1 Lesson 1 advanced EVALUATION Evaluation is a methodological area that is closely related to, but distinguishable from more traditional social research. Evaluation utilizes many of the same methodologies used in traditional social research, but because evaluation takes place within a political and organizational context, it requires group skills, management ability, political dexterity, sensitivity to multiple stakeholders and other skills that social research in general does not rely on as much. Here we introduce the idea of evaluation and some of the major terms and issues in the field. Definitions of Evaluation Probably the most frequently given definition is: Evaluation is the systematic assessment of the worth or merit of some object This definition is hardly perfect. There are many types of evaluations that do not necessarily result in an assessment of worth or merit -- descriptive studies, implementation analyses, and formative evaluations, to name a few. Better perhaps is
2 a definition that emphasizes the information-processing and feedback functions of evaluation. For instance, one might say: Evaluation is the systematic acquisition and assessment of information to provide useful feedback about some object Both definitions agree that evaluation is a systematic endeavor and both use the deliberately ambiguous term 'object' which could refer to a program, policy, technology, person, need, activity, and so on. The latter definition emphasizes acquiring and assessing information rather than assessing worth or merit because all evaluation work involves collecting and sifting through data, making judgments about the validity of the information and of inferences we derive from it, whether or not an assessment of worth or merit results. Questions: What does the author mean when he expresses “Evaluation is a methodological area that is closely related to” a. Evaluation is good b. Evaluation gives knowledge c. It is a social research d. It is related to a particular goal What does evaluation requires? a. Politicians evaluation b. Distinguishable and social help c. Group skills, management abilities, political dexterity. d. Skilled students and teachers What does the author mean when he refers to “Evaluation is the systematic assessment” a. Evaluation is mechanical b. Evaluation is to evaluate systems c. Evaluation is based on a special an assessment d. It is a systematized assessment Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word descriptive? On line 18? a. Related b. The same c. Characterized
3 d. Look like What do you understand for “feed back” ? On line 19? a. Review again b. Endeavor c. Accomplish d. Take food in the back pack What does the author mean when he points that “all evaluation work involves collecting and sifting through data”.. a. gathering and straining b. recovering education grains c. studying and studying d. thinking and writing the test The Goals of Evaluation The generic goal of most evaluations is to provide \"useful feedback\" to a variety of audiences including sponsors, donors, client-groups, administrators, staff, and other relevant constituencies. Most often, feedback is perceived as \"useful\" if it aids in decision-making. Questions what are goals of education? ______________________________________________________________________ How can you define the word “useful”? ______________________________________________________________________ Read the cartoon above and try to explain the conversation between the two parties. ______________________________________________________________________ How is feedback perceived as?
4 ____________________________________________ Evaluation Strategies 'Evaluation strategies' means broad, overarching perspectives on evaluation. They encompass the most general groups or \"camps\" of evaluators; although, at its best, evaluation work borrows eclectically from the perspectives of all these camps. Four major groups of evaluation strategies are discussed here. Scientific-experimental models are probably the most historically dominant evaluation strategies. Taking their values and methods from the sciences -- especially the social sciences -- they prioritize on the desirability of impartiality, accuracy, objectivity and the validity of the information generated. The second class of strategies is management-oriented systems models. Two of the most common of these are PERT, the Program Evaluation and Review Technique, and CPM, the Critical Path Method. Both have been widely used in business and government in this country. The third class of strategies is the qualitative/anthropological models. They emphasize the importance of observation, the need to retain the phenomenological quality of the evaluation context, and the value of subjective human interpretation in the evaluation process. Finally, a fourth class of strategies is termed participant-oriented models. As the term suggests, they emphasize the central importance of the evaluation participants, especially clients and users of the program or technology. Client-centered and stakeholder approaches are examples of participant-oriented models, as are consumer-oriented evaluation systems. Questions What does “'Evaluation strategies'” mean? ______________________________________________________________________ how many evaluation strategies are there shown above? ______________________________________________________________________ Explain the following strategies:
5 Scientific-experimental models ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ management-oriented systems models. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ qualitative/anthropological models. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Participant-oriented models. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ Types of Evaluation There are many different types of evaluations depending on the object being evaluated and the purpose of the evaluation. Perhaps the most important basic distinction in evaluation types is that between formative and summative evaluation. Formative evaluations strengthen or improve the object being evaluated -- they help form it by examining the delivery of the program or technology, the quality of its implementation, and the assessment of the organizational context, personnel, procedures, inputs, and so on. Summative evaluations, in contrast, examine the effects or outcomes of some object -- they summarize it by describing what happens subsequent to delivery of the program or technology; assessing whether the object can be said to have caused the outcome; determining the overall impact of the causal factor beyond only the immediate target outcomes; and, estimating the relative costs associated with the object.
6 Formative evaluation includes several evaluation types: needs assessment determines who needs the program, how great the need is, and what might work to meet the need . evaluability assessment determines whether an evaluation is feasible and how stakeholders can help shape its usefulness. structured conceptualization helps stakeholders define the program or technology, the target population, and the possible outcomes . implementation evaluation monitors the fidelity of the program or technology delivery process evaluation investigates the process of delivering the program or technology, including alternative delivery procedures. Summative evaluation can also be subdivided: outcome evaluations investigate whether the program or technology caused demonstrable effects on specifically defined target outcomes impact evaluation is broader and assesses the overall or net effects -- intended or unintended -- of the program or technology as a whole cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis address questions of efficiency by standardizing outcomes in terms of their dollar costs and values secondary analysis reexamines existing data to address new questions or use methods not previously employed meta-analysis integrates the outcome estimates from multiple studies to arrive at an overall or summary judgement on an evaluation question questions How many types of evaluation are there? Name them please. ___________________________________________________________________________ What are the types of evaluation included in the formative evaluation? ___________________________________________________________________________ How is summative evaluation subdivided? __________________________________________________________________________
7 GRAMMAR ASPECTS A Tag question (also: question tag) is a grammatical structure in which a declarative statement or an imperative is turned into a question by adding an interrogative fragment (the \"tag\"). The term \"tag question\" is generally preferred by American grammarians, while their British counterparts prefer \"question tag\". Forms and uses In most languages, tag questions are more common in colloquial spoken usage than in formal written usage. They can be an indicator of politeness, emphasis, or irony. They may suggest confidence or lack of confidence; they may be confrontational or tentative. Some examples showing the wide variety of structure possible in English are: Open the window, will you? She doesn't really want that, does she? You'd better stop now, hadn't you? So you thought it would be a good idea to reprogram the computer, did you? It's quite an achievement, isn't it, to win a Nobel prize! Oh I must, must I? I just adore Beethoven, don't you? I'm coming with you, all right? You've been there, right? Easier said than done, eh? You went there, no? Some languages have a fixed phrase for the tag question, such as Russian не правда ли? (not true?), French n'est-ce pas? (\"is it not?\") and German nicht wahr?. Standard English tag questions, on the other hand, are constructed afresh for every sentence, and are therefore quite variable: have I? did you? Won’t we? etc. A similar pattern is found in the Celtic languages. A tag question need not have the grammatical form of a question (will you?); an adverb or adverbial may serve the purpose instead: right? all right? surely? OK? eh? German often uses oder? (\"or\") and ja? (\"yes\") as tag questions. Care should be taken by the confident speaker to make certain that any tag questions are not mistaken for a leading question. The frequency with which Londoners use isn't it sounds strange to American ears and can be mistaken for manipulation.
