World War I - The Definitive Visual History

["IN MEMORIAM features at its summit the head and Tyne Cot Cemetery British Army troops. Opened by FRANCE shoulders of a Canadian infantryman, army chaplain Philip Clayton as an his head bowed in mourning. The The largest British war cemetery in the alternative place of relaxation to the Aisne-Marne American Cemetery memorial honors the Canadian troops world, Tyne Cot contains a total of more debauched places in town, it was and Memorial killed around St. Julien during the 11,953 burials, mostly of British and open to all ranks. Second Battle of Ypres. Many of the Commonwealth troops but also In and around Ieper This American Battle Monuments dead were killed by the \ufb01rst use of including four German soldiers. The Commission site contains the graves poison gas (chlorine) on the Western majority of the men buried here were CANADA of 2,289 American war dead, mostly Front, as the memorial inscription killed during the Third Battle of Ypres killed in the \ufb01ghting around the attests: \u201cThis column marks the in 1917. The name Tyne Cot is thought Canadian War Museum Marne valley in 1918. It is located at battle\ufb01eld where 18,000 Canadians on to have British origins. According to the foot of Belleau Wood, where the the British left withstood the \ufb01rst a local story, the Northumberland Although this museum covers the U.S. Marine Corps gained distinction. German gas attacks on the 22\u201324 April Fusiliers thought a barn on the whole of Canada\u2019s military history, The cemetery is overlooked by the 1915. 2,000 fell and here lie buried.\u201d ridgeline here looked like their cottages Gallery 2 focuses on the period Memorial Chapel, the interior of which 4.3 miles (7 km) northeast of Ieper, on the River Tyne, back home in 1885\u20131931. Reconstructed landscapes is decorated with military motifs off the N313 toward Roulers Britain. Landmarks of the cemetery and trenches evoke famous battle\ufb01elds and insignia and inscribed with the include the Cross of Sacri\ufb01ce of World War I, such as Ypres and names of 1,060 missing. Sanctuary Wood Cemetery and Monument and the curved Memorial Passchendaele, while artifacts recall Follow signs from Chateau-Thierry Museum Hill 62 to the Missing, listing the names of the personal experiences of those www.abmc.gov\/home.php 35,000 soldiers with no known grave. on the front line. References to World In 1914, Sanctuary Wood acted as a Southwest of Passendale, War I are also found in other parts Arras and Vimy Ridge Battle\ufb01eld protective barrier between British and signposted off the N332 of the building. Regeneration Hall Commonwealth troops and the front www.cwgc.org displays a plaster model of Walter Among the cemetery sites around line. During 1915\u201316, however, it was Allward\u2019s sculpture Hope (a \ufb01gure from Arras are the Zivy Crater Cemetery, also swamped with heavy \ufb01ghting, Vladslo German War Cemetery the Vimy Memorial), and the Memorial the Lich\ufb01eld Crater Cemetery, the principally between Canadian and Hall contains the headstone of the La Targette French and British German forces. This German cemetery is the burial Unknown Soldier. Cemeteries, the Cabaret Rouge British place for 25,644 soldiers, most of 1 Vimy Place, Ottawa Cemetery, and the large Neuville- Three Allied cemeteries were whom were moved here from other www.warmuseum.ca\/home Saint-Vaast German War Cemetery. established in the area at the time. locations in the 1950s (the site was Memorials to the dead of speci\ufb01c The remains of one of them formed used as a combat cemetery from 1914). National War Memorial (Ottawa) battalions, regiments, and divisions the foundations for the present Although some headstones date from dot the region, including those to the cemetery, designed by Sir Edwin the time of the war, most were Much like the Cenotaph in London, Ninth Scottish Division, the Seaforth Lutyens not long after the war. During inscribed afterward. Each of the \ufb02at the National War Memorial in Ottawa Highlanders, and the Fourth and the 1920s and \u201930s, the cemetery granite slabs bears 20 names, with was built for the dead of World War I Seventh Royal Tank Regiments. expanded with additions from the name, rank, and date of death. The but came to represent all of the Around Arras, Pas-de-Calais wider Western Front. Today, it contains Grieving Parents, a pair of statues made country\u2019s war fatalities. Twenty-two 1,989 burials (spread over \ufb01ve plots), by the German sculptor K\u00e4the Kollwitz bronze \ufb01gures, representing Canada\u2019s Cambrai Battle\ufb01elds of which only 637 are identi\ufb01ed. stand in the cemetery. Kollwitz\u2019s son armed forces, proceed through a died at First Ypres in October 1914. granite arch, along with a cavalry horse The area around Cambrai was the Within a short distance of the 1.8 miles (3 km) northeast of and a piece of artillery. Two \ufb01gures on scene of bitter \ufb01ghting, particularly cemetery is the Sanctuary Wood Vladslo, signposted from the N363 top of the arch symbolize peace and during the last two years of the war, Museum Hill 62, a privately run from Beerst freedom. In front of the memorial, the and the area has many military establishment. An extensive series www.volksbund.de Tomb of the Unknown Soldier contains memorials. The major site for war of preserved trench lines, all open to the remains of a World War I soldier burials in the area is the Louveral walk through, can be seen outside the Ypres Salient Battle\ufb01eld buried at the site in 2000. Military Cemetery, which also features museum. Another feature of the Confederation Square, Ottawa the Memorial to the Missing, listing the Sanctuary Wood area is the Canadian After the Somme, the area around the names of more than 7,000 British Memorial at Hill 62, honoring the Ypres salient, centring on the modern National War Memorial soldiers with no known grave. thousands of Canadians killed in futile town of Ieper, is the most frequented (Newfoundland) battles to retake Hill 62 in June 1916. destination for battle\ufb01eld visitors. Other cemeteries within easy driving 5km (3 miles) east of Ieper, off Within the town itself are the Menin Opened on July 1, 1924, by Field distance of Louveral include the Five the N8 Gate and St. George\u2019s Memorial Marshal Douglas Haig, commander of Points Cemetery near Ytres, the Church, both moving memorials the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) Rocquigny-Equancourt Road British St. George\u2019s Memorial Church to those lost around Ypres, and the during the war, Newfoundland\u2019s Cemetery, and the Ribecourt Road In Flanders Field Museum. National War Memorial features Cemetery near Trescault. On the side Field Marshal Lord Plumer, \ufb01ve statues by English sculptors of the D15 road between Trescault commander of the British Second There are many other sites of interest F.V. Blundstone and Gilbert Bayes. and Havrincourt, there is also a Army in Flanders during the war, laid in the area, including more than 140 At the summit of the monument, a German bunker. A British tank, the foundation stone of St. George\u2019s military cemeteries and burial grounds. \ufb01gure of a woman holds a \ufb02aming Deborah D51, can be seen in the village Church in Ieper in 1927. The building British cemeteries alone contain 40,000 torch and a sword, representing of Flesqui\u00e8res. The tank, which served opened for services two years later unidenti\ufb01ed graves. The cemeteries are Newfoundland\u2019s loyalty to the British in the Battle of Cambrai, was excavated and is still an active place of worship. tended by the British, Belgian, French, Empire. Flanking this central \ufb01gure are on the outskirts of the village in 1998. Though the church was built and Italian war graves commissions. statues of a soldier and a sailor, Around Cambrai, northern France primarily to honor the British and representing the Royal Newfoundland Commonwealth servicemen who died Among a number of interesting Regiment and the Royal Naval Reserve, Canadian National Vimy at Ypres\u2014its stained glass, wall plaques, museums around Ieper are the and statues of a \ufb01sherman and a Memorial Park banners, and kneelers re\ufb02ect individual Sanctuary Wood Museum Hill 62, lumberman, recognizing the British regiments\u2014it is now the the Hooge Crater Museum, the contribution made by the merchant The site of the Battle of Vimy Ridge, memorial church for all those who Memorial Museum Passchendaele marine and the Forestry Corps. an epic struggle between Canadian and died in battle in Flanders during (at Zonnebeke), and the Messines Between Water Street and German troops in April 1917, this both world wars. Historical Museum (Mesen). Poperinge, Duckworth Street, St. John\u2019s memorial park is dominated by the Elverdingsestraat 1, 8900 Ieper 8 miles (13 km) to the west of Ieper, enormous Vimy Monument, carved www.stgeorgesmemorialchurchypres. was a center for British troops heading from a single piece of stone, and com to the front. The town\u2019s Talbot House unveiled in 1936. In the grounds of the Museum served as a clubhouse for park, German and Allied trenches have 349","DIRECTORY been preserved for public access; Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e Somme Battle\ufb01eld INDIA the contours of the land re\ufb02ect the effects of shell \ufb01re. There are two One of the world\u2019s largest military The site of one of the greatest and most India Gate Canadian cemeteries: Canadian museums, the Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e in costly battles in human history, the Cemetery No. 2 and Givenchy Road Paris contains more than 500,000 Somme region is one of the main Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Canadian Cemetery. artifacts from every period of French centers of military tourism. To get the built between 1921 and 1931, the Near Vimy, between Lens and military history. Its World War I section most out of a visit, it is advisable to India Gate in Delhi commemorates all Arras, northern France contains large collections of uniforms buy a guidebook to the battle\ufb01eld sites Indian soldiers who died in World and weaponry. or join a tour run by one of the War I and the Third Afghan War of Douaumont Ossuary and Verdun Les Invalides, Paris specialized companies operating in the 1919. Originally called the All India Memorial www.invalides.org area. The of\ufb01cially recommended War Memorial, the arch is 137 ft (42 m) \u201cTour of Remembrance\u201d takes in the tall and inscribed with the names of This is perhaps one of the most Museum of Franco-American town of Albert (including the Somme more than 70,000 men. Beneath the powerful memorials on the Western Cooperation 1916 Trench Museum and the arch is the Amar Jawan Jyoti (the Front. Work on a provisional CWGC-maintained Albert Communal Flame of the Immortal Warrior) and ossuary\u2014a building where bones of Housed in the 17th-century ch\u00e2teau of Cemetery), Beaumont-Hamel, also the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. the dead are kept\u2014began in 1920 to Bl\u00e9rancourt, the museum celebrates Thiepval, Ovillers-la-Boiselle (site of The cenotaph is surrounded by four provide a sanctuary for the hundreds more than 200 years of Franco- the Lochnagar crater), Longueval \ufb02aming torches that are kept of thousands of bones that were American relations. During World (including the New Zealand Memorial constantly lit. scattered throughout the Verdun War I, the building served as a center and Pipers Memorial), and Peronne. Rajpath, Delhi battle\ufb01eld site. Work on a permanent for French wounded, set up by All these are packed with places of ossuary began in 1920, and bones were American civilian volunteers. The interest, including cemeteries, military IRELAND transferred here from 1927. The historical artifacts illustrate the relics, museums, and memorials. ossuary cloister contains the bones of humanitarian aid provided by Munitions and artifacts are regularly Irish National War 130,000 unidenti\ufb01ed soldiers, arranged Americans during the course dug up in the Somme countryside Memorial Gardens according to the area of the Verdun of two world wars. (remember not to touch any munitions battle\ufb01eld in which they were found. Ch\u00e2teau de Bl\u00e9rancourt, Aisne you might \ufb01nd). The best way to get Built to honor the 49,400 Irish Douaumont, near Verdun www.museefrancoamericain.fr around the battle\ufb01eld privately is by soldiers who died in World War I, these www.verdun-douaumont.com\/en\/ car; many of the sites are accessible gardens were designed by Sir Edwin index.html Neuville-Saint-Vaast German from the A29 or A1 highways. Lutyens in the 1930s. The park covers War Cemetery The Somme 20 acres (8 hectares) and includes a \u00c9taples Military Cemetery www.somme-battle\ufb01elds.com sunken rose garden and two book Established by the French in 1919 to rooms, containing the Rolls of Honour The many British military camps and hold German war dead, this German Thiepval Memorial to the Missing listing the names of the dead. hospitals around \u00c9taples meant that War Graves Commission cemetery, also The site also features the Ginchy Cross, the area required a large British and known as La Maison Blanche, is the This huge memorial in Thiepval was built by soldiers of the Irish 16th Commonwealth cemetery. In use from largest in France. A sea of metal designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens and Division and originally erected on the May 1915, this cemetery contains crosses, laid out during the 1970s to opened by Edward, Prince of Wales, in Somme battle\ufb01eld. Inscribed on the 10,733 burials from World War I, replace earlier wooden versions, the 1932. It is inscribed with the names of \ufb02oor of the temple on the bank of the as well as burials from World War II. cemetery contains 44,533 burials, with 73,357 Allied soldiers who died in the River Liffey, at the northern end of the Between Boulogne and \u00c9taples four soldiers in each grave. There is Somme area between 1916 and 1918 garden, is an extract of \u201cWar Sonnet II: www.cwgc.org also a mass grave containing the but have no grave. A commemorative Safety\u201d by Rupert Brooke. remains of more than 8,000 soldiers. ceremony is held here on July 1. Islandbridge, Dublin Fricourt German War Cemetery Neuville-Saint-Vaast, near Arras Thiepval, the Somme www.volksbund.de www.cwgc.org ISRAEL Although not the largest German war cemetery in the Somme area\u2014 Notre Dame de Lorette GERMANY Ramleh CWGC Cemetery Vermandovillers has 26,000 burials\u2014 Fricourt contains 17,027 German Religious buildings have occupied this Bundeswehr Military History Established in December 1917 to soldiers, about 10,000 of whom were ridge to the northwest of Arras since Museum\u2014Berlin serve the \ufb01eld hospitals set up in the killed during the Somme battles of the 18th century, but the basilica and area, the cemetery in Ramleh (now 1916. Only 5,057 of the burials have ossuary currently on the site were built While the Military History Museum in