\u201d meaning \u201csupreme ruler.\u201d Over the next two centuries, Russia expanded its borders and by the time Peter I was proclaimed the first emperor of Russia in 1721, it covered a vast area that stretched \u25b2 IVAN THE TERRIBLE across Asia to the Pacific Ocean. Ivan IV reigned from 1547 to 1584. In Ivan IV was one of the last monarchs controlled by Russia\u2019s enemy the early days of his rule, he carried out of the Rurik Dynasty, who had Sweden. Successive czars sought much-needed reforms such as setting up the established themselves as the rulers to expand Russian territory to the first parliament, the Zemsky Sobor, and of the region surrounding Kiev in sea to allow them to develop a revising the code of law. But later, he became increasingly violent, massacring thousands he suspected of being disloyal to him and even killing his eldest son. 882 ce and gradually expanded its powerful navy and provide access territory. When Ivan IV came to power, to international trade. In 1581, Russia FACT he reformed local governments and began the slow conquest of Siberia continued to grow the territory of the in the east, and in the early 18th In 1698, in an Duchy of Moscow through military century, military victories during the effort to modernize campaigns. The Rurik Dynasty ended reign of Peter I (\u201cPeter the Great\u201d) society on the lines of when Ivan IV\u2019s son Feodor I died in and Catherine the Great gained Western Europe, Peter the 1598. A period of chaos followed, Russia access to the Baltic, Black, Great introduced a tax which ended when Mikhail Romanov and Azov Seas, greatly increasing on beards and robes was crowned czar in 1613. the power of the czardom. to get his courtiers to dress like Europeans. Though the Czardom of Russia was large, it was effectively landlocked, with access to the Baltic Sea \u25bc EXPANSION OF RUSSIA EVERYDAY LIFE From its heartland in eastern Europe, the Russian czardom expanded east into Siberia from around 1600 onward, reaching the Pacific coast in 1649. It also pushed south into Central Asia and the Caucasus, and west into Swedish- and Polish-held territories. In czarist times, the majority of SWEDEN Arctic Ocean Wrangel Bering Russians were serfs\u2014unfree people Island Strait who worked on the land for their Baltic lords in return for a small amount of Sea produce. Like enslaved people, serfs had very limited rights. Serfdom POLAND St. Petersburg untains SIBERIA was abolished in Russia in 1861. Moscow RUSSIAN EMPIRE Azov Caspian S Sea Ural Mo Black ASePaAofNJapaneaPaci\ufb01c Sea Ocean PERSIA Tashkent REAVladivostok KEY MAlotauintai KO Russian territory AFGHANISTAN ns c. 1600 MONGOLIA J Expansion, 1600\u20131725 Beijing QING EMPIRE 124","\u25b2 THE TIME OF TROUBLES GOLD CROWN PETER THE GREAT OF MIKHAIL I After Feodor I died childless in 1598, Russia entered a period Peter I (reigned 1682\u20131725) was the of disorder called the \u201ctime of troubles.\u201d A terrible famine in first czar to travel widely in western 1601\u20131603 killed about one-third of the population, while Europe. Influenced a series of impostors tried to take the throne, claiming to by Western ideas, be Feodor\u2019s half-brother Dmitri. One such \u201cfalse Dmitri\u201d he reformed the gathered an army on the edge of Moscow (above) but military and built his planned attack on the city failed. new roads, slowly transforming Russia ROMANOV DYNASTY \u25b6 into a major European state. The Romanovs were a family of nobles whose first link to the Russian throne came when a young Romanov woman married Ivan IV in 1547. The Romanovs became the ruling royal family when a reluctant 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov accepted the crown in 1613, starting a new dynasty that was to rule Russia until 1917. \u25c0 ST. PETERSBURG Founded by Peter the Great in 1703, the city of St. Petersburg became the capital of Russia in 1712. The czar intended the city to be a \u201cWindow on the West\u201d\u2014a major center for trading with European countries. The city has many fine palaces and beautiful buildings. Like many of these landmarks, the Summer Palace (left) of Empress Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, was built in the Baroque style, then very popular across Europe. 125","\u25b2 DUTCH EAST The Dutch INDIA COMPANY Golden Age In 1602, a group of Dutch businesses came In the late 16th century, the Netherlands\u2014then part of the together to form the Dutch East India Spanish Empire\u2014began a long fight for independence. The Company, which was given sole right to trade Dutch Republic was founded in 1588 and, based on its people\u2019s with Mughal India (see pp.120\u2013121) and unrivaled shipbuilding expertise and clever business skills, the Moluccas (Spice Islands) of Southeast soon became a leading economic power. This prosperity Asia. Within a few years it had set up its brought in a golden age of Dutch culture. headquarters in Batavia (modern-day Jakarta), Indonesia, from where its vast fleets carried spices and other goods to Europe. It was also involved in the international trade of enslaved people. The company quickly grew into the largest in the world, with the power to raise armies, start wars, and establish new colonies in several parts of the world, including Sri Lanka, Malaya (Malacca), and South Africa (Cape Town). The largely Protestant Dutch had first merchant fleet trading spices and other revolted against the rule of Catholic rare goods around the world. Dutch Spain in 1568. The war lasted on and merchants created the first central off for 80 years until the Dutch finally bank and stock exchange, and set up gained their independence in 1648. vast international trading companies. By