1 Lesson 2 advanced OUR EYES AND EARS Our eyes and ears might be called transformers because they not only sense light and sound but also turn these sensations into electrical impulses that the brain can interpret. These electrical impulses that have been transformed by the eyes and ears reach the brain and are turned into messages that we can interpret. For the eye, the process begins as the eye admits light waves, bends at the cornea and lens, and then focuses them on the retina, at the back of each eye, nerve fibers bundle together to form optic nerves, which join and then split into two optic tracts. Some of the fibers cross so that part of the input from the right visual field goes into the left side of the brain and vice-versa. The process in the ear is carried out through sensory cells that are carried in fluid-filled canals and that are extremely sensitive to vibration. Sound that is transformed into electricity travels along nerve fibers in the auditory nerve. These fibers form a synapse with neurons that carry the messages to the auditory cortex on each side of the brain. 1. According to the author, why might we call our eyes and “ears transformers”? a. Because they sense light and sound. b. Because they create electrical impulses. c. Because the brain can interpret the input. d. Because the messages travel in the brain.
2 2. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word admits? in line 7? a. Selects. b. Interprets. c. Lets in. d. Focuses on. 3. In line 8 to what does the word “them” refer? a. Light waves. b. Processes. c. Eyes. d. Messages. 4. The word “bundle” in line 9 could best be replaced by which of the following? a. Group. b. Grow. c. Branch. d. Settle. 5. the word “split” as used in line 10 is closest in meaning to which of the following? a. Tear. b. Fracture. c. Separate. d. Crack. 6. Which part of the passage best describes the first step in transforming light into electrical impulses? a. lines 5-6 b. lines 1-3 c. lines 12-13 d. lines 9-10
3 7. According to the passage, when input from the right visual field goes into the left side of the brain, what happens? a. The nerve fibers bundle together. b. The optic nerves split. c. The retina receives light waves. d. Input from the left field goes to the right side. 8. The Phrase “carried out” in line 14 could best be replaced by which of the following? a. Brought over b. Taken away c. Accomplished d. Maintained 9. Which of the following is most similar in the word “vibration” as used in line 15? a. sound b. movement c. light d. heat 10. according to the passage, optic nerves eventually a. bend b. split c. admit light waves d. become messages 11. Write your point of view about the above passage and what is the purpose of the author. ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________
4 ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ ______________________________________________ Grammar aspects Homographs Definition: Words that have the same spelling but differ in origin, meaning, and sometimes pronunciation, such as the verb bear (to carry or endure) and the noun bear (the animal with a shaggy coat). Adjective: homographic. Some homographs are also heteronyms: words with the same spelling but different pronunciations and meanings, such as the verb tear (to pull apart or rip) and the noun tear (a drop of salty liquid secreted by the eye). Common Homographs list arms (weapons) arms (part of body) ball (sphere) ball (dance) band (music makers) band (strap) bass (low musical sound) bass (fish) * bear (animal) bear (carry) bluff (steep embankment) bluff (fool) boil (bubble) boil (skin sore) bow (bend) bow (part of ship) bow (weapon) * box (container) box (hit) box (shrub) brush (tool) brush (undergrowth) can (container) can (able)
5 case (container) case (condition) colon (part of body) colon (punctuation mark) count (royalty) count (number) date (fruit); date (on calendar) date (companion) down (feathers) down (direction) down (grassland) duck (bird) duck (avoid) duck (cloth) fan (admirer) fan (cooling device) fast (quick) fast (starve) fine (good quality) fine (payment for wrongdoing) firm (hard) firm (company) fly (insect) fly (move through air) fly (flap of cloth covering pant zipper) fresh (new) fresh (bold) gum (chewing treat) gum (mouth part) hold (grasp) hold (part of ship) jam (preserved fruit) jam (squeeze) jam (impromptu music) lap (part of body) lap (course) lap (drink) lean (slant) lean (thin) left (direction) left (went) lie (untruth) lie (recline) loaf (lounge) loaf (bread) lumber (wood) lumber (walk slowly) mole (skin spot) mole (animal) page (call) page (of paper) page (youth) pen (for writing) pen (enclosure) pitcher (container) pitcher (in baseball) pop (sound) pop (popular) pop (father) pop (soda) pound (weight) pound (kennel) pound (hit) prune (fruit) prune (cut) pupil (part of eye) pupil (student) racket (for tennis) racket (scheme)
6 racket (noise) ring (circle) ring (sound of bell) row (in a line) row (with oars) row (fight)* sock (hit) sock (stocking) tap (hit lightly) tap (faucet) swallow (bird) swallow (gulp) well (good) well (for water) nail (body part) nail (hit with a hammer) *Note that these homographs are pronounced differently.