Ramla) was later augmented by graves individual graves; the other 11,970 are in 1921 as memorials to the French Dresden is concerned with the general moved here from other cemeteries in contained in four mass graves. soldiers who died in the Artois area history of warfare, the Berlin museum Palestine and Israel. Ramleh was Near Fricourt, the Somme during the battles of 1914, 1915, focuses on aerial warfare. It has a occupied by the First Australian Light www.volksbund.de and 1917. The cemetery later collection of more than 200,000 items, Horse Brigade from November 1917. became a national necropolis, and the including 155 planes. Highlights The cemetery contains 3,300 Meuse-Argonne American ossuary contains the remains of some include the famous Fokker Dr. I Commonwealth burials from World Cemetery and Memorial 23,000 unidenti\ufb01ed soldiers from both triplane and arguably the best \ufb01ghter War I, plus nearly 1,200 burials from world wars as well as French con\ufb02icts aircraft of the war, the Fokker D.VII. World War II and a number of other This is the largest U.S. military in Algeria and Indochina. The basilica, Am Flugplatz Gatow 33, Berlin burials of non-Commonwealth and cemetery in Europe, with a total of which was designed by Louis-Marie www.mhm-gatow.de\/en noncombat personnel. There is also 14,246 servicemen buried over 130 Cordonnier, is decorated with a memorial to Commonwealth, acres (52 hectares) of ground. In the colorful mosaics. Bundeswehr Military History German, and Turkish servicemen memorial chapel, panels are inscribed Museum\u2014Dresden buried elsewhere in Palestine and with the names of 954 soldiers Surrounding the basilica and Israel, in cemeteries that are no missing in action (the bodies of those ossuary, the cemetery covers 32 acres Located in a former military arsenal in longer maintained. The memorial with rosettes against their names (13 hectares) and contains 45,000 the Albertstadt neighborhood of was built in 1961. were eventually discovered and burials, the bulk of them from World Dresden, this museum has a Near Ramla identi\ufb01ed). Staff members at the War I. Behind the cemetery is a permanent World War I exhibit, which www.cwgc.org visitor center provide guidance on military museum, with dioramas, includes a range of uniforms, small navigating the cemetery and locating uniforms, artillery pieces, photographs, arms, artillery, and aircraft. particular graves. and a reconstructed trench and bunker Olbrichtplatz 2, Dresden Romagne-Sous Montfacuon system. Outside the museum, original www.abmc.gov World War I trenches have been redug. Ablain-Saint-Nazaire, near Arras 350","IN MEMORIAM ITALY The database contains records of the UNITED KINGDOM French battle\ufb01eld was included in the 35,000 New Zealanders killed in wars grave and it was covered with black Sacrario Militare di Redipuglia since the late 19th century. The Cenotaph marble from Belgium. Auckland Westminster Abbey, London Built under Mussolini and opened in www.aucklandmuseum.com Designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens, the www.westminster-abbey.org 1938, the Sacrario Militare di Cenotaph is a simple but imposing Redipuglia is a military shrine on the ROMANIA memorial in London\u2019s Whitehall. It UNITED STATES slopes of Monte Sei Busi, at the eastern was initially a temporary structure end of the Isonzo Front. It holds the Mausoleum of Marasesti built from wood and plaster in the \ufb01rst Arlington National Cemetery remains of more than 100,000 Italian year after the Armistice, but this was soldiers killed during World War I\u2014the Built between 1923 and 1938, the replaced by a permanent memorial Dating back to the American Civil War, 22 steps to the top of the shrine alone Mausoleum for the Heroes from of Portland stone in 1920. Arlington has been a burial ground for contain the remains of 40,000 soldiers. the National Unity War, to give it its the bodies of U.S. military personnel The shrine also contains the tombs full title, is an imposing monument to Every year, the Cenotaph is the focus for some 150 years. It covers 624 acres of \ufb01ve generals and the Duke of Aosta, the Romanians killed in World War I. for Britain\u2019s national Service of (253 hectares) and contains more than the commander of the Third Army. The Battle of Marasesti in 1917 was Remembrance on Remembrance 300,000 burials, including those of The site includes a chapel and a the last major battle on the Romanian Sunday (nearest Sunday to many who were killed in World War I. museum containing a collection of front before the country was occupied. November 11), which includes a One moving feature built in the artifacts from the Italian front and The mausoleum stands at around minute\u2019s silence at 11am. Although aftermath of World War I is the Tomb some original trench forti\ufb01cations. 100 ft (30 m) tall and the remains of the Cenotaph was built for the dead of the Unknowns, containing the Monte Sei Busi 6,000 Romanian soldiers are contained of World War I, it is dedicated to remains of an unknown U.S. soldier, within the crypts. The mausoleum also all of Britain\u2019s war dead. interred here in 1921. Similar tombs ITALY\/SLOVENIA includes the sarcophagus of General Whitehall, London from subsequent wars are situated Eremia Grigorescu, who died in 1919, in the same area. Isonzo Front Battle\ufb01elds and a rotunda containing the \ufb02ags of Imperial War Museum London the Romanian units that fought at Numerous World War I memorials In terms of battle\ufb01eld tourism, the Marasesti. The main edi\ufb01ce is topped Housing the UK\u2019s biggest collection also grace the cemetery, including the Isonzo Front is often overlooked in by the \u201cDome of Glory.\u201d A great of British military artifacts, London\u2019s Argonne Cross Memorial, in memory preference for battle\ufb01elds in France bas-relief on the dome depicts scenes Imperial War Museum principally of U.S. servicemen who died in the and Belgium, but it is just as rich in from the battle at Marasesti. focuses on 20th-century and modern Meuse-Argonne Offensive of 1918, the places of interest. The challenges for Between Focsani and Adjud, con\ufb02icts. The World War I holdings largest battle in U.S. history; the touring the Isonzo Front are the Vrancea County are particularly impressive, and include Canadian Cross of Sacri\ufb01ce, distances involved. A typical route armaments and munitions, medals, commemorating U.S. citizens who might run from Kranjska Gora in TURKEY uniforms, equipment, and ephemera served in Canadian regiments; and northwest Slovenia down to Duino on from daily life at the front. the simple World War I Memorial. the Adriatic coast in northeast Italy, Gallipoli Battle\ufb01eld Arlington, Virginia although there are many other The World War I art collection www.arlingtoncemetery.mil options. Highlights include the Soca The Gallipoli Peninsula Historical includes work by Percy Wyndham Valley, containing numerous positions National Park is one of the most Lewis, Paul Nash, John Singer Sargent, Liberty Memorial and gun emplacements in the rock rewarding sites for military history and Sir William Orpen. The face; the Vrsic Pass, built by Russian tourists and researchers. Covering Department of Documents has This towering monument in Kansas prisoners in 1916; and Kluze Fortress around 81,500 acres (33,000 hectares), holdings ranging from high-level City is the national World War I with its military tunnels. At Kobarid it includes 31 CWGC cemeteries, strategic documents to the personal memorial of the United States. (Caporetto during World War I) in containing 22,000 graves, most writings of common soldiers such Dedicated by President Calvin Coolidge Slovenia, it is possible to walk along of them easily accessible, and as diaries and letter. on November 11, 1926, it was designed former trench lines. The town also has numerous memorials. Lambeth Road, London in Egyptian Revival style by Harold an excellent museum devoted to the http:\/\/london.iwm.org.uk Van Buren Magonigle, who won the ferocious battles along the Isonzo There are three main areas of commission in a competition set up by Front, with large-scale maps, models of interest: Cape Helles (V Beach Scottish National War Memorial the American Institute of Architects. the terrain, artifacts, and photographs. Cemetery, Helles Memorial, and Along the Slovenian\/Italian border Redoubt Cemetery); Pine Ridge (the Built to honor the 150,000 Scottish The site\u2019s centerpiece is the 217 ft Beach Cemetery, No. 2 Outpost servicemen who died during World (66 m) Memorial Tower. Its four NEW ZEALAND Cemetery, Courtney\u2019s and Steel\u2019s Post War I, this memorial occupies the \ufb01gures represent courage, honor, Cemetery, Chunuk Bair Cemetery and North Barracks of Edinburgh Castle. Its sacri\ufb01ce, and patriotism. At night, Auckland War Memorial Museum Memorial, Fourth Battalion Parade architect, Robert Lorimer, faced much a jet of steam illuminated by orange Ground Cemetery, and Lone Pine public opposition to his plans for light emanates from the tower, giving Built in the 1850s, and more generally Cemetery and Memorial); and Suvla redeveloping the castle, and the shrine the appearance of a burning pyre. known as the Auckland Museum, this (Green Hill Cemetery and Anzac was not \ufb01nished until 1927. The Great Frieze wall depicts the houses extensive general collections Cemetery). The main sites can be Edinburgh Castle transition from war to peace, while on the whole of New Zealand\u2019s history, covered in a day, but two to three days www.snwm.org another memorial wall features bronze not just military history. The modern are recommended for a more thorough busts of \ufb01ve Allied leaders present at annex, which opened in 1929, was exploration. Also worth seeing on Unknown Warrior, the dedication of the memorial. built in memory of Auckland Cape Helles is the Canakale Martyrs Westminster Abbey The memorial\u2019s accompanying province\u2019s many war dead from World Memorial, the principal memorial to museum, which opened in 2006, is War I. The walls of the World War I the Turkish dead of Gallipoli. Located at the west end of the abbey\u2019s one of the \ufb01nest centers of World Sanctuary are inscribed with the nave, the Tomb of the Unknown War I research in the United States. names of fallen soldiers with no Special services are held at Gallipoli Warrior holds the remains of an In addition to extensive displays of known grave. Under the stained-glass on Anzac Day on April 25, unidenti\ufb01ed British soldier from World documents and photographs, exhibits skylight are the badges of their units commemorating the \ufb01rst day of the War I. The body was exhumed from include a Renault FT-17 tank, replica and regiments. Gallipoli Campaign in 1915. the Western Front along with several trenches, Paul von Hindenburg\u2019s \ufb01eld Gallipoli peninsula others and chosen by Brigadier jacket, and propaganda posters. General J.L. Wyatt as the individual to Kansas City, Missouri represent all those British soldiers who www.libertymemorialmuseum.org had no known place of death or who couldn\u2019t be identi\ufb01ed. The body was buried, with full military ceremony, on November 11, 1920. Soil from a 351","INDEX Index Page numbers in bold indicate main entries. Alsace-Lorraine 22, 44\u201345, 52, 159, 218, 339 Austria-Hungary Berlin Conference 14 ambulances 131, 187 annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina 15, 19 Berlin-Baghdad Railway 14, 19 A antiwar groups 198, 218 Bersaglieri 107 camel ambulances 258 armistice 317 Beseler, General Hans von 203 Abbas Hilmi II, Khedive 75 American Civil War 187, 261 Austro-Prussian War 66 Bethmann-Hollweg, Theobald von 21, 29, Abd el-Krim 342 American Expeditionary Force (AEF) 213, Balkan policy 18, 19 Abdul Hamid II 19, 74 civilian hardships 268, 319 31, 152, 223 Accrington Pals 181 217, 285, 286, 287, 305, 306\u201307, declares war on Serbia 12, 15, 29, 30 binoculars 286 Achi Baba 112 308\u201309, 310 disintegration of 257, 319 Birdwood, General Sir William 108, 109 aerial photography 98, 145, 152, 227, 292 American Field Service 131 Dual Alliance 14, 18 Bishop, Billy 189, 231 Africa American Relief Administration 333 early setbacks 68\u201369, 70 Bismarck, Otto von 12, 18, 20 Amiens 251, 283, 285, 287, 294, 304\u201305, home front 268, 269 Bismarck Archipelago 85 campaigns 76\u201377 312 invasion of Romania 195 bite-and-hold tactics 242, 273 see also German East Africa; German South amputations 187 invasion of Serbia 68 black African troops 76, 77, 118, 119, 254, 255 anesthetics 187 League of the Three Emperors 14, 18 Black and Tans 342 West Africa anarchist movements 17 monarchy 17 Black Hand 29 African-American troops 131, 216, 287, 308 Anatolia 116, 117, 317, 343 navy 78, 256, 257 black market Afrikaners 76, 77 Angel of Mons 47 pre-World War I 14, 15, 16, 17 Agadir 18, 201 Anglo-German Naval Agreement 221 relations with Italy 106 Austria-Hungary 269 air combat 188\u201391, 273, 294\u201397 animal messengers 145 and Sarajevo assassination 12, 28\u201329 Germany 198, 269 Arras 189, 227 antiaircraft guns 132, 232 social and political solidarity 32 Black Tom Island explosion 213 anti-Semitism 67, 135, 223, 321, 333, 336 social unrest 269 Bl\u00e9riot, Louis 25 casualties 189, 295 antisubmarine barriers 221, 292 Treaty of St.