Knowledge Encyclopedia

["349 PLACENTA PUPA SONAR TOXIN In mammals, an organ that develops The hard, protective case, also called A method that uses sound waves to A poisonous substance produced by inside the womb during pregnancy. a chrysalis, that encloses the larva of detect objects and measure distances a living organism such as an animal This acts as a supply line, providing an insect as it develops into an adult. underwater. or a plant. the developing young with nourishing food and oxygen from QUARK STALACTITE TRANSPIRATION the mother\u2019s bloodstream. One of the particles that make up the A natural structure, found hanging The evaporation of water from the PLASMA other particles in the nucleus of an from the ceilings of caves and leaves and stems of plants. atom (neutrons and protons). underground passages. Stalactites A gaslike cloud of electrically form slowly from deposits of lime TSUNAMI charged matter. REACTANT carried in trickling water. An enormous, rapidly rising ocean PLATE BOUNDARY One of the ingredients that join STALAGMITE wave caused by an earthquake or together to cause a chemical reaction. volcanic activity under the sea. An area where the edges of the vast A natural structure found on the \ufb02oors Tsunamis travel far and fast, causing moving plates that make up Earth\u2019s REPTILE of caves and underground passages. widespread devastation inland. crust come together. Stalagmites slowly build up from A cold-blooded, scaly-skinned deposits of lime carried in water TUNDRA POLYP vertebrate (animal with a backbone); dripping from stalactites in the ceiling. reptiles include snakes and lizards. Cold, treeless region, snow-covered A form taken by some marine animals, STOMATA for many months of the year, where such as jelly\ufb01sh, sea anemones, and REPUBLIC only low-growing, hardy plants and corals. Usually tube-shaped, polyps Tiny openings on the undersides of specially adapted animals can survive. have a mouth at one end, and are A country without a royal family that leaves that control the amount of gas Tundras occur in the Arctic and in attached \ufb01rmly at the base to a rock is headed, usually, by a president who and moisture passing into and out high mountain areas. or the seabed. may or may not have been freely of a plant. chosen by the people. PREDATOR RETINA STONE AGE VELOCITY An animal that hunts other animals A layer of light-sensitive cells lining The period of prehistory, lasting more The speed at which something moves for food. the inside of the eyeball. than two million years, when humans in a particular direction. and their ancestors made most of PREHISTORY SCAVENGER their tools out of stone. VERTEBRATE The time before the development of Meat-eating animal that feeds on the SUBDUCTION An animal with a backbone. civilizations, when people did not dead remains of other animals. write things down. A geological process in which one of VIRUS SEDIMENTARY ROCK the vast plates that make up Earth\u2019s PREY crust is pushed beneath another. Tiny lifeform that is a collection of Rock formed from particles of older genes inside a protective shell. Viruses An animal hunted by other animals rocks that have settled in layers and SULTAN can invade body cells, where they for food. hardened under compression. multiply, causing illnesses. In some Islamic countries, the PROPAGANDA SEISMIC ACTIVITY traditional title given to the ruler. VISCOSITY Information spread publicly to put The shock waves that can be felt after SUNSPOT The measure of a liquid\u2019s ability forward ideas or political views; an earthquake. to \ufb02ow. propaganda is sometimes used to A dark, cooler patch on the surface cause deliberate harm to a person SHALE of the Sun. VIZIER or group. Rock formed from layers of clay SUPERNOVA Title once given to a chief of\ufb01cial PROTISTS deposited over millions of years. in some Muslim countries. An exploding giant star. Simple, single-celled life forms, most VOLCANO of which can be seen only under a SOLAR SYSTEM TECTONIC PLATE microscope. Protists live in watery An opening in Earth\u2019s crust that environments and include algae and The Sun together with its orbiting One of the large, slowly moving slabs provides an outlet for magma mobile, animal-like protozoa. groups of planets, including Earth, and into which Earth\u2019s crust is divided. (hot, lique\ufb01ed rock) when it rises other smaller bodies such as asteroids. to the surface. PROTON SOLENOID TENTACLES WARM-BLOODED One of the tiny particles inside an A wire coil that acts like a magnet Long, elastic structures, like arms, that Describing an animal that can keep atom; protons have a positive when an electric current passes some animals use for feeling, moving its body heat at an almost constant electric charge. through it. around, and picking up food. level, regardless of whether the outside temperature is hot or cold.","350 index Index Page numbers in bold type Akbar, Sultan 285 Antietam, Battle of 312 Atlas (Large Hadron Barbarossa, military refer to main entries Alesia, Battle of 264 antimatter 195 Collider) 194 operation 319 Alexander the Great antiparticles 195 A antlions 134 atmospheres Bastille prison 306 260, 261 ants 95, 129, 130 Earth 40, 43, 45, 62, 228 batteries 234 aardvarks 128 algae 86, 131 Anubis 257, 259 see also Ozone Layer; battering rams 273 Abraham 276 Alice (Large Hadron anuses 152 weather battlements 272 abs 144 aortas 154, 156 Jupiter 26 battles see individual absolute temperatures Collider) 194 apartheid 299 Saturn 27 alien civilizations 11 apes 250 Venus 24 battles; wars 232, 233 alleles 187 Apollo spacecraft 34\u201335, 322 Baumgartner, Felix 217 Abu Simbel, Egypt 256 alligators 108, 111 aqueous humor 170 atmospheric probes 31 Baybars, Sultan 274, 275 abyssal zones 70, 71, 72 Allosaurus 78 Aquila 332 atoms 138, 192\u2013193, 196\u2013 The Beatles 324\u2013325 acacia trees 128, 129 alloys 203 Arab Spring 327 Beaufort wind scale 59 Acanthostega 98 Almbert, Jean d\u2019 302 Arab World 269 197, 200\u2013201, 232 see beavers 133 acceleration 204, 206 alpha radiation 238 also electrons; protons bedrock 63 acid rain 221 al\u2013Qaeda 326, 327 Ottoman Empire 278\u2013279, atriums (heart) 155 bees 88, 95 acids, stomach 151, 153 aluminum 321 285, 315 attraction (physics) 214, 235 beetles 95, 129 Acropolis of Athens 263 alveoli 162 audiences 292, 293 Beijing 281 Actium, Battle of 265 Amazon rainforest 130\u2013131 Silk Road 280\u2013281, 284 Augustus, Roman Berlin Wall 323 actors 292\u2013293 Amazon River 65 arachnids 92 Emperor 265 Bessemer, Henry 309 actuators 229 American Revolutionary War archaea 86, 338 Aurangzeb, Emperor 297 beta radiation 238 Adams, John Couch 26 Archaeanthus 78 auroras 21, 197 Bible 276 adenine 186 304\u2013305 architecture 264, 284, Australasia 130, 314, biceps 144 adrenal glands 176, 177 Americas 288\u2013289 see also 334\u2013335 biennial plants 89 adrenalin 177 291, 297 Australopithecines 251 Big Bang 12\u201313, 195 adulthood 184\u2013185 United States of America Arecibo Observatory 11 Australopithecus Big Bounce theory 13 aerial mammals 116 European arrival in 270, Argentinosauruses 98 afarensis 79 bile 152 Afghanistan 327 argon 40 Austria\u2013Hungary 314 bills (birds) 112 Africa 179, 334\u2013335 286\u2013287 Arkwright, Richard 308, 309 autonomic nervous bin Laden, Osama 327 slave trade to 300 armor (military) 265, 266, systems 164 binary code 241 colonies in 298 amino acids 153, 186 axles 210, 211 biochemistry 191 early humans 251 Ammit 257 270, 282\u2013283, 296 axons 165 biodiversity hotspots 86 savannas 128\u2013129 ammonites 84, 85 armor (animals) 111, 135 see Aztecs 285, 288\u2013289 biofuels 54 slavery 300\u2013301 amnion 181 biomes 44, 122 wars fought in 318, amniotic fluid 183 also scales (animal) B bioplastics 202 amorphous solids 196 shells 93, 130 bipolar neutrons 165 322, 327 amphibians 87, 99, 104\u2013105, arms (limbs) 82, 142 B\u201317 bomber 320\u2013321 birds 87, 99, 108, 112\u2013113, African elephants 99, Armstrong, Neil 34, 325 Babbage, Charles 242 106, 339 art 278, 279, 290, 297, 325 babies 114\u2013115, 338\u2013339 118\u2013119 amphitheaters 293 wall paintings 253 birth 101, 109, 116, 182\u2013183 afterlife 257 amplification 240 arteries 155, 156\u2013157, 160 elephants 118 Age of Enlightenment amplitude 227 arthropods 92, 94, 338\u2013339 humans 180\u2013181, 182\u2013 elephant 118 ampullae of Lorenzini 103 artificial intelligence 245 birth canals 183 302\u2013303 amygdalae 175 artillery 313, 316 183, 184, 185 black death 268 agriculture 55, 248, 252, amylase 150 ash, volcanic 47, 51 joeys 116 black dwarfs 18, 19 anal fins 101 Asia 334\u2013335 Babur, Zahir\u2013al\u2013Din, black holes 19 257, 309 analog information 241 empires 269, 298 blacksmiths 273 air flows anatomy 139, 291 Ottoman Empire 278\u2013279, emperor 296 bladders 160, 165 ancient wonders 345 Babylon, City of 254\u2013255 blind spots 171 for lift 115, 218 Andromeda galaxy 15, 332 285, 315 backbone (DNA) 186 see Blitz 320 in hurricanes 60 Angles (tribe) 268 Silk Road 280\u2013281, 284 Blitzkreig 319, 321 for