Lesson 3 advanced Industrial engineering Industrial engineering is also known as operations management, management science, systems engineering, or manufacturing engineering; a distinction that seems to depend on the viewpoint or motives of the user. Recruiters or educational establishments use the names to differentiate themselves from others. In healthcare, for example, industrial engineers are more commonly known as management engineers or health systems engineers. The term \"industrial\" in industrial engineering can be misleading. While the term originally applied to manufacturing, it has grown to encompass virtually all other industries and services as well. The various topics of concern to industrial engineers include management science, financial engineering, engineering management, supply chain management, process engineering, operations research, systems engineering, ergonomics, value engineering and quality engineering. Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include designing a new loan system for a bank, streamlining operation and emergency rooms in a hospital, distributing products worldwide
(referred to as Supply Chain Management), and shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park. Industrial engineers typically use computer simulation, especially discrete event simulation, for system analysis and evaluation. QUESTIONS What do you understand for industrial engineering? ___________________________________________________________________ Are there any other names for it? ___________________________________________________________________ What does the author mean when he says “industrial engineering is known as operations management”? ___________________________________________________________________ What do you understand when reading”a distinction that seems to depend on the viewpoint or motives of the user.”? ___________________________________________________________________ Why do Recruiters or educational establishments use the variety of names? _____________________________________________________________ How are industrial engineers commonly known? _____________________________________________________________ Why can the term \"industrial\" in industrial engineering be misleading? _____________________________________________________________ Why was the term “industrial” originally applied to manufacturing? _____________________________________________________________ How has it grown as years have gone by? _____________________________________________________________ Where does industrial engineering might be used? _____________________________________________________________
ENGINEERING VOCABULARY To balance To regulate Exhaust fan To loosen Supplier To get loose Water supplier Handle,clamp Fuelling Surveyor Supplies Running water Distribution Opening , aperture system Needle,switch To soften , to temper point,pin Clamp Drill Trailbuilder Hole Pipe swage To deepen Shock absorber Insulator Absorption Adjustment To bolt Wiring Corrugated , grooved Wire to haul, transport Alarm Fitting, accesory, attachment Reach , range Hills and valleys Drain Action Alloy Operation Feed Oil Tar Insulating oil Alternator Elevation, Crude oil altitude Tar oil Lighting Kerosene To grade, level Lubricating oil Grinder Mineral oil To mold Machine o engine oil deadening Acceleration Anmeter Steel Enlargement Chromiun steel Amplitude To embed in a Acid wall Conditioner Scaffold Threaded joint Platform Link coupling Width Fluid drive Narrow Aqueduct Angle Acumulator Ring, hoop
To flatten Antenna Preliminary To unwater,drain design Adapater,transition piece Stilling pool To fit Quencher To tooth Device Adhesive Roller Additive Support Admission, intake To tighten Tree, mast,shaft Cable, line Clay Rope,handle,end Arch Chain Area Box, case, chest Sand Lime Edge Boiler Frame,truss Heater Framework Gage Hoop,ring Heat Chamber, Starter compartment Device, fixture Road Handle Conduit , duct To fasten, insure Piping, pipe Asphalt Pipe Suction Layer Shipyard Capacity Booster Foreman Self- moving,automotive Spiral Damage Charcaol Descent Carburator Load, loading, Bucket head Buoy, survey pole Loader Carpentry, Belt carpenter shop Strongback, Coated , dipped stroke Bar, rod Reel Drill, bit, auger Rail Mud Car Basis Chart,map
Battery Socket,barret Coneccting rood Cement Hinge Olant, station Block Center Coil Plane, brush Nozzle, entrance Cylinder, roller Pump Foundation Edge Belt,tape Button Circuit Arm, stick Circle Pitch, tar Sewer Flange Elbow Coefficient, Drill ,bit factor Compass Bearing Spark plug Column Bolt Fuel Horse power Combustion Head Compaction Compact, dense Basin, dock Compass,dividers Sedimetation Compression Deformation Compressor Front end Gate, bulkhead, half door Building Wrecker Compound Density Storehouse, Computer warehouse Concentric bin, tank Concrete Depression Condenser Displacement Conduction Screwdriver Conduit Destroy Conductor, Conveyor, carrier Diversion Connector Detector To conecct Exploder Assembly, unit Diagram Cone Diameter Maintenance Drawing, plan Bracket Tooth, cog Constant Dimension Construction Dynamo
Consumption Dike, dam Contract Disc, ring Contact Device Meter Distance Outline Distributor Contraction Dredge Control Service life Remote control Mudsil Cord, strand To cast Belt, strap Axis Current Electricity Cut Electrician Screen Electrofusion Electrometallurgy Crossing, intersection of iron and Gang steel Covering , roof Element Bucket Elevation Basin, drainage area Elevator Cord Eliminator Impounding, Wedge, slip reservoir Curve, bend Silting Sheet, plate Piston Chimney, shaft Clutch Spark Funnel Shock Joint Diversion To grade Overflow Ti ignite Decoupling Ignition Plug, socket, bell Draining end of pipe Drainage Straighten Dismantled Energy, power Discharge Cooler Disconnect Coupling To unmesh Gearing T o unscrew Lubrication Wear, erosion Interlocking Detachable joint T o dismantle Assembling Difference of elevation Test Damage, injury Balance
Equipment Grade Graduation, Scale grading Stair, ladder Clamp Leak, exhaust Gravel Sluice Faucet Steress Crane Link Hoisting engine Space Watertight Stability Tool Station, plant Rust Structure Iron Evaporation Scarap iron Exacvator Concrete Grader, acraper Furnace Explosive Hole, pit Extension Magnet Puller Discharge Ejector Indicator Factory Industry Factor Engineer Strip, belt Installation Failure, fault, Set of breakdown instruments Lighthouse, Instrument headlight(for cars) Separator Estress Switch Railway Research Railroad Irrigation Fiber, vein Joint, connection Weight in Filtration kilograms Filter Brick Pertaining to rivers, fluvial Laminated Ditch Lamp Fraction Roadbed Frequency River bed Brake Line, track Milling machine Liquid Friction Space, site Light, span, Out of adjustment opening
Off- center Flame Key, wrench, Force, power switch Work, operate Wood Function Mansory Operation Spring Foundry Maintenance Fuse Map Drift Machine Hook Machinery Gas Frame Jack Hammer Generator Die, mold Grade, slope Mechanic Mechanism Stone, rock fuse, drilll bit Piece, part Measure Paint Land measure Noppers, pliers Meter Plate, slab Metal Plan Meter Plataform Mix Pluvial Mixer Pulley Mile Gunpowder Mine Post, column Ore, mineral Power Model Well, pit Modulation Air shaft Form, mold Press, clamp Landmark Pressure Mill Average Material hoist Drive Projection, Erection designing Engine, motor Test Wharf Proof against Manifold Water proof Wall Airtight Sheet of water, nappe Earthquake proof Grade, level Bridge Grader Port, harbor Core Point
Knot Punch Works, jobs Burner Workman Radius, radio Wave Branch Short wave Ramp To operate Groove Workman Ray beam Oscillation Reactor Oxide Rectifier Shovel, scrapper Net Lever Rule, scale Swamp Governor Wall Relay Pattern, standard Rivet Assembly jig Efficency Grade, slope Dam, reservoir Loss Resistance Drilling, perforation Resistant, strong Drill Pawl Bolt Rail Perspective Valve Oil, petroleum Rock Chipper Thread Pick, spout Rotation Rotor Powerhouse Wheel Car Route Vacuum Out, mouth Valve Saturation Control valve Section Rod Signal Watt Separation Speed Saw Ventilator, fan Welding Spillway, weir Drill Route, way Blow torch Seam Support, bearing Voltage To furnish, supply Volt Surface, area Bed, deposit Supply pipe Plaster switchboard, panel Shoe Drill Zone
Cut, file Thermostat Tank Land, ground Thermotank Earth, soil Plug, stopper Intake, outlet Expert ,technician Topography Cloth, fabric Lay, Twisted Temperature Screw, bolt Tension Lathe Piping, pipe line Tower Pipe, tube Tractor Nut Bay, span Tunnel Trap Turbine Transformer Turbopump Trasmission Unit Conveyor Joint To transport Train, equipment Ask the questions based on the answer given : _________________________________________________________________? Yes, various topics of concern to industrial engineers include management science. _________________________________________________________________? It is designing a new loan system for a bank. _________________________________________________________________? There are streamlining operation and emergency rooms in a hospital. _________________________________________________________________? They are distributing products worldwide. _________________________________________________________________? Industrial engineers typically use computer simulation _________________________________________________________________? Yes, we use it for system analysis and evaluation.
