NatScienceTBM4codex

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gv8uc]o XC2H4? ,uxqo16.j odklme,t-kf c]t .ooE,aofy[g]adohvpD gv8uc]o,u75oxt ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 3spf.-.h odko[,jq \\kdw,.h slh d5 w;F .-gh xoa g-vN w2F .-gh xoa ;fa 4f5 [y .odkox’5 c8’j mkfv’q 7tmkf vonj Mg-oja G 3x]gu v8cu ]oF gv8k3ooFDDD vkg-8uc]oG XC2H2 ? g-yj’c,jo|bj’.ozt]yf8trao0v’dko-uvv,dkd[q; XCaC2), ,u75oxt3spf .-hgxaog-Nvw2.odko8af s^n 9vf3]stF gxao;af45fy[.odkox5’c8’j mkfvonj M g-oaj G 3x]u;uou]d^=iq;F c[’a c-oFDDD #D@D mkfzt]yf8traoIu3fidkd[vo mkfzt]yf8traoIu3fidkd[vo ovd9kd9t,udkd[vo c]t Iu3fic-oc]h;pa’,umkf ,6ovnoj g-aoj G O, Cl, N,DDD mkfzt]fy 8troa 0v’i3u fidkd[vomlju e7oa ,Gu gskQ^ g,8]u dy F gskQ^ gv8]u dy F xk^ lt8dy F gloha .p la’g7ktF 1k’1nfla’g7ktD $ D gs^qhk (Alcool) gskhq^ gxoa mkfxtl,q v’q 7tmkfmxju tdv[f;h pmkf,o6 dkd[voF I3u fic-o c]t vdq -cu -oD gs^qhkmujle7ao,ulv’-toyf7nG gs^qhkg,8u]yd Xg,8k3o]? c]t gs^Qkgv8u]ydD gskhq^ g,8]u dy ,lu f6 g7,cu ,oj CH3OH. gskhq^ g,8]u dy wf,h k9kddkodoja \\kdw,Dh .ovf5 lkstde gs^qhkg,8u]ydx5’c8’j wfh9kdxt8ydy]ypk]ts;kj ’ CO c]t H2 rkp.8h7;k,faol6’3fp,u ZnO c]t Cr O gxaomkf g]a’j D 23 gskhq^ g,8]u dy l;j osk^ p.-xh t3spfmk’fkh ovf5 lkstdeF .-gh xoa ;fa 4f5 [y .odkol’a g7ktmkf v’q 7tmkfvojn Mg-oja G 2vd,k]gfIfy F .-gh xoa 8;q ]t]kpF .-gh xoa g-vhn w2F.-.h ovf5 lkstdegIfa oElDu gskhq^ g,8]u dy gxoa voa 8t]kp8I+ kj ’dkpF 4kh f,jn g0khq wxvkf9tgIfa .s8h k[vfF me]kp]t[[q xtlkf s^n vkf8kpwfhD gs^qhkgv8u]yd gs^qhkgv8u]yd,ul6fg7,uc,oj C2H5OH. dkox5’c8j’G gs^qhkgv8u]ydx5’c8’j wfh3fp;ymu\\adcxh’ c]t oE8kofh;p95]t-u[mguj vuho;kj G cxh’gs^qhkD dD x5’c8’j 9kdmkfcxh’ s^n oE8koD 0D x5’c8’j 9kdgvqkgv8uc]o (C H ) xt8ydy]ypk da[oE 3fp,uvk-yfgxaomkfg]’aj 24 C2H4 (g) + H2O (l) → C2H5OH(l) 206

dkooe.-hgs^Qkgv8y]yd dko1k oEsv, 1k’la’g7kt gs^Qkgv8y]yd xtlq,da[g[p vk-yfvkg-8yd & D x^kl8yd XPlastique? ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { l’yj 0v’x^kl8ydzt]yf,k9kd.lL I6[ $!D#D zt]yf8traomugj Iaf9kdx^kl8yd x^kl8ydc,oj zt]yf8trao0v’mkf 3x]uc,mguj vqk,kgIafg7vnj ’.-h8kj ’M g-oaj G 4h;pF 9koF -k,F 8aj’F gdu[F dhko[ydF dtg[vhn ’xk^ l8dy F 4’q .lgj 7vjn ’0v’ c]t vk skoFDDD *D glaho.pla’g7ktXglaho.pmP,? glAo/hkp c]t zhkcrwfh,k9kd.lL I6[ $!D$D zt]yf8trao mugj Iaf9kdglAo.pla’g7kt 207