smell 175 animal pollination 88 asterisms 330, 332 also spines (skeleton) blood 149, 154\u2013155, 156\u2013 air pressure 24, 58, 59, 60 ankles 143 asteroids 10, 22, 24, 28, 81 bacteria 76, 77, 86, 153, air resistance 205, 217, 218 ankylosaurs 80 asthenosphere 42 157, 161, 182 air sacs (lungs) 82, 112 annelid worms 92 astrolabes 269 159, 338 cells 140, 141, 162 aircraft carriers 321 annual plants 89 astronauts 28, 31, 34\u201335 Baghdad 269, 326 clots 142, 155 airfoil 218 Antarctica 125, 334\u2013335 astronomical calendars 32 balance 172\u2013173, 204 groups 187 airplanes 209, 218, 230, antennae (biology) 94, 97 astronomy 32\u201333, 330\u2013333 Balkans 278 sugar levels in 177 antennas (radio) 36, Athena 262 balloons 217, 235 blood vessels 147, 149, 154, 320\u2013321 Athens 262\u2013263 banking systems 303, 327 airways (respiratory system) 213, 222 Atlantic, Battle of 318 banqueting halls 273 156\u2013157, 163 antibiotics 299 barbarians 268 umbilical cords 118, 182 148, 149 antibodies 159 Akbar \u201cThe Great,\u201d emperor 296","351 blubber 117 calorimeter 195 ceratopsians 80 claws 83, 94, 112 Constantinople 278, 279, blue whales 98 Caloris\u2013Basin, Mercury 24 cerebellum 164, 169 clay 253 281, 285 boas 131 cam belts 208 cerebral cortex 169 climates 44\u201345, 122, 123 Bobcats 124 Cambrian Period 78, 79 cerebrum 164 cloth 270 constellations 32, 330\u2013331 boilers 310 camouflage 105, 135, 321 CERN (Large Hadron Collider) clots, blood 157 see also constructive Bolivar, Sim\u00f3n 298 canals 308 bomber planes 320\u2013321 canals, ear 172, 173 194\u2013195, 232 platelets interference 227 bombs 319, 327 canines (teeth) 151 chainmail 296 clouds 59, 63 consumers (food chain) 87 bone marrow 157 Cannae, Battle of 264 Challenger Deep 49 Continental Army 304, 305 bones 98, 142\u2013143, 172, cannibalism 105 Charlemagne, King 268 hydrogen 16 Continental Congress canopies, rainforest 131 Cheetah (robot) 245 clownfish 130 177, 252 see also capacitors 240 cheetahs 128 CMS (Large Hadron 304, 305 x\u2013ray images capillaries 156\u2013157, 161 chemical elements 13, continental crust 42 birds 114, 115 capstans 286 Collider) 195 continents 48, 334\u2013335 dinosaurs 82\u201383 capybaras 130 198\u2013199 CND (Campaign for Nuclear elephants 118\u2013119 caravels 286 chemical reactions 200\u2013201 continental drift 41, 81 growth of 184, 185 carbohydrates 148, 153 chemicals Disarmament) 324 controls, electronic 240 bony fish 100, 339 carbon 90, 139, 199, 234 cnidarians 92 convection 233 Bo\u00f6tes 333 digestive 152 coal power 221, 236, 310 convective zone 20 Boston Tea Party 304, 305 carbon atoms 192\u2013193 hormones 165 coastal erosion 64 convergent plate bouleuterion (council carbon dioxide 90, 40, 149, chemosenses 174 cochleae 172, 173 building) 260 chest, human 144 cockpits 219, 320 boundary 48 Brachiosaurus 80 162, 163, 193 Chichen Itza 289 codes conversion, energy 220 Brahma 277 carbon fiber 203 childhood 184\u2013185 conversion tables 342\u2013343 brain corals 131 Carboniferous Period 78 chimpanzees 134, 250 DNA 186 convex function 33 brains 120, 164, 166\u2013167, cardiac muscles 144, 154 China 214, 249, 325 Enigma 318 Cooksonia 79 168\u2013169, 174, 185 Caribbean 287 Cold War 323 coelacanths 98 Copernicus, Nicolaus 32, 284 brakes 203 Carnac, France 249 empires 269, 285, cold\u2013blooded animals 109 coral reefs 93, 130\u2013131, 221 breasts 177 carnivores 80, 83, 105, 117 Cold War 299, 322\u2013323, 324 corals 130 breathing see Carrae, Battle of 265 294\u2013295, 344 colonies (animal) 93, 113, cores, Earth\u2019s 40, 42, 43 respiratory systems cars 345 Great Wall of China 294 Corinth 260 bricks 252 Carthage 264 Silk Road 280\u2013281 131, 132 corneas 170 bridges 204, 309 cartilage 102, 142, 143, 182 chips (integrated circuits) colonies (political) 285, coronal mass ejections 21 Britain, Battle of 319 cartilaginous fish 100, 339 coronary arteries 155 British Empire 298, 304, 344 Cassini\u2013Huygens 36\u201337 241, 242 298, 304\u2013305, 314 coronary veins 155 brittlebushes 125 Cassiopeia 33 chitins 92 see also empires corpuscles 146 bronze age 248 castles 272\u2013273 chlorophyll 90 color blindness 117, 187 Cortes, Hern\u00e1n 289 Brooke, slave ship 301 \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck 252\u2013253 chloroplasts 90, 91 color\u2013changing plastics 202 cortex, cerebral 169 Brunel, Isambard caterpillars 121 chordates 86, 339 color spectrum 223 cosmic voids 11 Kingdom 309 Catholicism 276, 284 Christianity 268, 271, colors, animal 95, 97, 114 cotton mills 308 Brunelleschi, Filippo 291 cats 164 colors, skin 105, 109, 147 cotyledons 89 Buddhism 277, 280, 282 cattle 252, 253 276, 278 Colosseum, Roman 266\u2013267 courses, river 63 bugs 95 Caudipteryx 78 Church 268, 284 Columbus, Christopher 284, courtship displays 121 Bull Run, Battle of 312 caves 66\u201367 Crusades 274\u2013275 286\u2013287 covalent bonds 193 buoyancy see flotation chromium 203 columns (geology) 66, 67 cows 117 butterflies 95, 96\u201397, 130 paintings 248, 251 chromosomes 141, 178, combustion 201, 208 coyotes 125 Byzantine Empire 265, celestial bodies 10 comets 11, 24, 78 Crab Nebula 14, 228 268, 275, 278 celestial sphere 30, 179, 187 communication devises 240 cranes (machines) 211 chrysalis 96, 97 communism 298, crankshafts 209 C 302, 330\u2013331 cicadas 92 322\u2013323, 325 craters 28 cell phones 224, 240, 326 ciliary muscles 170 compasses 214, 287 Cretaceous Period 77, 78, 81 cacti 89, 124\u2013125 cells 76, 138, 149, 156 circuits, electrical 234, components, electronic 240 Crick, Francis 139 caecilians 104 composites 202 crickets 95 Caesar, Julius 264, 265 blood 140, 141, 162 240, 241 compounds 190, 200\u2013201 Crimean War 298 caimans 111, 130 brain 168, 185 circulatory systems 138, compression 232 crocodiles 108, 109, Cairo 269 division of 178 computers 240, 241, 242\u2013 calculators 241, 242 muscle 144, 145 149, 156\u2013157 243, 244, 326, 345 see 110\u2013111, 121 caldera lakes 62 nerve 165, 166 circuses 267 also Enigma machine Crusades 269, 274\u2013275 calendars 249 plant 90\u201391 cirque glaciers 68 concave function 33 crustaceans 92 caliphs 279 sex 178, 180 cities 248, 254\u2013255 concentric defenses 273 crusts calls, animals 121 cellular respiration 149 civil rights 299, 324 condensation 63, 197 calories 148 cellulose 90 Civil War 312\u2013313 conduction 232 Earth 40, 42, 43 Celsius scale 233 civil wars 295, 310\u2013311, cone cells 171 moon 28, 29 Cenozoic Era 78 Confederacy, United States crystalline solids 196 centipedes 125 323, 327 312, 313 crystals (rock) 56 central nervous systems 164 cladodes 124 coniferous forests ctenophores 92 ceramics 202, 278 classes (biology) 86, 92 44, 123 Cuban Missile Crisis 322 classes (society) 306 conifers 84 Curiosity rover 36 classical civilizations currents (ocean) 71 248, 249 Greece 260\u2013261 Rome 266\u2013267","352 index currents, electric 234, 235 diaphragms 163 insect 96 submarine 212 F cuticles 91 Dickinsonia 85 mammal 339 Enigma machine 318 cuts see injuries Diderot, Denis 302 reptile 109 Enlightenment 302\u2013303 fabrics 202 cyanobacteria 76, 86 diets 117, 148 Egypt environmental changes 299 facial muscles 144 cyclones 60 diffraction 227 ancient 139, 248\u2013249 factories 308, 309 Cygnus 332 digestive systems 138, 148, Arab Spring 327 pollution 55, 202, 221, 237 Fahrenheit scale 233 cylinders 310, 311 Crusades 275 environments see habitats fall 44 cymbals 231 150\u2013151, 152\u2013153, 182 pharaohs 256\u2013257, enzymes 148, 152, 153, 176 fallopian tubes 180 cyndarians 338 digital technology 241, 326 epidermis 91, 146 families (biology) 86 cytoplasm 141 Dimetrodon 79 258\u2013259 epithelial cells 141 Faraday, Michael 215 cytosine 186 dinosaurs 78\u201379, 80\u201381, , Einstein, Albert 205 epithelium 174 farming 55, 248, 252, cytoskeletons 141 El Alamein, Battle of 319 equality 299, 302\u2013303, Czechoslovakia 325 98, 108, 110, 112 elections 263 257, 309 diodes 240 electrical energy 220 307, 325 Fascism 318 D Diplocaulus 104 electrical signals equator 44, 125 fashion 325 Diplodocus 98 equatorial sky charts fastest animals 340 da Vinci, Leonardo 284 diseases 139, 159, 179, 299 muscular 103 fats 141, 148, 152, 153 daimyo 282, 283 displacement 213 nervous systems 164, 332\u2013333 fault lakes 62 Damascus 269 displacement chemical Erasmus, Desiderius fault lines 46, 52 dams 133 167, 168 feathers 112, 114, 115 damselflies 95 reactions 201 electricity 215, 234\u2013235, 284, 291 feces 152 dark energy 10, 190, 220 displays, animal 121 erosion 56, 57, 64\u201365, 221 feet 143, 145 dark matter 10, 190 dissection 139 236\u2013237 esophaguses 112, 150, 152 Davis, Jefferson 312 divergent plate electrolytes 234 estates (class system) 306 birds 112, 114 D\u2013Day 319 electromagnetic estrogen 177 crocodiles 110 death 179, 283, 288 boundaries 48 estuaries 64 dinosaurs 82 decay 84 diving birds 113 radiation 238 Etemenanki Ziggurat 254, 255 elephants 118 deciduous forests 44, DNA 139, 141, 179, electromagnetic spectrum Eudimorphodon 79 female reproductive eukaryotes 338 45, 123 186\u2013187 222\u2013223 