Find out the meaning of the following words : GRAMMAR ASPECTS Prefixes A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or precision for each prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like \"auto-\" or \" bio-\", because these are \"combining forms\", not prefixes. Prefix Meaning Examples a- also an- atheist, anaemic not, without a- aside, aback to, towards a-hunting, aglow a- in the process of, in a anew ab- also abs- particular state abashed ad- also a-, ac-, af-, abdicate, abstract of advance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, affiliate, ag- al-, an-, ap-, affirm, aggravate, alleviate, annotate, at- as-, at- completely apprehend, arrive, assemble, attend ante- antecedent, ante-room away, from movement to, change into, addition or increase before, preceding
anti- also ant- opposing, against, the anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic be- opposite bespatter, beset com- also co-, col-, all over, all around bewitch, bemuse con-, cor- completely bejewelled contra- having, covered with befog counter- affect with (added to becalm de- nouns) cause to be (added to combat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode dia- also di- dis- also di- adjectives) contraceptive en- also em- with, jointly, completely counter-attack, counteract ex- also e-, ef- against, opposite descend, despair, depend, deduct opposition, opposite denude, denigrate extra- de-ice, decamp hemi- direction diagonal down, away completely disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar removal, reversal through, across engulf, enmesh negation, removal, enlighten, embitter expulsion entangle, enrage put into or on exit, exclude, expand bring into the condition exalt, extol of excruciate, exasperate intensification ex-wife out extracurricular upward completely hemisphere previous outside, beyond half
hyper- beyond, more than, hypersonic, hyperactive more than normal hypodermic, hypothermia hypo- under infertile, inappropriate, impossible in- also il-, im- not, without influence, influx, imbibe infrared, infrastructure also il-, im-, ir- in, into, towards, inside interact, interchange intramural, intravenous infra- below non-smoker, non-alcoholic obstruct, occult, offend, oppose inter- between, among outperform intra- inside, within outbuilding, outboard overconfident, overburdened, overjoyed non- absence, negation overcoat, overcast ob- also oc-, of-, op- blocking, against, concealing perimeter postpone out- surpassing, exceeding pre-adolescent, prelude, precondition external, away from pro-African proconsul over- excessively, completely propulsion upper, outer, over, prologue above repaint, reappraise, reawake peri- round, about semicircle, semi-conscious post- after in time or order submarine, subsoil sub-lieutenant pre- before in time, place, order or importance pro- favouring, in support of acting for motion forwards or away before in time, place or order re- again semi- half, partly sub- at a lower position lower in rank
also suc-, suf-, nearly, approximately sub-tropical sug-, sup-, sur-, synchronize, symmetry sus- transnational, transatlantic syn- also sym- in union, acting together translate ultraviolet, ultrasonic trans- across, beyond ultramicroscopic into a different state unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned ultra- beyond unplug, unmask extreme underarm, undercarriage undersecretary un- not underdeveloped reversal or cancellation of action or state under- beneath, below lower in rank not enough
Lesson 4 advanced Shopping malls The Toronto Eaton Centre, Sopping malls Bird's-eye view of in Downtown Toronto, is are great Valley Fair shopping one of the largest malls in places for the province of Ontario, Canada mall everybody in West Valley City in the U.S. state of Utah A shopping mall, shopping centre or shopping center is a building or multiple buildings consisting of a complex of shops representing leading merchandisers, with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors to easily walk from unit to unit and a convenient parking area, a modern version of the traditional marketplace. Modern “car-friendly” strip malls developed since the 1920s and shopping malls corresponding to the rise of suburban living in the United States after World War II. QUESTIONS On the second paragraph the word “leading” is referring to: a. Conduct b. Following c. react d. oppose
What does the author mean when he wrote “with interconnecting walkways enabling visitors…..” a. no way to go b. everybody ran into c. visitors walk into the people d. people have access to all places through the walkways. The word “strip” is closest in meaning to ; a. put lines in malls b. paint malls to make them look good c. move all over the places day after day d. cover something to hide. Modern “car-friendly” have striped malls develope since the: a. 1820’s b. 1982’s c. 1929’s d. 1920’s What do you understand for suburban? give your own meaning. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Largest shopping malls \"Centre Commercial Al Qods\" in Algiers, the largest shopping mall in Africa Berjaya Times Square in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, is advertised at 700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft). Beijing's (Peking) Golden Resources Mall, which opened in October 2004, is the world's second largest mall, at 600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft). SM City North EDSA in the Philippines, which opened in November 1985, is the world's third largest at 460,000 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft) of gross floor area, and SM Mall of Asia in
the Philippines, opened in May 2006, is the world's fourth largest at 386,000 m2 (4,150,000 sq ft) of gross floor area. Questions Where is Berjaya Times Square located? ________________________________________ How is it advertised? ________________________________________ What is the world's second largest mall? ________________________________________ What is its size? ________________________________________ Which is the third world’s largest mall ? ________________________________________ Where is it located? ________________________________________ What is the fourth world’s mall and where is it located? ________________________________________ What is its size? ________________________________________ Previously, the title of the largest enclosed shopping mall was with the West Edmonton Mall in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada from 1986–2004. It is now the fifth largest mall. Two of the largest malls are in China, South China Mall and Jin Yuan. Dubai Mall is the largest mall in Middle East and Europe, currently ranked seventh in the world. Questions Where was the largest enclosed shopping mall title? __________________________________ Since when was this mall title as the largest enclosed malls? __________________________________ What is the largest mall in the Middle East and Europe? __________________________________ How is it ranked now? __________________________________