-Germain-en-Laye 319, 334 blimps 132, 221, 257 dogfights 189, 190\u201391 antitank rifles 250 Triple Alliance 14, 31 Blitzkrieg 273 flying aces 189, 231, 298\u201399, 306 antiwar groups war planning 23 blood transfusions 187 Palestine 259 Austria-Hungary 198, 218 see also specific campaigns and battles Bl\u00fccher-Yorck Offensive 283 St. Mihiel 307 Britain 33, 206, 218, 269 Blunden, Edmund 303 Second Battle of the Marne 286, 294 conscientious objectors 177, 216, 218 B Boelcke, Oswald 160, 189, 298 Verdun 131, 160 France 167, 199, 225 Boer Wars 14, 21, 76, 77, 179, 187 Vittorio Veneto 319 Germany 33, 198, 199, 218 backpacks 181 Bohemia 319 aircraft 25 novelists and poets 303 Baden, Prince Max von 320, 321 Bolimov, Battle of 105 antisubmarine patrols 257 Russia 33, 167, 234 badges, German 64, 292 Bolo, Paul 167 Belgian 192 United States 131, 216\u201317 Baghdad 119, 122, 123, 316 Bolsheviks 174, 211, 234, 235, 236, 243, bombers 232, 233, 264, 295 Antwerp 42, 43, 52, 58, 59 Baker, Newton 310 British 188, 192, 232 Anzac Cove 109, 112, 113 Balfour, Arthur 197 300, 301, 343 Caproni 295 Anzac Memorial 348 Balfour Declaration 197 and Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty 276\u201377 fighter aircraft 160, 188\u201389, 192\u201393, 232 Anzac troops 108\u201309, 227, 239 Balkan League 19 revolution 117, 128, 153, 197, 199, 218, float aircraft 79 see also Australian troops; Gallipoli Balkan Wars 12, 17, 74, 188, 316 Fokker Dr.1 299 Campaign; New Zealand troops 252\u201353, 268 Fokker D.VII 192, 295, 299 Apollinaire, Guillaume 303 First Balkan War 15, 17 bombing campaigns 232\u201333 Fokker Eindecker 188 Aqaba 197 Second Balkan War 15, 19, 140, 194 French 188, 192 Arabic (White Star liner) 127 Balkans 18\u201319 casualties 232 German 64, 132, 188, 192, 232, 273, 294, Arabs 122, 123, 317, 334 see also Albania; Bulgaria; Greece; London 132, 232 Arab Revolt 148, 196\u201397 night raids 232 295, 299 nationalism 75, 196\u201397 Romania; Serbia over Germany 295 Gotha 132, 232, 297 Ardennes 44\u201345 Ball, Albert 189 Paris 268, 295 Halberstadt 273 Argonne Forest 308, 309 bandages 187 strategic bombing 232, 264, 294, 295 Handley Page 295 Arkhangelsk 300, 301 barbed wire 25, 60, 61 Zeppelin raids 132\u201333 Ilya Mourometz 13 Arlington National Cemetery 351 Barbusse, Henri 199, 302, 303 Bonneau, General Louis 44 Italian 232, 295 armaments, see munitions production; Baruch, Bernard 217 boots 304 Junkers 273 weapons Basra 75, 119, 122, 123 Borden, Robert 230, 231 LVG 294 Armenian massacre 75, 116\u201317 The Battle of the Somme (newsreel) 261 Boroevic, Field Marshal Svetozar 319 Nieuport 11 \u201cB\u00e9b\u00e9\u201d 188 Armenian nationalism 75, 116, 117 battle cruisers 124, 170, 171 Bosnia-Herzegovina parachutes 189, 295 Armenti\u00e8res 283 Baucq, Philippe 167 annexation of 15, 19, 28 reconnaissance 145, 152, 188, 227, 255, Armistice 291, 301, 313, 322\u201323 Baupaume 305 Sarajevo assassination 12, 28\u201329 celebrations 264, 323, 324\u201325 Bavaria 321, 333 Serbian invasion of 68, 69 257, 294, 295 see also peace initiatives; peace treaties bayonet charges 25, 45 Botha, Louis 77 Rumpler C.VII 295 armored vehicles Beadle, James 258 Bou\u00e9 de Lapeyr\u00e8re, Admiral Augustin 256 Russian 13, 24, 232 cars 25, 59 Beatty, Vice Admiral David 78, 124, 125, Boxer Rebellion 14, 21, 85 Sopwith Camel 192, 232, 295 tanks see tanks Brady, Mathew 261 Taube monoplane 64 arms limitation agreements 345 170, 171 Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty 203, 211, 218, Vickers \u201cGunbus\u201d 188 Army of the Orient 141 Beaumont Hamel 184 Zeppelin-Staaken \u201cGiant\u201d 232, 233 Arras, Battle of 59, 73, 189, 207, 224, Bedouin 197 235, 253, 276\u201377 aircraft industry 93, 294 226\u201327, 229, 231 Beer Hall Putsch 223, 333 Briand, Aristide 143, 224, 345 airships 25, 79, 145 Arras and Vimy Ridge Battlefield 349 Beersheba 258, 259 Britain blimps 132, 221, 257 artillery 24, 50\u201351 Belarus 277, 343 Cl\u00e9ment-Bayard II airship 25 creeping barrages 181, 224, 225, 226, 239, Belgium 153 aircraft industry 294 Sch\u00fctte-Lanz airships 132 241, 272, 287, 307, 309 Anglo-German Naval Agreement 221 Zeppelins 14, 25, 131, 132\u201333, 232, 255 shells 24\u201325, 50, 105, 171, 226, 228\u201329 annexation 43 Anglo-German naval race 14, 18, 19, 78 Aisne River 55, 226, 279, 283, 285, 305 Artois-Loos Offensive 57, 98, 142\u201343, 158 Belgian army 42 Anglo-Japanese alliance 14 Aisne-Marne American Cemetery and Asiago 107, 246, 319 British advance into 46\u201347 antiwar groups 33, 206, 218, 269 Askaris 254, 255 civilian hardships 43 British Empire 31, 77, 333 Memorial 349 Asquith, Herbert 199, 201 colonies 77 civilian hardships 199 Aitken, Max 261 Atlantic, war in the 39, 83, 124, 126 defense of Antwerp 59 coalition governments 93, 103, 199 Albania 141 atrocities deportations 202 commemoration 344 Albert 305 Armenian 116 German atrocities 42, 43 conscription 33, 128, 176, 177 Albert I, King of the Belgians 38, 42, 43, 59, German 38, 42, 77 German invasion of 38, 42\u201343, 44, 45, declares war on Germany 31 Turkish 116\u201317 declares war on Turkey 74 312, 313 Auckland War Memorial Museum 351 46\u201347, 222\u201323, 302 domestic politics 93, 200, 201 Alderson, General Edwin 230, 231 Aurora cruiser 252 memorials, monuments, and museums Entente Cordiale 14, 18, 23, 337 Alexandra, Tsarina 198, 199, 210 Australia home front 268, 269 Alexeev, General Mikhail 174 Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 348\u201349 intervention in Russia 300, 301 Algeria 45 (Anzac) 108\u201309, 227, 239 neutrality 22, 31, 42 memorials, monuments, and museums 351 All Quiet on the Western Front (Erich Australian Corps 109, 304 postwar 333 mobilization 46 Australian Imperial Force 108, 109 resistance movement 43, 167 monarchy 17 Remarque) 303, 345 Australian War Memorial 348 Belgrade 69, 317, 1400 munitions production 93 Allenby, General Edmund 73, 227, 258, 259, navy 83 Bell, Alexander Graham 145 pre-World War I 14, 15, 16, 17 troops 73, 85, 108\u201311, 184\u201385, 197, 227, Belleau Wood, Battle of 283, 284\u201385 social and political solidarity 33, 199 316 239, 242, 259, 313 Below, General Otto von 246 social unrest 269 Allied Supreme War Council 247, 291 war memorial 348 Benedict XV, Pope 218 Unknown Warrior 344, 351 Allies, see Belgium; Britain; France; Greece; Benes, Edvard 169 war economy 93 war planning 23 Italy; Japan; Portugal; Romania; Russia; see also British army; Royal Air Force; Serbia Alpenkorps 246\u201347 Royal Navy; Royal Flying Corps; and Alpini 106, 107 specific campaigns and battles 352","INDEX British Army Carpathian Mountains 70, 134 cholera 71 Dera 317 British Expeditionary Force (BEF) 44, 45, carrier pigeons 145, 167, 251, 309 Christmas Truce 62\u201363, 95 Derby, Lord 177 46\u201347, 52, 55, 59, 60, 61, 177, 178 Carson, Edward 33 Churchill, Winston 8, 20, 59, 82, 94, 171, Desert Mounted Corps 73, 316 colonial troops 60, 73, 76, 89, 99, 118, Casement, Roger 164 destroyers 79 119, 122\u201323 Castelnau, General Noel de 155 300, 337 Deventer, General Jacob van 255 Fifth Army 242, 278, 279 casualties First Lord of the Admiralty 110 Diaz, General Armando 247, 319 First Army 98, 103, 312 and Gallipoli 110, 112 Dimitrijevic, Colonel Dragutin 29 Fourth Army 184, 304, 305 airmen 189, 295 and tank warfare 250 Dinant massacre 42 Kitchener\u2019s New Army 142, 143, 176\u201377, American 217 Cigognes squadron 160, 189 diphosgene gas 105, 160 181 Artois and Champagne Offensives 143 civilians diplomacy medical examinations 176, 177 Australian 109, 332 casualties 332 Pals Battalions 177 Battle of Arras 227 hardships 198\u201399 prewar 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23 reforms 22 Belgian 332 morale 232, 268\u201369 see also peace initiatives; peace treaties Second Army 242, 283 bombing campaigns 232 see also home fronts; women displaced populations see refugees Special Reserve 176 British 332 Clemenceau, Georges 199, 225, 269, 323, Dix, Otto 261 Tank Corps 248\u201349 Brusilov Offensive 175 Dmowski, Roman 168 Territorial Force 22, 46, 143, 176, 177 Canadian 231, 243, 332 333, 334, 336\u201337, 343 Dogger Bank, Battle of 79, 88, 124\u201325 Third Army 248, 278, 279, 305, 312 Caporetto 247 assassination attempt on 337 dogs, messenger 145 training 177 civilian 332 biography 337 Dos Passos, John 303 volunteering 176, 177 Gallipoli 113 character and qualities 336 Douala 76 German 332 and Paris Peace Conference 201, 334, 337 Douaumont Ossuary and Verdun Memorial British East Africa 254 Hundred Days Offensive 305 and Treaty of Versailles 338, 339 British Legion 179 Indian 119, 332 Cl\u00e9ment-Bayard II airship 25 161, 350 British Medical Corps 187 influenza pandemic 269, 309 codes and code breakers 124, 144, 145, 166\u2013 doughboys 306, 307 British Naval Intelligence Division 166, 167 Isonzo Campaign 246 Douhet, General Giulio 295 Brittain, Vera 267, 303 Jutland 171 67, 213 Doyle, Arthur Conan 302 Broodseinde Ridge 242 Lake Naroch offensive 174 collaborators 323 dreadnoughts 19, 74, 78\u201379, 80 Brooke, John 260 last fatality of the war 230, 323 Collins, Michael 165 Dreyfus affair 167, 336 Brooke, Rupert 303 Mahiwa 255 Colmar von der Goltz, Baron 123 Driant, Colonel \u00c9mile 155 Brooks, Ernest 260, 261 Marne (First Battle) 55 colonial troops 118\u201321 Drocourt-Qu\u00e9ant Line 231 Bruchm\u00fcller, General Georg 278 Marne (Second Battle ) 287 Dual Alliance 14, 18 Bruges 292 medical treatment 186\u201387 British 60, 73, 76, 89, 99, 118, 119, 122\u2013 Duisberg, Carl 104 Brusilov, General Aleksei 70, 95, 174, 234, Messines Ridge 239 23 Mons 46 E 235, 237 Neuve Chapelle 99 French 45, 54, 77, 102, 118, 120 Brusilov Offensive 107, 135, 149, 160, 174\u2013 New Zealand 109, 242 German 254, 255 East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron 82\u201383, 84, 85 Romanian 194 combat stress 187 East Prussia 70, 135, 223, 339 75, 194, 272 Russian 211 communications 144\u201345, 166, 273 Russian invasion of 64 Brussels 42 St. Mihiel salient 307 communism 85, 333 Easter Rising 148, 164\u201365 Bryan, William Jennings 131 Sarikamish 74 see also Bolsheviks Eastern Front Bucharest 195 Somme 181, 185 concentration camps 14 Buckles, Frank 345 Spring Offensives 279 Congress of Oppressed Nationalities 319 Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty 203, 218, 235, bugles 123 total 186, 332 Connolly, James 164, 165 276\u201377 Bukovina 194 trench warfare 95 Conrad von H\u00f6tzendorf, Field Marshal Franz Bulgaria 313, 317 U-boat attacks 220, 221 campaigns (1914) 64\u201365, 68\u201371 U.S. 285, 287, 307, 332 23, 29, 30, 68, 69, 70, 71, 140, 141, 175, campaigns (1915) 134\u201335, 140\u201341 Balkan Wars 15, 19 Verdun 161, 224 319 campaigns (1916) 174\u201375, 194\u201395 collapse of 264, 316, 317, 319 Ypres 241, 242, 243 conscientious objectors 177, 216, 218 campaigns (1917) 234\u201337 enters the war 140 Zeebrugge Raid 293 conscription 22, 33, 128, 176 Ebert, Friedrich 321, 339 invasion of Romania 194 casualty clearing stations 186 Britain 33, 128, 176, 177 \u00c9cole de Guerre 22 invasion of Serbia 140, 141 Cattaro 257 Canada 231 economies Macedonian defeat 316 Caucasian campaigns 75, 110, 116, 117, 134, France 15, 19, 44 prewar 16, 18 territorial losses 316 New Zealand 108 see also war economies Treaty of Neuilly 317, 334 258, 259, 277 United States 216 Edward VII, King 14, 16 Bullard, Eugene 131 see also Armenian massacre Constantine, King of Greece 141, 256 Egypt 122 Bullard, General Robert 309, 310 cavalry 25, 72\u201373, 145 Constantinople (Istanbul) 75, 110, 117, 153, British protectorate 75, 196 B\u00fclow, General Karl von 47, 53, 54, 55 Anzac 109, 197, 259 316, 333 independence 343 Bundeswehr Military History Museum\u2014 Arab 120 Constanza 195 Turkish attack on 75 Austrian 72 convoy system 201, 220, 221, 257 Eichhorn, Field Marshal Hermann 277 Berlin 350 British 46, 48\u201349, 73, 178, 179, 259 Corfu 141, 257 Eisner, Kurt 321 Bundeswehr Military History Museum\u2014 Cossack 64, 69, 72 Corfu Declaration 141 Elles, Brigadier-General Hugh 248 Desert Mounted Corps 73, 316 Coronel, Battle of 83, 124 Emmich, General Otto von 42 Dresden 350 French 44, 72, 73 Cossacks 64, 69, 72 Entente Cordiale 14, 18, 23, 337 Byng, General Julian 231, 248, 279 German 72, 73 Cottin, Emile 337 Entente Powers, see Allies Byng Boys 273 Indian 118 counterintelligence 167 Enver Pasha 19, 74, 75, 116, 117 Kurdish 117 Courtrai Offensive 43 Erzberger, Matthias 322, 323 C Romanian 194 Cradock, Rear Admiral Sir Christopher 83 Erzurum 73, 117 uniforms 72 Creel, George 216 espionage 166\u201367, 213 Cabrinovic, Nedjelko 29 Cavell, Edith 167, 213 creeping barrages 181, 224, 225, 226, 239, Espionage Act 213, 216\u201317 Cadorna, General Luigi 107, 247 cemeteries 61, 185, 344, 346\u201347 241, 272, 287, 307, 309 Estienne, Colonel Jean Baptiste 250, 251 Caillaux, Henriette 32 see also memorials, monuments, and Crimean War 145, 187, 261 Estonia 277, 342 Caillaux, Joseph 337 Ctesiphon 123 \u00c9taples Military Cemetery 350 Cambrai, Battle of 73, 95, 243, 248\u201349, 251 museums cummings, E.E. 303 Europe, war in, see Eastern Front; Italian Cambrai battlefields 349 Cenotaph, London 351 Currie, General Arthur 231, 243, 304, 312 camel ambulances 258 Central Powers, see Austria-Hungary; Cuxhaven 79 campaigns; Mediterranean, war in the; camouflage outfits 273 cycle corps 109 North Sea, war in the; Western Front Canada Bulgaria; Germany; Turkey Cyprus, British protectorate 75 Champagne Offensive 57, 59, 98, 142\u201343, Czechoslovak Legions 169, 300\u2013301 F Canadian Corps 207, 231, 243, 304, 312 Czechoslovakia 169, 333, 334, 339 Canadian Expeditionary Force (CEF) 230, 154, 158, 159 Faisal, Emir 196, 197, 258, 317, 334, 342, 343 Chantilly Conference 174 D Falkenhayn, General Erich von 30, 58, 71, 231 Charles I, Emperor 153, 175, 218, 246, 319 Canadian National Vimy Memorial Park Charteris, General John 91 Damascus 73, 109, 197, 317 95, 134\u201335, 143, 181, 223 Ch\u00e2teau de Beaurepaire 178 d\u2019Annunzio, Gabriele 107, 319 and Hindenburg 67, 134\u201335, 223 349\u201350 Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry 285, 287 Danzig 339 and Ludendorff 67, 134\u201335, 223 Canadian War Museum 349 chemical warfare 95, 102, 103, 104\u201305, 131, Dar es Salaam 255 and Palestine 152 conscription 231 Dardanelles 110, 257 resignation 152, 161, 175 Princess Patricia\u2019s Canadian Light Infantry 160, 213, 279, 288\u201389 and Romanian campaign 152, 194, 195 see also chlorine gas; diphosgene gas; see also Gallipoli Campaign and Serbian campaign 140, 141 230, 231 Dawes Plan 343 and Verdun 152, 154, 155, 160, 161 troops 73, 102, 103, 226, 227, 230\u201331, mustard gas; phosgene; tear gas de Valera, \u00c9amon 165 and the Yildirim Force 152, 258\u201359 Chemin des Dames 58, 159, 224, 283 Debs, Eugene 217 and Ypres 60, 61, 102 239, 242 children, evacuation of 268 Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) 93 Falklands, Battle of the 39, 83, 124, 126 war memorials 349 China 84 defense-in-depth tactic 226\u201327, 273 Far East, war in the see China; Japan; Pacific, Canal du Nord 312 Degoutte, General Jean 286 Cantigny 285 becomes a republic 15, 84 Delville Wood, Battle of 184 war in the Caporetto, Battle of 107, 243, 246\u201347, 248, Boxer Rebellion 14, 21, 85 demobilization 323, 332 declares war on Germany 85 Denikin, General Anton 342 319 foreign concessions 84 Denmark 339 Cappy-sur-Somme 131 Japanese aggression against 84\u201385 Caproni triplane 295 May Fourth Movement 85 Carden, Admiral Sackville 110 Chinese laborers in Europe 85, 119 Carol I, King of Romania 194 chlorine gas 88, 102, 103, 104, 105, 143, 230 Caroline Islands 85 353","INDEX fascism, rise of 343, 345 French, Field Marshal Sir John 46, 52, 54, munitions production 93, 202 Hamel 304 feminists, antiwar 218 57, 98, 103, 142, 143, 178 nationalism 20, 67, 202, 223, 332\u201333 Hamilton, General Sir Ian 110, 111, 112, 113 Fenton, Roger 261 peace initiatives 313, 320 hand-to-hand fighting 284, 285 Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria 316 French army postwar 332\u201333, 343 Handley Page aircraft 295 Fez, Treaty of 15 colonial troops 45, 54, 77, 102, 118, 120 prewar I 16, 17, 18 Hapsburg Empire 19, 28 field guns 50, 137, 249, 254 Fifth Army 45, 53, 54, 55, 57 reparations 334, 339, 343 First Army 44 revolutionary upheaval 320\u201321, 322, 332, see also Austria-Hungary see also artillery Fourth Army 44, 52, 286 Harbord, Brigadier James 285 field telephones 25, 144\u201345 French Foreign Legion 131, 169 338 Hardie, Kier 33, 218 Finland 276, 277 mutinies 159, 161, 199, 225 social and political solidarity 32, 34 Hartlepool 79 Fiume 107, 334 Ninth Army 52, 54, 103, 291 social unrest 269 Hasek, Jaroslav 303 flamethrowers 160, 272 Second Army 44, 59, 159 socialism 32, 67, 199, 218, 320, 321 Hawker, Major Lanoe 299 Flanders see Belgium; Lys Offensive; Sixth Army 52, 54, 55, 283 Third Reich 203 Heidkamp, Wilhelm 125 Tenth Army 59, 143, 286, 305 Treaty of Versailles 