this time, the Dutch Republic had The Dutch used their newfound become a formidable seafaring power wealth to build beautiful canal-side with a strong navy, and a massive houses, and commissioned paintings from some of the finest artists in the \u25c0 DUTCH PAINTING world. This was also a period of scientific and intellectual discovery, Artists such as Rembrandt and with advances in astronomy, biology, Johannes Vermeer experimented with engineering, international law, new techniques to paint realistic portraits, and philosophy. landscapes, and domestic scenes. Vermeer\u2019s \u201cGirl With A Pearl Earring\u201d (left) has inspired poems, novels, and films.","\u25c0 SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS 1450\u20131750 1672 1648 1588 1581 1568 Dutch scientists made groundbreaking Red \u25c0 TULIP MANIA scientific discoveries and inventions and white in the 17th century. In 1608, Hans \u201cbroken As new and rare objects were introduced Lippershey invented the first telescope, and tulips\u201d were to Dutch society, they were traded on the in the 1670s Antonie van Leeuwenhoek the most stock market. In the 1630s, an obsession became the first person to study valuable with trading tulip bulbs\u2014then an exotic new microscopic life using an advanced during import from Turkey\u2014gripped Amsterdam\u2019s microscope he\u2019d designed (left). \u201cTulip middle classes, increasing their price sharply. Mania.\u201d Some people even sold their homes to buy Zig-zag shaped bulbs. Then, in 1637, the price of tulip outer canal bulbs suddenly crashed, and many of those who had got involved lost a fortune. RINGS OF CANALS \u25b6 It was the first stock market crash. Now the Dutch capital, Amsterdam was the leading city of the Dutch Republic. As it grew in the 17th century, three major canals were dug in rings around the medieval center (shown on this map partway through construction). Overlooking them, fine townhouses were built for the city\u2019s wealthiest inhabitants to live in. DUTCH INDEPENDENCE The 17 provinces of the Spanish Netherlands rise in rebellion against their Spanish Catholic rulers, starting the Eighty Years\u2019 War for independence. Seven northern Dutch provinces\u2014 all Protestant\u2014formally announce their independence from Spain. The United Provinces of the \u25bc STOCK EXCHANGE Netherlands\u2014the Dutch Republic\u2014 is established as a federal republic The economic system known as capitalism (a union of states joined together first emerged in the Netherlands in the early under an elected government). 1600s. The world\u2019s first central bank was set up in Amsterdam in 1609, and the first stock The Dutch Republic is recognized exchange (below) was built in the city in as an independent country by the 1611. It was a place for traders to buy Peace of M\u00fcnster, a treaty signed and sell stocks (shares of ownership) in between the Netherlands and Spain. the newly created trading companies. The Dutch Republic has to fight for its independence when it finds itself at war against France and Britain\u2014 a period known as the Rampjaar (Disaster Year).","1450\u20131750 UKIYO-E The Japanese art form of ukiyo-e, which means \u201cpictures of the floating world,\u201d flourished between the 17th and 19th centuries. These prints depicted everyday life in Edo Japan, such as this market street scene. Edo Japan Japan\u2019s Edo period was a time of peace, when art and culture flourished and the economy boomed following centuries of war and unrest. Even when the country closed itself off from the wider world, Japan continued to thrive, and many innovations that developed during this time, from ukiyo-e art to sumo wrestling, are still part of Japan\u2019s modern cultural identity. \u25b2 KABUKI The Edo period began in 1603 of life. Christianity was banned when Tokugawa Ieyasu moved his in 1614 and its followers were Kabuki was a type of theatrical performance capital to Edo (modern-day Tokyo) tortured, executed, or both. with extravagant costumes, makeup, after reunifying Japan and becoming wigs, and masks. Originally women shogun (see p.74). The Great Peace Shortly after, in 1635, sakoku played all the roles, but they were soon followed\u2014a marked change after came into effect\u2014a policy that banned from the stage and performances years of warfare between competing isolated Japan from the rest of the became all-male. daimyo (feudal lords). world. Limited trade with a small number of nations continued, but 128 Right from the start, the shogun hardly anyone was allowed in or out was extremely wary of foreign of the country. This policy remained influences. Christianity was rising in place until the Meiji Restoration rapidly in popularity, spurred on by (see pp.168\u2013169) in 1868, which Portuguese missionaries, and this was brought the Tokugawa shogunate seen as a threat to the Buddhist way and the Edo period to an end.","1450\u20131750 SUMO WRESTLING \u25b6 \u25b6 SKILLED ENTERTAINERS While sumo wrestling Geishas are female had existed for more than performers who go through 1,000 years, its popularity strict training to become skilled in a number of soared during the Edo art forms, including period. Tournaments were dancing, singing, and poetry. Known for their originally organized by traditional costumes temples that built huge and eye-catching white temporary stadiums to host makeup, geishas still large crowds. It is now perform today. Japan\u2019s national sport. EDO CRAFTS NETSUKE The Edo period saw a boom in craftwork such as imari porcelain, which featured delicate decorations. Also popular were small cases known as inro, which were worn around the waist of a kimono (robe), and miniature sculptures called