Euphrates, River 255 systems 178 deciduous plants 89 d\u014d (armor) 282 electromagnetism 30, 215 Europe 327, 334\u2013335 femurs 142, 143, 250 decks, ship 286, 284 dogs 99 electronics 240\u2013241 Ferdinand, Archduke Declaration of dolphins 117, 120, 130 electrons 193, 197, 198, 214, see also France; Doppler effect 231 Germany; Spain Franz 299 Independence 305 dormice 117 234, 238 Crusades 274\u2013275 Ferdinand, King of Spain 284 decomposition chemical dorsal fins 101, 103 elephants 99, 118\u2013119, 128 Silk Road 280 Fertile Crescent 248 double helix 186 Elizabeth I, Queen of slavery 300, 301 fertilization, of eggs reactions 201 drag (air resistance) 205, World Wars 314\u2013315, deep\u2013sea smokers 70 England 284 318\u2013319, 322 106, 180 defenses 252 217, 218 emails 243 Eusthenopteron 98 fetuses 182\u2013183 dragonflies 95, 106, 107 embryos 178, 180\u2013181, 182 evaporation 63, 197 feudalism 268 against germs 159 Drake, Sir Francis 284 emotions 169, 184, 303 Everest, Mount 70 fiber (diet) 148 military 272\u2013273 drawbridges 272 emperors 268, 345 evergreen plants 89 fiber (plant) 90 against predators 121, 135 Drepanaspis 78 evolution 76, 77, 104, fiberglass 202 deforestation 123 dunes 64 Chinese 295 164, 338 fibers, muscle 145 dehydration 161 dung beetles 129 Mughal 296, 297 of mammals 116, 250\u2013251 fibers, nerve 166 democracies 263, 307, dungeons 273 Napoleon Bonaparte 303 executions 267, 307 fibulas 143 Dunhuang 281 Ottoman (sultans) exhaust valves 209 financial systems 303, 327 322\u2013323 dwarf planets 11, 23 exoplanets 228 finger nerves 167 dendrites 166 278, 279 exoskeletons 92 fingernails 146, 147 dentine 151 E Roman 265, 266\u2013267 exosphere 43 fingerprints 147 deoxyribonucleic acid empires 248, 249, 324, 344 expansion 232 fins 98, 101, 102, 103 eagles 131 Asian empires 269, 285 explorers fire 221, 273 see DNA eardrums 172 Babylonian empire global 270\u2013271, 284, fireworks 200\u2013201 deposition 55, 64, 65, 197 ears 118, 172\u2013173 286\u2013287, 295 fish 87, 88, 98\u201399, 100\u2013101, depth perception 226 earthquakes 46, 49, 52\u201353, 254\u2013255 space 31, 34\u201335 dermal denticles 102 European empires extinction 77, 81, 87 102\u2013103, 339 dermis 146 245, 326 eyes (biology) 117, 170\u2013171 farming of 55 deserts 44, 64, 123, 124\u2013125 Eastern Front 314 298, 314 crocodile 110 habitats 130, 131 desktop computers echinoderms 92, 93 Ottoman empire dinosaur 82 fission 239 ecological succession 122 fish 100, 103 fissure eruptions 47 see computers economies 327 278\u2013279, 284 insect 94, 97 flags 336\u2013337 destructive interference 227 ecosystems 44, 94, 122 Roman empire robotic 244 flies 95 detritivores 87 education see learning vision 103, 109, 110, flightless birds 113 developing countries 179 eggs 141, 178, 180 264\u2013265, 268 112, 169 flint 250, 251, 252 Devonian Period 77, 78 enamel 102, 151 eyes (hurricane) 61 flooding 257 Dharma 277 amphibian 104, 107, endangered species 87 Florence Duomo 291 diamonds 54 bird 113 endocrine systems 176\u2013177 flotation 212\u2013213 fish 101 endoplasmic reticulum 141 endoscopes 139 energy, human body 148 energy pyramids 87 engineering 191, 264, 309 engines 208\u2013209, 218, 320 spacecraft 34, 35 steam 310\u2013311","353 flowering plants 88 gases 54, 190, 197 grasslands 44, 55, 123, bird 112 hydroelectric power 54, 236 flutes 231 natural 221 128\u2013129 dinosaur 82 hydrogen 13, 16, 18, 20, flyby spacecraft 30 elephant 118 flying machines 218 see also gasoline fuels 208 graves 253 shark 103 90, 139 gastric juices 151 gravity 23, 41, 165, 205, heat 201, 220, 232\u2013233 H bombs 239 airplanes; helicopters gatehouses 272 body 156, 165 hydrothermal vents 70 flying mammals 116 Gaul 264 see also France 216\u2013217 loss of 221 hydroxylapatite 142 focus 171 gazelles 129 and tides 54, 71, 216 helicopters 218\u2013219 hyenas 128 fog 59 gears 211, 218 Great Barrier Reef 130 helium 13, 18, 20, 199 hypothalami 176 follicles 146, 147 geckos 135 Great Wall of China 294\u2013295 Hellenistic period 261 food (diet) 55, 148, 175, 252 gemstones 54 great white sharks 102\u2013103 hemispheres 44 I food chains 87 genders 179 Greece, ancient 214, hemoglobins 141, 149 forests 44, 55, 63, 123 genera 86 herbivores 80, 117, 118 ice fortresses 272\u2013273 generators 215, 239 260\u2013261, 262\u2013263 herons 122 caps 45 genes 141, 178, 179, 180, astronomy 32 Herschel, William 27 glaciers 57, 65, 68\u201369 Acropolis of Athens 263 influence of 290, 291 Hertzprung\u2013Russell ice ages 40 Forum, Rome 266 186\u2013187 green energy 237 fossil fuels 54, 208, 221, Gengis Khan 269, 281 see greenhouse effect 24 diagram 17 Icelandic eruptions 47 growth hibernation 117 identical twins 183 236, 237 also Mongol empire fetus 182\u2013183 Hidalgo, Miguel 298 igneous rock 56 fossils 77, 78, 84\u201385 geographic poles 41 human 184\u2013185 hieroglyphics 256 iguanas 131 fovea 171 geological timescales 78\u201379 plants 89 Higgs boson 194 Iliad, poem 261 France 284, 298, 299, 302 geothermal power 54, 236 guanine 186 Hinduism 277, 296, 297 immune systems 138, Germany 299, 314\u2013315, guillotines 307 Hippocrates 139 French Revolution guitars 240 hippopotamuses 99 158\u2013159 306\u2013307 318\u2013319, 323 gunpowder 296 Hiroshima 319 imperial measurements germination 89 guns 307, 316 Hitler, Adolf 299, 318, 319 wars in 314, 315, 318 germs 138, 158\u2013159 Gupta empire, India 269 Hittites 249, 254 342\u2013343 Franco, Francisco 318 Gutenberg, Johannes Holocaust 319 imperialism see colonies Franks 268 see also bacteria Holy Roman Empire 268 fraternal twins 183 Gettysburg, Battle of 312 284, 291 Holy Wars 274\u2013275 (political); empires freefalls 217 geysers 51 gymnasiums 260 Home Front 314 implantation 181 freezing 197 gharials 108, 111 gyres 71 homeostasis 176 Incas 285, 288\u2013289 French Revolution 298, gila monsters 124 Homeric Period 261 incisors 151 gila woodpeckers 124 H hominins 250\u2013251 India 269, 296\u2013297 306\u2013307 gills 100, 103, 105 Indus Valley 249 frequencies 173, 230, 231 giraffes 98, 129 habitats 86, 87, 93, Homo erectus 250 Industrial Revolution 299, friction 205, 210 gizzards 112 122\u2013123, 124\u2013131 Homo ergaster 251 frogs 104, 105, 106\u2013107, glaciers 57, 65, 68\u201369 Homo habilis 248, 251 308\u2013309 gladiators 266, 267 loss of 123 Homo neanderthalis 79, inertia 206 131, 164 glands 146, 150, 158, 176 shared 121 infancy see babies, human frogspawn 106 glass 202, 280 Habsbergs, royal family 284 248, 250 infections see diseases; fuels 201 Global Positioning Systems hadal zones 71 Homo sapiens 79, fungi 86, 338 Hadley Rille 29 germs funny bones 166 (GPS) 224\u2013225 Hadron Collider, Large 248, 251 infrared 30, 33, 223, 244 fur 117 Globe Theater, London hormones 156, 165, 176\u2013177 injuries 157, 159 fuses 200 194\u2013195, 232 hot springs 70 inner planets 24\u201325 fusion 239 292\u2013293 hail 59 hourglasses 287 insects 92, 94\u201395 globemallow 125 hairs 118, 146, 147 household chemicals 191 instinct, survival 120, 169 G glucose 90, 177 Hammurabi, King 255 howler monkeys 131 insulation 221 glycerol 153 Han dynasty 280, 295 Hubble Telescope 10, 32 insulin 177 Gagarin, Yuri 322, 324 goats 252 hands 143 human sacrifice 288 integrated circuits (chips) Galapagos finches 76 G\u00f6beki Tepe, Turkey 249 Hanging Gardens humanism 284, 290 galaxies 10, 12, 13, Goddard, Robert humans, early 248, 250\u2013251 241, 242 of Babylon 255 humeri 142 interference 227 14\u201315, 228 Hutchings 207 Hannibal, general 264 Hundred Days Offensive 314 International Space Galileo Galilei 32 gods and goddesses 257, Hanuman 277 Hundred Years\u2019 War Galileo, spacecraft 26 hara\u2013kiri 283 Station 31 gall bladders 152 260\u2013261, 263, 277 Hathor 257 268, 344 internet 243, 326, 345 Gallipoli, Battle of 314 gold 280 Hawaii 42 Huns 268 intestines 146, 152\u2013153, 177 Gama, Vasco de 284 Golgi body 140 hunters 82, 87, 102, 134\u2013135 gamma rays 223, 238 Gorbachev, Mikhail 322, 323 Pearl Harbor attack 319 hurricanes 58, 59, bird 112 Gandhi 298 gorges 67 Hawaiian eruptions 47 dinosaur 83 Ganesh 277 Goths (tribe) 268 heads 94, 183 60\u201361, 326 elephant 118 Ganymede 26 gour 66 hearing 165, 168, 172 Hussein, Saddam 326\u2013327 shark 102 garrisons 294 GPS (Global Positioning hydraulics 211 involuntary actions 164 gas (warfare) 315, 316 see also ears hydrocarbons 54 Io 11 gas giants 26\u201327 Systems) 224\u2013225 heartbeat 157 hydrochloric acid 158 ionic bond 193 gas lights 309 Grant, General hearts 154\u2013155, 156\u2013157, ionosphere 222 ions 194, 197, 234 Ulysses S. 312 163, 176, 177 IP addresses 243 graphite see carbon grasshoppers 95","354 index Iraq war 326\u2013327 Kashgar 281 frog 104, 107 Lunar Module 34, 35 mass production see irises 170 katana (sword) 283 insect 94 lungfish 98, 104 Industrial Revolution iron 42, 309 Kea, Mount 70 reptile 81, 111 lungs 162\u2013163 Iron Curtain 322, 323 keeps, castle 272 lengths 342 masses 206, 216, 342 Isabella, Queen of Spain 284 Kelvins 233 Lenin, Vladimir 298 amphibian 105 masts, phone 224 see also Isfahan 281 Kennedy, John