105, 132, 189, 291, Hejaz (Saudi Arabia) 75, 196\u201397 Messines, Battle of; Ypres Third Army 44, 52 Heligoland Bight, Battle of 78, 124 Flanders Field American Cemetery and 295, 321, 323, 334, 337, 338\u201341 helmets 43, 142, 152, 155, 168, 175, 243, French Indochina 119 Triple Alliance 14, 31 Memorial 348 Fricourt German War Cemetery 350 under control of Third Supreme Command 251, 285 flare guns 249 Frontiers, Battle of the 44\u201345 Hemingway, Ernest 303 flash-spotting 226, 272 frostbite 186 202\u201303 Hentsch, Lieutenant Colonel Richard 54\u201355 Flers-Courcelette 185, 250 Fuller, Colonel John 248 unification 16 Herero massacre 77 Flesqui\u00e8res 249 Unknown Warrior 345 Hildenbrand, Hans 260 Foch, General Ferdinand 52, 59, 158, 179, G war economy 93, 202 Hindenburg, General Paul von 21, 66\u201367, war guilt, repudiation of 339 290\u201391, 306, 311, 339 Galicia 65, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 135, 169, 234, war museums 350 70, 134, 135, 152, 153, 194, 223, 276, and Amiens 304, 305 235 war planning 22 320, 321 biography 291 Weimar Republic 67, 223, 264, 321, 322 and Falkenhayn 67, 134\u201335 character and qualities 290, 291 Gallieni, General Joseph 38, 52, 53, 54, 57 Weltpolitik 20 biography 67 criticisms of Armistice terms 291, 322\u201323, Gallipoli Campaign 94, 95, 99, 108, 109, see also German army; German navy: and character and qualities 67 and German economic and diplomatic 339 110\u201315, 119, 187 specific campaigns and battles policies 202 and First Battle of the Marne 54, 57, 291 Gallipoli Peninsula Historical National Park Ghent 323 and Ludendorff 66, 67 and Hindenburg Line Offensive 312 Gibbons, Floyd 285 and Tannenberg 64, 65, 67 Marshal of France 287 351 Glossop, Captain John 83 Hindenburg Line 67, 95, 105, 185, 223, 226, and Meuse-Argonne Offensive 308 Gallwitz, General Max von 308 Godley, General Sir Alexander 108, 109, 113 309 offensive strategy 22, 290, 291 Gard, Roger Martin du 345 Goering, Hermann 189 Allied attack on 312\u201313 and Second Battle of the Marne 286, 287, Garros, Roland 188 Gomes da Costa, General Manuel 283 Hipper, Rear Admiral Franz von 79, 124, gas masks 103, 105, 274, 278 Gorizia 107 125, 170, 171 291 Gorlice-Tarnow Offensive 102, 107, 134\u201335 Hitler, Adolf 189, 203, 323, 333, 345 and Spring Offensives 279 for horses 73, 105 Goschen, Edward 31 appointed German chancellor 67 Supreme Commander of the Allied Armies Gatling gun 25 Gotha aircraft 132, 232, 297 failed putsch 223, 333 Gaulle, Charles de 45, 159 Gough, General Hubert 241, 242, 278 Lloyd George\u2019s view of 201 159, 279, 283, 291, 337 Gaza 258, 259 Gouraud, General Henri 286 overturns Treaty of Versailles 339, 343 Fokker, Anthony 188 Geddes, Walter 117 governments-in-exile war service 60, 323, 333 Fokker Dr.1 299 Geneva Protocol 105 HMAS Sydney 82, 83 Fokker D.VII 192, 295, 299 Genocide Memorial, Yerevan 117 Belgian 43 HMHS Llandovery Castle 221 Fokker Eindecker 188 George V, King 15, 57, 210 Serbian 141 HMS Agamemnon 317 Folkstone 232 Georges-Picot, Fran\u00e7ois 197 Graves, Robert 303 HMS Audacious 78\u201379 food German army Graves, General William 301 HMS Dreadnought 14, 18, 25 Great Depression 343 HMS Good Hope 83 ersatz products 198, 269 colonial troops 254, 255 Great Retreat 47, 52\u201353, 54, 57, 73, 135 HMS Indefatigable 171 food riots 198 Eighteenth Army 279, 281 Great Yarmouth 132, 170 HMS Indomitable 124 production 93, 128, 152 Eighth Army 64, 67, 223, 273 Greco-Turkish War 343 HMS Inflexible 83 rationing 198, 221, 268 Eleventh Army 135 Greece 141, 194, 343 HMS Invincible 83 shortages 198, 221, 268, 269, 271 Fifth Army 44, 154, 160, 308 Balkan Wars 15, 19 HMS Lion 124, 125, 171 forced labor 64, 202 First Army 42, 46, 52\u201353, 54, 55, 286 enters the war 256, 316 HMS Monmouth 83 Fort Douaumont 119, 154, 155, 158, 160, Fourth Army 44, 59, 98, 239, 283 grenade launchers 226 HMS New Zealand 124 Ninth Army 70, 152, 194, 195 grenades 26, 101, 110, 317 HMS Princess Royal 124 161, 162\u201363 Second Army 42, 47, 52\u201353, 54, 55, 279 Grey, Sir Edward 19, 30 HMS Queen Elizabeth 80\u201381, 110 Fort Vaux 145, 160, 161 Seventh Army 44, 286 Grignard, Victor 105 HMS Queen Mary 171 France Sixth Army 44 Grigorescu, General Eremia 351 HMS Tiger 124 Tenth Army 134 Grimsby Chums 181 HMS Vindictive 293 aircraft industry 294 Third Army 55, 286 Groener, General Wilhelm 320, 321 Holt, Benjamin 251 antiwar groups 167, 199, 225 German East Africa 38, 76\u201377, 119 Gronau, General Hans von 54 Holtzendorff, Admiral Henning von 220 civilian hardships 199, 271 guerrilla campaign 254\u201355 guerilla warfare 197, 254\u201355 home fronts 268\u201371 coalition government 143 postwar division of 255 Gumbinnen, Battle of 64 civilian hardships 198\u201399 colonies 77 German navy 18, 19, 21, 78, 124\u201325, 293 guns, see weapons emergency measures 93 commemoration 344, 345 East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron 82\u201383, 84, Gurkhas 112, 118, 119 food shortages 198, 221, 268, 269, 271 conscription 15, 19, 44 Gurney, Ivor 303 social unrest 269 declares war on Turkey 74 85 Guynemer, Captain Georges 189 see also under individual countries Deuxi\u00e8me Bureau 166, 167 High Seas Fleet 170\u201371, 293, 320\u201321, 339 Hooge 160 domestic politics 32, 143 mutiny 320\u201321 H horses 136\u201337 Dreyfus affair 336 U-boats see submarine warfare horse-drawn transportation 25, 52, 278 \u00c9ntente Cordiale 14, 18, 23, 337 see also naval conflicts Haber, Fritz 93, 104\u201305 see also cavalry Franco-Prussian War 14, 16, 24, 25, 66, German New Guinea 39, 85 Hague Convention 104, 105 Horthy, Admiral Miklos 257, 333 German South West Africa 73, 76, 77, 255 Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas 46, 57, 178\u2013 Hottentot massacre 77 67, 187, 290, 339 Germanization program 203 House, Colonel Edward 131, 214 Franco-Russian alliance 14, 30 Germany 79, 224, 291 howitzers 50, 51, 154 home front 269 aircraft industry 294 and Amiens 304, 305 Hundred Days Offensive 109, 145, 179, 231, intervention in Russia 301 Anglo-German Naval Agreement 221 and Armistice 322 249, 294, 305, 308 memorials, monuments, and museums Anglo-German naval race 14, 18, 19, 78 and Arras 226, 227 Hungary 319 antiwar groups 33, 198, 199, 218 and Artois-Loos Offensive 143 postwar 333 349\u201350 Armistice 317, 322\u201323, 339 attrition strategy 178 Treaty of Trianon 319, 334 mobilization 33, 44 civilian hardships 148, 198, 268, 271, 333 biography 179 Hurley, Frank 260 munitions production 93 colonies 77 and Cambrai 248, 249 Hussein bin Ali, Sherif 196, 197 navy 78, 110, 256 commemoration 345 character and qualities 178, 179 Hussein Kamil 75 postwar 333 declares war 13, 31, 34 commander-in-chief 178 Hutier, General Oskar von 235, 273, 279 pre-World War I 14, 15, 16, 17 domestic politics 32 and Lys Offensive 283 hydrophones 220\u201321 resistance movement 167 Dual Alliance 14, 18 and Neuve Chapelle 98, 99 social and political solidarity 32\u201333 final bid for victory 282\u201383 relations with Lloyd George 179, 201 social unrest 269 German Social Democrats 32 and Somme 155, 179, 180, 181, 185, 250 socialism 32, 33, 225 home front 268, 269, 271 and Ypres 103, 179, 231, 238, 239, 240, Unknown Warrior 344 invasion of Belgium 38, 42\u201343, 44, 45, war economy 93, 119 241, 242, 243 war planning 22 46\u201347, 222\u201323, 302 Haig Fund 179 see also French army; and specific League of the Three Emperors 14, 18 Haiti 130 Lebensraum 20 Halberstadt aircraft 273 campaigns and battles liberalization of 320 Haldane, Richard 22, 176, 178 Franchet d\u2019Esp\u00e8rey, General Louis 53, 54, Mitteleuropa plan 202\u201303, 218, 223 Hall, Admiral Reginald 124, 166 mobilization 30\u201331, 32 57, 316 monarchy 17 Franco-American Cooperation, Museum of 350 Fran\u00e7ois, General Hermann von 65 Frankfurt 295 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 12, 15, 19, 28\u201329 Franz Joseph, Emperor 12, 17, 28, 29, 175 Freikorps 333 354","INDEX I Joffre, General Joseph 15, 22, 41, 44, 45, 46, Lemberg 69 Mannheim 295 56\u201357, 58, 145, 158, 159, 290, 291 Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich 33, 167, 211, 218, maps Ilya Mourometz 13 Immelmann, Max 160 and Artois-Loos Offensive 98, 142, 143 235, 243, 252, 253, 276\u201377, 343 world in 1914 38\u201339 Imperial War Museum London 351 and Battle of the Marne 54, 55, 56, 57 L\u00e9on Gambetta cruiser 256 world in 1915 88\u201389 In Flanders Fields Museum 348 biography 57 Leopold of Bavaria, Prince 276 world in 1916 148\u201349 In Flanders Fields (John McCrae) 102 and Champagne Offensive 57, 98, 142\u201343, Lettow-Vorbeck, Lieutenant Colonel Paul world in 1917 206\u201307 incendiary bombs 132 world in 1918 264 Independent Labour Party 218 154 von 76, 77, 254, 255 world in 1919\u20131923 328\u201329 India Gate, Delhi 350 character and qualities 56, 57 Lewis, Percy Wyndham 261 Marasesti, Battle of 351 Indian Army 119 and the Great Retreat 52, 53, 57 liberty bonds 216, 217 Marconi, Guglielmo 145 Indian troops 60, 73, 76, 89, 99, 118, 119, Marshal of France 57, 287 Liberty Memorial, Kansas City 351 Mariana Islands 82, 85 Plan XVII 44, 45, 56, 57 Libya 15, 25 Maritz, Solomon 77 122\u201323 relations with British allies 57 Maritz Rebellion 77 Industrial Workers of the World 217 replaced by Nivelle 57 Italian invasion of 17, 188 Marne infantry tactics, improved 272\u201373, 311 and Verdun 57, 154, 155, 160 Liebknecht, Karl 33, 218, 320 First Battle of the 23, 53, 54\u201355, 56, 57, infiltration tactics 247, 249, 273, 274, 278 and Ypres 60, 61 Li\u00e8ge 42, 167, 223 influenza pandemic 285, 309, 323, 332 Jonas, Lucien 284 Liggett, General Hunter 308, 309 145, 291 Ingenohl, Admiral Friedrich von 78, 125 July Days 235, 252 Lille 59, 313 Second Battle of the 279, 283, 285, Inner Mongolia 85 J\u00fcnger, Ernst 303 Liman von Sanders, General Otto 19, 74 intelligence 166\u201367 Junkers J4 273 Limonova 71 286\u201387, 291, 312 Jutland, Battle of 125, 145, 166, 170\u201373 Lithuania 135, 277 Marshall, Colonel George 307, 311 British 124, 131 Lloyd George, David 199, 200\u2013201, 224, 230, Marshall Islands 85 code breaking 124, 144, 145, 166\u201367 K Martini-Henry rifle 196\u201397 counterintelligence 167 240, 258, 323, 344 Marwitz, General Georg von der 279 espionage 166\u201367, 213 Kaiser Wilhelmsland 39, 85 becomes prime minister 201 Masaryk, Tomas 169 signals intelligence 166 Kaiserj\u00e4ger 68 biography 201 Masurian Lakes, battles of the 65, 134, 223 Inter-Allied Conferences 142, 143 Kamerun 76, 77, 255 domestic politics 200, 201 Mata Hari 167 International Congress of Women 218 Kaulbach, Friedrich August von 31 munitions minister 93, 103, 201 Matz, Battle of 283, 285 Iraq 197 Kellogg-Briand Pact 345 and Paris Peace Conference 201, 334, 335 Maubeuge 52, 58 Ireland Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk) 112, 259, 317, 343 relations with generals 179, 201 Maude, General Sir Stanley 123 Black and Tans 342 Kent, Thomas 164 and Treaty of Versailles 338 Maunoury, General Michel-Joseph 54 Easter Rising 148, 164\u201365, 342 Kerensky, Alexander 234, 235, 252 war, support for 210 Mauser rifle 164 Home Rule 32, 33, 164 Kerensky Offensive 169, 195, 211, 234\u201337, Locarne Treaty 343 Mausoleum of Marasesti 351 Irish Free State 165, 342 Lochnagar crater 181 Maxim, Sir Hiram 25 Irish National War Memorial Gardens 248 Lody, Carl 167 Maxim guns 14, 24, 25 Keyes, Vice Admiral Roger 292, 293 Lodz, Battle of 70\u201371 Maxwell, General Sir John 165 350 Keynes, J.M. 339 London, bombing of 132, 232 Mears, F.J. 238 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 165, 342 Khalil Pasha, General 123 London, Treaty of 15, 31, 42, 107 Mecca 196 Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) 164 Kiel 321 Lone Pine, Battle of 109, 112, 114\u201315 medals Irish Volunteers 33, 164 Kindermord 61 Loos, Battle of 103, 105, 119, 177, 178, nationalism 164\u201365 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 169, British 112, 170 troops 33, 164, 239, 345 179 French 31 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) 33, 164, 239 334 \u201cLost Battalion\u201d 309 German 44, 298 War of Independence 342 Kingdom of Transjordan (Jordan) 197 \u201cLost Generation\u201d 303 Italian 319 Irish Peace Tower 239 King\u2019s African Rifles 38, 76, 77, 255 Louvain 43 Japanese 85 irregulars 197 Kipling, John 143 Lowestoft 170 medical treatment 186\u201387 Isonzo, battles of the 107, 246 Kipling, Rudyard 143, 302 Ludendorff, General Erich 4, 21, 66, 67, 70, Medina 196 Isonzo Front Battlefields 351 Kitchener, Lord 33, 46, 52, 110, 113, 119, Mediterranean, war in the 78, 256\u201357 Italian campaigns 71, 134, 135, 153, 209, 222\u201323, 276, Megiddo, Battle of 316 Asiago 107, 246, 319 142, 176, 177 320, 321 Mehmed V, Sultan 15, 74\u201375, 119, 196 Caporetto 107, 243, 246\u201347, 248, 319 Kluck, General Alexander von 46, 53, 54, 55 and Amiens 305 memorials, monuments, and museums 117, Isonzo 107, 246 Kolchak, Admiral Alexander 300, 301, 342 biography 223 Piave River 319 Kollwitz, K\u00e4the 61, 349 character and qualities 67, 222 161, 239, 255, 348\u201351 Vittorio Veneto 247, 313, 318\u201319 Komarow, Battle of 73 and Falkenhayn 23, 67, 134\u201335 see also cemeteries Italy K\u00f6niggr\u00e4tz, Battle of 66 and German economic and diplomatic Menin Gate 348 civilian hardships 199 Kornilov, General Lavr 235, 252 policies 202, 203, 223 Menin Road 60, 242 colonies 77 Kosovo 141 and Hindenburg 66, 67 merchant shipping 82\u201383, 126, 127, 213, enters the war 106\u201307 Kostiuchnowka, Battle of 168 and invasion of Belgium 42, 222\u201323 fascism 343, 345 Kriemhilde Stellung 309, 312 and Lys Offensive 282, 283 220\u201321, 256\u201357 invasion of Libya 17, 25 Kruger, Paul 21 and Michael Offensive 278, 279 convoy system 201, 220, 221, 257 Italo-Turkish War 15, 25, 74, 106 Krupp 202 and Second Battle of the Marne 285, 286, Mercier, Cardinal 202, 203 nationalism 107 Kuhl, General Hermann von 241 287 Mesopotamia 75, 119, 122\u201323, 197, 317, 334 neutrality 31 Kun, Bela 333 and Tannenberg 64, 65, 67 Messines, Battle of 109, 227, 238\u201339, 248 postwar 333, 344 Kurds 116, 117 Ludendorff Donation Fund 222 Messines Battlefield and Memorials 348 territorial ambitions 106 Kut al-Amara 119, 122, 123, 258 L\u00fcderitz 76 Metz 306 Triple Alliance 14, 31 Luftwaffe 189, 295 Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Ivangorod 70 L Lusitania, sinking of the 79, 89, 126\u201327, 131, Izzet, General Ahmed 317 213, 214, 220 Memorial 350 La Bass\u00e9e, Battle of 59, 60, 119 Lutsk 175 Meuse-Argonne Offensive 285, 305, 306, J La Voie Sacr\u00e9e 155, 160 Luxemburg, Rosa 33, 218, 320 labor unrest 269 LVG reconnaissance aircraft 294 307, 308\u201309, 311, 312 Jack, Richard 103 Lvov, Prince Giorgi 211 Mexico 166\u201367, 213 Jagdgeschwader (Flying Circus) 189 see also strikes Lys Offensive 279, 282\u201383 Meyer-Waldeck, Alfred 85 Jameson Raid 21 Lafayette Escadrille 131 M\u00e9zi\u00e8res 323 Japan Laffert, General Maximilian von 239 M Michael Offensive 277, 278\u201381, 282 Lake Doiran 316 Anglo-Japanese alliance 14 Lake Naroch Offensive 174 McCrae, John 102 see also Spring Offensives convoy escort duties 257 Landships