netsuke. IMARI INRO Shiny black lacquer Flower decoration","Colonial North America 1450\u20131750 After the voyages of Christopher Columbus to the Caribbean, \u25b2 EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORERS and Central and South America, Europeans began to become interested in the vast landmass to the north. The first explorers The first European explorer to reach the mapped the coasts and rivers of North America. But they continent after Columbus was John Cabot. were soon followed by Europeans looking to settle on the An Italian navigator sent by the king of continent, seeking riches and a fresh start. England, Cabot reached the east coast of Canada in 1497. Later, French explorer As settlements and trading posts grew, people\u2019s land for their colonies, conflict Jacques Cartier became the first to map more and more Europeans began to arose between the two. The deadliest the St. Lawrence River (above) in Canada sail across the Atlantic Ocean, lured war, fought between English settlers after making three voyages to the region by stories of gold or fertile lands. Many and Indigenous groups led by the between 1534 and 1542. also came in search of a better life, Wampanoag people, ended with the to earn a living, as well as maintain colonists killing about 3,000 native their identity\u2014most notably the people and burning their towns. There English settlers known as the Pilgrims, were also conflicts between European who set up the Plymouth colony in powers for control over regions. modern-day Massachusetts in 1620. Despite this, the colonies prospered But North America was home to by trading furs and other products with many Indigenous communities. As Europe and growing tobacco, cotton, the Europeans began taking native rice, and grain for export. \u25b2 COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS POCAHONTAS Over five centuries after the Vikings first Daughter of a chief of the Powhatan made their way to North America, the people, Pocahontas (c.1596\u20131617) was Spanish set up a trading colony in Florida captured by colonists from Jamestown. in 1565. The English set up colonies along She later married John Rolfe, an the east coast after 1584, while the French English tobacco planter, and became began to colonize Canada in 1608. The an ambassador and translator Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (above), between the two peoples. In 1616, set up in 1626, was captured by the English Pocahontas travelled in 1664. They renamed it New York. to England where she met King 130 James I and became famous, but she died before the return home.","\u25bc EARLY INTERACTIONS Thatched cottage in a reconstruction of The Indigenous peoples of North America Jamestown had advanced civilizations. They had mastered farming and traded furs, animal skins, and precious stones. Despite conflicts with the European colonizers, some Indigenous peoples traded with the newcomers and taught them how to farm and survive. \u25b2 THE THIRTEEN COLONIES Jamestown in modern-day Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, established in 1607. The English had established 12 more colonies along the coast by 1733, and these settlements gradually extended inland. The Thirteen Colonies, as they came to be known, developed into strong trading and agricultural communities, and even established their own laws. \u25c0 EUROPEAN CONFLICTS In the first half of the 18th century, North America became a battleground for European powers as colonists from France, Britain, and Spain fought to seize each other\u2019s lands, often supported by rival native peoples (left). By 1763, after the French had suffered a succession of major losses, Britain came to control almost all of North America. \u25b2 ROAD TO REVOLUTION After the costly battles against the French, the British government forced their North American colonies to pay heavy new taxes. Matters came to a head in 1773 when colonists in Boston threw chests of tea into the harbor (above) to protest a tea tax. The government\u2019s attempts to punish those responsible resulted in a popular rebellion against Britain, leading to the American Revolution (see pp.150\u2013151). 131","1450\u20131750 \u25c0 FORTS OF ENSLAVEMENT Enslaved Africans were brought to the coast of West Africa. Here, they were held in captivity in forts or castles, such as the Cape Coast Castle in Ghana (left). For most of them, these buildings were their last memories of Africa before being shipped off to the colonies. The transatlantic slave trade The settlement of new European colonies in the Americas led to the horrific enslavement of Africans. From the 16th to the mid-19th century, more than 12 million Africans were bought or kidnapped from their homes to be sold into a lifetime of hard labor. This has become known as the Ma\u2019afa, a Kiswahili term meaning \u201cgreat tragedy.\u201d Ravaged by war, plague, and famine People were enslaved and shipped Up to 600 enslaved people in the 15th century, Europe needed off to the colonies, and those who had to lie on their backs to fresh resources and found them in survived the journey were sold at fit into the cramped space. their newly established colonies auctions into a life of misery. in the Americas. But to gather these resources, labor was needed that The riches extracted from the could work the fields and mines. colonies made the West incredibly wealthy. Meanwhile, generations Traders from Portugal, soon followed of enslaved Africans\u2014and their by other European countries, found descendants\u2014struggled to fight a grim solution to this problem in for their rightful place in society Africa, and began buying human as human beings worthy of dignity. beings from Africa\u2019s western coast. THE MIDDLE PASSAGE \u25b6 Once bought, captured Africans were chained in the lower deck of a ship for transport to the Americas. Called the \u201cmiddle passage,\u201d this journey could take up to 11\u00a0weeks and there was limited food, water, and sanitation available. Many did not survive the harsh journey. 