One of the world's largest shopping complexes in one location is the two-mall agglomeration of the Plaza at King of Prussia and the Court at King of Prussia in the Philadelphia suburb of King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States. The King of Prussia mall has the most shopping per square foot in the U.S. The most visited shopping mall in the world and largest mall in the United States is the Mall of America, located near the Twin Cities in Bloomington, Minnesota. However, several Asian malls are advertised as having more visitors, including Mal Taman Anggrek, Kelapa Gading Mall and Megamal Pluit, all in Jakarta-Indonesia, Berjaya Times Square in Malaysia and SM Megamall in the Philippines. The largest mall in South Asia, and twelfth largest in the world, is Bashundhara City in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Questions Where is one of the world’s largest complex ? __________________________________________ What is its name? __________________________________________ Can you tell which is the most visited malls in the world? __________________________________________ Where can we find it ? __________________________________________
Can you name any more famous shopping centres? __________________________________________ Grammar aspects HOMOPHONES A: In alphabetic order B In alphabetic order C In alphabetic order A EH BAD BADE CACHE CASH BAIL(ED) BALE(D) CACHED CASHED AD ADD BAILEE BAILEY CALENDAR CALENDER BAILER BAILOR CALK CAULK ADDS ADZ BAIR BARE BAILIE CALL CAUL BAIZE BAYS BALER CALLOUS CALLUS AERIE AIRY BALD BAWLED BEAR CANAPE CANOPY BALL BAWL BEYS CANNON CANON AES AYES EYES BALONEY BOLOGNA BALLED CAN'T CANT COL AID AIDE ISLE URN AIL ALE EYRE YOU YEWS AISLE I'LL HE'LL AIR E'ER BRAID BRAYED CANTER CANTOR D In alphabetic order DAM DAMN BRAKE BREAK CANVAS CANVASS DAMMED DAMNED E In alphabetic order F In alphabetic order Dane DEIGN EARN ERNE FAILLE FILE EAVES EVES FAIN FEIGN DAYS DAZE EPIC EPOCH FAINT FEINT EUNUCHS UNIX FAIR FARE DEAN DENE EWE YEW FAIRING FARING DEAR DEER DEEM DEME DEPENDENCE DEPENDENT EWES USE FAKER FAKIR S G In alphabetic order EYED I'D FARROW Pharaoh FATALIST FATELIST GAEL GALE EYELET ISLET GAFF GAFFE H In alphabetic order FATE FETE GAGE GAUGE HAIL HALE I In alphabetic order GAIT(ED) GATE(D) HAIR HARE GALLEY GALLY HALL HAUL IDLE IDYLL GALLOP GALOP HALVE(S) HAVE((S) IDOL GAMBLE GAMBOL HANGAR HANGER IMMANENT IMMINENT IN INN GAYS GAZE HART HEART Inc. INK GEL JELL HAY HEY GROS (FR.) GROW HAYS HAZE INDEPENDE INDEPENDE GUARANTEE GUARANTY HEAL HEEL NCE NTS INDICT INDITE INFUSER INFUSOR INNOCENCE INNOCENTS
J In alphabetical order HEAR HERE INTENSE INTENTS JAB JABB K In alphabetical order IT'S ITS JAM JAMB KEY QUAY L In alphabetic order M In alphabetic order KILL KILN LAC LACK KITE KYTE LACKS LAX MACH MOCK KNAP NAP LADE LAID KNAVE NAVE LAIN LANE MADE MAID KNEAD KNEED LAM LAMB KNEE NEE LAMA LLAMA MAIL MALE KNICKERS NICKERS LANCE LAUNCE KNIGHT NIGHT LAP LAPP MAIN MANE KNIT(S) NIT(S) NEED LAPPS LAPS MAIZE MAZE LAYS ROOMY LASE LAZE MALL MAUL ROW WRITE MANNER MANOR RUED MANTEL MANTLE LAPSE LEIS Q In alphabetic order KNOB NOB LEY LI QUAY KEY also N In alphabetic order LAY LEI QUEUE underletter \"K\" CUE NAVAL NAVEL LEA LEE also under letter \"C\" P In alphabetic order QUINCE QUINTS NAY NEIGH NICKLE R In alphabetic order NICKEL NIX PACED PASTE NICKS NOSE PACKED PACT RABBET RABBIT ALSO NUN PACKS PAX RACK(S)(ED) \"ING\" NOES PAIL PALE WRACK(S)(E NONE REDDY D) REEL R In RESEED RACKET RACQUET WREAK alphabetic RELAYED RAIL RALE order PAIN PANE RAIN REIGN READY RAINED REIGNED REIN REAL PAIR PARE PEAR RAINS REIGNS REINED RECEDE PALETTE RAISE RAYS REINS REEK PALATE PALLET RAISED RAZED RAZE RELAID SACQUE PALL PAWL SAX PAST PASSED PATIENCE PATIENTS RAISER RAZER RAZOR RESINATE RESONATE S In alphabetic order RANG WRANG REST WREST SAC SACK RAP WRAP REVIEW REVUE SACCHARIN RHEUMY ROOMIE SACCHARIN RHO ROE E RHUMB RUM RAPPED RAPT WRAPPED RHYME RIME SACHET SASHAY RIGGER RIGOR RAY RE REDD RITE SACKS SACS REED RIGHT WRIGHT READ RED ROOD RUDE SAIL SALE READ REDE ROOMER RUMOR SANE(R) SEINE(R) READING REEDING SAVER SAVOR R In alphabetic order SAVIOR SAVIOUR SAY SE RIND RYND SCALAR SCALER RING WRING
RIOT RYOT RYSE ROOT ROUTE SCEND SEND SIGH RISE RYES ROWED ROTE WROTE SCENE SEEN SEIZE ROAD RODE ROUSE ROWS SCULL SKULL ROAM Rome RUE ROUT ROUTE SCYE SIE ROC ROCK SEA SEE ROO ROUX RUES RUSE SEAS SEES RUFF ROUGH SEAM SEEM SEAMEN SEMEN ROES ROSE ROWS RUNG WRUNG SEAR SERE SOW SECTS SEX ROLE ROLL RYE WRY seek Sikh SYNE S In alphabetic order TALE S In alphabetic order SPAE SPAY TI SERF SURF SINK SYNC sough SERGE SURGE Sioux sue SEW SOL sou SO SOUGH SLAY SLEIGH SLEY SPADE SPAYED SHAKE SHEIK(H) SOUL SHEAR SHEER SLEIGHT SLIGHT S In alphabetic order SHIVAREE SHIVARY SLEW SLUE SHOE SHOO SLOE SLOW SPEC SPECK SHONE SHOWN SOAK SOKE SIC SICK SOAR SORE SPECS SPECKS SICS SIX SOARED SWORD SIDE SIGHED SOL SOLE SPOOR SPORE SOLD SOLED STAID STAYED STAIR STARE STAKE STEAK STATICE STATUS SIGHER SIRE SOME SUM STATIONARY STATIONERY STEAL STEEL SIGHS SIZE SON SUN SUNN STEER STERE STELE STEP STEPPE SIGN SINE SOOT SUIT STILE STYLE STOOP STOUP SUITE SWEET STRAIGHT STRAIT SUMMARY SUMMERY SUCCOR SUCKER SUNDAE SUNDAY SUEDE SWAYED T In alphabetic order T In alphabetic order STOREY STORY TACH TACK TENSE TENTS T In alphabetic order TACKED TACT TENSER TENSOR TACKS TAX TERN TERNE TURN TIL TILL TWO TAEL TAIL Thai TIE TYE TIMBER TIMBRE TOWED TAILER TAILOR THE THEE TIRE TYER TAPER TAPIR THEIR THERE THEY'RE TO TOO TARE TEAR THEREFOR THEREFORE TOAD TOED TAUGHT TAUT THREW THROUGH THRU TEA TEE THROE THROW TOADY TODY TEAL TEIL THROES THROWS TOCSIN TOXIN TOLD TOLLED TOLE TOLL
TEAM TEEM THRONE THROWN TON TUN TEAR TIER THYME TIME TEAS TEASE TOOL TULE TULLE TEAT TEET TEL TELL TEES TIC TICK TOON TUNE YEWS TENNER TENOR VEIL TICS TICKS ERNE TRAY TREY VEIN TIX TOR TORE WHEY WHEE YOU'RE TIDE TIED TORT TORTE WIELD WINED TIGHTEN TITAN TOUGH TUFF WHEEL TRUSSED TRUST TRACKED TRACT WYNN TROOP(ER) TROUPE(R) TUCKS TUX U In alphabetic order V In alphabetic order W In alphabetic order USE EWES VAIL VALE URN EARN VAIN VANE WAC(s) wax Wwhacks In alphabetic order WADE WEIGHED VALANCE VALENCE WAIL WALE WATT WHAT WAIN WANE WAX WHACKS VERSED VERST WHALE VICE VISE WAY WEIGH X In WAIST WASTE WE WEE WAIT WEIGHT WEAK WEEK alphabetic order WAIVE WEALD WHEELED XERO ZERO WAR WEAN WEEN WARD WEATHER WHETHER Y in alphabetical order WARE WAVE WEAVE WE'VE WARN WORE WE'D WEED YACK YAK WARRED WHERE Y'ALL YAWL WARRANTEE WEAR WEIR WE'RE YAP YAPP WHIRL WORN WELD WELLED YOKE(S) YOLK(S) WHIRRED WE'LL WHEAL YOU'LL YULE WHISH WARRRANTY WEN WHEN WHORL YORE YOUR WHIT WERE WHIR WHITHER WET WHET Z In alphabetic order WHOA WORD WHICH WITCH WHOP WISH Whig WIG ZERO XERO WHO'S WHILE WILE WHY WHILED WILD W In alphabetic order WHYS WIT WHIN WIN WITHER WINS WINZE WOE WON'T WONT WOP WOOD WOULD WHOSE WHINE WINE WYE WHINED WIND WISE WORST WURST