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rkdmu IX dko4jkpmvf]adltotmk’de,trao [qfmu $# 37i3,3-, ly’j mu,j u-u;yfc8]j t-toyf Xlaf c]t rnf ];,ma’7qogIqk? wfh,udko4kj pmvf-u;yf.\\j s^n Ijk’dkp.\\jmuj,u]adltotg\\nvor+c,j.shcdjI5jo]6ds^ko8+Mwx1jk’[+15f1A’D ]adltotfaj’djk;oU ,ao[ao951r6j kdl;j o.f0v’Ikj ’dkp c]t ,udko4kj pmvfc8Ij o5j oUskIo5j 8+Mwxwfhco;.fL ! D 37i3,3-, XChromosome? 37i3,3-,c,oj spa’ c]t rq[16j.lL dyf9tde !G m;o7nol;j oxtdv[0v’95]a’ c]t lbdlkl;j oxtdv[8Qo8=0v’cdoj 95]a’D 9q’j c8h,I6[ $#D! c]t $#D@ .lxj B,0Po0v’8qogv’rhv,ma’\\kp-n.j lDj I6[ $#D! 95]a’la’gdffh;p I6[ $#D@ 95]a’la’gdffh;pສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dhv’95]tmafme,tfk dvh ’9]5 tmfa gvg]da 38iody dyf9tde @G lbdlk[qf[kf0v’37i3,3-,.o95]a’w0xj tlq,grf { 9]5 ’a w0xj tl,q grf0v’|6 c]t dt8kj p9tc[’j 8;q c]t rfa mtokgxoa sp’a L pvh osp’a L 95]a’w0jxtlq,grf 37i3,3-, 95]a’w0jxtlq,grf0v’|6 0v’dt8kj p dt8kj p |6 I6[ $#D #D 37i3,3-,.o95]a’w0xj tlq,grf 213

{ 9kddkolbdlkgIqklk,kflts^5[wfhco;.f L { 9’jq 9fa ]Po7el[a 8kj ’M],j5 oU7no.\\.j sgh xoa xt3spdmluj ,q [o6 .lxj B,0Po0v’8oq gv’D T 37i3,3-,F ]adltotln[g-Nv X]adltotde,trao?F dko4kj pmvfF ;af45rNo4koF 1.j6 ocdoj 9]5 ’a D @D vq’xtdv[0v’37i3,3-, dyf9tde G lbdlkvq’xtdv[0v’37i3,3-, { v’q xtdv[0v’37i3,3-,,usp’a cfLj -a’38ic, 37i3,3-, 37i,k8uo c0olAo @ 37i,k8uf I6[ $#D&D I6[Ikj ’0v’37i3,3-,.o95]a’ c0opk; cdog7’yj 7n ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[ $#D$D vq’xtdv[0v’37i3,3-, 9’jq 0Poxt3spd],5j oU.slh ,q [o6 D T 37i3,3-,xtdv[f;h p @ c0o7nGDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDg-’jy 8+.ldj oa f;h p9f5 |’jb g-’yj gvUo;kj DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD cdog7y’j 7n9tcpd @ 37i,k8uf .shdkpgxao @ 37i3,3-, X.ow]ptmhkp0v’dkoc[’j 9]5 ’a ?D 37i3,3-,9t,uI6[Ijk’c8d8jk’dao 8k,c8j]tw]pt0v’ dkoc[j’95]a’ g-ajoG .o w]ptdtdP,37i3,3-, ,u]adltotgxaoglAo.pc][M gvUo;kj glAo.p37i,k8uo (chromatine) g-y’j [+lk,kfgsaowfh1kj ’-afg9oF c81j 6.j ow]ptdkoc[’j 95]a’ glAo.p37i,k8uosqf8q;lAog0Qk c]t |k0Bo gvUo;kj 37i3,3-,D # D -5f37i3,3-, (Caryotype) dyf9tde !G 9qj’9af7j6 c]t oa[9eo;o37i3,3-,0v’7qo { 37i3,3-,muj,uI6[Ijk’ c]t 0t|kf7ndao.sh0Pog]dfP;daoD .odko9af76j.sh9af76j .spwj xsk7o6j vh p8k,]ef[a D 7.6j splj f5 .s.h loj Eg[u !D 7m6j ,ju 0u t|kfsf5^ ]’q ,k.sh .loj Eg[u @ c];h 8+Mwx 4kh skd37i3,3-,7.6j fovh pd;kj \\j6 s^n [+,7u 6j .s\\h kpgxoa 7l6j f5 mkh pD 214

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1 23 45 1 23 45 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 XX 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X Y 13 14 15 16 17 18 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 19 20 21 22 I6[ $#D(D -5f37i3,3-,0v’grfpy’ I6[ $#D)D -5f37i3,3-,0v’grf-kp wfh,k9kdr+ wfh,k9kdc,j 44 + xy 44 + xx ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[ $#D_ 37i3,3-,7ndao 9’jq 0Po8,nj .l[j vj o,u9EM.o8k8t]k’],j5 oU.lxj B,0Po0v’8oq gv’D -5f37i3,3-,0v’7qo16.j o95]a’Ijk’dkp -f5 37i3,3-,0v’grfp’y DDDDDDDDDDDDD 3v383-, T DDDDDDDDDDDD X37i3,3-,grf? -f5 37i3,3-,0v’grf-kp DDDDDDDDDDDDD 3v383-, T DDDDDDDDDDDD X37i3,3-,grf? 16.j om5dM95]a’Ikj ’dkp0v’ly’j mu,j u-u;yf-toyffP;dao,u-5f7ndao c]t 9eo;o37i3,3-, 7ndao c]t gmqjkdaoF -toyf8jk’daod=,u-5fc8d8jk’daoD 8q;1jk’16j.om5dM95]a’3-,k0v’7qo ,9u eo;o 37i3,3-, gmkjq doa \\fq 79n eo;o $* voa sn^ @# 76j .ooU @@ 76j c,oj 37i3,3-,me,tfk s^n 3v383-, XAutosomes? c]t vdu ! 76j c,oj 37i3,3-,grf Xsex chromosome?D 9eo;o706j v’ 37i3,3-,4ndcmofh;pg7njv’\\kp 2n; n = 9eo;o7j60v’ 37i3,3-,D .od=]tou0v’7qo n = @#S \\kp7;k,;kj 7qogIqk,u 9eo;o37i3,3-,gmqkj da[ @# 76jD c8]j t76jxtdv[,u @ 37i3, 3-,m,ju Iu [6 Ikj ’ c]t 0t|kf7dn oa gvoU ;kj 37i3,3-,7dn oa XChromosomes homologues? g-’jy vao|b’j wfh,k9kdr+ c]t vudvao|b’j wfh,k9kdc,Dj -f5 37i3,3-,0v’grfp’y c]t grf-kp8kj ’doa 176j l6j f5 mkh p g-’jy ,oa c,oj 37i3,3-,grfD grfpy’,u XX l;j ogrf-kp,u XYD 216