F. 324 lenses (eye) 170 bird 112 Ishtar Gate 254 Kentrosaurus 80 Leo 333 dinosaur 82 antennas (radio) Islamism 269, 276, 278\u2013279, Kepler\u2019s Supernova 33 Lepanto, Battle of 285 elephant 118 materials 191, 202\u2013203, keratin 146, 147 Lepidodendron 79 Lunokhod 1 36 281, 326 kettle lakes 62 levers 210, 211 Luther, Martin 284 215, 221 isobars 58 Kevlar plastic 203 LHC\u2013b (Large Hadron lymphatic systems 158\u2013159 Mayans 288, 289 isotopes 238, 239 keyboards 242 Lyra 332 meanders (rivers) 65 Istanbul 269 see also kidneys 112, 118, 160, 161, Collider) 195 lysosomes 141 measurements 220, lianas 131 lysozymes 158 Constantinople 176, 177 library of Celsus 264 232\u2013233, 342 Italy 290, 291 Kilby, Jack 241 life expectancies 179 M meat\u2013eaters see carnivores Iznik, Turkey 278 kinetic energy 220, 232 life, in space 11 medical technology 249 King, Martin Luther 324 lifecycles 178\u2013179 M13 star cluster 11 J kingdoms (biology) 86, 88 macaws 131 scans 139, 164, 239 kingdoms (government) frogs 106\u2013107 McCarthy, Joe 322 X\u2013ray images 33, 139, 223 jackrabbits 124 humans 178\u2013179 McCormick, Cyrus 309 Medici, royal family 291 Jacobins 307 249, 256 insects 92, 96\u201397 Machiavelli, Niccol\u00f2 291 medieval period 268\u2013269 jaguars 131 Kitchener, Lord 314 plants 89 machines 204, 210\u2013211, 308 Medina 269 Jahangir, emperor 296 knees 143 lift (force) 115, 218 meditation 277 Janissaries 278, 279 knights, crusader 274 ligaments 143 robotics 244\u2013245 Mediterranean 44, 123 Japan 282\u2013283, 285, 298, Korea 323 light 13, 76, 222, 226\u2013227 macrophages 159 megaliths 249 kote (armour) 282 Madrid terrorist attack 327 megalodons 84 318, 319 Kublai Khan 281 see also Sun Magellan, Ferdinand 284 Meganeura 79 jawless fish 100, 339 Kuiper Belt 23 bulbs 345 magma 50\u201351, 56, 72 Mehmed II, sultan 279 jaws 142, 151 kusazuri (armour) 283 rays 170\u2013171 magnetic fields 120 meiosis 178 speed of 10, 194 magnetic poles 41 Meissner\u2019s corpuscles 147 bird 115 L and telescopes 33 magnetism 194, 195, 204, melanin 147, 170, 176 crocodile 110, 121 lightning 59, 220, 234 melting 197 dinosaur 82 lakes 62, 65, 69 lilies 130 205, 214\u2013215 membranes 140 insect 94 Lakshmi 277 limbic systems 164, 169 magnetite 214 memories (brain) 120, 169 shark 103 landers 31 limbs 184, 244 see also legs, magnification 226 memory (computer) 175, Jefferson, Thomas 305 landmarks 120 Magyars 268 jellyfish 131 laptop computers see arms (limbs), tails male reproductive 241, 242 Jerusalem 269, 275 limestone 66, 67 mempo (mask) 282 Jesus Christ 276 computers Lincoln, Abraham 312, 313 systems 178 Mendeleev, Dmitri 198 jet engines 209 Large Hadron Collider lions 117, 128 Mamluks dynasty 275 menstrual cycles 185 jewelry 271 lipase 150 mammals 87, 98, 99, 116\u2013 Mercalli Intensity Scale 46 Jews 276, 319 194\u2013195, 232 liquids 190, 196, 211 Mercury 22, 24 joeys 116 large intestines 153 lithosphere 42, 43 117, 164, 339 Merkel\u2019s discs 146 joints, bone 143 Large Magellanic Cloud 228 livers 102, 112, 149, 152 mammoths 85 Mesopotamia 248, 249 joules 220 larvae 96, 97, 104 livestock 55 manmade lakes 62 mesosphere 43 juba weaver birds 133 lasers 227, 228 lizards 108, 109, 125 mantises 135 Mesozoic Era 78, 80, 81, Judaism 276, 319 lateral lines 101 lobes see also ears mantle, Earth\u2019s 40, 42, 43, jugular veins 156 latex 203 82\u201383, 116 jumping animals 340\u2013341 Latin America 298 brain 169 46, 73 metabolic systems 161, 176 Jupiter 23, 26, 36 latitudes 287 lung 163 Mao Zedong, Chairman 325 metallic bond 193 Jurassic Period 79, 81 launch sites (spacecraft) 30 Local Group (galaxies) 11 maps, star 30 metamorphic rock 56, 57 lava 47, 50 lodestones 214 Maratha Confederacy 297 metamorphosis 96, 97, 106 K Le Verrier, Urbain 26 lodges, beavers 133 Marathon, Battle of 262 metric measurements leaf\u2013browsing animals 128 logic gates 241 Marella 79 kabuto (helmet) 282 leaf insects 135 London terrorist attacks 327 marginocephalians 80 342\u2013343 Kamak Temple Complex, learning 120, 168, 169 lone predators 135 Marie Antoinette, Queen of Mexico 124\u2013125, 298 leaves 89 longboats 270\u2013271 mice, computer 242 Egypt 248 Lee, General 312 longitudinal waves 220 France 306, 307 Michelangelo 291 kangaroo rats 125 Leeuwenhoek, loop prominences 20 marine habitats 123 microorganisms see germs kangaroos 116 Lorenzini, Stefano 103 marine invertebrates 93 microprocessors 242 Kant, Immanuel 302 Antonie van 139 Louis IV, King of France 284 Mariner 2 30 microscopes 139 kapok trees 131 legs 98, 143 Louis XVI, King of France markings, animal 95, 97, 105 microtubules 178 karma 277 Marne, Battle of 314 microvilli 140 karst 66 bird 112 298, 306, 307 Mars 22, 25, 36 microwaves 222, 224 dinosaur 81, 83 lubrication 205 marsupials 116, 339 Mid\u2013Atlantic Ridge 48 elephant 118 lunar craters 28 Marx, Karl 298 middle ages 268\u2013269 lunar maria 28 Middle Passage 300 migration 97, 113, 120 militia 305","355 milk production, humans 177 Mughal empire 285, 296 Neptune 23, 26 oil 54, 221, 236 pain 165 milkweed plant 96 Muhammad, Prophet nerves 146, 155, 165, 173 old age 184 Paine, Thomas 303 Milky Way 11, 14, 331 Olduvai settlement, paintings see art minerals 54, 56\u201357, 66, 73, 269, 276 optic nerve 171 palaces 255 multiple births 183 nervous systems 164, Kenya 250 Palenque 289 84, 142 multipolar neutrons 165 olfactory systems 174, 175 Paleogene Period 78 Ming dynasty 285, 295 mummification 139, 258 166\u2013167 Olmecs 249 Paleolithic Age 251 Minoans 260, 261 Munda, Battle of 264 nests 113, 121, 125, 130, 133 Olympic games 261 Mir, space station 31 Murad I, sultan 279 neurons 166, 168 Olympus Mons, Mars 25 see also Stone Age mirrors 226, 228, 229 murder holes 272 neurotransmitters 167 Olympus, Mount 260 paleontologists 77, 85 missiles 213 muscles 144\u2013145, 146, neutrons 165, 192\u2013193, Opium Wars 298 Paleozoic Period 79 Mississippi River 312 optic nerves 171 pancreases 152, 153, mitochondria 141, 149 154\u2013155, 157, 170, 181 198, 238, 239 optical telescopes 30 mitosis 141 bird 114, 115 New York terrorist orb (military formation) 265 176, 177 moats 272 dinosaur 82, 83 orbital distances 22 papillae 147, 174, 175 Moh\u00e1cs, Battle of 285 fish 101, 102 attacks 327 orbiter spacecraft 30 parachutes 217 Mohs scale of mineral music 231, 241, 324\u2013325 Newfoundland, Canada 271 orbits 23 parallel circuits 234 Muslims 269, 276, 278\u2013279, Newgrange, Ireland 249 orders (biology) 86 parallel processing, hardness 56 Newton, Isaac 23, 32, 206, Ordovician Period 77, 79 molars 151 281, 326 organelles 140 computer 243 molecules 192\u2013193 mussels 93 284, 302 organic chemistry 191 Paranal Observatory 228 Mussolini, Benito 318 newts 104, 105 organs 99, 138, 139 see also Paranthropus boisei 250 see also DNA Muttaburrasaurus 80 Nicaragua 322 parental care 113, 121 food 148\u2013149, 153 Mycenaeans 260, 261 nickel 42 specific organs parrots 131 heat 232, 233 myelin 165 Nike 262 donation 161 Parthenon, Athens 262\u2013263 in human bodies 138, 150, mythology, Egyptian 257, Nile, river 65, 256, 257 mummification 258, 259 particle accelerators 195 9\/11 terrorist attacks Orhan, sultan 279 particles 12, 192\u2013193, 194, 152, 174 258\u2013259 Orion Arm 14 sound 230 326\u2013327 Orion nebula 16 195 see also atoms; and states of matter 190, N nirvana 277 Orion the hunter 32, 333 molecules nitrogen 40 ornithischians 80 Pearl Harbor attack 319 196\u2013197 N1 30 nobility, French 306 ornithopods 80 peasants 268 mollusks 92, 130, 339 N70 Nebula 228 nocturnal mammals 117 Orrorin tugenensis 250 pectoral fins 101, 103 monarch butterflies 96\u201397 Nagasaki 319 no man\u2019s land 316\u2013317 Orthodox religions 276 pediments 262 monarchy, French 306 Nagy, Imre 322 nonvascular plants 88, 338 oscilloscopes 241 Pegasus 332 Mongol empire 269, 280, nails 118 North America 179 ostriches 113 Peloponnesian War 344 nanotechnology 202 north polar sky 330 otters 130 pelvises 142 281, 344 NAO robot 244 noses 110, 150, 162, 174 Ottoman Empire 278\u2013279, penetrator (spacecraft) 31 mongooses 129 Napoleon Bonaparte, penicillin 345 monkeys 120, 131, 134 nostrils 103 285, 315 Pentaceratops 80 monsoons 58 Emperor 307 notochords 98 outer planets 26\u201327 pentathlons 261 Montgomery, General Napoleonic Wars 298, Noyce, Robert 241 outer space 43 perennial plants 89 nuclear physics ovaries 177, 178, 180, 185 pericardiums 154 Bernard 318 307, 344 Periodic Table 198\u2013199, 215 monuments 249, 254, NASA 28, 34, 243 fusion 18, 20 in plants 88 peripheral nervous nasal cavities 174 reactions 13, 16 owls 125 systems 164 255, 269 National Assembly, nuclear power 54, 220, 221, oxbow lakes 65 periscopes 212 Moon 10, 28\u201329, 34\u201335, 36, oxen 252 Permian Period 77, 79 France 306 236, 238\u2013239 oxygen 87, 88, 139, 148\u2013 Perseus Arm 15 71, 216, 325 National Guard, France 306 reactors 212 Persian empire 249, moons 11, 17, 22, 23, 26 NATO 322 weapons 239, 299 149, 154 see also 261, 263 Moore\u2019s law 241 natural disasters 326 nucleosomes 187 circulatory system perspective (art) 290 Moors (Islamic natural