Committee 250, 251 Macedonia 316 Middle East, war in the see Arab Revolt; declares war 31, 84 Langemarck 60, 241 machine guns 15, 24, 25, 138\u201339, 227, 241, intervention in Russia 300, 301 Langemark German War Cemetery 348 Caucasian campaigns; Gallipoli postwar 334 Lanrezac, General Charles 44, 45, 46, 47, 57 252 Campaign; Mesopotamia; Palestine prewar 16 Lansing, Robert 131 Mackensen, General August von 70, 71, 135, Military History Museum, Austria 348 Russo-Japanese War 14, 25, 60, 145, 187 Latvia 277 Military Service Act 177 territorial ambitions 84, 85, 300 Lausanne, Treaty of 334, 343 140, 194, 195 military technology 24\u201325, 272\u201373 Tsingtao expedition 84\u201385 Lawrence, T.E. (Lawrence of Arabia) 196, MacMahon, Sir Henry 196 see also aircraft; airships; artillery; Jassin 254 MacNeill, Eoin 164 dreadnoughts; tanks; weapons Jaur\u00e8s, Jean 32 197, 258, 317, 334 Madras 83 mines 25, 78, 79, 238, 239, 292 Jean Bart French battleship 256 Le Bonnet Rouge 167 Maginot Line 159 minesweepers 110 Jeddah 196 Le Cateau, Battle of 47 Mahiwa, Battle of 255 Mitchell, General Billy 295, 307 Jellicoe, Admiral John 78, 79, 170, 171, 220, League of Nations 85, 215, 255, 334, 338, Makhno, Nestor 342 mobilization 22, 33 malnutrition 195, 198, 268, 269, 271, 332, Moldavia 195 221 339, 343, 344 Moltke, General Helmuth von 21, 22, 30, 31, Jerusalem 109, 258, 259, 316 League of the Three Emperors 14, 18, 197 333 42, 45, 53, 54\u201355, 57, 58, 95, 223 jingoism 17, 32 Lebanon 197 Malta 256 Lee-Enfield rifle 24, 231 Malvy, Louis-Jean 167, 337 Monash, General Sir John 108, 109, 242, Leman, General G\u00e9rard 42 Mametz Wood 181 304, 313 Manchuria 85 Mangin, General Charles 118, 119, 160, 161, Monastir 194 Monchy-le-Preux 73 286, 305 Monro, General Sir Charles 113 Mann, Thomas 302, 303 Mons, Battle of 46\u201349 Montagu, Edwin 119 Montenegro 15, 19 Montfaucon d\u2019Argonne 309 Moravia 319 Morgenthau, Henry 117 355","INDEX Morocco Nixon, General Sir John 122 phosgene 105, 279 Rawlinson, General Sir Henry 180\u201381, 184, First Moroccan Crisis 14, 17, 18, 21, 201 no man\u2019s land 94, 95, 119 photography 260\u201361 250, 304 Rif Rebellion 159, 342 North Sea, war in the 78\u201379, 88, 124\u201325, photoreconnaissance 98, 145, 152, 227, Second Moroccan Crisis 12, 15, 17 Raynal, Major Sylvain-Eug\u00e8ne 160 troops 45, 54 126, 145, 166, 170\u201373 292 reconnaissance aircraft 145, 152, 188, 227, Norway 333 Piave River, Battle of the 319 Morse Code 144, 145 Notre Dame de Lorette 350 Pilsudski, Jozef 70, 168, 169, 319, 343 255, 257, 294, 295 mortars 50, 51 novelists and poets 302\u201303 pistols 101, 143, 203 observers 188, 294 Moscow 253, 300 Nungesser, Charles 189 plastic surgery 187 photoreconnaissance 98, 145, 152, 227, Mosul 123, 317 Nur ud-Din Pasha 123 Pless Convention 140 Mulhouse 44 nurses 186, 187 Ploesti 195 292 M\u00fcller, Captain Karl von 82\u201383 Plumer, General Herbert 103, 238, 239, 242, Red Army 276, 301, 342\u201343 munitions production O Red Baron, see Richthofen, Manfred von 283 Red Cross 187 Britain 92, 93 observation balloons 145 Pohl, Admiral Hugo von 125 Red Guard 252 France 93, 119 Odessa 74, 301, 342 poilus 155 Redel, Colonel Alfred 167 Germany 93, 202 oil fields 75 Poincar\u00e9, Raymond 30, 32, 33, 57, 337 Redmond, John 33, 164 United States 13, 130 Old Contemptibles 61 poison gas see chemical warfare refugees Murmansk 300, 301 Pola 257 Murray, General Archibald 258 see also British army, British Expeditionary Poland 69, 70\u201371, 152, 319, 333, 339, 343 Armenian 88, 116, 117 Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e, Paris 350 Force (BEF) Belgian 42, 53 Muslims 122, 196 18th-century partition of 168 East Prussian 64 troops 119 Omdurman 179 deportations 202 French 53 see also Turkey Operation Georgette see Lys Offensive Germanization program 203 Serbian 141 Mussolini, Benito 343, 345 Orlando, Vittorio 247, 334, 335 independence 169, 334 Reims 52, 58, 286, 287 mustard gas 105, 243 Orpen, William 261, 335 nationalism 168\u201369 Remarque, Erich 303 mutinies Ostende 293 Polish Legions 70, 168, 169 Remembrance Day 344, 345 Canadian 332 Otranto barrage 257 Russian Poland 70, 168, 169 remembrance poppies 179 French 159, 161, 199, 225 Ottoman Empire Russian retreat from 135, 169 Rennenkampf, General Paul von 64, 65 German 293, 320\u201321 Russo-Polish War 73, 343 reparations 334, 339, 343 Indian troops 89, 119 decline of 17, 19, 74 Polar Bear Expedition 301 reserved occupations dismembered 317 Portugal 152, 282\u201383 Britain 93, 177 N see also Turkey colonies 77 United States 216 Owen, Wilfred 303, 323 Portuguese Expeditionary Force 283 reservists 22, 60 Namibia 255 posters 79, 93, 128\u201329, 131, 159, 176, 177, resistance movements 167 see also German South West Africa P Belgium 43, 167 203, 216, 231, 234, 265, 285, 295, 306, France 167 Namur 42 Pacific, war in the 39, 84\u201385 320 see also governments-in-exile Nancy 52, 132 pacifism 345 postwar conflicts 342\u201343 revolutionary upheaval Napoleonic Wars 24 Potiorek, Oskar 68 Arab Revolt 148, 196\u201397 Nash, Paul 244, 260 see also antiwar groups POWs see prisoners of war Germany 320\u201321, 322, 332, 338 National Defense Act 131, 216 Painlev\u00e9, Paul 337 Pozi\u00e8res 109, 184\u201385 Irish War of Independence 342 national self-determination 334, 338 Palestine 73, 109, 119, 152, 197, 258\u201359, Preparedness Movement 130, 131, 216 Russia 117, 128, 153, 197, 199, 218, National War Memorial (Newfoundland) Price, Private George 231, 323 313, 316\u201317, 334 Princess Patricia\u2019s Canadian Light Infantry 252\u201353, 268 349 division of 197 230, 231 revolvers 175, 312 National War Memorial (Ottawa) 349 occupation of Jerusalem 259, 316 Princip, Gavrilo 28, 29 Rhineland 291, 332, 339 nationalism Pals Battalions 177, 181 prisoners of war Richthofen, Manfred von (Red Baron) 189, Pankhurst, Emmeline 33 Austro-Hungarian 319 Arab 75, 196\u201397 Papen, Franz von 131 British 281 227, 297, 298\u201399 Armenian 75, 116, 117 parachutes 189, 295 German 242, 305, 333 Rickenbacker, Eddie 189, 297, 306 Czech 169 Paris Portuguese 283 Rider-Rider, William 260 German 20, 67, 202, 223, 332\u201333 aerial bombing 268, 295 release 332 rifles 14, 24, 25, 26\u201327, 72, 113, 138, 139, Irish 164\u201365 defense of 38, 52 Russian 202 Italian 107 long-range bombardment of 279 Prittwitz, General Maximilian 64 164, 196\u201397, 225, 250 Polish 168\u201369 Paris Peace Conference 85, 197, 201, 215, profiteering 93, 199, 269, 323 Riga, Battle of 95, 235, 252, 273 Russian 342 propaganda Rizzo, Luigi 256 Slav 18\u201319, 28, 29, 153, 168\u201369 291, 311, 323, 328, 334\u201335, 337 art and photography as tools of 260, 261 RMS Leinster 221, 320 Turkish 19, 117, 343 Passchendaele, see Ypres, Third Battle of Bolshevik 300 Robeck, Admiral John de 110 Naumann, Friedrich 202 Passchendaele Battlefield memorials 348 British 47 Robertson, General Sir William 201, 240, Naumann, Captain Heinrich 255 Patch, Harry 345 French 44 Nauru 85 patriotism 17, 33, 67, 302 German 12, 67 257 naval conflicts 78\u201379 Patton, Colonel George 307 posters see posters Robinson, Lieutenant William Leefe 132 Coronel 83 peace initiatives 152\u201353, 218\u201319, 313 writers 302 rockets 145 Dogger Bank 79, 88, 124\u201325 Peace of Riga 334 Prussia Rohr, Captain Willy 273 Falklands 39, 83, 124, 126 Peace Pledge Union 345 Austro-Prussian War 66 Romania 203, 218, 234 Heligoland Bight 78, 124 peace treaties 334 Franco-Prussian War 14, 16, 24, 25, 66, Jutland 125, 145, 166, 170\u201373 67, 187, 290, 339 Balkan Wars 15, 19 see also submarine warfare see also Armistice Prussian War Academy 22 civilian hardships 195 Nazi Party 203, 223, 343, 345 Pearse, Patrick 164, 165 see also East Prussia enters the war 175, 194 Nek 109, 113 P\u00e9guy, Charles 303 Przemysl 69, 71, 134, 135 invasion of 152, 194\u201395, 234 Netherlands 167, 333 Penang 83 psychiatric medicine 187 territorial ambitions 194 neutrality 22 penicillin 187 Putnik, Field Marshal Radomir 68, 141 Rome, Treaty of 334 Neuilly, Treaty of 317, 334 Pershing, General Jack 149, 213, 217, 285, Rommel, Lieutenant Erwin 246, 247 neutrality 22, 31, 167 Q Roosevelt, Theodore 131 Neuve Chapelle, Battle of 98\u201399, 103, 119, 291, 310\u201311, 320 Rosenberg, Isaac 303 and Armistice 322 Q-ships 127 Royal Air Force 189, 232, 295 179 biography 311 Qurna 122 Royal Australian Navy 83 Neuville-Saint-Vaast German War Cemetery character and qualities 310, 311 Royal Flying Corps 227, 231, 259 distrust of Europe 310\u201311 R see also air combat 350 and Meuse-Argonne Offensive 308, 309, Royal Marines 292\u201393 New Zealand 85 Race to the Sea 58\u201359, 60, 73 Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and of conscription 108 311 radio communication 25, 144, 232 New Zealand Expeditionary Force 108, 109 prewar combat experience 310 railroad networks 22, 24, 25, 238 Military History 348 and St. Mihiel salient 306 Ramleh CWGC Cemetery 350 Royal Navy 18, 23, 30, 78\u201379, 80, 127 troops 108\u201309, 110\u201315, 242, 259 Persia 75, 122 Rasputin, Grigori 149, 198, 199, 210 Newfoundland Regiment 230, 231 P\u00e9tain, General Philippe 103, 158\u201359, 285, Rathenau, Walther 93 and the Arab Revolt 196, 197 newsreels 261 rationing British Naval Intelligence Division 166, Nicaragua 130 286, 287 Nicholas II, Tsar 15, 31, 33, 135, 153, 174, and Artois Offensive 158 Austria-Hungary 268 167 biography 159 Britain 221, 268 East African operations 77, 82 198, 300 character and qualities 158 Germany 198 Gallipoli 110\u201311 abdication 210, 300 commander-in-chief 225 naval blockades 38, 79, 82, 93, 124, 126, execution 211, 300 and Spring Offensives 279 Nieuport 11 \u201cB\u00e9b\u00e9\u201d 188 and Verdun 155, 158\u201359 131, 198, 322, 333 Nikolai Nikolaievich, Grand Duke 70 Peter I, King of Serbia 140, 141 Royal Naval Air Service 79 Nivelle, General Robert 57, 159, 226 Petrograd 199, 210, 211, 234, 235, 252, 253, biography 225 South Atlantic Squadron 83 dismissed 225 300 Zeebrugge Raid 221, 292\u201393 Nivelle Offensive 153, 159, 224\u201325, 227 Philip, Prince of Eulenberg 21 see also naval conflicts; submarine warfare and Verdun 160, 161, 224 Philippines 130 Ruhr, Franco-Belgian occupation of 339, 343 Rumpler C.VII 295 runners (messengers) 145 Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria 44, 99, 104, 241, 242 Russell, Bertrand 218 Russia Allied intervention in 300\u2013301 antiwar groups 33, 167, 234 356","INDEX armed forces, mobilization 15, 23, 30, 33, invasion of Bosnia 68, 69 Suvla Bay 112, 113 navy 74, 256, 257 64 liberation 141 Swakopmund 76 Palestinian operations 258\u201359, 313, and the Sarajevo assassination 28\u201329, 30 Swinton, Colonel Ernest 250 Balkan policy 18\u201319, 30 S\u00e8vres, Treaty of 117, 317, 334, 342 Switzerland 167 316\u201317 Bolshevik Revolution 117, 128, 153, 197, shells 24\u201325, 50, 105, 171, 226, 228\u201329 swords, ceremonial 255 postwar 333, 343 shell shock 187 Sykes, Sir Mark 197 Treaty of Lausanne 334, 343 199, 218, 252\u201353, 268 shortages 93, 103, 104 Sykes-Picot Agreement 197 Treaty of S\u00e8vres 117, 317, 334, 342 Bolsheviks see Bolsheviks shrapnel 50 Syria 73, 75, 109, 197, 334, 342 Turkish Republic 112, 317, 343 Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty 203, 218, 235, Shrine of Remembrance, Australia 348 Young Turks 15, 19, 74, 75, 317 Siberia 342 T Turnip Winter 198, 268 276\u201377 Sidi Bair 112, 113 Tyne Cot Cemetery 349 civilian hardships 198\u201399, 211 Siegfriedstellung 248, 312 Talaat Pasha 74, 117 typhus 71, 187, 333 declares war on Turkey 38, 74 Sikorski, Igor 24 Tamines 42 exit from the war 153, 276\u201377, 278 Silesia 69, 70 Tanga, Battle of 76, 119, 254 U Franco-Russian alliance 14, 30 Singapore Mutiny 119 tanks 179, 250\u201351 invasion of East Prussia 64 Sinn Fein 165, 342 U-boats see submarine warfare; submarines League of the Three Emperors 14, 18 Slav nationalism 18\u201319, 28, 29, 153, Amiens 251, 304\u201305 Uganda railroad 254 monarchy 17 antitank rifles 250 Ukraine 276, 277, 342, 343 nationalism 342 168\u201369 British 184, 185, 248\u201349, 250, 304 Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) 33, 164, 239 overthrow of tsarist regime 210\u201311, 213, slave labor see forced labor Cambrai 248\u201349, 251 Umberto I, King of Italy 17 Smith-Dorrien, General Sir Horace 47, 103 French 225, 250, 286, 307 uniforms 218 smoke helmets 105 German 250, 251 postwar 342\u201343 SMS Bl\u00fccher 124, 125 Nivelle Offensive 225, 251 Australian 82, 108\u201309 pre-World War I 14, 15, 16, 17 SMS Breslau 74, 75, 124, 256, 257 St. Mihiel 251, 307 Austrian 72 Provisional Government 207, 211, 234, SMS Derfflinger 124, 125, 172\u201373 Second Battle of the Marne 286, 287 British 46\u201347, 72, 188\u201389 SMS Dresden 83 Somme 185, 250 Canadian 230 235, 252 SMS Emden 82\u201383 tank crews 250\u201351 cavalry 72 Russian Civil War 73, 169, 174, 253, 265, SMS Gneisenau 82, 83 Ypres 242, 251 French 44\u201345, 72 SMS Goeben 74, 75, 124, 256, 257 Tannenberg, Battle of 38, 64\u201365, 67, 145, German 21, 43, 70, 72, 77, 293 277, 342\u201343 SMS Karlsruhe 82 Italian 107, 247 Russo-Japanese War 14, 25, 60, 145, SMS K\u00f6nigsberg 76, 77, 82, 254, 255 223 naval 82, 217, 293 SMS Moltke 124, 125 Taube monoplane 64 pilots 188\u201389 187 SMS Novara 257 \u201ctaxis of the Marne\u201d 54 Russian 135 Russo-Polish War 73, 343 SMS Panther 18 tear gas 104, 279 servicewomen 217 social and political solidarity 33 SMS Pommern 171 tetanus 187 stormtroopers 274, 275 war economy 93 SMS Scharnhorst 82, 83 Thiepval 185 Turkish 113 war planning 22\u201323 SMS Seydlitz 124, 125 Thiepval Memorial to the Missing 350 U.S. 217, 306 see also Russian army; and specific SMS Szent Istv\u00e1n 256, 257 Three Year Law 19 United States 130\u201331 SMS Wien 257 timelines aircraft industry 294 campaigns and battles Smuts, General Jan 77, 232, 254\u201355 antiwar groups 131, 216\u201317 Russian army social and political solidarity 32\u201333, 198, 1870\u20131914 14\u201315 Associate Power status 213 1914 40\u201341 casualties 285, 287, 307 Fifth Army 71 199 1915 90\u201391 conscription 216 First Army 65 socialism 17, 269 1916 150\u201351 declares war on Austria-Hungary 247 Red Army 276, 301, 342\u201343 1917 208\u201309 enters the war 127, 153, 207, 212\u201313, 215 Second Army 64, 65 France 32, 33, 225 1918 266\u201367 first military actions 285, 287 Tenth Army 134 Germany 32, 67, 199, 218, 320, 321 Tirailleurs Annamites 119, 207 industrial capacity 130, 131 Third Army 135 United States 217 Tirailleurs S\u00e9n\u00e9galais 118, 119 intervention in Russia 301 Solomon Islands 85 Tirpitz, Admiral Alfred von 18, 21 isolationism 345 S Somme battlefield 350 Tisza, Count Istv\u00e1n 29 mobilization 282 Somme Offensive 73, 95, 109, 148, 155, 177, TNT 25 munitions production 13, 130 Saarland 339 Togoland 76, 255 National Defense Act 131, 216 sabotage 131, 195, 213 179, 180\u201385, 230, 231, 272 torpedoes 25, 79, 130, 171 navy 130 Sacrario Militare di Redipuglia 351 The Battle of the Somme (newsreel) 261 total war concept 8, 337 neutrality 31, 39, 130, 131, 213, 214 St. George\u2019s Memorial Church 349 Sonnino, Giorgio 107 Townshend, General Sir Charles 122\u201323 Preparedness Movement 130, 131, 216 St. Julien Memorial 348\u201349 Sopwith Camel 192, 232, 295 Trabzon 117 \u201cRed Scare\u201d 333 St. Mihiel salient 251, 265, 285, 295, 305, Souchon, Rear Admiral Wilhelm 74, 75 trade blockades 152, 198, 339 and sinking of the Lusitania 126\u201327, 131 South Africa 76, 77 trade unions 33, 201, 202, 268, 269 socialism 217 306\u201307 South African troops 73, 77, 184, 254, 255 Trans-Siberian Railway 300, 301 Unknown Warrior 344, 351 St. Quentin Canal 249, 312\u201313 South Atlantic Squadron 83 Transylvania 194, 195 volunteer principle 216 Salandra, Antonio 106\u201307 South Tyrol 319 Trebizond 73 war economy 216, 217 Salonika 141, 256 Spanish influenza 186, 269 trench warfare 55, 59, 60, 61, 94\u201397, 98, war effort 216\u201317 Sambre, Battle of the 45 Spartacus League 33, 218, 320 war memorials 351 Samoa 85 Spee, Admiral Maximilian Graf von 82, 83 152 see also U.S. Army Samsonov, General Alexander 64, 65 Spring Offensives 67, 95, 159, 201, 223, 277, casualties 95 Unknown Warrior 344, 345, 351 Sanctuary Wood Cemetery and Museum Hill saps (short trenches) 94, 226 U.S. Army 278\u201379, 282\u201383, 286 trench construction 94 African-American troops 131, 216, 287, 62 349 SS Glitra 126 trench fever 186 Sarajevo assassinations 28\u201329 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm 83 trench foot 95 308 Sargent, John Singer 261, 288 SS Sussex 215, 220 weaponry 100\u2013101 Air Service 307 Sarikamish, Battle of 74, 75, 116 St.