132","\u25c0 PLANTATIONS Heavy iron bars made Enslaved Africans were the collar sold in large numbers to hard to move. work on sugar plantations (left). Jamaica was one of \u25b2 ENSLAVED LIFE the main sugar-producing islands in the Caribbean, The working day for an enslaved person and by the mid-18th\u00a0century, lasted from dawn till dusk. During it held more than 100,000 harvest periods, they would be forced enslaved Africans. As the to work 18-hour days. Those who tried population of the enslaved to escape were often brutally beaten workers grew, so did and many were shackled with an iron the size and numbers collar (above) around their neck. of plantations in the Americas. \u25b2 MAROON RESISTANCE Maroons were communities of formerly enslaved people in the Caribbean islands who managed to escape. They lived deep in mountains or forests to hide from those who hunted them. They would raid plantations and help other enslaved people escape, and often fought against colonial forces. OLAUDAH EQUIANO FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM \u25b6 Born in the Kingdom of Benin (in modern-day Nigeria), Olaudah From the West African Equiano (1745\u20131797) was enslaved coast to plantations in the Americas, there are around the age of 11. He many recorded instances bought his freedom of rebellions by enslaved at 21 and settled in Africans. In 1839, a group of Britain where he kidnapped Africans sailing on a ship called the Amistad became a leading took control of it and killed voice against slavery. the captain (right). They reached the US, where they won a legal case against their enslavers, and were sent back home to Africa. 133","","1750\u20131900 Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the world was transformed through different kinds of revolutions. The United States of America was born as settlers rebelled against colonial rule, the first of many political revolutions that took place during this period. The Industrial Revolution saw people moving from the countryside to towns and cities to work in factories, while the discovery of electricity transformed daily life for people around the world.","1750\u20131900 The European LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE \u25bc Enlightenment Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus created The Enlightenment was a period from the mid-17th to the a binomial (two-name) classification early 19th centuries in which writers and thinkers from Europe questioned traditional beliefs about nature, religion, and society. system to describe every living creature, Its aims were summed up in the words of German philosopher so that scientists writing in different Immanuel Kant\u2014\u201cDare to know!\u201d\u2014meaning that people should have the courage to think for themselves. languages could use the same names for plants and animals. Linnaeus presented his new system in his book Systema Naturae in 1735, and it is still in use today. The European Enlightenment, Political thinkers, meanwhile, argued Voltaire raises sometimes called the Age of Reason, about the way people live and how his hand to was influenced by the ideas of they should be governed. New make a point. 17th-century French thinker Ren\u00e9 ideas emerged about people\u2019s rights Descartes (see p.139), who argued and equality, especially in politics and that reason (logical thought) is the religion. They spread rapidly through source of all knowledge, and that coffeehouses and reading clubs, everything should be doubted until where people met to read newspapers it could be proven. This inspired a and exchange views. In due course, new scientific approach to solving some of these ideas would go on to problems, and through devising inspire great changes and revolutions experiments into natural phenomena, in some parts of the world. scientists such as Isaac Newton made breakthroughs that changed our \u25bc FREE SPEECH understanding of the world. French writer Voltaire was famous for his fearless defense CHILD IN TIME of people\u2019s right to speak freely without being punished, and for opposing slavery. He used to meet other thinkers at his Even as a child, Wolfgang house to discuss ideas (below). Voltaire often poked fun Amadeus Mozart (1756\u20131791) at the Church and the government, and as a result amazed audiences across Europe was imprisoned twice, and spent nearly with his extraordinary musical skills. 30 years in exile. He went on to become the greatest classical composer of the era. 136","LISBON ELECTRIFYING EXPERIMENT EARTHQUAKE \u25b6 American politician Benjamin Franklin When an earthquake was also an enthusiastic scientist. Some destroyed the city of Lisbon people believe that in 1752 he flew a kite in Portugal in 1755, many in a storm to prove that lightning carries an electric charge. A prolific author and people believed that the publisher, Franklin helped spread devastation was God\u2019s way Enlightenment ideas. of punishing wrongdoers. Portuguese reformer Marquis de Pombal disagreed, and after helping rebuild the city to make it earthquake proof, he went on to modernize Portugal using Enlightenment ideas. \u25b2 FIRST ENCYCLOPEDIA French thinker Denis Diderot was the chief compiler of the Encyclopedia, one of the most influential books of the Enlightenment. It aimed to gather together all human knowledge, including Enlightenment ideas. The first