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$D |hkmju0v’37i3,3-, 37i3,3-,,u|hkmusj pa’cfj L 37i3,3-,gxoa [vj o106j v’s;q |;j p]da ltotl[n g-vN F ,|u kh m.ju odkoc[’j 9]5 ’a c]t 7;[ 75,dko4kj pmvf 0=h,6odPj ;da[ ]adltotln[g-NvD 7e4k,G !D 9’qj oypk,7e;kj 37i3,3-,D @D 37i3,3-,,uvq’xtdv[.fcfLj #D oadIPo9’qj la’gdfI6[[aofk 37i3,3-, f’aj 8+wxoU,uvao7ndao c]t 8kj ’daoco;.fL -a’38ic, -a’38ic, ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ $D 16.j o95]a’0v’Ikj ’dkply’j mu,j u-u;yf,u-5f c]t 9eo;o37i3,3-,7ndao s^n 8kj ’daoL 9q’j vt my[kpD &D 9eo;o76j0v’37i3,3-, cmofh;pg7njv’\\kpspa’ 7qogIqk,u9eo;o76j37i3,3-, gmqkj .fL wfh,k9kd.lL *D |kh mu0j v’37i3,3-,,usp’a cfLj 218

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phvogsf.f mkj o,a’cf] 9’bj g]nvdmqf]v’da[4;qj paf X4;qj ]aog8qk?L { 4q;j -toyfoU,uvkp5lAoF x6d’kj p c]t ,ufvds^kpD { gxoa 4;jq m,ju su k^ proa m,ju ]u da ltotc8d8kj ’doa 1kj ’9tc9’h c]t g]vn dskroa []= ly f5 wf’h kj pD { fvd0v’,ao gxaofvdlq,[6ogrf c]t lk,kfxtlq,]tvv’zh6gvqkgv’.ofvdfP;dao wf8h k,me,t-kfF pvh odkoxtdv[lkh ’rgy lf0v’fvdg-’jy ,u d[u [;j ’s,5h gvkq gdlvoz6h c]t gdlvoc,Fj |hvpmluj 5f,ao9t4ndxtlq,-vfc[[xqogxdaoD phvodkomqf]v’-Ewx-E,ks^kpMgmnvj c]t gxaog;]ks^kpxu mkj o ,a’cf]9b’j 7Qorq[ dfq gdoroN 4ko0v’dkol[n g-vN D du[fvd gdlvozh6 gdlvoc,j dk[fvd Xdu[]hP’? ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ I6[ $(D!D fvd4q;j pafgsaofhko0hk’ I6[ $(D@D fvd4q;j paf 4q;j paf c]t \\kd4q;j paf 8af8k,];’pk;0v’ I6[Ikj ’ lu0v’goNv lu0v’gxnvd I6[Ikj ’ lu0v’ mu8j A’0v’fvd 7;k,l6’ 0v’cdoj cdoj sh5,cdoj 0v’\\kd \\kdvjvo 0v’]e8Qo dhP’ gs^nv’ cf’ dq, 0P; 1dj6 hko l6’ -k 0P; 0k; cx gsn^v’ 16jpvf g8hp I6[ $(D#D ]adltotc8d8kj ’dao0v’4q;j pafmu,j a’cf]oe,kmqf]v’ 237

@ D dkoxtlq,-vf ! 7j6 ]adltot (Monohybridisme) 8q;1kj ’G dkomqf]v’0v’,a’cf]D ,a’cf]xtlq,-vf4q;j paf 8Qol6’ da[ 8Qog8hpD dyf9tdeG oadIPo9q’j la’gdf c]t vtmy[kp I6[ $(D$D c]t I6[ $(D&D 2vpxafgvqk]tvv’gdlvoz6h I6[ $(D$D I6[mkj o,a’cf] I6[ $(D&D ,a’cf]gIafdkoxtlq,-vf4q;j pafສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 8Qol6’ 8Qog8hp I5jor+c,j (P) I5jo]6d (F1) I5jos^ko (F2) I6[ $(D *D czo;kfdkoxtlq,-vf4q;j paf @ g-Nv[=]yl5fG 4q;j 8Qog8hp da[ 4q;j 8Qol6’ 238