-Germain-en-Laye, Treaty of 319, 334 Trenchard, General Hugh 227, 232, 295 American Expeditionary Force (AEF) 213, Sarrail, General Maurice 141, 194 Stalin, Joseph 211 Trentino 106, 107, 246, 247, 319 Sassoon, Siegfried 218, 303 Stefanik, Milan 169 Trevelyan, G.M. 319 217, 285, 286, 287, 305, 306\u201307, Sazonov, Sergei 30 Stevenson, Frances 200 Trianon, Treaty of 319, 334 308\u201309, 310 Scapa Flow 339 Stinktruppe 104 Trieste 257, 319 First Army 306, 308, 309, 311, 312 Scarborough 79 Stopford, General Frederick 112 Triple Alliance 14, 31 Second Army 309, 311 Scheer, Admiral Reinhard 170, 171 stormtroopers 249, 272, 273, 274\u201375, 279, Trotsky, Leon 235, 252, 253, 276, 342 standing army 130, 131 Scheidemann, Philipp 321, 339 Trou\u00e9e de Charmes 291 Tank Corps 128 Schleswig 339 281, 283, 287 Tsingtao 39, 84, 85, 334 Schlieffen, Alfred von 14, 22, 44 Strasser, Captain Peter 132 Tudor, General Hugh 248 V Schlieffen Plan 14, 22, 31, 42, 44, 52, 55, 64, stretcher-bearers 177, 186 Tunisia 45 strikes 199, 218, 268, 269, 337 tunneling 238 Van 116\u201317 222 Sturdee, Vice Admiral Frederick 83 Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Venice 319 Sch\u00fctte-Lanz airships 132 submarine warfare and the Arab Revolt 196\u201397 Venizelos, Eleftherios 141, 257 Schutztruppe 76, 77, 254, 255 Armenian massacre 116\u201317 Verdun, Battle of 57, 105, 119, 143, 145, Schwieger, Captain Walther 126 Austro-Hungarian submarines 257 armistice 259, 317 \u201cscientific warfare\u201d 291 ending of 320 Balkan Wars 15 148, 152, 154\u201357, 158\u201359, 160\u201361, 224 Scimitar Hill, Battle of 113 long-range U-boats 221 defeat in Palestine 313, 316\u201317 Verona 319 scorched-earth tactics 135, 169, 224, 255 Lusitania, sinking of the 79, 89, 126\u201327, enters the war 31, 38, 74\u201375 Versailles, Treaty of 105, 132, 189, 291, 295, Scottish National War Memorial 351 Gallipoli 94, 95, 99, 108, 109, 110\u201315, Scramble for Africa 76 131, 213, 214, 220 321, 323, 334, 337, 338\u201341 seaplanes 79 merchant ships, sinking of 82\u201383, 126, 119, 187 conditions 338\u201339 Sebastopol 74 Greco-Turkish War 343 veterans\u2019 organizations 345 Sedan 307, 309 127, 206, 213, 220\u201321, 256, 257 Italo-Turkish War 15, 25, 74, 106 Vichy regime 159 Seeger, Alan 131 prize rules 126, 127 jihad (holy war) 75, 119, 196 Vickers gun 25 Selle, Battle of 313 U-boat guns 221 Mesopotamian campaign 122\u201323 semaphore 145 U-boat losses 221 nationalism 19, 117, 343 Serbia unrestricted 21, 79, 124, 126\u201327, 131, Austria-Hungary, prewar relations with 153, 171, 213, 215, 220\u201321, 223, 19 256\u201357 submarines 14, 25, 30, 127 Austro-Hungarian invasion of 68 submarine pens 292\u201393 Balkan Wars 15, 17 Suez Canal 75, 122 Bulgarian invasion of 98 suffragettes 15, 17, 32, 33 defeat of 107, 135, 140\u201341, 152 357","INDEX Vickers \u201cGunbus\u201d 188 howitzers 50, 51, 154 Wilhelm, Crown Prince 34, 44, 154, 160 Y Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 107, 343 incendiary bombs 132 Williams, Christopher 181 Victoria, Queen 14, 20 machine guns 15, 24, 25, 138\u201339, 227, Wilson, Woodrow 13, 15, 127, 130, 153, Yenbo 197 Victoria Crosses 112, 170 Yilderim Force 152, 258\u201359 Vienna 319 241, 252 214\u201315, 216, 269, 301, 307, 310, York, Alvin C. 308 Villa, Pancho 149, 310, 311 Maxim guns 14, 24, 25 344 Young Turks 15, 19, 74, 75, 317 Villers-Bretonneux 251, 279 mines 25, 78, 79, 238, 239 biography 215 Ypres Vilnius 135, 174 mortars 50, 51 character and qualities 214 Vimy Ridge 207, 226, 231 naval guns 79, 80 Fourteen Points 215, 218, 320 First Battle of 59, 60\u201361, 73, 89, 102, 240 Vistula Offensive 70, 135 pistols 69, 101, 143 and Paris Peace Conference 201, 215, Second Battle of 99, 102\u201303, 105, 119, Vittorio Veneto Offensive 247, 313, 318\u201319 revolvers 175, 312 334, 335 Vladivostok 300, 301 rifles 14, 24, 25, 26\u201327, 72, 113, 138, 139, peace note 153, 213, 214 230\u201331, 240 Vladslo German War Cemetery 349 takes America into the war 212\u201313, Third Battle of (Passchendaele) 105, 109, Volga famine 343 164, 196\u201397, 225, 250 215 Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) 187 shells 24\u201325, 50, 171, 226, 228\u201329 and Treaty of Versailles 338 179, 206, 221, 225, 227, 231, 239, torpedoes 25, 79, 130, 171 Windhoek 77 240\u201345, 248 W trench warfare weaponry 100\u2013101 Wintgens, Captain Max 255 Ypres salient battlefield 349 U-boat guns 221 wireless telegraphy 25, 144, 145 Yser, Battle of the 59 war art and artists 31, 48, 99, 102\u201303, 103, Weimar Republic 67 women Yser, flooding of the 59 131, 133, 170, 180\u201381, 190, 223, 238, Wejh 197 military service 217, 234, 253 Yudenich, General Nikolai 73, 117, 342 244\u201345, 258\u201359, 260, 261, 284, 288\u201389, Wells, H.G. 302 munitions work 92, 93 Yugoslavia 141, 169, 317, 334 307 Wemyss, Admiral Rosslyn 323 nurses 186, 187 Western Front voting rights 15, 17, 32, 33, 269 Z see also posters campaigns (1914) 42\u201349, 52\u201355, 58\u201361 war work 92, 93, 128, 199, 201, 268 war bonds 93, 128 campaigns (1915) 98\u201399, 102\u201303, 142\u201343 Women\u2019s Social and Political Union Zborov, Battle of 169 campaigns (1916) 154\u201357, 158\u201359, (WSPU) 33 Zeebrugge 59 Germany 202, 203 Wood, General Leonard 131 Zeebrugge Raid 221, 292\u201393 United States 216, 217 160\u201361, 180\u201385 Woodville, Richard Caton 48 Zemstvo Union 198 war correspondents 285 campaigns (1917) 224\u201327, 232\u201333, World War I Zeppelin, Count Ferdinand von 25, 132 war economies 93, 269 background to 18\u201319, 28\u201329 Zeppelin raids 14, 25, 131, 132\u201333, 232, 255 Britain 93 238\u201345, 248\u201349 commemoration 344\u201345 Zeppelin-Staaken \u201cGiant\u201d 232, 233 France 93, 119 campaigns (1918) 277\u201387, 304\u201309 deadlock 152\u201353 Zimmermann, Arthur 166, 213 Germany 93, 202 Spring Offensives (1918) 277, 278\u201379, outbreak of war 30\u201331, 34\u201335 Zimmerman Telegram 131, 166\u201367, 213 Russia 93 peace treaties 334, 338\u201339 Zionism 197 United States 217 282\u201383 postwar conflicts 342\u201343 Zouaves 102, 142 War Resisters International 345 Western Thrace 317 prewar period 14\u201317 war-weariness 201, 211, 218, 234, 268, 301 Wet, Christiaan de 77 war planning 22\u201323 Warsaw 70, 343 Wharton, Edith 302 war-weariness 201, 211, 218, 234, 268, wash kit 259 Whitby 79 301 water bottles 123 White, Victor 131 World War II 159, 273, 295, 339 Watter, General Oskar von 249 White Feather movement 177 Wrangel, General Pyotr 342 weapons White Lady resistance network 167 Wright, Wilbur and Orville 14, 25 antiaircraft guns 132, 232 White Russians 300, 301, 342 W\u00fcrttemberg, Albrecht, Duke of 44 antitank rifles 250 Whitehead, Robert 25 Wyllie, William 190 artillery 24, 50\u201351 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 13, 14, 18, 20\u201321, 29, 30, bayonets 25, 45 X field guns 50, 137, 249, 254 31, 33, 34, 60, 67, 84, 125, 132, 202, flamethrowers 160 206, 223, 320, 321 xylyl bromide 105 grenades 26, 101, 110, 317 abdication 21, 321 aggressive militarism 18, 20, 21 approves unrestricted submarine warfare 21 attitude towards Britain 20\u201321 biography 21 character and qualities 20, 21 and the First Moroccan Crisis 18, 21, 201 Acknowledgments The publisher would like to thank the Hulton Archive (cra). Mary Evans Picture Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (fbl); Tim London (bl). Corbis: Daniel Deme \/ epa following for their kind permission to Library: Grenville Collins Postcard Ridley \/ Courtesy of the Ministry of Defence (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ reproduce their photographs: Collection (cla). 16-17 Getty Images: Roger Pattern Room, Nottingham (ca). Toucan Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cla). Getty Viollet Collection (t). 16 Dorling Books Ltd: Imperial War Museum \/ Images: Popperfoto (br). 41 akg-images: (Key: a-above; b-below\/bottom; c-center; Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Norman Brand (br). 28 Corbis: Bettmann Interfoto (c); Interfoto \/ Hermann Historica f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) Jean-Pierre Verney (cl). Mary Evans (b); Hulton-Deutsch Collection (cla). (cr). The Art Archive: Imperial War Picture Library: Grenville Collins Postcard 29 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). Getty Images: Museum (crb). Australian War Memorial: 1 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (c). Collection (bl). 17 Getty Images: Imagno Dieter Nagl \/ AFP (tl); Imagno (cra). Order 6167241 (bc). The Bridgeman Art 2-3 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection. (tc). 18 akg-images: (tr). Getty Images: 30 Getty Images: Paul Thompson \/ FPG \/ Library: Musee de l\u2019Armee, Paris, France 4 Corbis: Alinari Archives (br); Hulton- Imagno (bl). 18-19 Corbis: (b). 19 Getty Hulton Archive (tr); Topical Press Agency (cl). 42 Getty Images: Central Press \/ Deutsch Collection (l); Bettmann (tc); Images: Topical Press Agency (t). 20 akg- (b). 31 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Hulton Archive (ca). Lebrecht Music and Manuel Litran (ca). 5 Alamy Images: images. Corbis: (bl). 21 akg-images: Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cr). Mary Arts: RA (bl). 43 Dorling Kindersley: Interfoto (bl). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Interfoto (c). Corbis: (tl). Getty Images: Evans Picture Library: Interfoto (l). Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Collection (c). Photo Scala, Florence: General Photographic Agency (br). 22 Mary 32 Corbis: Heritage Images (bl); Hulton- Verney (r). Getty Images: Hulton Archive The Print Collector (br). 8-9 TopFoto. Evans Picture Library: Onslow Auctions Deutsch Collection (br). 33 Corbis: Hulton- (clb). 44 akg-images: (tl); Interfoto \/ co.uk: The Granger Collection. Limited (tl). 23 Lebrecht Music and Arts: Deutsch Collection (tl); Reuters \/ Tobias Hermann Historica (bc). Alamy Images: 10-11 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (t). 24 Dorling Schwarz (cra). Getty Images: Topical Press Interfoto (bl). 44-45 Dorling Kindersley: Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney. 12 akg- Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Agency (br). 34-35 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre images: (crb). Getty Images: Imagno (tl, Jean-Pierre Verney (cla). Getty Images: Collection. 36-37 Lebrecht Music and Verney. 45 Getty Images: ND \/ Roger clb); Topical Press Agency (cb). Mary Evans Hulton Archive (b). 25 Corbis: Alinari Arts: Interfoto. 38 akg-images: IAM (clb). Viollet (br). 46 Getty Images: Hulton Picture Library: Interfoto (tr).13 Corbis: Archives (tl); National Aviation Museum The Art Archive: Imperial War Museum Archive (cla). The Stapleton Collection: Bettmann (cra). Getty Images: Boyer \/ (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ (tl). Getty Images: Images of Empire \/ (bl). 46-47 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Roger Viollet (cb); Hulton Archive (tc). Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Historical Universal Images Group (crb); Popperfoto Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Royal Artillery 14 akg-images: (br). Alamy Images: Trust (tr). 26 Dorling Kindersley: Gary (tr). Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (cb). Historical Trust. 47 The Stapleton Interfoto (c). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (c, clb); Gary Ombler \/ Collection of 38-39 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection Collection: (ca, br). 48-49 The Bridgeman Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Jean-Pierre Verney (cra); Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 (t). 39 Alamy Images: The Print Collector Art Library: National Army Museum, (cl); Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Royal The Board of Trustees of the Armouries (br, (c). Australian War Memorial: Order London. 50 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Artillery Historical Trust (bl). Getty Images: cla, cl, ca, bl\/a). 26-27 Dorling Kindersley: 6173929 (clb). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Ombler (fcl, tr); Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of Roger Viollet Collection (cra). 15 akg- Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Pictures from History \/ CPAMedia (t). the Royal Artillery Historical Trust (cra); images: Interfoto (clb). Corbis: Heritage the Armouries (t). 27 Dorling Kindersley: 40 akg-images: Interfoto (c). Alamy Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Royal Images (cb); (c); Hulton-Deutsch Collection Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of Images: Photos 12 (tr). The Bridgeman Museum of the Armed Forces and Military (br). Getty Images: Paul Thompson \/ FPG \/ the Armouries (cb, c); Gary Ombler \/ Art Library: National Army Museum, History, Brussels, Belgium (bl, c); Gary 358","ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ombler \/ By kind permission of The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London (cr). Ltd: Imperial War Museum \/ Norman Brand Archive (l). 159 akg-images: (c). Getty of the Imperial War Museum, London (cl). Getty Images: Leemage (br). Museum (cra). 126 Corbis: Bettmann (b). Dorling Images: Apic (bl); Galerie Bilderwelt (crb). 50-51 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Victoria, Melbourne: Order 18373 (ca). Kindersley: Gary Ombler (cl). 127 Corbis: 160 Corbis: adoc-photos (c). Dorling Courtesy of the Royal Museum of the 91 akg-images: (clb); Interfoto (tr). The Hulton-Deutsch Collection (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Armed Forces and of Military History, Art Archive: Imperial War Museum (c). Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ By kind Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Brussels, Belgium (b). 51 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ permission of The Trustees of the Imperial Military History, Brussels, Belgium (bl). Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cl); Gary War Museum, London (tl). National 161 Alamy Images: Hemis (bl). Getty Royal Artillery Historical Trust (tl, cl); Gary Ombler \/ By kind permission of The Trustees Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: Images: Galerie Bilderwelt (tl). Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Royal Museum of of the Imperial War Museum, London (br). (br). 128 The Art Archive: Eileen Tweedy 162-163 Mary Evans Picture Library: the Armed Forces and of Military History, TopFoto.co.uk: Roger Viollet (bl). (tr); Imperial War Museum \/ Eileen Tweedy westernfrontphotography.com. 164 The Brussels, Belgium (tr, cr, br). 52 akg- 92 The Art Archive: Imperial War (clb). Getty Images: Buyenlarge (bl); DEA \/ Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection images: IAM (c). Getty Images: Popperfoto Museum. 93 The Art Archive: Mus\u00e9e des G. Dagli Orti (tc); Universal History Archive (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Anthony (b). 53 Corbis: Bettmann (bc). 54 akg- 2 Guerres Mondiales Paris \/ Gianni Dagli (br). Mary Evans Picture Library: Haughey (cla, t). 165 Alamy Images: images: ullstein bild (t). Lebrecht Music Orti (tr). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Interfoto \/ Pulfer (cr, bc). 129 akg-images: Trinity Mirror \/ Mirrorpix (t). 166 Getty and Arts: RA (bc). 55 Dorling Kindersley: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (bl). 94 Alamy (tr). Corbis: (cl); Heritage Images (bl); K.J. Images: Hulton Archive (b). 167 Getty Imperial War Museum, London (tr). 56 Images: Trinity Mirror \/ Mirrorpix (bl). Historical (fbl). Getty Images: Archive Images: Leemage (cra). Lebrecht Music Mary Evans Picture Library: Rue des Australian War Memorial: Order 6173929 Photos (br); DEA \/ G. Dagli Orti (tl); The and Arts: RA (bc). 168 Alamy Images: Archives \/ Tallandier (l). 57 Getty Images: (c). 94-95 akg-images. 95 Toucan Books Bridgeman Art Library (tc). Smithsonian Interfoto (bc). 169 akg-images: Rainer Popperfoto (tc). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Ltd: Imperial War Museum \/ Norman Brand Institution, Washington, DC, USA: Hackenberg (tr). Getty Images: Hulton leemage (br). RMN: Paris - Mus\u00e9e de (c). 96-97 Corbis. 98 Getty Images: Armed Forces Division, National Museum Archive (br). 170 Alamy Images: Interfoto l\u2019Arm\u00e9e, Dist. RMN-GP \/ Emilie Cambier Popperfoto (cla). 99 The Art Archive: of American History, Kenneth E. Behring (br). The Bridgeman Art Library: Private (bc). 58 Getty Images: Hulton Archive (b); Imperial War Museum \/ Eileen Tweedy (t). Center (bc). 130 Getty Images: Boyer \/ Collection (b). 171 Alamy Images: Mary Topical Press Agency (tr). 59 The Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War Roger Viollet (br). Library Of Congress, Evans Picture Library (tr). Dorling Bridgeman Art Library: Mus\u00e9e de Museum, London (bl). 100 Dorling Washington, D.C.: Harris & Ewing Kindersley: Andy Crawford \/ By kind l\u2019Arm\u00e9e, Paris, France (br). 60 akg-images: Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ John Pearce Collection (t). 131 Alamy Images: The permission of The Trustees of the Imperial Interfoto (bc). Lebrecht Music and Arts: (cl); Imperial War Museum, London (br). Protected Art Archive (cr). TopFoto.co.uk: War Museum, London (bc); Gary Ombler Interfoto (cl). 60-61 Australian War 100-101 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler Roger Viollet (tc). U.S. Air Force: (bc). (t). 172-173 akg-images: Erich Lessing. Memorial: Order 6167241 (c). 61 Alamy \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney. 101 132 Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War 174 akg-images: RIA Novosti (cl). Images: Arterra Picture Library (br). Getty Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (r, bc); Museum, London (tl). Getty Images: Lebrecht Music and Arts: Imagno (tr). Images: Hulton Archive (tr). 62-63 The Imperial War Museum, London (tc); Gary Hulton Archive (cra, bl). 133 Corbis: Derek 175 Alamy Images: Interfoto (c). Dorling Art Archive: Imperial War Museum. 64 Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Bayes Aspect \/ Lebrecht Music & Arts. Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of akg-images: Interfoto (tr). Getty Images: Armouries (cr). 102 Corbis: Lebrecht 135 akg-images: (bl). Alamy Images: The Jean-Pierre Verney (tr). 176 Corbis: Daniel Hulton Archive (b). 66 The Bridgeman Authors \/ Lebrecht Music & Arts (clb). Print Collector (br). Dorling Kindersley: Deme \/ epa (cl). Getty Images: Central Art Library: Heeresgeschichtliches 102-103 Canadian War Museum (CWM): Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Press (b). 177 The Art Archive: Imperial Museum, Vienna, Austria (bl). 66-67 akg- Detail of The Second Battle of Ypres, 22 Verney (tc). 136-137 Corbis: Underwood & War Museum (br); Mus\u00e9e des 2 Guerres images: Interfoto \/ Hermann Historica. April to 25 May CWM 19710261-0161 Underwood. 138 Dorling Kindersley: Mondiales Paris \/ Gianni Dagli Orti (cl). 67 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd (br). Beaverbrook Collection of War Art \/ www. Matthew Ward (c); Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tc). warmuseum.ca (t). 103 akg-images: (bl). Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cr). 178 Getty Images: Topical Press Agency (r). 68 akg-images: Imagno (bc). 68-69 Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (tr). 104 138-139 Canadian War Museum (CWM): hemis.fr: Francis Cormon (l). 179 Alamy Nationaal Archief \/ Spaarnestad Photo: Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ CWM 19390002-268 (t). 139 Australian Images: David Osborn (crb). Bonhams Het Leven \/ Fotograaf onbekend (t). 69 By kind permission of The Trustees of the War Memorial: Order 6175160 (tl). Auctioneers, London: (t). Getty Images: Corbis: (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Imperial War Museum, London (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Topical Press Agency (bc). 180 The Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Getty Images: Hulton Archive (b). Board of Trustees of the Armouries (br, cr, Bridgeman Art Library: National Museum (cr). 70 akg-images: Interfoto (b). Alamy 105 Australian War Memorial: Order cl, tr); Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Jean- Wales (b). 181 The Art Archive: Imperial Images: The Print Collector (c). Getty 6180421 (c). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Pierre Verney (cla, bl). 140 The Art War Museum (cr). Corbis: Michael St. Maur Images: Hulton Archive (tl). 71 Dorling Collection (cra); (tc). 106 Getty Images: Archive: Marc Charmet (b). Getty Images: Sheil (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Leemage (tr). 106-107 Corbis: Hulton- Universal History Archive (tr). 141 Getty Ombler \/ Courtesy of Birmingham Pals (bc). Jean-Pierre Verney (cr). Mary Evans Deutsch Collection (b). 107 akg-images: Images: Hulton Archive (br). Toucan 182-183 Alamy Images: Pictorial Press Ltd. Picture Library: AISA Media (b). Electa (br). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Books Ltd: Imperial War Museum \/ 184 Cody Images: (bl). 184-185 Lebrecht 72-73 akg-images: Interfoto (t). Corbis: Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Norman Brand (c). 142 Alamy Images: Music and Arts: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Hulton-Deutsch Collection (b). 73 akg- (tc). 108 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 108-109 Military Images (ca). 142-143 Photo Scala, Photo (b). 185 Getty Images: Scott Barbour images: Interfoto (tr). Australian War Australian War Memorial: Order 6173929 Florence. 143 The Stapleton Collection: (cr). 186 Corbis: (b). 187 Corbis: (c). Memorial: Order 6167241 (bc). 74 The (c). 109 Alamy Images: Global Travel (cra). 144 akg-images: ullstein bild (b). Dorling Kindersley: Jerry Young (b); Gary Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection Writers (r). Australian War Memorial: 145 Alamy Images: Interfoto (bl). Dorling Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (ca). 75 akg-images: ullstein bild (tr). Order 6173929 (cb). Museum Victoria, Kindersley: Clive Streeter \/ Science (crb). Toucan Books Ltd: Imperial War 74-75 Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (b). Melbourne: Order 18373 (tc). 110 Corbis: Museum, London (tl). Getty Images: SSPL Museum \/ Norman Brand (t). 76 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Bettmann (cra, clb). Dorling Kindersley: (cra). Lebrecht Music and Arts: 188 Getty Images: Fotosearch (bl). Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cla). Gary Ombler \/ By kind permission of The Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (tc). 189 Alamy Images: Classic Image (tr). Getty Images: Images of Empire \/ Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, 146-147 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler. Lebrecht Music and Arts: Sueddeutsche Universal Images Group (b). 77 Alamy London (cb). 111 Getty Images: Philip 148 The Art Archive: Imperial War Zeitung Photo (br). 190-191 Ministry of Images: Interfoto (tl). Getty Images: Schuller \/ The AGE \/ Fairfax Media (tr). Museum (bl). Corbis: dpa (bc). 148-149 Defence Picture Library: UK MoD \/ Hulton Archive (tr). 78 Corbis: Bettmann 112 Getty Images: Keystone-France \/ The Bridgeman Art Library: Private Crown Copyright 2012. 192 Dorling (b). 79 Corbis: Swim Ink 2, LLC (cr). Gamma-Keystone (tc). 112-113 The Art Collection (t). Dorling Kindersley: Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ By Archive: Imperial War Museum (b). Anthony Haughey (tl). Lebrecht Music the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces kind permission of The Trustees of the Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ and Arts: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (tc). and of Courtesy of the Royal Museum of Imperial War Museum, London (b). Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Historical TopFoto.co.uk: (br). 149 Getty Images: the Armed Forces and of Military History, Getty Images: SSPL (tl). 80 Australian Trust (t). 113 Dorling Kindersley: Gary MPI (bc). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Brussels, Belgium (crb, cl). 192-193 Dorling War Memorial: Order 6183492 (r). 80-81 Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Imagno (tl). 150 Corbis: (c). Dorling Kindersley: Martin Cameron \/ Courtesy of The Art Archive: Imperial War Museum. (br). Getty Images: Keystone (tr). 114-115 Kindersley: Andy Crawford \/ By kind the Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire 82 Australian War Memorial: Order Corbis. 116 Alamy Images: Photos 12 (b). permission of The Trustees of the Imperial (b). 193 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler 6180421 (cl). 83 Alamy Images: The Print 117 akg-images: ullstein bild (tr). Corbis: War Museum, London (br); Gary Ombler \/ (crb, cr); Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Collector (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Harry Atlantide Phototravel (br). Dorling Courtesy of the Royal Museum of the Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Taylor \/ Trustees of the National Museums Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels, Military History, Brussels, Belgium (cl). Of Scotland (br). Lebrecht Music and Jean-Pierre Verney (bl). 118 akg-images: Belgium (cr); Gary Ombler \/ Collection of 194 Mary Evans Picture Library: Arts: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (tr). (tr). Alamy Images: Photos 12 (b). 119 Jean-Pierre Verney (cl\/a, tr). Getty Images: Illustrated London News Ltd (r); 84-85 Lebrecht Music and Arts: Pictures Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Universal History Archive (bl). 151 Alamy Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (bl). from History \/ CPAMedia. 85 Australian Board of Trustees of the Armouries (cr). Images: Pictorial Press Ltd (tl). The 195 Lebrecht Music and Arts: War Memorial: Order 6173929 (tc). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Pictures from Bridgeman Art Library: Dublin City Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (bc). Roland Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War History \/ CPAMedia (bc). Mary Evans Gallery, The Hugh Lane, Ireland (br). Smithies: Luped.com (crb). 196 The Art Museum, London (cr). 86-87 Dorling Picture Library: Imperial War Museum \/ Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (cr). Archive: Liddell Hart Centre (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Robert Hunt Library (tc). 120-121 Mary Getty Images: Galerie Bilderwelt (bc); Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Board of Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and Evans Picture Library: Rue des Archives \/ Mansell \/ Time & Life Pictures (cl). Trustees of the Armouries (c). TopFoto.co. Military History, Brussels, Belgium. Tallandier. 122 Lebrecht Music and Arts: 152 Australian War Memorial: Order uk: (b). 197 Alamy Images: Interfoto (tc). 88 Alamy Images: Photos 12 (bc). The Art Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (t). Mary 6185010 (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary The Bridgeman Art Library: The Archive: Imperial War Museum (tc); Marc Evans Picture Library: Imperial War Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Illustrated London News Picture Library, Charmet (bl). Getty Images: Hulton Museum \/ Robert Hunt Library (tr). 123 (tr). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (bl). London, UK (br). 198 Corbis: dpa (tr); Archive (tl). Mary Evans Picture Library: Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ 152-153 Alamy Images: Trinity Mirror \/ Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bl). Dorling Interfoto \/ Pulfer (tr). 89 Corbis: Bettmann Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Historical Mirrorpix (b). 153 Getty Images: Hulton Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of (tr). Corbis: Lebrecht Authors \/ Lebrecht Trust (c). Toucan Books Ltd: Imperial War Archive (tc). 154 Alamy Images: Interfoto Jean-Pierre Verney (tl). 199 The Art Music & Arts (tl). Lebrecht Music and Museum \/ Norman Brand (crb). 124 Mary (t). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Archive: (b). 200 Getty Images: Mansell \/ Arts: Pictures from History \/ CPAMedia Evans Picture Library: Robert Hunt Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (bc). Time & Life Pictures (l). 201 Corbis: Hulton- (bc). 90 Corbis: Derek Bayes Aspect \/ Library (c). 124-125 The Art Archive: 155 Alamy Images: Interfoto (cl). Deutsch Collection (br); Underwood & Lebrecht Music & Arts (tr); Hulton-Deutsch Imperial War Museum (b). 