volume was published in 1751. \u25b2 WOMEN\u2019S RIGHTS In her book A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, English writer Mary Wollstonecraft argued that girls should have the same education as boys, and that women deserved equal rights with men. She is regarded as one of the first feminists.","1750\u20131900 Great thinkers The pursuit of knowledge has inspired and influenced people since ancient times. The first philosophers wanted to understand the world around them and sought ways to make it a better place. Over the centuries and across the continents, new concepts and powerful theories have developed our understanding, expanded our learning, and encouraged ideas about equality, justice, and freedom. China\u2019s great teacher Ancient Greek thinkers Where Greece When c. 427\u2013c. 347 bce (Plato), Kong Fuzi (or Confucius) Plato and Aristotle 384\u2013322 bce (Aristotle) Where China Plato is Greek philosopher Plato (far left) When 551\u2013479 bce holding founded a school called the Academy his book Ancient Chinese philosopher and Timaeus. in Athens, which became famous politician Confucius ran a school out throughout Greece. In one of of his own home. His teachings his important works, The were based on \u201cFive virtues\u201d\u2014Ren Republic, he discussed his (benevolence), Yi (righteousness), Li idea of a perfect society and (right behavior), Zhi (knowledge how it would be governed. Among his students was and wisdom), and Xin Aristotle (left), who wrote (trustworthiness)\u2014each more than 200 books on crucial for a happy different subjects, such as life. His belief classifying animals. These system is called philosophers are regarded as Confucianism, and it two of the world\u2019s greatest eventually became thinkers, whose ideas helped the state religion of shape Western culture. China in c. 202 bce. Aristotle with his book Ethics Arab polymath Abu Yusuf Ya\u2019qub ibn Ishaq al-Sabbah al-Kindi Where Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iraq) When c. 800\u2013870 A great scholar, al-Kindi transformed philosophy and science in the Islamic world. His extensive writings included books on the nature of God, a mathematical work about parallel lines, and a set of four books about the Indian number system. He also led a team of translators to convert the works of Greek philosophers into Arabic.","French philosopher 1750\u20131900 Ren\u00e9 Descartes Where France When 1596\u20131650 Often called \u201cthe first modern philosopher,\u201d French thinker Ren\u00e9 Descartes broke away from the ancient philosophies and took a new, scientific approach. His statement \u201cI think, therefore I am\u201d explains how his ability to think was proof of his own existence. Descartes\u2019 ideas form a starting point for much of later philosophy, but he also wrote on scientific subjects as well. His mathematical ideas inspired physicist Isaac Newton\u2019s theories on the laws of motion. American French feminist sociologist Simone de Beauvoir W. E. B Du Bois Where France Where US When 1908\u20131986 When 1868\u20131963 A great philosopher and teacher, de Beauvoir Du Bois was a pioneer in the field of is widely regarded as the pioneer of feminism. sociology. For more than a decade, Her best-known book, The Second Sex (1949), he studied discrimination against states that society tells women how to behave Black Americans. His findings drove and controls them by ranking them lower him to become a civil rights campaigner than men. She encouraged women to choose who fought racism and injustice. He their own path instead of conforming to encouraged the Black society\u2019s idea of what they should be. community to fight for equality through political agitation. British philosopher Philippa Foot Where England When 1920\u20132010 One of the leading 20th-century philosophers, Philippa Foot focused on the area of ethics (how we should behave). She was influenced by the teachings of Aristotle and shared his belief that what mattered most in people was their moral character and essential virtues. Her writings are an essential part of modern moral philosophy. 139","Qing China EMPEROR QIANLONG 1750\u20131900 The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of imperial China. It The rule of Qianlong (reigned 1735\u2013 was established by the Manchu people from the modern-day 1796) was one of the longest region of Manchuria. In 1644, generals of the Ming dynasty in Chinese history. asked for Manchu support to crush rebels. After defeating A successful military the rebels, the Manchu took power for themselves, occupying leader, he expanded Beijing and establishing a new dynasty. Under Qing rule, the empire west the empire grew in strength and tripled in size. into what is now Xinjiang. He The Manchus made up only a present-day Southeast Asia. These was also a small percent of the entire Chinese rulers also provided stability and writer and population, so in order to rule prosperity at home. published over peacefully they kept the Ming style 40,000 poems. of government but filled key posts Highly successful at first, the Qing with Manchu officials. Three gradually lost power during the FACT remarkable emperors\u2014Kangxi, 19th century. The empire was forced Yongzheng, and Qianlong\u2014ruled to make compromises with foreign Almost all the tea over a period of 134 years between nations, lost a war against Japan in the world was grown 1661 and 1796. They extended Qing in 1895, and was rocked by two rule over modern-day Mongolia major uprisings. Eventually, in China until British and much of Central Asia, and revolution broke out in China colonizers first brought established political control over and the Qing Dynasty was overthrown in 