philosophy 302 nucleus 140, 141, 187, 192 in amphibians 105 Peru 288 natural selection 76 numerals 269 in Earth\u2019s atmosphere 40 petals 88 community) 268 nature, in art 303 Nut (Egyptian Goddess) 257 in fish 100 pharaohs 256\u2013257, moraine 68, 69 navigation systems 225, 287, nutrients 87, 182, 156 Ozone Layer 299 258\u2013259, 345 Morganucodon 79 nylon 190 Philippi, Battle of 265 Mosasaurus 81 320, 330 nymphaeum 260 P Phillip, King of Macedon 261 mosques 276, 279 animals 120, 215 nymphs 107, 132 philosophers 249, 302 mosquitoes 85 Nazis 318, 319 pacas 130 phloem vessels 91 mosses 88 Neanderthals 79, 248, 250 O Pacific Ocean 72 phones 224 moths 95 neap tides 216 Pacific, theater of war 319 phospholipids 140 motion 206\u2013207 nebulae 11, 14, 16, 19, 228 obsidian 252 Pacinian corpuscles 146 photons 227 motor neurons 167 necks 144 oceanic crust 42 pack animals 221 photosphere (Sun) 20 motors 215 nectar 88 oceans 40, 48, 63, 70\u201371, pack hunters 134 photosynthesis 88, 90\u201391 mountains 41, 42, 62, negative charges 234, 235 packs, wolf 121 phylums (biology) 86, 92, 98 Neogene Period 79 72\u201373, 76 70, 123 neoprene 203 tides 54, 71, 216 mouths (biology) 148, nephrons 161 octaves 231 octopuses 93 150\u2013151, 162 Odeon of Pericles 263 mouths (river) 63 mucus 151, 158, 163 mud 252","356 index pike 101 pressure fronts see air radiation 13, 30, 233, 238 Richard I \u201cLionheart\u201d, King sarcophagi 259 pincushion cacti 125 pressure radiative zone 20 of England 274 Sargon the Great 255 pineal glands 176 radio telescopes 30 satellites 31, 224\u2013225 pinna 172 prey 134\u2013135 radio waves 222, 224 Richter Scale 46 Saturn 22, 27, 36 Pioneer 11, 31 prickly pear cacti 124 radioactive waste 221 ridges, ocean 70 Saturn V 30, 34 pipe organ cacti 124 Priene, ancient 260\u2013261 radioactivity 238\u2013239 rings, planets 27 saurischians 80 Piscis Austrinus 332 primitive life 76 radiometric rock dating 239 rituals 256, 259 sauropodomorphs 80 pistons 208, 209, 310 printed circuit boards railways 308, 309, 310 rivers 63, 64, 65, 236, 248 savanna 123, 128\u2013129 pitch (sound) 173, 230, 231 rain 44, 59, 62, 65, 76, 125 RNA (molecule) 186 Saxons 268 pituitary glands 176, 177 (PCBs) 241 road networks 264 scabs 157 pivots 210 printing presses 291, see also acid rain roadrunners 124 scales (animal) placentas 116, 118, 182, 339 rainbows 223 Robespierre, planetary nebulas 19 302, 345 rainforests 44, 130\u2013131 fish 101, 102 planets 10, 11, 17, 22\u201323, prism 223 Rajputs 296 Maximilien de 307 mammal 117 processor chips, Ramesses II, King 256 robotics 244\u2013245 reptile 109, 110, 111 24\u201325, 26\u201327 ramps 210 robots, spacecraft 30 Scandinavians 270 plant\u2013eaters see herbivores computer 242 Raphael 290 rocket engines 209 scans, medical 139, 164, 239 plantations, slave 300 processors, electronic 240 rapids 65 rockets 30, 34\u201335, 207, 321 X\u2013ray images 33, 139, 223 plants 86, 87, 88\u201389, producers (food chain) 87 rats 125 rocks 42, 54, 56\u201357, 62, sciatic nerves 167 progesterone 177 rattlesnakes 125 scientific experiments 194 90\u201391, 122 programs, computer 242 raw materials 191, 308 66\u201367 sclerae 170 plasma 149, 156, 194, 197 prokaryotes 338 reactions (chemical) 200\u2013201 formations 64 scorpion fish 131 propaganda 318 reactions (physics) 207 rod cells 171 Scorpius 332 spheres 235 properties, of materials 191 reactors, nuclear 238 Rolfosteus 78 screens, computer 242 plastics 202 proportions, body 183 receptors 167 Romanticism 303 screws 210 platelets 149, 156 proscenium arches 293 reconnaissance 317 Rome, ancient 274 scrotums 178 Plateosaurus 79 proteins 146, 148, 153, 186 rectums 152, 165 emperors 265, 266\u2013267 sculptures 291 playwrights 293 Protestantism 276, 284 recycling 55 Empire 264\u2013265, 268 sea anemones 93, 130 Pleiades cluster 17 protists 86, 338 red blood cells 141, 149, 154 influence of 290, 291 sea fans 131 plinian eruptions 47 protons 192, 195, 198, 238 red giant 18\u201319 Rommel, Field Marshal sea mammals 116 plows 248 protostar 16\u201317 Red Planet see Mars sea routes 284 Pluto 11 protozoans 86 reefs, coral 93, 130\u2013131, 221 Erwin 318 seabirds 113 podocytes 161 Proxima Centauri 10 reflection 33, 226 roots, plant 88, 89, 124 Seahawk helicopter 218\u2013219 poison gas 315 pterosaurs 79, 108 reflex actions 167 rotation, of Earth 41 seas 70, 72\u201373 poisonous animals 96, 97, Reformation 284 rotors 218\u2013219 seasons 44 Pterodactylus 81 refraction 33, 226 Rousseau, Jean\u2013Jacques 302 sebum 158 105, 135 Ptolemy 32 reincarnation 277 rover (spacecraft) 31, 36 Secondat, Charles\u2013Louis polar bears 99 puberty 184, 185 relative velocity 204 rubber 203 polar regions 123 pulleys 210, 211 relativity, theory of 205 Ruffini\u2019s corpuscles 146 de 302 Polaris 330 pulmonary arteries 154 religions 254, 271, Russia 298, 335 secretory vesicles 140 poles (magnets) 214 pulmonary veins 155 sedimentary rock 56, 57, pollen 88 pulp cavities 151 276\u2013277, 290 Russian Empire 344 pollution 55, 202, 221, 237 Punic Wars 344 Renaissance 284, 290\u2013291 USSR 299, 322\u2013323, 319 64, 85 Polo, Marco 280, 281 pupae 97 renewable energy 54, 221 World War I 314\u2013315 seeds 89 polymers 190 pupils 170 reproduction 121 segregation 234 ponds 122 Pyramid of Giza, Great S self\u2013defense see defenses Popes 274 pollination 88 self\u2013healing materials 202 populations 334 255, 256, 345 reproductive systems Sacabambaspis 79 semen 178 pores 146 pythons 129 sacrifice, human 288 Senate (Rome) 264 Portuguese men\u2013of\u2013war 93 138, 178 sacrum 142 Sengoku period, Japan 283 positive charges 234 Q reptiles 81, 87, 99, 108\u2013109, Sagittarius 332 senses 103, 109, 117, 164, potential energy 220 saguaro cacti 124 potholes 67 Qin Shi Huangdi, 110\u2013111, 339 Sahelanthropus 174\u2013175 see also pouched mammals 116, 339 emperor 295 republics 264, 265, 306 individual senses poverty 309, 318, 327 repulsion (magnetism) tchadensis 250 sensors (fish) 101 power stations 236 Qing empire 285, 295, 344 Saladin, Sultan 274, 275 sensors, robotic 245 Precambrian Period 78 quadrants 287 214, 235 salamanders 104, 105 sepals 88 precipitation 57, 59 Quant, Mary 325 rescue technology 219, 245 Salamis, Battle of 262 seppuku (stomach cutting) 283 predators 82, 87, 102, quarks 193 resistance 205 saliva 150, 158, 175 Serbia 314 Quaternary Period 79 resistors 240 saltwater 70 series circuits 234 134\u2013135 queens, insect 132 respiratory systems 138, Samarkand 281 SETI (search for premolars 151 Qur\u2019an 276 Samurais 282\u2013283, 285 extraterrestrial preservation 84 see also 148\u2013149 San Martin, Jos\u00e9 de 298 intelligence) 11 R retinas 170, 171 sand dunes 64 settlements, early mummification reverse images 226 saphenous veins 157 human 250 pressure 205 Ra 257 revolutions (political) 298, Saracens (Crusades) 274\u2013275 7\/7 terrorist attacks 327 radar 222 Saratoga, Battles of 305 heat 232 304\u2013305, 306\u2013308 water 205, 212, 213 ribosomes 141 ribs 82, 142, 163","357 Seven Wonders of the slave trade 266, 279, 300\u2013 speed of sound 217, 230 strombolian eruptions 47 tanks 321 World 255 301, 312, 313 wind 60 subduction 42, 48 Tannenberg, Battle of 314 sperm 178, 179, 180 sublimation 197 tarantulas 125 Seven Years War 298, sleet 59 sphincters 151, 160 submarines 213 taste 165, 174\u2013175 304, 305 sloths 131 Sphinx 256 subsea smokers 73 slowest animals 340 spice trade 284 sugar levels, blood 177 see also tongue sex (gender) 179 slugs 131 spiders 133 sugars 153 Taurus 333 sex cells 178, 180 small intestines 152 spiderwebs 133 S\u00fcleiman I, sultan 279 taxation 304, 306 sex hormones 184, 185 smallest animals 341 spies 317, 318 S\u00fcleimaniye Mosque, Istanbul sexual reproduction 178 smell 109, 150, 165, 174\u2013175 spines (defenses) 117, 135 tithes 268 Shah Jahan, emperor spines (skeleton) 83, 279 tea 304 see also noses sulfur 42 tears 158 296, 297 smoking, tobacco 179 102, 118 sultans 278, 279 teenagers see puberty Shakespeare, William smooth muscle 144 spinal cord 164, 166, 169 Sumerians 248 teeth 117, 150, 151, 250 snakes 108, 109, 125, spinning frames, cotton summer 44 292\u2013293 crocodile 110 Shang China 249 129, 131 308, 309 monsoons 58 dinosaur 82, 83 sharks 99, 101, 102\u2013103 snow 59, 62 Spinosaurus 80 Sun 14, 18, 20\u201321, 22, 24 elephant 118 sheep 252 Sobek 257 Spitfire fighter plane 321 shark 103 shells (animals) 93, 130 social change 299, 303, spleens 159 see also solar power; tekko (armor) 282 shells (explosives) 200 sponges 92, 130, 338 photosynthesis telephones 224, 240, shelter see habitats 324\u2013235 spongy bone 143 seasons 44 Shi\u2019a Muslims 276 social classes 266 sports 261 tides 216 326, 345 ships 213, 286\u2013287 social networks 243, 326 spring (season) 44 suneate (armor) 283 telescopes 30, 32, 33, sode (armor) 282 Spring tides 216 Sunni Muslims 276 longboats 270\u2013271 Sojourner rover 36 Sputnik satellite 323 sunspots 21 228\u2013229, 284 slave 301 solar flare 21 squirrels 124 supercluster 11 televisions 240 Shiva 277 solar power 54, 90, 131, stadiums 261 