Lesson 5 advanced LETTERS AND MESSAGES TO MAIL We encounter different kinds of letters daily. We get personal letters from friends. We receive business letters at work, and some collection letters from the bank. These letters have integral to our lives since we were babies. It is interesting to learn the different kinds of letters. In learning how to write a business letter, you need to know and understand the eight parts that should be included in any business letter. Here they are: The return address: This is the writer's address. If you are writing on behalf of a company or organization, this information will be part of its printed letterhead. If you are writing a business letter on your own behalf, you must type in this information, usually centered at the top of the page. The date: It usually goes at the left margin, several lines below the last line of the return address. Always put in the date, as it is important to the history of correspondence on this topic. The inside address: This is the name and address of the person to whom you are writing. Beginning two lines below the date, it includes first and last name, company name, street address, city, province or state, postal or zip code. If the person is in another country, include the country in the last line. Although some writers omit the title (such as Mr., Mrs., Ms or Dr.), it is still considered polite to include this. The salutation: Two lines below the last line of the inside address, begin your letter with the salutation, or Dear... line. When you know the recipient very well, it's now considered acceptable to address him or her by first name. Otherwise, write Dear Mr. Ross or Dear Ms Roberts; when in doubt err on the side of formality and use the last name. In North
America, punctuation after the salutation is a colon, while U.K. writers generally use the comma. Both are considered correct. The Body: This is the content, or the message of the letter. I'll reserve detailed discussion of the body content for another article, but for maximum impact, it should be clear, concise and correct. The complimentary close: This comes two lines after the last line of the letter, and might be yours sincerely, sincerely, yours truly, yours faithfully or even regards. The signature: Leave four to six blank lines after the complimentary close for the writer's handwritten signature. The name and title of the writer: Beneath the handwritten signature is the typed name of the writer. Sometimes the person's title is included in a separate line, but this is optional. Here are some of the types of letters 1. Letter of inquiry 2. Letter of application 3. Business letters 4. Letter of termination 5. Letter of appreciation 6. Letter of congratulation 7. Letter of recommendation 8. Letter of condolence or sympathy 9. Love letter 10. Letter of Invoice 11. Letter of complain 12. Letter of Authorization QUESTIONS : What are the parts of a letter? _____________________________________________________________________ What is the heading? _____________________________________________________________________ Where do we place the salutation? _____________________________________________________________________ What comes after the heading? _____________________________________________________________________ What is the inside address? _____________________________________________________________________ What do we write in the body of the letter? _____________________________________________________________________ What comes then? _____________________________________________________________________
What does it go on it? _____________________________________________________________________ What’s the next part of the letter? _____________________________________________________________________ What does it go there? _________________________________________________________________________ Have you written a letter lately? _________________________________________________________________________ To whom? _________________________________________________________________________ Was it a formal or an informal letter? _________________________________________________________________________ How many kinds of letters do you know? _________________________________________________________________________ Describe them please. _________________________________________________________________________ Letter of inquiry Name Street Address City, State, Zip Dear ____ (name): We care about our customers, and we are always searching for new ways to improve our services. For these reasons, we are inquiring whether there is a reason for your delay in paying your long-overdue account. If we can help – by making your payments smaller, by extending our terms, or by recommending a loan company – then please let us know. We would appreciate a word from you – as well as your check. Sincerely, Logan Stward Manager Letter of aplication Name Street Address City, State, Zip Date: MM/DD/YYYY Dear Mr. Jones,
My training in computer sciences would enable me to solve Taylor's engineering problems, and I am very interested in holding a position in your engineering department. In June of this year, I expect to receive a Bachelor of Science in Engineering from North Carolina State University. Since September of 2000, I have been participating in the University’s Professional Training Program at Computer Systems International in Raleigh. In this program, I was assigned to several staff sections as an apprentice. Most recently, I have been a programmer trainee in the company’s Engineering Department, and I have gained a great deal of experience in computer applications. Details of my academic courses are included in the enclosed resume. If there are any open positions at Taylor, Inc., then please let me know whom I should contact for further information. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Sincerely, Rebecca Brock Business letters Date : __________, To, ________________ [Customer's name ], ________________ [Customer's address]. Dear Sir, Thank you for your letter of Date _______,requesting for the _______, credit facilities with our _______, [firm name]. After careful consideration, we regret to inform you that we at present cannot, offer you our credit facility. The reason behind this is also stated in our agreement, ____________________ ____________________ ____________________ [Credit Policy]. In brief, the above credit facilities are offered only to the customers, who have been trading with us for above six months. However we suggest that you kindly re-apply, after you fulfil the company's above criteria. We believe that our high-quality products, top class customer service and competitive pricing will make it well worth for you. I hope you will not be too disappointed with our decision at this moment of time. Feel free to call me directly on _________ [office telephone number], if you wish to discuss this matter. We look forward to being of service to you. Sincerely, _______________ [Your Name ] _______________ [Your Job Title]