{ I5jor+c,j (P) ,u]adltotco;.fL ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ { vaf8kl;j o ]ts;kj ’ ]adltot8Qol6’ c]t 8Qog8hp .oI5oj ]6d (F1) gxaogmqkj .fL I5oj ]6d (F1) ,u]adltot7n I5jor+c,j (P) ma’lv’/kj p[+L { vaf8klj;o ]ts;jk’ ]adltot8Qol6’ c]t 8Qog8hp .oI5jos^ko (F2) gxaogmqjk.fL ,u]adltot0v’ I5jo (P) ma’lv’/kj p ,kxkdqfvvd16j I5oj s^ko (F ) [+L 2 ,a’cf]wfhgIafdkomqf]v’c[[oU-Ewx-E,ks^kpMgmnjv gxaog;]ks^kpxu c]t wfhIa[ zoq 8k,vfa 8kl;j ogmkjq Mdoa md5 gmvjn f’ja ooA mkj o9’jb wflh kh ’gxoa dfq gdo g-’jy gvoU ;kj <dfq gdodkol[n g-Nv0v’,a’cf]< 9kddkomqf]v’faj’dkj ;oU ,a’cf]gvUo]adltotmuxj kdqfvvd.oI5jomu ! g-ajoG 8Qol6’ gxao]adltotgfaoj D l;j o]adltotmu[j +xkdqfvvd.oI5jo mu ! c8,j kxkdqfvvd16.j oI5jo mu @ g-aoj G 8oQ g8ph gvoU ;kj ]da ltot][a D g,nvj ,a’cf] oa[9eo;o]6d.oI5jo mu @ (F2) la’gdfgsao;kj vaf8kl;j o]ts;kj ’]adltot gfaoj c]t ]adltot]a[c,oj xt,ko # gfaoj 8+ ! ]a[D 8q;1kj ’G 8Qol6’ !W 8Qo c]t 8Qog8hp # 8Qo f’ja ooA dfq gdodkoln[g-Nv0v’,’a cf],uf’ja oUG T dqfgdomu !G dkoxtlq,-vf @ g-Nv[=]yl5fc8d8jk’daofh;p ! s^n s^kp]adltotF ]adltotmujxkdqfvvd1j6Ij5o]6d (F1) ]h;oc8j7ndao\\qfvkf7nr+ s^n 7nc,j c8jc,jo ]da ltotgfoja D T dqfgdomu @G dkoxtlq,-vf @ g-Nv[=]yl5fc8d8jk’daofh;p ! s^n s^kp]adltot ]adltotmuxj kdqfvvd16jI5jos^ko (F ) 9t,udkocpd]adltot8k,vaf8kl;j o # gfaoj 8+ 2 ! ]a[D gxoa sp’a 9’jb wfIh [a zoq 7cn o;oLU ,a’cf] wfhvtmy[kpzqodkomqf]v’oU;kj ly’j ,u-u;yf,usq;|;j p7;[75,c8]j t]adltotmuj lk,kf4jkpmvf9kdr+c,jwxpa’Ij5o8+wxwfhD sq;|j;p7;[75,]adltotoU,u1j6gxao7j6M1j6.o95]a’ Ikj ’dkpD g,vjn l’jy ,-u ;u fy lkh ’9]5 ’a l[n roa s;q |;j pf’ja dkj ;9tcpdvvd9kddoa wx1.6j o9]5 ’a l[n roa c8]j tvao c]t 9t,kg0Qk76dj aovudgmvnj |’bj .o95]a’xtlq,raoD |;j p7;[75,]adltot8kj ’MoU8+,k gvUo;kj <c-o< (Gene) g-’yj ,uma’c-om7uj ;[75, ]adltotgfoaj c]t c-om7uj ;[75, ]adltot]a[D 3fpm;qj wxc]h;c-o|’bj Mxtdv[fh;p @ vkc]] c8.j o8q;9y’ [k’d=]tou9t,us^kpd;kj @ c-o d,= u 8;q 1kj ’G c-omdju ;fdklzu ;y 0v’7oq gIkq xtdv[f;h ps^kpvkc]] (Poly allele). 239