1911. tea to the hills of northern India \u25c0 COMMERCIAL SUCCESS in the 1830s. In the 18th century, \u25c0 ARTS AND CRAFTS imperial China enjoyed a booming economy. The Under the Qing, arts such kingdom was at peace, as painting and calligraphy and its population doubled flourished, while Chinese to around 300 million. It craftsmanship reached new exported tea, cotton, silk, peaks. Emperor Kangxi ordered porcelain, and furniture to the publication of a dictionary, Southeast Asia and Europe. while Emperor Qianlong sponsored a library of Chinese Chinese workers processing writings. The Qing also produced tea leaves in a factory beautiful examples of porcelain and glassware. \u25c0 FOREIGN INFLUENCE The Qing lost a war with the British army in 1842, which forced them to hand Hong Kong Island to Britain and open up their ports to foreign traders. After another war in 1856, more ports were opened. Foreign traders were allowed to travel throughout China, bringing the whole country under increasing influence from the West. 140","EMPRESS DOWAGER CIXI 1661\u20131722 WARS AND REBELLIONS After the death of Emperor Xianfeng in 1861, his widow, Cixi, The second Qing emperor Kangxi became regent for her son Tongzhi and then, in 1875, for her reestablishes Chinese dominance nephew Guangxu. She controlled the country for 47 years until over Mongolia and Tibet. He also her death in 1908. The Empress resisted Western influence, conquers the Kingdom of Dongning supporting the Boxer Rebellion against foreign domination, but in present-day Taiwan. attempted to reform Qing China during its difficult final years. The Qing are defeated in the First 1839\u20131842 Opium War with Britain. Under the 1750\u20131900 terms of the Treaty of Nanking that 1850\u20131864 followed, foreign-run treaty ports open up China to international trade. 1899\u20131901 The long-running Taiping Rebellion 1911\u20131912 to overthrow Manchu rule weakens the Qing Dynasty. Around 50 million people die during this period. The Boxer Rebellion, a revolt by a peasant rebel group against foreign and Christian influence in the Qing Empire, breaks out. An international force invades Beijing to suppress it. Frustrated by the slow pace of change in China, revolutionaries start uprisings across the country, leading to the fall of the Qing Dynasty. EVERYDAY LIFE In 1645, the Qing government ordered that all men had to wear their hair in a style called a queue. Hair on top of the scalp had to be grown long and then braided, while the front portion of the head was shaved. 141","\u25b2 WAR AGAINST NAPOLEON Imperial Russia French emperor Napoleon I invaded Russia became an empire in 1721 (see pp.124\u2013125), and over Russia in 1812, but suffered heavy losses the next 200 years expanded its territory and slowly emerged due to harsh winter conditions and food as a major European power. Despite this, the people of Russia shortages. After defeating French forces were largely illiterate and poor, and by 1917 they had risen at the Battle of Leipzig, Russia and its allies up in revolt against their rulers. marched into Paris, the French capital, in March 1814, forcing Napoleon to Imperial Russia was ruled by a single The pace of industrialization picked go into exile. family, the Romanov Dynasty. Though up in the mid-19th century, which the empire slowly industrialized, the created more jobs for people. Aware CATHERINE THE GREAT czars failed to modernize their of the wide gap between rich and government and introduce reforms. poor, workers began to demand Catherine the Great (reigned The country was largely rural, and more rights, leading eventually to 1762\u20131796) was a German princess right up until the mid-19th century the downfall of the Romanovs. Yet who overthrew her husband, Peter III many ordinary people working the this social unrest overlapped with of Russia, to rule the empire in her land were serfs\u2014unfree people great artistic developments in Russia. own right. Intelligent and cultured, with few rights (see p.124). Writers such as Leo Tolstoy and Alexander Pushkin wrote fine novels she promoted women\u2019s Jews were forced to live in a and poems, while composers like education, and poor region known as the Pale Pyotr Tchaikovsky and Igor Stravinsky established of Settlement. In the late 19th created musical works that drew institutions for century, violent massacres forced worldwide fame. learning in Europe. many Jews to migrate to the West. 142","ROYAL REGALIA 1762\u20131796 IMPERIAL RULERS Russian rulers were crowned in elaborate During the reign of Catherine the ceremonies. From the coronation of Great, the Russian Empire expands Catherine the Great in 1762 onward, all to the Black Sea coast, and takes monarchs used the Great Imperial Crown, in parts of Poland and Alaska. which was decorated with more than 5,000 gemstones. The last czar, Nicholas II, Czar Alexander I comes to the throne had the jeweled Imperial Coronation egg after his father, Paul I, is killed. made for his wife, Czarina Alexandra, to Early in his reign, he introduces celebrate his coronation. many reforms that he overturns later in life. The red spinel is the \u25b2 THE CRIMEAN WAR 1801\u20131825 1750\u20131900 crown\u2019s largest stone. Czar Nicholas I takes the throne In 1853, war broke out between Russia 1825\u20131855 after surviving a military revolt IMPERIAL and an alliance of France, Britain, and the against him. During his reign, Russia CORONATION Ottoman Empire. Most of the fighting took expands its borders further and place in the Crimean Peninsula in eastern develops industry. EGG Europe. The war was one of the first to use modern technologies such as railroads to Alexander II is a liberal ruler transport