supercomputers 243 temperatures 232\u2013233, 342 shockwaves 52 stainless steel 203 supergiant 18\u201319 shogun 283 236, 237 stalactites 66 supernatural 303 climates 44 shoulders 142, 144 Solar System 13, 14, 22\u201323, stalagmites 66 supernova 19, 228 ocean 71 shrimp 130 Stalingrad, Battle of 319 superpowers 322 Solar System 20, 24\u201327 shrubs 125 24\u201325, 26\u201327, 31 stamens 88 supersonic speed 217, 230 Templars, knights 274 sight 103, 109, 110, 112, soldiers 316\u2013317 star charts 32\u201333 surface, of Earth 41 temples 260, 262\u2013263 solids 190, 196 star forts 273 survival, animal 76, 120\u2013121 tendons 145 169, 170\u2013171 somatic nervous star maps 330\u2013331 sustainability, of Tennessee 312 signals 224\u2013225 starfish 93, 130 resources 55 Tenochtitl\u00e1n 288, 289 systems 164 stars 10, 14\u201315 see also Sun swallowing 150 tentacles 130 electrical (nervous Sombrero Galaxy 228 swastikas 318 Teotihuacan 288 systems) 164, 167, 168 Somme, Battle of 314 astronomy 32\u201333, 228, sweat 146, 158 terminal velocity 217 sonar 213, 219, 244 330\u2013333 swim bladders 100 termites 128, 132 radio waves 222 Song dynasty 295 swords, samurai 283 terra-cotta warriors 295 towers 294 sonic boom 230 birth 16\u201317 symbolism, religious 257 terrestrial mammals 116 silicon 241 Sonoran Desert 124\u2013125 death 18\u201319 synapses 167, 168 terrorism 326\u2013327 silk production, insects 133 sound 230\u2013231 static electricity 235 synthesis chemical testes 177, 178, 185 Silk Road 280\u2013281, 284 steam power 308, 309, reactions 201 testosterone 177 Silurian Period 79 speed of 217 synthetic fabrics 202 testudo 265 Sinan, Mimar 279 sources, river 63 310\u2013311 Syria 275 tetrapods 98, 104, 116 sine waves 231 South Africa 299 steam engines 308, 345 systems, body 138 theaters (entertainment) sinkholes 66 South America 298 steel 203, 215, 309 Six Day War 325 south polar sky 331 stegosaurs 80 T 260, 263 skeletal muscles 144 Soviet Union see USSR stems, brain 168 Globe Theater 292\u2013293 skeleton 99, 142\u2013143, see space exploration 30\u201331, stems, plant 88, 89 t. rex 77, 82\u201383, 84\u201385 theaters (war) 314, 318\u2013319 Stephenson\u2019s Rocket tabi (armor) 283 thermal cameras 223 also bones 34\u201335, 36\u201337 tables, water 63 thermosphere 43 cartilage 102, 182 Space Race 322 310\u2013311 tablet computers theropods 80, 82\u201383 bird 114, space stations 31 stigmas 88 thighs 143, 145 cytoskeleton 141 space\u2013time 205 stings, insects 95 see computers Thirty Years\u2019 War 344 exoskeleton 92 spacecraft 30, 36\u201337 stirrup bones 172 tadpoles 106 thoraxes 94 fish 101, 102 Spain 284, 286 stomachs 151, 152\u2013153, tail fins 101 Thoth 256, 257 fossil 85 empire 285, 344 tails 83, 102, 111 thoughts 168, 169 skin 146\u2013147, 176, 183 Inca invasion 288, 289 158, 176 Taj Mahal 296, 297 threatened species 87 Madrid terrorist stomata 90, 91 Taliban 327 3\u2013D image 171 see also scales Stone Age 248, 252\u2013253 see tallest animals 341 thrust 218 (animal); touch attacks 327 Tang dynasty 269, 280, 295 thunderstorms 59, 60 amphibians 105, 107 spark plugs 209 also Paleolithic Age Thyme broomrape 89 elephants 118 Spartans 260, 262, 263 Stonehenge 32, 249 thymine 186 injuries to 155, 158 speech 168, 169 stratosphere 43 thyreophorans 80 skins, animal 158, 252 streams 65 see also rivers thyroid glands 176 skulls 104, 115, 118, 142 see also tongue strings (matter) 193 sky maps 330\u2013331 speeds 204, 210, 211 skydivers 217 animal 102, 135 speed of light 194, 222","358 index tibial nerves 167 storms 60 V vulcanian eruptions 47 wheels 210, 211 tides 54, 71, 216 troposphere 43 vulcanized rubber 203 white blood cells 149, tigers 86, 99 trout 101 vacuoles 140 vultures 128 Tikal 289 trunks, elephants 118 vaginas 183 154, 159 Tiktaalik 98 tsunamis 52, 326 Valles Marineris, Mars 25 W white dwarfs 18, 19 time 10, 342 tuatara 108 valley glaciers 68 White Heron Castle, Japan Tuileries Palace, France 306 Valley of the Kings warm\u2013blooded animals 81, sense of 165 Tull, Jethro 309 112, 117 283 timekeeping 287 tuna 101 256, 258 Wi\u2013Fi 224 zones 334 tundras 44, 123 valves, engine 208, warriors 270 Wilberforce, William 301 tires 203 tuning forks 231 wars 269, 299, 307, 344 wildebeest 128 tissue, body 138, 140, Tunisia 327 310, 311 windpipes 148, 162 turbines 239 valves, heart 155 American 304\u2013305, winds 59, 71 142, 159 Turing Test 245 valves, vein 157 312\u2013313 Titan 27, 36 Turkey see Ottoman Empire vanishing points 290 erosion 64 tithes 268 Turner, Joseph 303 vascular plants 88, 338 China 295 pollination 88 toads 104, 105 turtles 108, 130 vassals 268 Cold War 322\u2013323 power 221, 236 toes 118, 146 tusks 118 veins (animal) 95, 154\u2013155, Crusades 274\u2013275 wings Tokugawa, General 285 Tutankhamun 258 Iraq 326\u2013327 airplane 218, 321 Tokugawa Ieyasu 283 21st Century 326\u2013327 156, 157, 160 Napoleonic 307 bird 114, 115 Toltecs 288 twins 183 veins (plant) 90, 91 Roman Empire 264\u2013265 insect 95, 97 tombs 258\u2013259 typhoons 60 Velociraptor 112 World War I 314\u2013315, winter 44, 58 tongue 109, 150, 174, 175 Tyrannosaurus rex 77, velocities 204, 217 Wollstonecraft, Mary 303 vena cavas 156, 160 316\u2013317 wolves 121 see also speech 82\u201383, 84\u201385 Venera 7 36 World War II 318\u2013319 women\u2019s rights 299, 303 tonsils 158 ventricles 155 Washington, George wonders, ancient 345 tools 204, 210\u2013211, 250, U Venus 22, , 36 wood 54, 236, 252 Venus flytraps 89 304, 305 woodpeckers 124 251, 252 U\u2013boats 321 Verdun, Battle of 314 wasps 95, 125 workhouses 309 Topkapi Palace 278, 279 Uintatherium 78 vernix 183 water 65, 87, 196\u2013197, 226 world records 217 Torah 276 ulnar nerves 166 vertebrae 166 World War I 299, 314\u2013315, tornadoes 59, 213 ultrasound scans 139 Very Large Telescope see also oceans; rivers tortoises 108, 124 ultraviolet (UV) 30, 223 cycles 62\u201363 316\u2013317 toucans 130 umbilical cords 118, 182 (VLT) 228 in human bodies 149, 161 World War II 299, touch 165, 169 see also skin understories, rainforest 131 Vesalius, Andreas 139 on planets 25, 26 towers, castle 272 unemployment 318, 327 vibrations 109, 230 water boatmen 107 318\u2013319, 320 towns 252\u2013253 uniform, military 307 see Vicksburg, Battle of 312 water power 236, 308 World Wide Web 243 Vienna, Siege of 285 water pressure 205 worms 92 see also cities also armor (military) Vietnam War 323, 324, 325 water\u2013soluble hormones 165 writing 256 trachea 148 Union, United States Vikings 268, 270\u2013271 water vapor 76, 91 trade 252, 284 villages 248 waterfalls 65, 67 X 312, 313 villus 152 waterproof animals 108, 109 routes 280\u2013281 unipolar neurons 165 Vinci, Leonardo da 284 Watson, James 139 X chromosomes 179, 187 slaves 300\u2013301 United Kingdom 322 violins 231 Watt, James 309 X\u2013ray images 33, 139, 223 transform plate boundary 48 United States of America Virginia class submarine wavelengths 173, 220, X\u2013ray telescopes 30 transistors 240 Xi\u2019an 281 transpiration 62, 91 299, 300, 324, 325, 326 212\u2013213 222\u2013223 xylem vessel 91 transuranic elements 198 civil wars 304\u2013305, Virgo 333 waves (ocean) 52\u201353, 64, 71 transverse waves 220 viruses see diseases; germs waves (physics) 220, 222\u2013 Y traps, for prey 133, 134 312\u2013313 viscosity 196 trawling 55 desert habitats 124\u2013125 Vishnu 277 223, 227, 230\u2013231 Y chromosomes 179, 187 treasures 258 World Wars 315, 318, visible spectrum 223 wealth 303 see also poverty trebuckets 273 vision 103, 109, 110, 112, weapons 270, 315, 320\u2013321 Z tree\u2013dwelling animals 322\u2013323 units of measurement 342 169, 170\u2013171 bombs 319, 327 Zama, Battle of 264 116, 130 uranium 221, 239 vitamins 148 cannon 313 zebras 129 trees 88, 128, 129, 131 Uranus 23, 27 vitreous humor 171 guns 307, 316 Zeus 260, 261 trenches (ocean) 41, 70, Urban II, Pope 274, 275 voice boxes 162 of mass destruction 326 Zhou dynasty 295 urea 149 volcanoes 47, 50\u201351, 56, nuclear 239, 323 see also zinc 234 72, 73 urinary systems 149, trenches (war) 316\u2013317 70, 76, 81 Cuban Missile Crisis Triangular Trade 300 160\u2013161 Volkswagen camper van samurais 282\u2013283 Triassic Period 77, 79, 81 Ursa Major 33 weather 58\u201359 see also triceratops 84 USA see United States of 324\u2013325 triplets 183 voltages 234, 235 climates Triton 26 America Voltaire 302 weathering see erosion tropical climates 44, 45, USSR 298, 299, 319, 322\u2013 volumes, liquid 342 weaving 253 voluntary actions 164 wedges 210 123, 130 323 see also Russia Voyager 1 36 weights 216 habitats 125\u2013126, 128\u2013 uteruses 177, 178, 181, 183 voyages see explorers Western Front 314 whale sharks 98 129, 130\u2013131 whales 120","359 Acknowledgments Smithsonian Project Coordinator: National Museum of African American The publisher would like to thank the Kindersley: NASA \/ Digitaleye \/ Jamie Kealy Wilson History and Culture following for their kind permission to Marshall (br). 59 Corbis: (fbr). 64 Dorling Ester Washington, Director of Education reproduce photographs: Kindersley: Greg Ward \/ Rough Guides (bl). Smithsonian Enterprises: 65 Fotolia: Okea (tr). 