Letter of termination Termination Letters are never pleasant, whether you write one or receive one. Composing such a letter is never easy, but the process can be simplified by following the general outline of this termination letter sample. Date: MM/DD?YYYY To: Charles Radisson, SS #123-45-6789 We regret to inform you that your employment with [company name] shall be terminated on October 9th, 1998, for the following reasons: 1. Repeated tardiness 2. Excessive absences 3. Inability (or unwillingness) to follow directions Severance payments shall be made in accordance with company policy. I recommend that you being to plan for your future insurance needs because the firm shall not maintain insurance coverage for you beyond the date of termination. Please arrange to return any company property that is in your possession. Although we regret the situation, this act is compulsory. Respectfully, [Signature] Mr. Always Right Manager Letter of appreciation Everyone likes to receive commendation for a job well done. A letter of appreciation is an easy, meaningful way to reward a person for good work or for going beyond the call of duty. Sending an appreciation letter to an employee may inspire him or her to be more dedicated and to work more diligently. This sample offers some insight into how to reward a worker for extra ordinary effort. ABC, Inc Any Street Any City, Any State, zip Date MM/DD/YYYY Dear Mr. Smith (or, you can use the employee’s first name if you know him or her well),
Your enthusiasm and your ability to motivate others has resulted in a significant increase in the company’s productivity and profitability. ABC, Inc. appreciates your efforts and the assistance you offer to your co-workers. You have earned the respect of both your superiors and your peers. Please accept my sincerest gratitude for your superior work in the service department. Signature John Doe Manager Letter of congratulation Dear [Name], You have proven the skeptics wrong and accomplished what most people said was impossible. Your recent achievements will be discussed for a long time to come. All of us in the industry, as well as the members of the general public, greatly admire your accomplishments. Please accept my heartiest congratulations for your success. Sincerely, Letter of recommendation Often, you may need to write a letter of recommendation for a friend, employee, or coworker. You may not know exactly how to write such a letter. This sample should give you some ideas. Your name and address Date Addressee’s name and address RE: Letter of Recommendation for Janice Phillips Dear Mr. Somebody: Janice worked under my supervision as a managerial assistant from May of 1997 until November of 2000. Her responsibilities included receiving, typing, and filing office documents, data entry, and conducting customer service via e-mail and telephone. Throughout her employment, Janice proved to be an efficient, hard-working, and punctual employee.
I was very impressed with Janice’s ability to complete all assigned work in a timely and professional manner. In addition, Janice’s reports were very precise and thorough. Janice would begin and, in most cases, complete her tasks earlier than her peers. I highly recommend Janice for any position. She is an excellent employee; anyone would enjoy working with her. Respectfully yours, [Your signature here] Your typed name Letter of condolence or sympathy When you work closely with individuals over a period of time, you may occasionally be exposed to personal issues that are not always joyous. A coworker may experience a death in the family or some other type of tragedy that requires a letter of condolence. Although a verbal comment is appreciated, a written letter will demonstrate that you understand the gravity of the matter and that it is important to you to convey your feelings in the matter. Dear _____________________, We at [insert Company’s name] would like to express our deepest condolences to you and your family. Please let us know if we can assist you with any special needs during this time of trial. It is our mission to ensure that our employees are treated like family, and we want to support you in any way possible. As you know, we have established a fund within our company to assist employees at such times, and we would like to send flowers or a donation, as you deem appropriate. Please let us know how to proceed and how we can best help you. Very truly yours, Love letter Dear [first name], I love so much about you that it is difficult to mention only a few things. I love the way you laugh. I love the way you smile. I even love it when you upset me but then try so hard to make me feel better. Seldom does one minute pass in which I do not think of you. Before you came into my life, I did not know anyone who let me simply be myself. You accept me the way I am, and that has allowed me to open up my heart again. I have learned to trust you, and that is a wonderful, comforting feeling. Because of you, I smile frequently; I am happy again. And for
that, I love you. Thank you, my darling. I will forever cherish our times together, and I know that we will continue to make beautiful memories for many years to come. Love, Your Name Letter of Invoice Date Name Dear , I am writing to acknowledge our receipt of your invoice #XXX. We are unable to process this invoice because you have omitted the purchase order number. Please forward this information to us, and we will make our remittance promptly. Thank you. Sincerely, David Schorbogh Sales Manager Letter of complain Unfortunately, it is sometimes necessary to write a letter complaining about a purchase. The following sample letter of complaint shows how to address this situation. Your Address Your City, State, Zip Code Date (MM/DD/YYYY) Company Name Consumer Complaint Division Street Address City, State, Zip Code Dear [Company],
On September 4, 2007, I bought a Dell 19” flat-screen LCD color monitor, serial number BQR 5927631, at your store in [City, State], for $319.58. The product does not function properly; it will not display any picture at all. I am very disappointed. To resolve the problem, I would appreciate an exchange for an equivalent or better model, at no additional cost, or a refund of the $319.58. Enclosed are copies of relevant documents (the receipt, guarantees, etc.). I look forward to your reply and to the resolution of my problem. I will wait ten days from the date of this letter before seeking help from a consumer protection agency or the Better Business Bureau. Please contact me by mail, at the above address, or by phone, at [phone number, including area code]. Sincerely, Your signature Your typed name Letter of Authorization Medical or financial information is often required by a doctor or financial institution in order to administer treatment or to finalize a transaction. In such situations, you must write an authorization letter in order to release the information. The following letter is a sample authorization letter for releasing medical records. Your Name Your Street Address City, State, Zip Code Date (MM/DD/YYY) Any Hospital Street Address City, State, Zip Code To Whom It May Concern: I, William D. Farrow, hereby authorize [Hospital Name] to release to Aletha Snowhite, M.D., any information in my personal medical records, including all x-rays, cat scans, and any other information pertinent to my treatment while I am under the care of [Hospital Name] during the time period from May 15 to June 1, 2007. I give my permission for this medical information to be used for the following purpose: to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of my reoccurring abdominal pain. I do not, however, give permission for any other use or for any re-disclosure of this information.