oda de,troa .-lh oa pt]da grvnj ltf;d.odko7yfw]lj t4y8yg-oja G xtlq,-vf \\kpg4y’dkoxtlq,rao1.6j olkpraofP;dao c8]j adltotdq’dao0hk,daoD x \\kpg4y’ xtlq,rao P \\kpg4y’ I5jor+c,j F \\kpg4y’ I5jo]6d 1 F2 \\kpg4y’ I5jos^ko F3 \\kpg4y’ I5jogsa^o c[[I[6 sn^ g23o8u[ (Phenotype) \\kpg4y’ ]da ltotmxuj kdfq vvd.sgh soa D c[[c-o s^n g-3o8[u XGenotype? \\kpg4’y [oa fkc-o1g6j m’y 37i3,3-,776j dn oa sn^ 8kj ’doa g-y’j ltcf’fh;p [aofkvkc]]D 8q;vadlvo s^n laopt]adcmoc-o c8j]tc-o 3fp.-hvadlvory,8q;.spj muj7;[75, ]adltotgfoaj c]t vadlvory,8q;ohvpcmoc-om7uj ;[75,]adltot]a[D 8;q 1kj ’G ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ vadlvo T cmoc-o mudj eoqf8Qol6’ gxao]adltotgfaoj D vadlvo t cmoc-o mudj eoqf8Qog8hp gxao]adltot]a[D 9kdlaopt]adcmoc-o mudj eoqf]adltot8Qol6’ c]t 8Qog8hp gIqklk,kf0Poczo;kf ltcf’c-om7uj ;[7,5 ]da ltot c]t zoq 0v’dko4kj pmvf]da ltotln[g-Nv.odkoxtl,q roa ]t s;kj ’4q;j 8Qol6’da[4q;j 8Qog8hp .oI5oj P. F1 c]t F2 oadIPo9q’j 0Po8n,j .l[j vj o9EMfa’j 8+wxoUD 8Qol6’ 8Qog8hp Io5j 0v’ PG XTT? V Xtt? 9]5 ’a l[n roa G DDD DDD DDD DDD cc[[[[cI[6-0ov0’v’F1F:1:[…(...…..)] F1: ..... ….. ….. ….. l’6 \\fq md5 8oQ s^n l’6 100% .oIo5j mu ! XI5oj ]6d? g,nvj c-o T mu7j ;[75,]adltot8Qol6’g-y’j gxao]adltotgfoaj g0Qk7d6j a[ c-o t m7ju ;[7,5 ]da ltot8oQ g8ph g-’jy gxoa ]da ltot][a ]da ltotmxju kdfq .sgh soa 9tgxoa ]da ltotgfoja \\fq X8oQ l’6 7ndoa \\fq ?D g,nvj oeI5oj mu ! XI5jo]6d? wxx6d8+ c]t xvj p.shxtlq,]tvv’zh6gvqkgv’9twfhIa[zqof’ja czo ;kf8+wxoUD 240

F1 x F1 8oQ l’6 x 8oQ l’6 (Tt ) x (Tt) 9]5 ’a l[n roa G DDD DDD DDD DDD F2 : N..... N….. …N.. N….. c[[I[6 G [ ] [ ] [ ][ ] c[[c-o,u DDDDDDDDDDD c[[G vfa 8kl;j oDDDDDDDDDDD XDDDDDDDDDD?F XDDDDDDDDD?F XDDDDDDDDDD? c[[I[6 ,u DDDDDDDDDDD c[[G vfa 8kl;j oDDDDDDDDDDD[DDDDDDDDD]F [DDDDDDDDD] lq,mP[zqodkomqf]v’0v’,a’cf] mugj saoc8]j adltotmk’ovd Xc[[I6[ sn^ g23o8u[? da[dko7yfw]j c[[c-ooU oadIPo9tlts^5[wfhco;.f L 9kddko7Qo7;hk0v’,a’cf]gIaf.shgIqkI6h;kj ly’j ,u-u;yf,uc-ogIaf|hkmudj eoqf]adltot 8kj ’Mg-oja G 7;k,l’6 F lzu ;y F lzu ,q c8,j ’a cf][I+ ;6h kj c-o1r6j kdl;j o.f.o9]5 ’a 0v’l’jy ,-u ;u fy c]t ,udoq wddko4kj pmvf]da ltotco;.fD ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 7e4k,G !D 9’jq .soh py k,7el[a f’ja 8w+ xoGU g-vN []= ly f5 F g-vN -vfF ]da ltotgfoja F ]da ltot][a