66 Dorling Kealy Wilson, Product Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur (Key: a-above; b-below\/bottom; c-center; Kindersley: Tim Draper \/ Rough Guides (cl). Development Manager M. Sackler Gallery f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 71 NASA: Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Ellen Nanney, Licensing Manager Dr. Alexander Nagel, Assistant Curator of Science Team (bl). 76 Dorling Kindersley: Brigid Ferraro, Director of Licensing Ancient Near East; James T. Ulak, Senior 10 NASA: JPL (ftr); R. Williams (STScI) \/ Atlantic Digital (bl, tl). Getty Images: Flickr Carol LeBlanc, Senior Vice President Curator of Japanese Art; J. Keith Wilson, The Hubble Deep Field Team (cra). 11 \/ www.MartyPhotography.com.au (cla). Curator of Ancient Chinese Art; Debra Corbis: NASA (tc\/planet). Dorling Science Photo Library: Henning Dalhoff Reviewers for the Smithsonian: Diamond, Associate Curator of South and Kindersley: Julian Baum (tc\/dwarf planet). (cl\/l, cl\/c, cl\/r). 77 Corbis: Annie Griffiths National Museum of Natural History: Southeast Asian Art NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team Belt (tr). 78 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Dr. Don E. Wilson, Curator Emeritus, (AURA\/STScl): NASA \/ ESA \/ A. Nota (STScI Hughes (cla); Andrew Kerr (c, crb, tr); Jon Department of Vertebrate Zoology; Sally National Museum of American History, \/ ESA) (ftr). NASA: (cr); JPL \/ University of Hughes and Russell Gooday (cra). 79 Kuhn Sennert, USGS\/Global Volcanism Kenneth E. Behring Center Arizona (tl); JPL \/ ESA \/ SOHO (tr). Science Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes (crb, ca, Program, Department of Mineral Sciences; David K. Allison, Associate Director for Photo Library: (c); John Thomas (ftl); David fcl); Jon Hughes and Russell Gooday (cra); Dr. Jeffrey E. Post, Geologist and Curator- Curatorial Affairs; Dwight Blocker Bowers, Parker (br); Mark Garlick (bl); Volker Andrew Kerr (c, bc, cla); Jon Hughes \/ in-Charge, National Gem and Mineral Curator, Division of Culture and the Arts; Springel \/ Max Planck Institute For Bedrock Studios (cl); Richard Tibbets (clb). Collection; Dr. Nancy Knowlton, Sant Chair Roger E. Sherman, Associate Curator, Astrophysics (fbr). 13 NASA: COBE \/ DMR 80 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes (cb); of Marine Sciences; Dr. Michael Brett- Division of Medicine and Science; Ann M. (cr). 14 ESO: (fclb\/crab nebula); S. Gillessen Dennis Wilson - Staab Studios - Surman, Museum Specialist for Fossil Seeger, Deputy Chair and Curator, Division et al (fcl\/galactic centre). NASA and The modelmaker (clb); Andrew Kerr (bl, br). Dinosaurs, Reptiles, Amphibians and Fish, of Medicine and Science; Dr. Paul F. Hubble Heritage Team (AURA\/STScl): Science Photo Library: Roger Harris (bc). Department of Paleobiology; Thomas F. Johnston, Curator, Division of Work and NASA \/ ESA (fbl). 15 NASA: ESA \/ Z. Levay 81 Dorling Kindersley: Jon Hughes and Jorstad, Paleobiology Information Officer, Industry; L. Susan Tolbert, Deputy Chair and R. van der Marel, STScI \/ T. Hallas \/ A. Russell Gooday (cla); Andrew Kerr (cra). Department of Paleobiology; Dr. Gary and Curator, Division of Work and Mellinger (br). 16 NASA and The Hubble Science Photo Library: Mark Garlick (bc). Krupnick, Head of the Plant Conservation Industry; Jennifer Locke Jones, Chair and Heritage Team (AURA\/STScl): NASA \/ ESA 82 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Unit, Department of Botany; Dr. Curator, Division of Armed Forces History \/ M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Museum, London (cl). 84 Dorling Christopher L. Mah, Research Collaborator, Institute \/ ESA) (b). 17 SuperStock: Science Kindersley: Natural History Museum, Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Gary The Smithsonian name and logo Photo Library (b). 20 NASA: K. Reardon London (tr). 85 Dorling Kindersley: F. Hevel, Research Collaborator, are registered trademarks of the (Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, INAF) Dinosaur State Park, Connecticut (ftr); Department of Entomology; Jeremy F. Smithsonian Institution. IBIS, DST, NSO (cla). 22 NASA: JPL (tc). 24 Barrie Watts (ftl); Courtesy of the Jacobs, Collections Manager, Division of Science Photo Library: Dr. Michael J. Naturmuseum Senckenburg, Frankfurt (cr); Amphibians and Reptiles; Christopher M. The publisher would like to thank the Ledlow (clb). 25 NASA: (br). 26 NASA: (ftl); Natural History Museum, London (tr). 86 Milensky, Museum Specialist, Division of following people for their assistance in the JPL (crb). 28 NASA: (c); JSC (br). 29 NASA: Dorling Kindersley: Malcolm Coulson (c). Birds, Department of Vertebrate Zoology; preparation of this book: Sam Atkinson, (tr). 33 NASA: Chandra X-ray Observatory Dreamstime.com: Irochka (clb); Andrey Dr. M. G. (Jerry) Harasewych, Research Ann Baggaley, Alexandra Beeden, Sreshtha \/ ESA \/ JHU \/ R. Sankrit & W.Blair (r). 36 Sukhachev (cl). 89 Corbis: Lilly \/ Zoologist and Curator of Marine Mollusks, Bhattacharya, Jane Evans, Pakshalika NASA: (fcla\/jupiter); SDO (fcla\/sun); NASA Imagebroker (fbl). Getty Images: E+ \/ Department of Invertebrate Zoology; Jim Jayaprakash, Suefa Lee, Vibha Malhotra, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI \/ KingWu (fclb). 92 Corbis: Pulse (crb). 93 Harle, Map curator volunteer; Dr. Briana Monica Saigal, Steve Setford, Sarah AURA)Acknowledgment: R.G. French Alamy Images: Martin Strmiska (fcr). Pobiner, Paleoanthropologist and Educator, Tomley, and Debra Wolter for editorial (Wellesley College), J. Cuzzi (NASA \/ Corbis: Kai Schwabe \/ Westend61 (bc). Human Origins Program; Salima Ikram, assistance; Steve Crozier, Paul Drislane, AMES), L. Dones (SwRI), and J. Lissauer Dorling Kindersley: Tim Draper \/ Rough Egyptology Unit Head, Department of Mandy Earey, Gadi Farfour, Nidhi Mehra, (NASA \/ AMES) (fcla\/saturn). Science Photo Guides (cr). 94 Corbis: Konrad Wothe \/ Anthropology; Dr. William W. Fitzhugh, Anjana Nair, Priyabrata Roy Chowdhury, Library: NASA \/ JPL-Caltech (bl). 37 Minden Pictures (bl). Getty Images: Flickr \/ Curator of Archaeology and Director of Ankita Mukherjee, Ranjita Bhattacharji, Science Photo Library: David Ducros (cr). Nicolas Reusens (tr). 98 Corbis: Tui De Roy Arctic Studies Center, Department of Niyati Gosain, Mark Lloyd, Payal Rosalind 42 Dorling Kindersley: Shutterstock (cla). \/ Minden Pictures (br). Getty Images: Anthropology; J. Daniel Rogers, Curator of Malik, Vaibhav Rastogi, Laura Roberts, 46 Dorling Kindersley: Tom Coulson (bl). Encyclopaedia Britannica \/ UIG (bl). 98-99 Archaeology, Department of Anthropology Mary Sandberg, and Sharon Spencer for 47 Alamy Images: G. Brad Lewis Agency \/ Dorling Kindersley: Kenneth Lilly (b\/ design assistance; Caroline Hunt for Photo Resource Hawaii (cl, clb); Tom whale); John Temperton (b\/diplodocus). 99 National Portrait Gallery: proofreading; Elizabeth Wise for the index; Pfeiffer (bl). 50 Corbis: Michael DeFreitas \/ Corbis: DLILLC (fbl); David Pattyn \/ Foto James G. Barber, Historian Aldebaran Robotics, Mark Burdett Rachel Robert Harding World Imagery (cra). Natura \/ Minden Pictures (fbr); Paul Smart, Sarah Fowler, Professor Thomas 54 Dorling Kindersley: David Leffman \/ Souders (bl). Getty Images: National National Air and Space Museum Hildebrandt, Richard Hook and Francoise Rough Guides (fcl). 55 Alamy Images: Geographic \/ Joel Sartore (br). 101 Corbis: Dr. F. Robert van der Linden, Chairman, Delplancke-Stroebele of the European Photoshot Holdings Ltd (crb). Dorling Dave Fleetham \/ Design Pics (cr). SeaPics. Aeronautics Division; Roger Connor, Southern Observatory, and KwaZulu-Natal Kindersley: Greg Ward \/ Rough Guides (tr). com: Doug Perrine (br). 103 SuperStock: Curator, Aeronautics Division; Andrew Sharks Board for their expert advice; and 56 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Scubazoo \/ Science Faction (tr). 104 Johnston, Geographer, Center for Earth Kennis & Kennis Reconstructions for Museum, London (fcl\/copper). 58 Dorling Dorling Kindersley: Natural History and Planetary Studies models of early human ancestors. Museum, London (br, cra). 105 Corbis:","360 acknowledgments Thomas Marent \/ Minden Pictures (br, bc); Images (cra). 155 Dorling Kindersley: Halli Museum, London (fcrb). 242 Dorling Museums (cl). 301 Dorling Kindersley: Wolfgang Thieme \/ DPA (bl). naturepl.com: Verrinder (br). 156 Science Photo Library: Kindersley: The Science Museum, London Royal Geographical Society, London (bl); Fabio Liverani (fbr). 108 Corbis: Paul Steve Gschmeissner (bl). 157 Science (cra, cr). 243 NASA: Dominic Hart \/ NASA \/ Wilberforce House Museum, Hull (cra). 302 Marcellini (MYN) \/ Nature Picture Library Photo Library: (c). 158 Corbis: Mike Ames (bl). 245 Corbis: Boston Dynamics \/ Alamy Images: The Art Archive (clb). (bc). Dorling Kindersley: David Peart (clb); Watson \/ Moodboard (tc). Dorling DPA (fcr). Courtesy of Warwick Mobile Corbis: Stefano Bianchetti (br); Lebrecht Jerry Young (cb). Getty Images: Flickr Kindersley: Tony Graham (bc). 