ammunition, but ended in who brings in many defeat for Russia. reforms in Russia, including freeing the GREAT IMPERIAL FACT 1855\u20131881 serfs in 1861. CROWN He is killed The House in 1881. Replica of the of Romanov was czarina\u2019s coach the last imperial dynasty ALEXANDER II to rule Russia. Their THE LAST CZAR \u25bc reign had lasted almost Alexander III opposes any reform that limits his power and reverses Nicholas II was a weak ruler, who 300 years. many of the new laws introduced refused to modernize his country by his father. and led Russia disastrously in World 1894\u20131917 1881\u20131894 War I. He was overthrown during the After military losses, Nicholas II revolution of 1917, and along with quickly loses popularity and is his family (below), killed in 1918. forced to leave the throne after the revolution of 1917. CZARINA ALEXANDRA GRAND DUCHESS ANASTASIA GRAND DUCHESS MARIA GRAND DUCHESS CZAR NICHOLAS II TATIANA GRAND CZAREVITCH DUCHESS ALEXEI OLGA","The Industrial Revolution \u25b2 COTTON PRODUCTION The invention of new technology in mid-18th-century Britain led to a period of rapid development and social change called The first mills were equipped with machines the Industrial Revolution, which quickly spread around the such as the spinning \u201cmule,\u201d which spun world. The Industrial Revolution brought about a shift from a fiber into thread and sped up the production traditional agricultural way of life to one in which most people of cotton. Early mills were set up by fast- worked in mills, factories, and mines. flowing rivers to drive the water wheels they used for power. Later mills were powered The Industrial Revolution originated worldwide. Industrialization quickly by steam and located near coalfields. in mines and in the cotton industry. spread beyond the borders of Britain. Workers\u2014including children\u2014spent New inventions such as the spinning By the 1850s, the US and Germany long hours working the machines. jenny and the flying shuttle, which were beginning to overtake Britain sped up the process of making in industrial production. The Great GEORGE STEPHENSON textiles, made it possible to replace Exhibition, held in London in 1851 human labor with machines. Within to showcase industry, contained Railroad pioneer George Stephenson a few decades, steam engines were exhibits not just from Britain but (1781\u20131848) designed his first steam being used to power machines in from all over the world. locomotive in 1814 to haul coal large factories. These engines wagons. He oversaw required coal for fuel, so mines 4. The rocking the construction of the were dug deeper to meet the growing beam causes first public railroad in demand. Newly constructed railroads the flywheel 1825, devised the and canals carried raw materials and to turn. standard railroad gauge goods around the country, while large (a fixed spacing ships were built to export them between tracks), and built THE STEAM ENGINE \u25b6 railroads all over Britain. The first steam engines wasted a lot of energy because the cylinder that powered them had to be repeatedly heated and cooled. James Watt made them more efficient by making sure the cylinder stayed hot continuously. These machines could now be used to drive machinery. Watts patented his engine in 1769 and supplied it to mills and factories. MACHINE WRECKERS \u25b6 In the 1810s, put out of work by the new textile factories, gangs of traditional hand spinners and weavers began breaking into factories to destroy the machines that had deprived them of their livelihoods. They were called Luddites after their supposed leader, Ned Ludd. 144","\u25b2 THE IRON BRIDGE \u25c0 INDUSTRIAL SECRETS 1807 1804 1769 1765 1712 THE STORY OF STEAM 1750\u20131900 In the 18th century, engineers Despite a British law banning British engineer Thomas Newcomen discovered ways to make iron industrial designs being taken builds the first engine able to tougher as well as easier to work abroad, Samuel Slater (left), harness the power of steam. It is with. It could then be used to an apprentice at a cotton mill, used for pumping water out of mines. construct buildings and other memorized the plans of an early structures. In 1779, the world\u2019s Scottish inventor James Watts first cast iron bridge (above) was spinning machine before improves Newcomen\u2019s design by built across the Severn River in sailing to the US in 1789. condensing steam, which makes Shropshire, England. Demand He used his knowledge the engine far more efficient. for high-quality iron soared to kick-start the US\u2019s with the success of the bridge. Industrial Revolution. Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French military engineer, designs a 3. The piston\u2019s 2. Steam makes steam-driven, self-propelled road motion causes the the piston rod vehicle for carrying cannons. move up beam to rock. and down. British engineer Richard Trevithick mounts a small steam engine on 1. The cylinder wheels to create the world\u2019s first condenses steam locomotive. steam from a boiler. In the US, Robert Fulton builds the first commercial steamboat to carry passengers on the Hudson River. \u25b2 RAILROAD BOOM In 1830, the world\u2019s first railroad running services solely powered by steam locomotives opened in northwestern England. Five years later, the Ludwigs-Eisenbahn company opened the first steam-operated train line in modern-day Germany (above). By the 1840s, railroad construction was booming all over Europe, making long-distance travel quicker and easier. 