Full name of Patient Signature of Patient Date of Signature Grammar aspects Punctuation Punctuation marks are symbols that indicate the structure and organization of written languages, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud, also see orthography. In written English, punctuation is vital to disambiguate the meaning of sentences. PUNCTUATION SIGNS Meaning , comma ; semicolon : colon . period ! exclamation point ( ) opening and closing parentheses [ opening bracket ] closing bracket “ \" ? opening double quotation mark; question mark ” \" closing double quotation mark ’ ' opening single quotation mark ’ ' closing single quotation mark * asterisk ’ ' apostrophe ... ellipsis - hyphen ___ dash ---- double dash ” \" ditto sign 1. The use and order of all punctuation signs follow print practice.
2. Quotation Marks: Print Opening Double Quotation Mark \" “ 8 Print Closing Double Quotation Mark \" ” 0 Print Opening Single Quotation Mark ' ’ ,8 Print Closing Single Quotation Mark ' ’ 0' 3. Ex: 4. \"I am coming.\" 5. He said, \"Sing _Homing._\" 6. a. When in print the sequence of quotation marks is reversed, use the appropriate one-cell or two-cell braille sign to follow the print copy. Ex: He said, _Sing \"Homing.\"_ b. If, however, this reversal of quotation marks occurs throughout the print text, the opening single quotation mark may be represented by dots 2-3-6, and the closing single quotation mark by dots 3-5-6. The opening double quotation mark may be represented by dots 6, 2-3-6 and the closing double quotation mark by dots 3-5-6, 3. When this occurs, insert a note to this effect on the transcriber's notes page at the beginning of each volume. (See App. A. 10.) Ex: In the print edition single quotes were used for outer quotation marks and double quotes for inner quotation marks. In this braille edition, dots 2-3-6 and 3-5-6 are used for outer quotes and dots 6, 2-3-6 and 3-5-6, 3 for inner quotes. 7. 8. Parentheses and Brackets: Opening Parenthesis ( 7 Closing Parenthesis ) 7 Opening Bracket [ ,7 Closing Bracket ] 7' 9. Ex: 10. (said he) 7sd he7 11. [see previous chapter] ,7see previ\\s *apt]7' a. When a portion of a word is enclosed in parentheses or brackets, print practice should be followed. Ex:
u(ni)form u7ni7=m u[ni]ted u,7ni7't$ deci(sion) deci7.n7 cem(en)t cem757t 12. Apostrophe: ' ' Ex: 'tis 'tis don't don't Jones' ,j\"os' a. The apostrophe is to be inserted before the \"s\" in plural abbreviations, numbers, or letters, even though it has been omitted in print. Similarly, the apostrophe should be inserted in the expression \"OKd.\" In such cases, the apostrophe terminates the effect of the double capital sign. Ex: ABCs ,,abc's 1930s or 1930's #aicj's ps and qs ;p's & ;q's OKd or OK'd ,,ok'd M.P.s ,m4,p4's 13. Hyphen: - - No space should be left before or after a hyphen in a compound word. However, a space should be left appropriately before or after the hyphen in a disconnected compound word. Ex: self-control self-3trol five- or six-pointed star five- or six-po9t$ /> a. As a general principle, the maximum number of spaces in a braille line should be utilized; also, words may be divided between pages, and compound words may be divided at any syllable. When dividing a word at the end of a line, the division should be made between syllables, even though this prevents the use of a contraction. No space should be left between the last syllable on the line and the hyphen. The hyphen must never be put at the beginning of a new line except in a disconnected
hyphenated compound word. Any braille produced employing a computer for translation from print to braille need not comply with this rule as to dividing a word at the end of a line. Ex: mys- mys- tery t]y mid-May or mid-,may or -June -,june b. When hyphens are used to indicate omitted letters in a word, an equal number of hyphens, unspaced, should be used. Ex: d--n (damn) d--n Mr. J---- (Jones) ,mr4 ,j---- 14. Dash: -- and Double Dash: ---- When used as a mark of punctuation, no space should be left before or after a dash, even though the spacing or the length of the symbol may vary in print. However, a space is necessary after a dash if it ends an incomplete sentence. A dash may begin or end a line, but the sign must not be divided. Ex: He was so you think my friend. ,he was--s y ?9k--my fr4 \"It is late, but Oh, please don't go.\" 8,x is late1 b-- ,oh1 pl1se don't g40 a. When a dash represents an omitted word or name, a double dash should be used and should be spaced and punctuated as a word. Ex: \"Miss , you devil!\" 8,miss ----1 y ---- devil60 15. Ellipsis: ... ''' (usually 3 dots or asterisks in print indicating the omission of words). The ellipsis should be spaced and punctuated as a word. Ex: \"Love is life's ... sign.\" 8,love is life's ''' sign40 \"...life's only sign.\" 8''' life's only sign40
\"...life's only sign. * * * \" 8''' life's only sign4 '''0 a. When print dots are used to indicate the omission of letters in words, an equivalent number of dots (dot 3), ' unspaced, should be used. Ex: d..n (damn) d''n N.. Y... (New York) ,n'' ,y''' b. If the omission of a complete paragraph is indicated by the ellipsis, the ellipsis should be treated as a paragraph.
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