159 Corbis: Robotics: (tr). 250 Camera Press: Marc Music & Arts (bc). Dorling Kindersley: Open \/ Peter Schoen (cra). 109 Dorling Photo Quest Ltd \/ Science Photo Library Deville \/ Gamma (br). Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (cr). Kindersley: Jerry Young (cr). Science (tr). 161 Science Photo Library: Thomas Natural History Museum, London (crb); 303 Corbis: Lebrecht Music & Arts (bc); Photo Library: Edward Kinsman (bc). 110 Deerinck \/ NCMIR (crb). 162 Dorling Matthew Ward \/ The Trustees of the Michael Nicholson (fbl); Philadelphia Science Photo Library: Dante Fenolio (tr); Kindersley: Zygote Media Group (bl). 163 British Museum (tr). Kennis & Kennis \/ Museum of Art (tr). 304 Getty Images: William H. Mullins (cl). 113 Corbis: Mitsuaki Science Photo Library: Eye Of Science (cla). Alfons and Adrie Kennis: (tl, cra, bc). The Brendan Smialowski (cra). 305 Dorling Iwago \/ Minden Pictures (br). SeaPics.com: 164 Fotolia: Aptyp_koK (bc). Science Photo Natural History Museum, London: (c). 251 Kindersley: Chas Howson \/ The Trustees of Doug Perrine (bl). 116 Corbis: John Abbott Library: Sovereign, ISM (cl). 165 Alamy Alamy Images: Zev Radovan \/ the British Museum (br); Courtesy of \/ Visuals Unlimited (clb\/bats); Denis Scott Images: Image Source (cr). Dorling BibleLandPictures (tr). Kennis & Kennis \/ Queens\u2019s Rangers (cra); National (bl); James Hager \/ Robert Harding World Kindersley: Zygote Media Group (l, tr, ftr). Alfons and Adrie Kennis: (tl, cl, cra, crb, Constitution Center (c). 306 Getty Images: Imagery (cl); Thomas Marent \/ Minden 166 Dorling Kindersley: Medimation (cl). bc). 252 Dorling Kindersley: The Museum De Agostini Picture Library (cb). 307 Pictures (clb\/lemur). 117 Dorling 167 Dorling Kindersley: Zygote Media of London (bl\/bone shuttle); The Science Dorling Kindersley: Max Alexander (cb); Kindersley: Tim Shepard \/ Oxford Group (c). 168 SuperStock: Science Photo Museum, London (clb\/flint knife, clb\/wood Courtesy of David Edge (cr). 309 Alamy Scientific Films (tr). Fotolia: Peter Kirillov Library (tl). 168-169 Dorling Kindersley: axe). 253 Corbis: Nathan Benn \/ Images: Streetlife (crb). Dorling Kindersley: (cla, clb). 119 Corbis: DLILLC (br). 120 Zygote Media Group. 169 Dorling Ottochrome (br). 256 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum, Baltimore, Corbis: Flip Nicklin \/ Minden Pictures (cl). Kindersley: Zygote Media Group (c, br). David Peart (cl). 257 Dorling Kindersley: Maryland, USA (tl); Museum of English Dorling Kindersley: Jamie Marshall (clb); The Natural History Museum, London: (cr). John Hepver \/ The Trustees of the British Rural Life, The University of Reading (tr); Kevin Jones (br). 121 Fotolia: Vibe Images 171 Science Photo Library: Omikron (tc). Museum (t). 261 Dorling Kindersley: Max The Science Museum, London (cr, cra). 312 (br). Getty Images: The Image Bank \/ Gallo 172 Science Photo Library: Steve Alexander \/ Tap Service Archaeological Dorling Kindersley: Confederate Memorial Images-Roger De La Harpe (crb); Minden Gschmeissner (cb). 173 Science Photo Receipts Fund, Hellenic Republic Ministry Hall, New Orleans, LA (tc). 313 Dorling Pictures \/ Ingo Arndt (cr); Oxford Scientific Library: Susumu Nishinaga (c). 174 Science Of Culture (tr); Stephen Dodd \/ The Kindersley: Peter Keim (c). 314 Corbis: (br). \/ Elliot Neep (bl, bc, fbl). 122 Dorling Photo Library: Steve Gschmeissner (cl, tl). Trustees of the British Museum (br); Nick 315 Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War Kindersley: Kanapaha Botanical Gardens 176 Dorling Kindersley: Zygote Media Nicholls \/ The Trustees of the British Museum (fcr). Getty Images: Popperfoto (fbr); Alex Robinson \/ Rough Guides (bl). Group (br, fbr). 177 Dorling Kindersley: Museum (cr, crb); Chris Christoforo \/ Rough (bl). 316 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Getty Images: Visuals Unlimited, Inc. \/ Zygote Media Group (tc, fclb, clb, cb, fbl, Guides (cra). 265 Dorling Kindersley: Artillery Museum \/ Royal Artillery Science VU (br). 123 Getty Images: Stone \/ bl\/l, bl\/r, bc). 183 Getty Images: Flickr \/ Ermine Street Guard (cr, cra). 266 Dorling Historical Trust (cl). 318 Dorling Lester Lefkowitz (br). Science Photo Gen Umekita (fbr). Science Photo Library: Kindersley: Christi Graham and Nick Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, London Library: Copyright Tom Van Sant \/ Dr. Najeeb Layyous (cr). 184-185 Getty Nicholls \/ The Trustees of the British (bl). Getty Images: Capt. Poston \/ IWM via Geosphere Project, Santa Monica (bl). 125 Images: Stone \/ Michel Tcherevkoff (b). Museum (c). 268 Dorling Kindersley: Peter Getty Images (br). 319 Dorling Kindersley: Corbis: Mark Moffett \/ Minden Pictures 184 Science Photo Library: (cra); AJ Photo Hayman \/ The Trustees of the British By kind permission of The Trustees of the (br). 130 Photolibrary: Moodboard (br). (tr). 187 Corbis: Ocean (fcrb); Visuals Museum (bl). 269 Dorling Kindersley: Imperial War Museum, London (tc); Eden 131 Getty Images: Oxford Scientific \/ Mark Unlimited (tc). 194 Getty Images: Lionel National Maritime Museum, London (cla). Camp Museum, Yorkshire (cra). Getty Conlin (tl); Oxford Scientific \/ Luis Javier Flusin \/ Gamma-Rapho Via Getty Images 270 Dorling Kindersley: Courtesy of Images: Hulton Archive (cl); Roger Viollet Sandoval (crb). 132 Corbis: Anthony (cla). Science Photo Library: Claudia Vikings of Middle England (fbl\/axe, fbl\/ (c); Sgt. Lou Lowery \/ MCT \/ MCT via Getty Bannister \/ Gallo Images (cl). 135 Corbis: Marcelloni, CERN (br). 195 Science Photo sax). 276 Dorling Kindersley: Jewish Images (bc). 323 Alamy Images: ITAR-TASS Michael & Patricia Fogden (bl); Visuals Library: CERN (cl). 202 Corbis: John Nakata Museum, London (bl). 277 Dorling Photo Agency \/ Yuri Lizunov (bl). 324-325 Unlimited (fbl); Thomas Marent \/ Minden (c). Science Photo Library: Sandia National Kindersley: Karen Trist \/ Rough Guides Corbis: Heide Benser (t); Hulton-Deutsch Pictures (fbr). naturepl.com: Edwin Laboratories (fbr); Sheila Terry (ca). 206 (bc). 279 Corbis: The Gallery Collection Collection (b). 324 Getty Images: Central Giesbers (br); Mark Payne-Gill (cl, cr, fcr). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, (br). 281 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller Press \/ Agence France Presse \/ Hulton 139 Corbis: Zephyr \/ Science Photo Library London (tr). 207 NASA. 214 Dorling \/ Sloan\u2019s (tr). 284 Dorling Kindersley: The Archive (bc). 325 Corbis: Nathan Benn (cl). (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Spike Walker Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, Science Museum, London (bl). 287 Dorling Getty Images: Popperfoto (tr). 326-327 (Microworld Services) (bl). Dreamstime. London (tr). 215 Corbis: David Chapman \/ Kindersley: The Science Museum, London Getty Images: Gilles Bassignac \/ Gamma- com: Irochka (bc). Fotolia: Dario Sabljak Design Pics (cr). 222 Getty Images: E+ \/ (fbr); James Stevenson \/ National Maritime Rapho Via Getty Images. 327 Corbis: (ca). Getty Images: Stone \/ UHB Trust (c). Scott Hailstone (c); Jordrell Bank Museum, London (br). National Maritime Masatomo Kuriya (tl). PunchStock: Image Source (fcl). Observatory \/ AFP (bl). 223 Corbis: Ocean Museum, Greenwich, London: (crb). 290 SuperStock: Science Picture Co. \/ Science (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Richard Trillo (br). Corbis: The Gallery Collection (b). 291 All other images \u00a9 Dorling Kindersley. Faction (fbl). 140 Science Photo Library: NASA: SDO (bc). Science Photo Library: Dorling Kindersley: Robbie Polley (cl). For further information see: Hybrid Medical Animation (cl). 144 Science T-Service (cl). 225 Getty Images: Getty Images: Karl Weatherly \/ Photodisc www.dkimages.com Photo Library: (br); Steve Gschmeissner Photolibrary \/ Dennis Macdonald (bl). 228 (bl). 295 Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees (fbr); Prof. P. Motta \/ Dept. Of Anatomy \/ ESO: (bc, br); P. Barthel \/ of the British Museum (crb); David Gower \/ University \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, Rome (bc). 145 Acknowledgments: Mark Neeser (Kapteyn The Trustees of the British Museum (cr); Dorling Kindersley: Zygote Media Group Institute, Groningen) and Richard Hook (ST Alan Hills \/ The Trustees of the British (br\/unipennate, br\/fusiform, br\/ \/ ECF, Garching, Germany). (bl). Science Museum (fcra, tr, br). 296 Dorling multipennate, br\/strap, br\/triangular, br\/ Photo Library: European Southern Kindersley: Board of Trustees of the Royal circular). 151 Science Photo Library: Observatory \/ G. Hudepohl (tr). 241 Corbis: Armouries (fcra, tr, cr). 298 Getty Images: Susumu Nishinaga (bc). 153 Corbis: Paul Bohemian Nomad Picturemakers \/ Kevin R. OFF \/ AFP (bl). 300 Dorling Kindersley: Anton (tr); Piet Mall \/ Stock4B (cr); Tetra Morris (cl). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Ray Moller \/ Wilberforth Collection, Hull"]