145","1750\u20131900 LIVING IN THE CITY From the mid-19th century, things began to change. Workers around the The rapid industrialization of Europe,1800 world started to organize themselves LIVING CONDITIONS North America, and parts of Asia into unions to demand better pay in the 19th century had a huge impact and working conditions from factory City life was harsh for many people in on society and the environment. owners. They often went on strike, the 19th century. The air was filled with which sometimes led to violent smoke from factory chimneys, and layers During the Industrial Revolution, riots. At around the same time of soot covered everything. The poor lived many people moved to towns and advancements in technology, in crowded slum areas, where houses cities from the countryside in search improved sanitation, and the were badly built and the lack of clean of work. As a result, urban areas development of electric power water and proper waste disposal meant became crowded. Factories hired led to improvements in city life. that infectious diseases, such as cholera more workers, including women and and typhoid, could spread rapidly. children\u2014who were paid much less \u25bc CHILDREN AT WORK than men\u2014to increase production and profit. Workers often spent long hours During the industrial period, children in cramped, dirty, poorly lit factories were often employed by factories and for very little money. mines to do jobs adults could not. For example, only children were small THE STORY OF ELECTRICITY enough to squeeze between working looms to tie up broken threads or Italian scientist Alessandro Volta untangle fine threads. Conditions discovers that sinking two metals were often dangerous and serious into acid can produce a steady injuries were common. In the 1830s, electric current. This leads to his Prussia and Britain passed the first laws invention of the voltaic pile, the restricting working hours for children, first reliable battery. and other countries soon followed. 1876 Alexander Graham Bell, a Scottish- born inventor, experiments with 1881 1879 turning sound waves into electric currents that could be sent through the wires of a telegraph\u2014inventing the first telephone. US inventor Thomas Edison creates a long-lasting electric light bulb. It stays lit for 131\/2 hours. The world\u2019s first electric tram line,1882 BETTER EDUCATION \u25b6 built by German engineer Werner von Siemens, opens in Lichterfelde Most children born into poverty didn\u2019t near Berlin, Germany. go to school and grew up not knowing how to read or write. In New Lanark, Black American scientist Lewis Latimer invents a carbon filament Scotland, a textile manufacturer that makes light bulbs cheaper called Robert Owen built good-quality and long-lasting. housing for his mill workers and set 146 up a school (right) to provide their children with an education.","CHARLES DICKENS Charles Dickens (1812\u20131870), was the most popular novelist of 19th-century Britain. His books were entertaining but also focused on the social problems of the day, such as the terrible conditions in city slums, bad treatment of children, and unfair laws that punished the poor. \u25b2 IMPROVED SANITATION \u25b2 WORKHOUSES In the 19th century, it was common for human waste Unemployed poor people, including widows, to end up in rivers, which caused disease because orphans, and the old or sick, were forced rivers were also used for drinking and washing. In into workhouses (known as poorhouses in 1858, British engineer Joseph Bazalgette (center) the US). Most were expected to work for their designed a groundbreaking new sewage system in shelter and food. Some workhouses were well London, which diverted filthy water into underground run, but in many the conditions were brick tunnels and away from where people lived. terrible. Families were split up and people were often treated no better than prisoners. CHANGING CITIES \u25b6 147 By the late 19th century, advances in the use of electricity helped improve life in cities. Electricity powered streetcars, and bright electric street lighting helped make city streets safer. In London, the first underground rail line was opened in 1863, providing transportation to a larger number of people.","1750\u20131900 Inventions of the Industrial Age The Industrial Revolution (1760\u20131840) was a period of great innovation as groundbreaking technologies and inventions transformed the way humans lived and worked. Not all these new machines improved the lives of ordinary workers\u2014some required operators to labor for long hours in dangerous conditions. But others, such as the automobile, offered a glimpse of a new freedom. Seed separator Automatic pattern weaver Cotton gin Jacquard loom Where US Where France When 1793 When 1804 US inventor Eli Whitney Named after its French inventor created the cotton gin Joseph Marie Jacquard, the to remove unwanted Jacquard loom pioneered the mass production of woven seeds from cotton patterned cloth. Previously, fibers. Before this, the skilled workers wove patterns seeds were picked into cloth by adjusting threads out manually or with by hand. Now anyone could handheld rollers, a slow change the threads simply by and laborious process. following instructions from cards punched with holes. This made large-scale cotton production Holes indicate possible, and by where to put the threads. 1850 it had become Mechanical reaper the US\u2019s main export. But since most cotton workers were McCormick Reaper enslaved Black people, it guaranteed them a life of backbreaking drudgery. Where US When 1831 US inventor Cyrus McCormick designed a horse-drawn mechanical reaping machine. A rotating wheel pulled and cut the crops, which then dropped into the fields ready for collection. Crops could now be harvested quicker than ever before using fewer farmhands to help. 148"]
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