F dkoxtl,q ]tvv’zg6h vkq gv’D @D c,jospa’mujgxaosq;|j;p7;[75,c8j]t]adltotmujlk,kf4jkpmvf9kdr+c,jwxpa’ I5jo8+M wxwfhL grojy xtl,q -vf @ g-vN []= ly f5 1I6j o5j P G \\kd4;jq cdoj dPh ’ d[a cdoj -k 9kdooA grojy xvj p.sh F1 xtlq,]tvv’ zh6gvqkgv’D 4k,;kj zqowfhIa[.oI5jo F2 9t,uc[[I6[ c]t c[[c-o .ovaf8kl;j o7nco;.fL 241

[qfmu $) c-o c]t dko7;[75,dkoltcf’vvd0v’c-o ! D vk-yf o6gdivyd (Nucleic acid) vk-yf o6gdivyd gxaomkfxtlq,vq’7tmkf muj,u7;k,le7ao8+lyj’muj,u-u;yf7nG gxaomkf de,troa X;fa 4l5 [n g-vN ? 0v’9]5 ’a F ,|u kh m7ju ;[7,5 dkol’a g7kt 3xi8oy c]t 0t[;odko8kj ’M 0v’l’yj m,uj u-u;yfD vk-yfo6gdivyd,u @ -toyf7nG vk-yfgfvqd-uiu3[o6gdivyd (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) sn^ fugvogv (DNA) c]t vk-yfiu3[o6gdivyd (Ribonucleic Acid ) sn^ RNA . fugvogv rq[.o 37i3,3-,0v’lyj’muj,u-u;yfF gxaocsj^’0=h,6ode,traomuj9egxao8+dkola’g7kt3xi8yo RNA gIaf|hkm.uj odko4vf]tsaf9kd RNA c]h;g7vnj omguj 0Qk,ksk,kf95]a’ c]t la’g7kt3xi8yoD lj;oxtdv[rNo4ko0v’vk-yf o6gdivyd 3,g]d5o0v’vk-yfo6gdivyd xtdv[lhk’,k9kdsq;|;j p37’lhk’mguj vUo;kj G o6gdi3v8yf XNucleotide? g-’jy ltcf’gxoa rk[];,f’ja oGU o6gdi3v8yf = ou38ic-o g[l T oE8kogro38l T vk-yf2qflt2=iyd ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ @ D c-o XGene? c-o c,oj spa’L rq[16.j l L ,ao,u|hkmucj o;.fL dyf9tde !G lbdlkI6[ $)D! c-omu7j ;[75,[aofkvk,yo3ovk-yf 37i3,3-, DNA 3,g]d5o3xi8yo c-o his leu glu arg his leu c-o { Iyl8ufyo (Histidine-His) I6[ $)D! c-omu7j ;[75,[aofk vk,uo3ovk-yf { ]5p-yo (Leucine-Leu) { vkduoyo (Arginine-Arg) { d]86 k,oy (Glutamine-Glu) 242

c-o c,oj |;j p7;[75,]adltotmk’de,trao0v’ly’j mu,j u-u;yfD c-o gxaol;j o|b’j 0v’ fgu vogv ,7u ;k,lk,kf.odko7;[7,5 .s9h ]5 ’a Io5j ]d6 sk^ o ,Iu [6 Ikj ’]da ltot c]t |kh m8ju kj ’M 7ndaoda[95]a’0v’r+c,Fj xtdqfdkomu]j 6ds^ko7nda[ r+c,j gvUo;jk de,traoD faj’oAoF fugvogv 3,g]d5o|b’j 9t,uc-os^kpd;kj ! c-o 0BowxD fugvogv3,g]d5o|b’j xP[g\\nvo]qfw27ao|b’j mu[j ao9586h]qfw2s^kpM86hg-y’j c8]j t86h9t[ao95 lyo7hk sn^ z6h3fplko8kj ’daoD 86h]qfw2c8]j t86h xP[g\\nvoc-o l;j o]qfw2 xP[g\\nvo fugvogvD fugvogv ,3u 7’lkh ’xtdv[f;h plv’lkpg-’jy ,u]adltot[yfgxaodP;D