125 Mary Evans Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (tr). Underwood (tl). Mary Evans Picture Collection (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Picture Library: Imperial War Museum \/ 156-157 Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA. Library: (bl). 202 Corbis: Bettman (tr). Ombler \/ By kind permission of The Trustees Robert Hunt Library (tl). Toucan Books 158 Getty Images: Universal History Dorling Kindersley: Karl Shone (bl). 359","ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Pictures (br); Popperfoto (cl). 203 akg- 19390001-759 (tl). 242-243 The Art nr.28 \u2018Von Goeben\u2019 (bl). 276 Corbis: ullstein bild (bc). 321 TopFoto.co.uk: images: (l). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Archive: (b). 243 Australian War Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bl). 276-277 ullstein bild (t, bc). 322 Canadian War Ombler \/ \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Memorial: Order 6189723 (tl). Dorling akg-images: ullstein bild (b). Mary Evans Museum (CWM): The Signing of the Armouries (cra). 204-205 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Picture Library: (cla). 277 akg-images: Armistice \/ CMW 19830483-001 Kindersley: Andy Crawford \/ By kind Jean-Pierre Verney (cr). 244-245 The ullstein bild (tl). 278 akg-images: Interfoto Beaverbrook Collection of War Art \u00a9 permission of The Trustees of the Imperial Bridgeman Art Library: The Fine Art (t). Australian War Memorial: Order Canadian War Museum \/ www.warmuseum. War Museum, London. 206 akg-images: Society, London. 246 Corbis: Hulton- 6191798 (br). Dorling Kindersley: Geoff ca (t). 323 Dorling Kindersley: Gary (br, c). The Art Archive: Imperial War Deutsch Collection (b). 247 Dorling Dann \/ Courtesy of David Edge (bl). 279 Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Museum (bl). Corbis: (tr). Getty Images: Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of akg-images: ullstein bild (bl). Lebrecht (cl). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (t). Bentley Archive \/ Popperfoto (tl). Jean-Pierre Verney (c). Getty Images: Music and Arts: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Mary Evans Picture Library: (cr). 207 Corbis: (tr); Bettmann (tc). Getty Universal History Archive (bl). 248 Mary Photo (cra). 280-281 Corbis: Bettmann. TopFoto.co.uk: (br). 324-325 TopFoto. Images: DEA \/ G. Dagli Orti (tl). Mary Evans Picture Library: Robert Hunt 282 Dorling Kindersley: Andy Crawford \/ co.uk: The Granger Collection. 326-327 Evans Picture Library: Imperial War Collection (tr). 248-249 Dorling By kind permission of The Trustees of the Alamy Images: Glen Harper. 328 akg- Museum \/ Robert Hunt Library (cb). 208 Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ By kind Imperial War Museum, London (clb); Gary images: Rainer Hackenberg (bc). Alamy akg-images: Interfoto (tl); ullstein bild (b). permission of The Trustees of the Imperial Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Images: Global Travel Writers (tr). Corbis: Alamy Images: akg-images (clb). Dorling War Museum, London (b). 249 The Art (tr). 283 Mary Evans Picture Library: Bettmann (tc, br); Hulton-Deutsch Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Archive: (tr). Dorling Kindersley: (tc); Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (br). Collection (tl). Getty Images: Time Life Jean-Pierre Verney (tr, crb). TopFoto.co. Imperial War Museum, London (br). 284 TopFoto.co.uk. 285 Getty Images: Pictures (bl). 329 Corbis: Bettmann (tc). uk: RIA Novosti (c). 209 Corbis: (bl). Getty 250 Alamy Images: Martin Bennett (c). Buyenlarge (cl); Pictorial Parade (bc). Mary Evans Picture Library: (cb). Images: Universal History Archive (crb). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ 286 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (bl). 330 Alamy Images: DBI Studio (br). The Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (ca). Courtesy of the Royal Artillery Historical Getty Images: Universal History Archive Bridgeman Art Library: Imperial War Smithsonian Institution, Washington, Trust (bl). 250-251 Corbis: Underwood & (cl). 286-287 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Museum, London (tl). Corbis: DaZo Vintage D.C., USA: Armed Forces Division, National Underwood (b). 251 Bovington Tank Ombler \/ Courtesy of the Royal Museum Stock Photos \/ Images.com (bl); Hulton- Museum of American History, Kenneth E. Museum: (cra). Dorling Kindersley: Andy of the Armed Forces and Military History, Deutsch Collection (cr). Lebrecht Music Behring Center (cr). TopFoto.co.uk: Crawford \/ By kind permission of The Brussels, Belgium. 287 The Art Archive: and Arts: Interfoto (cla). Toucan Books Imagno (cl). 210 Dorling Kindersley: Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, Culver Pictures (bc). Corbis: Bettman (tr). Ltd: Imperial War Museum \/ Norman Sergio (cl). 210-211 Getty Images: London (tc); Kim Sayer (br). 252 Alamy 288-289 The Art Archive: Imperial War Brand (bc). 331 age fotostock: Jose Popperfoto (b). 211 Dorling Kindersley: Images: ITAR-TASS Photo Agency (bl). The Museum. 290 Getty Images: Leemage (cl); Antonio Moreno c (bl). akg-images: H. Keith Melton, spymuseum.org (br). Art Archive: Private Collection \/ CCI (ca). Universal History Archive (r). 291 age Andrea Jemolo (bc); ullstein bild (br). Getty Images: Popperfoto (tl). TopFoto. 252-253 Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War fotostock: Dennis Gilbert (br). Getty Alamy Images: The Print Collector (tr). co.uk: RIA Novosti (tr). 212 Corbis. Museum, London (b). 253 akg-images: Images: Hulton Archive (tl); Three Lions Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (c). 213 Corbis: Bettmann (cl). Dorling Erich Lessing (cr). The Art Archive: (tc). (bc). 292 akg-images: Interfoto (bl). 332 Corbis: DaZo Vintage Stock Photos \/ Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of 254 akg-images: Interfoto (bl). Lebrecht TopFoto.co.uk: (tr). 293 Australian War Images.com (c). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Jean-Pierre Verney (br). 214 Corbis: Music and Arts: Sueddeutsche Zeitung Memorial: Order 6206941 (tc). Getty RA (tl). 332-333 Getty Images: Hulton Bettmann (clb, r). 215 Corbis: Smithsonian Photo (t). 255 akg-images: (tr); ullstein Images: A. R. Coster \/ Topical Press Agency Archive (r). 333 akg-images: ullstein bild Institution (br). Getty Images: Fotosearch bild (crb). Alamy Images: Interfoto (bl). (br); FPG \/ Archive Photos (cl). 294 Dorling (br). Corbis: Bettmann (tc). 334 Corbis: (bl); SuperStock (tl). 216 akg-images: (cra). 256 Alamy Images: Interfoto (cla). Mary Kindersley: Gary Ombler (tl). 294-295 Bettmann (bc). Lebrecht Music and Arts: 217 Corbis: (t). Smithsonian Institution, Evans Picture Library: Robert Hunt Dorling Kindersley: Martin Cameron \/ Interfoto (c); RA (clb). 335 The Bridgeman Washington, D.C., USA: Armed Forces Library (c). 256-257 Getty Images: Hulton Courtesy of the Shuttleworth Collection, Art Library: Imperial War Museum, Division, National Museum of American Archive (b). 257 Dorling Kindersley: Karl Bedfordshire (b). 295 Dorling Kindersley: London. 336 Mary Evans Picture Library: History, Kenneth E. Behring Center (bl). Shone (cra). Mary Evans Picture Library: Imperial War Museum, London (crb). (bl). 336-337 Alamy Images: Photos 12. 218 Corbis: Bettmann (tr). Getty Images: Robert Hunt Library (tl). 258 akg-images: TopFoto.co.uk: (tl). 296-297 akg-images: 337 The Art Archive: (tr). Lebrecht Bentley Archive \/ Popperfoto (bl). (cla). Alamy Images: Prisma Bildagentur ullstein bild. 298 Dorling Kindersley: Music and Arts: Interfoto (bc). TopFoto. 219 Alamy Images: akg-images. 220 Getty AG (cra); Yagil Henkin (b). 259 Corbis: (br). Imperial War Museum, London (clb). co.uk: Roger Viollet (tc). 338 The Images: Time Life Pictures \/ Mansell \/ Time Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler (tc). TopFoto.co.uk: ullstein bild (r). Bridgeman Art Library: Roger Viollet (t). Life Pictures (cl). 220-221 Getty Images: 260-261 Dorling Kindersley: (b). 299 akg-images: (bc). Alamy Images: Mary Evans Picture Library: (bc). MPI (b). 221 akg-images: (cla). Dorling 261 The Art Archive: Imperial War National Geographic Image Collection (br). 339 Alamy Images: DBI Studio (cr). Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ By kind Museum (cb). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Corbis: Bettmann (tc). 300 Alamy Images: Getty Images: Hulton Archive; Popperfoto permission of The Trustees of the Imperial Ombler \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney Interfoto (br). The Art Archive: Mus\u00e9e des (br). 340-341 Getty Images: Time Life War Museum, London (tr). 222 Alamy (cr). Toucan Books Ltd: Imperial War 2 Guerres Mondiales Paris \/ Gianni Dagli Pictures. 342 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Images: akg-images (bl). Getty Images: Museum \/ Norman Brand (tl). 262-263 Orti (c). Corbis: Underwood & Underwood Collection (tl). 342-343 Corbis: Hulton- Imagno (r). 223 akg-images: (tc). Corbis: Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler. 264 (clb). 301 TopFoto.co.uk: Fine Art Images Deutsch Collection (b). 343 akg-images: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bl). Mary Corbis: Bettmann (br). Getty Images: \/ Heritage-Images (tc, b). 302 Getty Andrea Jemolo (tc). Alamy Images: The Evans Picture Library: SZ Photo \/ Scher Galerie Bilderwelt (tc). TopFoto.co.uk: (tr); Images: Universal History Archive (b). Print Collector (crb). 344 Corbis: Hulton- (crb). 224 akg-images: ullstein bild (b). ullstein bild (bl). 265 Corbis: (tr); K.J. 303 Corbis: (tl). The Kobal Collection: Deutsch Collection (t). 345 Corbis: (tl); 225 Alamy Images: World History Archive Historical (bc). TopFoto.co.uk: Fine Art Universal (crb). Lebrecht Music and Arts: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (br). (tl). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Images \/ Heritage-Images (tl). 266 akg- Ben Uri Art Gallery (c). TopFoto.co.uk: Getty Images: Peter Macdiarmid (cr). Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cl). images: ullstein bild (cr). Australian War (bc). 304 Australian War Memorial: 346-347 age fotostock: Jose Antonio 226 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Memorial: Order 6191798 (c). Mary Evans Order 6206941 (tr). 305 Corbis: Bettmann Moreno c. 138. 8 Dorling Kindersley: Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cr). Picture Library: (cla, cra). TopFoto.co.uk: (t). TopFoto.co.uk: (bc). 306 Dorling Gary Ombler (b) 226-227 akg-images: ullstein bild (t). (br); ullstein bild (bl). 267 akg-images: Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of 227 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Interfoto \/ Hermann Historica (bc). Corbis: Jean-Pierre Verney (bc, bl). TopFoto.co.uk: Endpaper image: Jean-Pierre Verney Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (cr). Reuters \/ Chris Wattie (cb). Dorling The Granger Collection (tr). 307 Corbis: (b). Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (bc); Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of the TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Collection All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo (bl). Royal Museum of the Armed Forces and (tc). 308 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler 228-229 Corbis. 230 Corbis: Bettmann (b). Military History, Brussels, Belgium (clb). \/ Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (tl). For further information see: Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Lebrecht Music and Arts: Interfoto (cl). Lebrecht Music and Arts: RA (cr). www.dkimages.com Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (tr). Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: TopFoto.co.uk: The Granger Collection 231 The Art Archive: Culver Pictures (bc). (tc). Canadian War Museum (CWM): The (bc). 309 Smithsonian Institution, Corbis: Reuters \/ Chris Wattie (br). Getty Signing of the Armistice \/ CMW 19830483- Washington, D.C., USA: Armed Forces Images: Buyenlarge (tl). 232 akg-images: 001 Beaverbrook Collection of War Art \u00a9 Division, National Museum of American ullstein bild (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Canadian War Museum \/ www.warmuseum. History, Kenneth E. Behring Center (tl, b). Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of Royal Airforce ca (cr). 268 Getty Images: A. R. Coster \/ 310 Library Of Congress, Washington, Museum, Hendon (cl); Gary Ombler \/ Topical Press Agency (b); Popperfoto (cla). D.C.: (l). 311 Corbis: David Pollack (c). Courtesy of the Royal Museum of the 269 Corbis: Bettmann (br). Dorling Getty Images: Hulton Archive (bl); MPI Armed Forces and Military History, Brussels, Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ By kind (tl); Paul J. Richards \/ AFP (br). Belgium (bl). 233 akg-images: ullstein bild. permission of The Trustees of the Imperial 312 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ 234 Alamy Images: RIA Novosti (bl). The War Museum, London (bl). Lebrecht \u00a9 The Board of Trustees of the Armouries Art Archive: Mus\u00e9e des 2 Guerres Music and Arts: Interfoto (tr). 270-271 (cl). TopFoto.co.uk: (bl). 313 TopFoto. Mondiales Paris \/ Gianni Dagli Orti (tr). The Bridgeman Art Library: SZ Photo \/ co.uk: (tc) Fine Art Images \/ Heritage- 234-235 Corbis: Bettman (b). 235 Corbis: Images (b). .314-315 Getty Images: Three Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tc). Dorling Scherl. 272 The Art Archive: Imperial War Lions. 316 TopFoto.co.uk: (bc, cr). Toucan Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, London Museum (b). Australian War Memorial: Books Ltd: Imperial War Museum \/ (cra). 236-237 Alamy Images: The Print Order 6191798 (tr). 273 The Art Archive: Norman Brand (cl). 317 Corbis: Bettmann Collector. 238 Alamy Images: The Print John Meek (cr). Australian War (b). Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collector (tr). The Bridgeman Art Memorial: Order 6203877 (tl). Dorling Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (tl). Mary Library: Moore-Gwyn Fine Art (bl). Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, London Evans Picture Library: Grenville Collins 239 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ (bc). 274 Dorling Kindersley: Gary Postcard Collection (tr). 318 TopFoto. Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney. Getty Ombler (clb, br, tr, b); Gary Ombler \/ \u00a9 The co.uk. 319 Alamy Images: Interfoto (c). Images: Travel Ink (tr). 240 Dorling Board of Trustees of the Armouries (c). Dorling Kindersley: Andrzej Chec \/ Kindersley: Karl Shone (cla). 241 The 275 akg-images: Interfoto \/ Hermann National Museum, Cracow (bl). TopFoto. Art Archive: Imperial War Museum (t). Historica (tl). Dorling Kindersley: John co.uk: Imagno (tr). 320 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Pearce (cra); Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Kindersley: Gary Ombler \/ Collection of Collection of Jean-Pierre Verney (b). Jean-Pierre Verney (tc); Gary Ombler \/ John Jean-Pierre Verney (cl). Getty Images: 242 Canadian War Museum (CWM): Pearce (r, c, bc); Gary Ombler \/ Courtesy of Galerie Bilderwelt (tr). TopFoto.co.uk: the 5te. Kompagnie Infanterie Regiment 360"]