c8j]t3,g]d5o 0v’fugvogv xtdv[fh;ps^kpc-oD c-oc,jo8vo|bj’0v’lkpfjP;fugvogvg-yj’rq[16j.o cdoj 9]5 ’a D c-o,u|hkmujle7ao.o0t[;odkola’g7kt3xi8yoD 3xi8yo c,jomkfvq’7tmkf -tofy |’jb mgju xoa l;j oxtdv[lkh ’8oQ 80= v’9]5 ’a sn^ Ikj ’dkp,-u ;u fy D ,oa ,[u fq [kfle7oa voa .spsj ;^ ’ g0Qk.odkog7njvows;0v’95]a’ c]t deoqfI6[Ijk’]adltot8jk’M0v’Ijk’dkpg-ajoG luzq,F \\;fg]nvfF I6[Ikj ’]adltot0v’95]a’g]nvfF .[s6F Iu,lq[ c]t vnoj MD #D dko7;[75,dkoltcf’vvd0v’c-o ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ dyf9tde !G lbdlk]adltotrkpovd0v’7qogIqk { 9’jq l’a gdfI[6 8+wxo;U kj ,u ]da ltotltcf’ ! vvdco;.fL phvospa’L @ ,to5fm5d7qo16jgmy’3]dgIqkoU9af1j6.o-toyf # fP;dao g-y’j ,u]adltot];,7ndao g-aoj G ,uzq,F 8kF I6[ $)D@ ]adltot8kj ’M0v’7qo fa’F Iu,lq[F c0h;F \\;fg]nvf c]t vnoj MF c8dj =,u ]adltot[k’1kj ’c8d8kj ’dao g-aoj G 8ksy[F 8k[+ sy[S 7Y;dqj’F 7Y;g9uf c]t vnoj MF l;j olaf s^n rnfd= g-oja fP;doa d[a 7oq mluj ’a dfa 1.6j o-toyffP;doa D 3fpm;jq wxc];h gIkq l’a gdfgsoa ;kj c8]j t7oq ,u ]da ltotc8d8kj ’doa D 8;q 1kj ’G [k’7oq ,u z,q lfu eF lumv’DDD zq,-nj s^n d6fF \\;fg]nvfgv XA? s^n 3v XO) s^n gv[u XAB?D ]adltotma’\\qffa’j dkj ; oUc,oj phvo c-ogxao zh6deoqf c]t gIaf.shIkj ’dkpgIaf|hkmuj wfgh xoa xdq dt8Dy 243

dyf9tde @G lbdlk]adltotlu0v’0qo|6D 0qo|6,ulu.fcfLj c8]j tludeoqffh;pvkoc]].f.oc-of’aj dkj ;L vkoc]]mudj eoqflu 0oq |,6 [u vj o1cj6 o;.fmP[d[a 37i3,3-,7dn oa L [vj o106j v’c-om7ju ;[7,5 ]da ltotlu 0v’0oq 0v’|6 vkoc]]0qolufe N vkoc]]0qolu0k; b b vkoc]]0oq lu0k; b c[[c-o XNb? c[[c-o Xbb? ສ.ວ.ສສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ 8kj ’9]5 ’a xtl,q grf 8kj ’9]5 ’a xtl,q grf 0qolufe 0qo lu0k; I6[ $)D# vkc]]mudj eoqf]adltot0v’lu0qo gIqklk,kflts^5[wfhco;.fL gIkq lk,kflts[5^ wf;h kj ]da ltotl0u oq |c6 ,oj 4dn deofq f;h pc-oD l8u kj ’doa c,oj 4dn deofq f;h pvkoc]]8kj ’doa g-’yj [oa fkvkoc]]f’ja dkj ;,u[vj o1d6j ’q doa .o37i3,3-,776j ndoa D $D dkorq;rao]ts;jk’c-oda[lyj’c;f]hv, dyf9tdeG lbdlkdkoxjPocx’7;k,pk;0v’zq, XI6[ $)D$? c]t ]adltot sq;]hko XI6[ $)D&? { phvospa’zh6mu,j uzq,pk; 9’bj dkpgxaozq,lAoL I6[ $)D $ dkoxPj ocx’]adltot0v’zq, 244