["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 163 M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 s\u1ebd sinh ra \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d hay ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1eabn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo (3.18) trong \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian: q1, q2? C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft V1 = V2 = V, l\u1ef1c Ampere (3.18) s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: FA = \u2212k A q1q2 V 2 (3.22) r2 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd l\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra c\u1ea3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb hay c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng theo tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c n\u1eefa. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 l\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb x\u1ea9y ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n th\u00ec l\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean d\u1ea1ng (3.1) m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng (3.4), khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ebfu E=const, ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t thay v\u00ec b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i l\u00e0 d\u00f9 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d hay \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb\u201d theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n th\u00ec nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, c\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean hay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.1.3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p h\u1eefu c\u01a1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 theo quy lu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i: khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean \u2013 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d l\u00e0 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f2n khi ch\u00fang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t \u2013 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c Ampere. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh. N\u1ebfu kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, ta c\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn l\u00e0 p1; n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng b\u01a1m \u0111\u1ea9y cho kh\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn l\u00e0 p2<p1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a b\u01a1m \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c?","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 164 Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y kh\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng hay l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00ed t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed kh\u00ed m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, theo quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.1.1 v\u00e0 1.3.1 th\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m 2 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi: v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 + tr\u01b0\u1eddng = \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch + tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n; s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 cho c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac: \u201ct\u1eeb t\u00edch\u201d + tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb = v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 + tr\u01b0\u1eddng (\u201ct\u1eeb t\u00edch\u201d = \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb), v\u00ec \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb t\u00edch\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang: v\u00ec \u201ct\u1eeb t\u00edch\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 (m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c s\u0103n l\u00f9ng n\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i) th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eeb\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ea3. V\u1eady th\u00ec, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u00e1i \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ch\u0103ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 ta s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea9y nhau c\u00f2n v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhau n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u, hay h\u00fat l\u1eabn nhau n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea9y ra v\u1eady? T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i? H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u1ec7ch so v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i? Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ta s\u1ebd th\u1eed ph\u00e2n t\u00edch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00f4g\u00edc h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 165 Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.4a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee9c song song v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u nhau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng a. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u (\u2013) khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, song n\u1ebfu c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn th\u00ec s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.4b. E (+) a (\u2013) a) (+) E a \u2206F (\u2013) (\u2013) V (\u2013) V \u2206F b) H\u00ecnh 3.4. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3n-t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n E s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2206F c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00ean c\u1eb7p 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng nhau, g\u00e2y n\u00ean l\u1ef1c \u00e9p ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. L\u1ef1c \u00e9p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng nhanh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam l\u1ef1c h\u00fat gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang FA. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 166 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c \u0111i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n do nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi 2 d\u00e2y d\u1eabn c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong d\u00e2y d\u1eabn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kim lo\u1ea1i trong d\u00e2y d\u1eabn. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.21) th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch Q b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay (3.20) v\u00e0o (3.21), v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: [e0ei ] = e sin \u03b1 , (3.23) B trong \u0111\u00f3 eB l\u00e0 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng B, c\u00f2n \u03b1 l\u00e0 g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa 2 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 e0 v\u00e0 ei, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: dB = \u00b50 Q sin\u03b1 e B dl . (3.24) 4\u03c0 R2t N\u1ebfu l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch Q chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: t = l\/V, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i (3.24) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng: dB = \u00b50 Q V\u03b1 e B dl , (3.25) 4\u03c0 R2l v\u1edbi V\u03b1 = Vsin \u03b1. Sau khi l\u1ea5y t\u00edch ph\u00e2n c\u1ea3 2 v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.25) theo c\u1ea3 qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: B= \u00b50 Q V\u03b1 eB . (3.26) 4\u03c0 R2 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng: F = qx [VB]. (3.27) A","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 167 Thay (3.26) v\u00e0o (3.27), v\u1edbi k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u [e e ]= [e e ]= e sin \u03b1 , (3.28) VB iB F trong \u0111\u00f3 eF l\u00e0 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng FA, c\u00f2n \u03b1 l\u00e0 g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa 2 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 eV v\u00e0 eB, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: FA = \u00b50 qxQ V\u03b12 eF , (3.29) 4\u03c0 R2 N\u1ebfu l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u03b50\u00b50 = 1\/c2, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.29) v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng: FA = kC V\u03b12 qxQ eF . (3.30) c2 R2 N\u1ebfu k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u V\u03b1 = \u03b2\u03b1 , (3.31) c v\u00e0 kA = \u03b2 2 k C (3.32) \u03b1 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ed3i thay v\u00e0o (3.30) ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 (3.2): F = kA qxQ e . (3.33) A R2 F So s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.2) v\u1edbi (3.33) v\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ta c\u00f3: FA = \u03b2 2 < 1. (3.34) FC \u03b1 Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chung, theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: F = qx (E + V \u00d7 B) (3.35) L g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c Lorenz. Vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i (3.35) theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn (3.2), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 168 F = qxQ (kC e E + k e A ) = kL qxQ e , (3.36) L R2 R2 L A \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y eL l\u00e0 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng FL; kL = k 2 + 2kC k A cos\u03d5 + k 2 = kC\u03be (3.37) C A trong \u0111\u00f3 \u03c6 l\u00e0 g\u00f3c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00e9c t\u01a1 l\u1ef1c Coulomb FC v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c Ampere FA, \u03be= 1+ 2\u03b2 2 cos\u03d5 + \u03b2 4 . (3.38) \u03b1 \u03b1 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.2), (3.33) v\u00e0 (3.36) l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kC, kA v\u00e0 kL. E1 E2 dq V2 V1 V E1 q1 q2 \u03b1 FA1 FA2 a) E1 E2 E2 V1 q1V1 FA1 FA1 V2 q2 r FA2 FA2 q1 q2 V2 E b) c) H\u00ecnh 3.5. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d theo c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3, li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ct\u1eeb\u201d thay cho ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d hay kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e3y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.2 v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n l\u1ea1i","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 169 n\u00f3 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.5, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m B1, B2 v\u00e0 B; b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, ta thay c\u00e1c \u201cd\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d i1, i2 v\u00e0 i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng q1, q2 v\u00e0 q chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c trung b\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 V1, V2 v\u00e0 V. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1eddng minh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n tr\u1ecb. Tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.5c, ta \u201c\u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o\u201d c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q1, q2 \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng E1 v\u00e0 E2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q thay v\u00ec t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m B c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.3), c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: EL = FL = kL Q e FL . (3.39) qx r2 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1eabn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m c\u1ea3. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n cho t\u00ednh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cd\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n! \u2013 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb: \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y d\u1eabn\u201d c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, b\u1ecf qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trung gian l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.3.4, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb\u201d hay l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb theo ki\u1ec3u Maxwell. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 170 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c do ch\u00fang ta th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u2013 sao H\u00f4m hay sao Mai th\u00ec v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 sao Kim th\u00f4i m\u00e0! N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ec7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh to\u00e1n thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Ohm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Kirkhop \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eady. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u201c\u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch, g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean t\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Einstein \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh su\u1ed1t 30 n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00eam m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1eefa theo thuy\u1ebft Kaluza-Klein v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian 4 chi\u1ec1u (thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.1.2) \u2013 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t \u201ck\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian n chi\u1ec1u\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd, theo \u0111\u00f3 (n - 3) chi\u1ec1u c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb \u201ccu\u1ed9n\u201d l\u1ea1i theo ki\u1ec3u Klein, ho\u1eb7c \u201ct\u00e0ng h\u00ecnh\u201d theo ki\u1ec3u Randall m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m! Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn Newton (2.2) v\u00e0 Coulomb (3.2) hay Lorenz (3.36). 3.3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn X\u00e9t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n (3.2), (3.33), (3.36) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (2.2) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ta vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c chung cho c\u1ea3 2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0: F = \u03c7 M AMB e FAB , (3.40) AB R 2 AB \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y FAB l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t gi\u1eefa 2 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 N; \u03c7 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 N.m2\/kg2; MA, MB l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 kg. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 171 v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t g \u03c7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd A n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3: g\u03c7 = \u03c7M A e FAB . (3.41) R 2 AB Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.40) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. + \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ta c\u00f3 \u03c7N = \u03b3 \u2013 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 MA, MB l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (2.2). + \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb ta c\u00f3 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh: M A = @ qA ; M B = @ qB (3.42) v\u1edbi: @= me+ \u2248 9,1\u00d710 \u221231 \u2248 5,69 \u00d710\u221212 kg\/C (3.43) qe+ 1,6 \u00d710 \u221219 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n-h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn; me+, qe+ t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a positron. Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.42) n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q=1C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng @kg \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng \u03c7C - g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u03c7C = kC . (3.44) @2 Thay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb @ t\u1eeb (3.43) v\u00e0o (3.44), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u03c7C \u2248 2,78x1032N.m2\/kg2. \u0110\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, n\u00ean nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u03b3 trong bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.2) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 6,67x10-11N.m2\/kg2 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 \u03c7C\/\u03b3 \u2248 4x1042 \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 172 mA = M A = @ qA , mB = M B = @ qB (3.45) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung trong HQC \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay (3.45) v\u00e0o (2.16), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: m\u0111 = @ qAqB = @ qAB , (3.46) qA + qB \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y q AB = qAqB (3.47) qA + qB g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chung trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch qA, qB \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch ri\u00eang trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3. Khi \u0111\u00f3, gia t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng: g = F (3.48) C C md + \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Ampere, nh\u00e2n c\u1ea3 2 v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a (3.44) v\u1edbi \u03b2 2 v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd bi\u1ec3u \u03b1 th\u1ee9c (3.32), ta c\u00f3: \u03b2 2 \u03c7 = \u03b2 2 k C = kA . (3.49) \u03b1 \u03b1 @2 C @2 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 (3.44) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: \u03c7A = \u03b2 2 \u03c7 C (3.50) \u03b1 v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tham s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f2n t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh (3.42). L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng theo quy \u01b0\u1edbc, chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (+) \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u00e0 V, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (\u2013) c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (+) th\u00ec v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (\u2013) s\u1ebd ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng \u2013 V. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch e- v\u00e0 e+ quay tr\u00f2n xung quanh t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1edbi quy \u01b0\u1edbc","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 173 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3 hai \u201cc\u00f9ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V so v\u1edbi HQC ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u03b2\u03b1 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 10-11 (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong d\u00e2y d\u1eabn) cho \u0111\u1ebfn ~1 (\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t trong m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c); c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 so v\u1edbi h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u03b3, h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n >108 l\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u0129nh l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9ng) v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u n\u1eefa: t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhau ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00fat nhau, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (3.36) v\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb eL l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u03c7C v\u00e0 \u03c7A l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u03b3 (c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u03c7N) qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u, khi 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n (kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ctrung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u00e1 \u1edf m\u1ee5c 3.4.1 ti\u1ebfp theo). Nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 2 tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i l\u1edbn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00fat nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhau gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0, th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh ra l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb (t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng) ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ed \u00edt ra th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, trong khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, kh\u00f4ng sinh ra l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c? *) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, ta c\u00f3 2 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a gi\u1ea3i. + N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n d\u01b0 l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0o\u201d, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p e- v\u00e0 e+ s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1eb7p e- v\u00e0 e+ n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trung h\u00f2a tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau n\u1eefa, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u201ct\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d =0 \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u1eefa. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4g\u00edc v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. V\u00ec m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1eabn nhau n\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 174 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 trung h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e9t tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u2013 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a e--e+ \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e0n d\u01b0 theo quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 2 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t: \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d! + V\u1edbi n h\u1ea1t e- v\u00e0 n h\u1ea1t e+, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh ngay ra s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea9y nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng 2 l\u1ea7n t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p ch\u1eadp: 2Cn2 = n! = n(n \u22121) (n \u2212 2)! nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1edbi n2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00fat nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u, do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u201cd\u01b0\u201d: n2 \u2212 n(n \u2212 1) = n s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00fat nhau tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00fat nhau s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf so v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea9y nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u201cth\u1ea3\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean 100 e+ v\u00e0 100 e- v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 t\u00edch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ly ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c th\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 200 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd co c\u1ee5m l\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0o r\u1eddi b\u1ecf \u201cb\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0n\u201d \u0111i n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ea3. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chi ly v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea9y nhau lu\u00f4n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u00fat nhau, song r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t t\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.1.2 v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00fat nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y nhau \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh. M\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n-h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee9 b\u1ea3n","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 175 th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1ed1n d\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 2 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. *) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ebfu coi t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u00ec, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00f4g\u00edc, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch\u201d n\u00e0y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u nhau \u2013 electron v\u00e0 positron th\u00ec \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d m\u00e0 c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau l\u1eabn nhau \u2013 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch\u201d v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 c\u1eb7p e--e+ ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, hay m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee5\u201d n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfp theo v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ \u1edf m\u1ee5c 3.4 sau \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV ti\u1ebfp theo. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II v\u1eabn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y. 3.4. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 dipol-R v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DR. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, e- v\u00e0 e+ l\u00e0 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nhau nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i d\u1ea5u n\u00ean ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00fat nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1eady. Khi \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh \u03c7C \u2248 2,78x1032N.m2\/kg2 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo (3.2): me = me+ = Me+ = me\u2212 = Me\u2212 = @e \u22489,1x10-31kg. (3.51) v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang theo (3.34):","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 176 m\u0111 = @ e \u2248 4,55 \u00d710\u221231 kg (3.52) 2 C\u00f3 2 d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean dipol-R, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 DR v\u00e0 dipol-Q, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 DQ. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. Trong m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y ta s\u1ebd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 DR v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DR. 1. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do. a) S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh DR. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee5c 2.1, khi \u0111\u00f3, e- v\u00e0 e+ s\u1ebd r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do l\u00ean nhau v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo (2.51), v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m, tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo (3.18) =0, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb theo (3.1). T\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cva ch\u1ea1m\u201d (xem H\u00ecnh 3.6a) xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea9y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do e+ v\u00e0 e- kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i n\u00ean va ch\u1ea1m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1eeb \u201cb\u00ean trong\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1eb1m \u201cb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u201d kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1ed9i vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c h\u00fat th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a e+ v\u00e0 e- \u2013 ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua nhau \u2013 va ch\u1ea1m th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea9y ra (xem H\u00ecnh 3.6b, c)! e+ e- e+ e- e- e+ Ve- c) Ve- Ve- a) b) H\u00ecnh 3.6. \u201cVa ch\u1ea1m\u201d h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m gi\u1eefa e+ v\u00e0 e-","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 177 Quy lu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u2013 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi e- xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a e+ th\u00ec h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf n\u0103ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a e- s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf khi\u1ebfn cho chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n. T\u1eeb gi\u1edd ph\u00fat n\u00e0y, x\u1ea9y ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb U0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Rm. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con l\u1eafc. b) N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a DR. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a dipol d\u1ea1ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y WDR c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.107) \u2013 (2.110). Sau khi thay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: WDR = 2Wen (re ) + K e+e\u2212 (re ) + U (2re ) , (3.53) (3.54) \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u: (3.55) ( )Ke+e\u2212 1 (re ) = 2 meVe2K + meVe2K . Thay VAK = c\/2 v\u00e0o (3.54), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Ke+e\u2212 = mec2 . 4 Thay c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.54) v\u00e0 (3.55) v\u00e0o (3.53) ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: WDR = 2Wen (re ) + mec 2 + U (2re ) . (3.56) 4 Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi e--e+, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng x\u1ea9y ra \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00ean, theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i (3.56) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 178 WDR = mec 2 + 2U (2re ) . (3.57) 2 M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o (2.47) ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i (3.57) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng: WDR = mec 2 \u2248 9,1\u00d710\u221231.9 \u00d71016 \u2248 8,19 \u00d710\u221214 J. (3.58) \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a DR trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 e--e+ khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do l\u00ean nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c DR nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi R\u0111ip <<Rm m\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ee5c sau ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y. c) K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, m\u1ee5c 2.2.1, trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ee9 3, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111i theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng t\u0103ng hay gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 quay quanh m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u00fac? V\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u01b0a x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a e+ v\u00e0 e- s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch R. K\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch RK t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cva ch\u1ea1m\u201d. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201cva ch\u1ea1m\u201d n\u00e0y, n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: m\u0111 c2 = \u03b1\u0111 \u2212U0 = \u03b1\u0111 \u2212U0 . (3.59) 2 RK 2re","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 179 v\u1edbi U0 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ khi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang =0 t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Rm. V\u00e0 v\u00ec U0 \u22480 n\u00ean t\u1eeb (3.59) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: re \u2248 \u03b1\u0111 \u2248 2,3 \u00d710\u221223 \u2248 5,6 \u00d710\u221215 m. (3.60) m\u0111 c2 4,55 \u00d710\u221231.9 \u00d71016 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ trong DR x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo (3.61) l\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng l\u00fac n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3ng \u00bd n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y suy ra k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Rm nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 2 l\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00ednh theo (3.60), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: re0 = \u00bd re \u2248 2,8x10-15m. (3.61) Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1eb7p e--e+ c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi Rm m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1edf gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Rdip nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac ban \u0111\u1ea7u, e- v\u00e0 e+ \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Rdip n\u00e0y: \u2206W = U (Rdip ) \u2212 U 0 (3.62) do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd t\u0103ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng \u2206W \u0111\u00f3: Wen (Rdip ) = Wen0 + \u2206W . (3.63) Khi \u0111\u00f3, b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a e+ v\u00e0 e- thay v\u00ec b\u1eb1ng re \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb (3.61) s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf \u0111i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i theo tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1edbi v\u1edbi: U (2r'e ) = \u03b1 \u0111 \uf8ec\uf8eb 1 \u2212 1 \uf8f7\uf8f6 . (3.64) \uf8ec\uf8ed 2r' Rdip \uf8f8\uf8f7 e Sau khi thay bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng (2.41) t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m VF = c v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a (3.64) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 180 m\u0111 c2 + \u03b1\u0111 = \u03b1\u0111 . (3.65) 2 Rdip 2r'e T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a e+ v\u00e0 e- \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y: r'e = \u03b1\u0111 1 1 . (3.66) m\u0111 c2 = re 1 + 2re 1+ 2\u03b1 \u0111 Rdip m\u0111 c 2 R\u0111ip N\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i DR \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201c\u00e9p\u201d n\u00f3 t\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc Rdip \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ecf th\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n e+ v\u00e0 e- c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu R\u0111ip = 2re, theo (3.66), ta c\u00f3 r\u2019e = \u00bd re; n\u1ebfu R\u0111ip b\u1ecb \u00e9p ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng 2r\u2019e = re, ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 r\u201de = \u00bd r\u2019e = \u00bc re ... N\u1ebfu thay k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u r\u2019e, r\u201de, ... t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u r (1) , r (2) , ... , ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho n l\u1ea7n \u201c\u00e9p\u201d k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a DR e e theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: r (n) = re . (3.67) e 2n S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u201cco ng\u1eafn Lorenz\u201d trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p \u2013 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t HQC h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8m theo b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o. Khi \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb (3.57) b\u1eb1ng: W (n) = m\u0111 c2 + \u03b1\u0111 . (3.68) roi r (n) e Sau khi thay (3.67) v\u00e0o (3.68), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn (3.61), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: W (n) = m\u0111 c 2 (1 + 2n ) , (n = 0, 1, 2, ...) (3.69) roi","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 181 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a DR n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1ea1t e+ ho\u1eb7c e- ban \u0111\u1ea7u theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.58), khi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn th\u00eam n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. L\u01b0u \u00fd th\u00eam l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a e+ v\u00e0 e- theo (3.67) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh tinh nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, h\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi... (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c 2.2.2) v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn khi ch\u00fang nh\u1eadn th\u00eam n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0o qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.69) th\u00ec duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y. d) T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR. Y RA RK RA X A OB H\u00ecnh 3.7. R\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m \u1ea3o C\u1eb7p e--e+ nh\u01b0 v\u1eady h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t DR c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 0 \u0111\u1ebfn Rdip, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ef1c theo chu k\u1ef3. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chu k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y, ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n (xem H\u00ecnh 3.7). Ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch RA v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u V0=0 cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch RK =2re\u2013 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Coulomb (3.1); ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 2 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c VK cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u00fang \u0111i xuy\u00ean h\u1eb3n qua nhau \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed ph\u00eda \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n \u2013 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 182 tu\u00e2n theo (3.1) n\u1eefa; ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0y cho t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch RB=RA \u2013 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eadm d\u1ea7n t\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c =0 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1eabn l\u1ea1i tu\u00e2n theo (3.1). Ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o RA>>RK th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 2 v\u00ec v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c trung b\u00ecnh trong ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn; th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00ec th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 v\u00e0 3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau, do \u0111\u00f3, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian cho chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb A \u0111\u1ebfn B c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng 2 l\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong 2 ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n chu k\u1ef3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng 2 l\u1ea7n kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a e- trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m \u1ea3o XOY c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: me dV = FC = \u2212 \u03b1\u0111 . (3.70) dt R2 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i (3.70) v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng: meV 2 \u03b1\u0111 2 R2 d ( ) = \u2212 dR . (3.71) L\u1ea5y t\u00edch ph\u00e2n c\u1ea3 2 v\u1ebf c\u1ee7a (3.71): meV 2 \u03b1\u0111 2 R2 \u222b \u222bd( ) = \u2212 dR , (3.72) ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: meV 2 = \u03b1\u0111 + C1 . (3.73) 2 R T\u00ednh t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u R0 = RA v\u00e0 V0 = 0, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u00edch ph\u00e2n C1, r\u1ed3i thay v\u00e0o (3.73), ta c\u00f3: meV 2 = \u03b1 \u0111 \uf8eb\uf8ed\uf8ec\uf8ec 1 \u2212 1 \uf8f6\uf8f7\uf8f8\uf8f7 . (3.74) 2 R RA Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i (3.74) v\u1ec1 d\u1ea1ng: V= 2\u03b1 \u0111 RA \u2212 R = Vf RA \u2212 R , (3.75) me RA R R","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 183 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u Vf = 2\u03b1\u0111 . (3.76) me RA Vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i (3.75) khi thay v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng dR\/dt: R R dR = Vf dt (3.77) RA \u2212 r\u1ed3i l\u1ea5y t\u00edch ph\u00e2n c\u1ea3 2 v\u1ebf theo ph\u00e2n \u0111o\u1ea1n 1 t\u1eeb RA t\u1edbi RK: \u222b \u222bRKR R dR = t1 dt . RA \u2212 RA Vf 0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: RA arctan RA \u2212 RK \u2212 RK (RA \u2212 RK ) = V f t1 . (3.78) RK T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y r\u00fat ra t1, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu k\u1ef3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR b\u1eb1ng 4t1: TDR = 4RA arctan RA \u2212 RK 4 RK (RA \u2212 RK ) . (3.79) Vf \u2212 (3.80) RK V f N\u1ebfu R\u0111ip \u2248 2RA, v\u00e0 v\u00ec RA>>RK ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang: TDR \u2248 \u03c0R\u0111ip . Vf Thay (3.76) v\u00e0o (3.80) r\u1ed3i r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: TDR \u2248 \u03c0 2m\u0111 R3\/2 . (3.81) \u03b1\u0111 \u0111ip T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 184 1 \u03b1\u0111 R \u22123 \/ 2 . (3.82) f DR \u2248 \u03c0 m\u0111 \u0111ip 2. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DR. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh, v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a 2 h\u1ea1t e+ v\u00e0 e- c\u1ee7a DR thu\u1ed9c d\u1ea1ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3, trong khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau, n\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn so v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i Rdip c\u1ee7a DR, theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, 2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau nhau, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a DR trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n =0. Ta s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t DR v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i R\u0111ip, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng fDR v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q<0 \u1edf c\u00e1ch t\u00e2m O c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng R>>R\u0111ip nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.8 \u2013 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y HQC \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a DR v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c \u0111i qua t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+. Khi \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR l\u00ean e- l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian: Y F(t) e+ Fe+ R\u0111ip \u03c6 RC q<0 Fe- O O\u2019 X e- H\u00ecnh 3.8. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a DR v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y F(t) = F0 cos\u03c9t , (3.83) \u03c9=2\u03c0fDR (3.84)","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 185 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u00f3c quay c\u1ee7a v\u00e9c t\u01a1 F(t) quanh g\u1ed1c O\u2019 \u2013 t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a q; fDR v\u00e0 F0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q n\u00e0y c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: &x& = a0 cos\u03c9t , (3.85) v\u1edbi a0 = F0 , (3.86) m\u0111 \u03c9 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u00f3c quay c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, F0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 dipol \u0111i\u1ec7n: F0 = kC eqR\u0111ip 3 cos 2 \u03d5 + 1 = \u03c8 (\u03d5 ) (3.87) RC3 RC3 v\u1edbi \u03c8 (\u03d5) = kC eqR\u0111ip 3cos2 \u03d5 + 1 . (3.88) T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u03c8(\u03c6) l\u00e0 h\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a DR, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i khi cos\u03c6 =1, \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u03c6 = 0: \u03c8 max = 2kC eqR\u0111ip = 2q \u03b1 \u0111 R\u0111ip , (3.89) e v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u khi cos\u03c6 = 0, \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u03c6= \u03c0\/2: \u03c8 min = kC eqR\u0111ip = q \u03b1 \u0111 R\u0111ip . (3.90) e T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng F0 c\u1ee7a DR \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i R\u0111ip c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng-ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb ph\u00eda \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q l\u00ean DR c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i hay c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3. Gi\u1ea3i (3.85) ra ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: x(t) = xm cos\u03c9t , (3.91)","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 186 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y xm l\u00e0 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 g\u00f3c \u03c9: xm = \u2212 a0 . (3.92) \u03c92 V\u00ec v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean theo th\u1eddi gian: x&(t) = \u2212\u03c9xm sin \u03c9t (3.93) n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean theo th\u1eddi gian: K (t) = m\u0111 x& 2 (t) = m\u0111 \u03c9 2 xm2 sin 2 \u03c9t . (3.94) 2 2 N\u1ebfu coi hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u03b7=1, theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (1.24), thay (3.94) v\u00e0o ta c\u00f3: D = m\u0111 \u03c9 2 xm2 TDR sin 2 (\u03c9t)dt = m\u0111 \u03c9 2 xm2 TDR \u2265 h. (3.95) 2 \u222b 0 Thay F0 t\u1eeb (3.87) v\u00e0o (3.86), r\u1ed3i thay (3.86) v\u00e0o (3.92), v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 thay (3.84) v\u00e0 (3.92) v\u00e0o (3.95), r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: D = \u03c8 2 (\u03d5) 1 \u2265 h. (3.96) 8\u03c0 2m\u0111 R 6 f 3 DR \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu D<h (3.97) th\u00ec q (v\u00e0 l\u1ebd d\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 DR n\u1eefa) s\u1ebd ng\u1eebng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DR. C\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 DR v\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean q v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u2013 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a q v\u00e0 DR nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 187 theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.97), sau khi \u0111\u00e3 thay gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a D t\u1eeb (3.96) v\u1edbi \u03c8(\u03c6) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay b\u1edfi (3.89), v\u00e0 R = RT, ta c\u00f3: f DR >3 \u03c82 =3 \u03b1 2 q 2 R\u01112ip = b (qR\u0111ip ) 2 \/ 3 , (3.97) max \u0111 RT2 8\u03c0 2m\u0111 RT6h 2\u03c0 2e2m\u0111 h RT6 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b=3 \u03b1 2 . (3.98) \u0111 2\u03c0 2e2m\u0111 h N\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck h=6,63x10-34J.s, ta c\u00f3 b\u22483 2,32 \u00d710\u221256 \u2248 1,5 \u00d71015 (C-2\/3.m4\/3\/s). 2\u03c0 2 .1,62 \u00d710\u221238.4,55 \u00d710\u221231.6,63 \u00d710\u221234 V\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu R\u0111ip c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 10 l\u1ea7n k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hydrozen (c\u1ee1 ~10-16m) v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3: RT =10-15m, theo (3.99), DR s\u1ebd \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n hydrozen khi fDR > 2x1023Hz. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb (3.97) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DR \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3: RT = b (qR\u0111ip )1\/ 3 . (3.99) f DR 3. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DR. \u1ede ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.99), t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DR \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb trung h\u00f2a, do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u201ct\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 DR n\u00e0y s\u1eed x\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ckh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Newton (2.1), v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ta s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 graviton v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 188 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eady (graviton \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh). T\u1ea1m th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, song \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta \u0111i ti\u1ebfp, v\u00ec r\u1ea5t may l\u00e0 2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u00e1c xa nhau v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u00ec c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea1i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, m\u1ee5c 2.1.5, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn khi l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt (2.1) hay v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.40), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 theo t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa DR v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch (3.1), m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi l\u1eadp ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.87) v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn\u201d theo th\u1eddi gian theo quy lu\u1eadt (3.83). N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR th\u00ec bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c cho \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng (2.41) c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf n\u0103ng th\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y, bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (2.46) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa. Do v\u1eady, c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a DR s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 2 v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch b\u1edfi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT n\u00e0y. Ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DR b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh RT n\u00e0y b\u00e2y gi\u1edd bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a graviton trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u1eefa ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DR v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.74) hay (2.121) c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a graviton kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DR trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c,","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 189 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DR ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, trong khi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m 2 ph\u1ea7n: n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly <RT v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d \u1edf ph\u1ea1m vi >RT. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u201cn\u1ed9i\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 \u201cngo\u1ea1i\u201d l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i, kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n n\u1eefa; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u201cn\u1ed9i n\u0103ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3? Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. C\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ngay t\u1eeb trong c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa e- v\u00e0 e+, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, khi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh graviton, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e0n d\u01b0 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a DR nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c b\u00ean trong b\u00e1n k\u00ednh RT c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra. + Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, n\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n RT c\u1ee7a DR, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, DR n\u00e0y coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u0169ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, song s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00e0y quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c DR ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I, m\u1ee5c 1.2.4 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, m\u1ee5c 2.2. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c graviton kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn mgr m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u03b3 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a 2 h\u1ea1t e- v\u00e0 e+ c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh: W\u03b3 \u2265 2mec 2 (xem bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.69)), v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa h\u1ea1t \u03b3 v\u1edbi photon (xem m\u1ee5c 3.5.3 ti\u1ebfp theo). M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DR n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t \u03b3 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec sao n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n r\u00e3","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 190 th\u00e0nh e- v\u00e0 e+ khi \u0111i qua g\u1ea7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 sinh h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, trong khi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea9y ra. + Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c v\u1eabn c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m trong b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n RT c\u1ee7a DR, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DR n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec7n-h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u1ee9ng s\u1eed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c DR n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhau, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201clinh ki\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly g\u1ea7n. N\u1ebfu v\u00ec \u201cl\u00fd do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d (theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 do \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu\u201d), c\u00e1c DR n\u00e0y b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a nhau, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t \u03b3 ho\u1eb7c neutrino \u03bde, \u03bd\u00b5 v\u00e0 \u03bd\u03c4 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 sinh ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n r\u00e3-\u03b2, \u00b5-mezon v\u00e0 Tauon (\u03c4) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, v\u00ec l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p tr\u01b0\u1edbc. 3.5. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 dipol-Q v\u00e0 photon. 1. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a DQ. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, e- v\u00e0 e+ h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong HQC b\u00e1n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch Rdip \u2013 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a DQ. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7 Wly(R\u0111ip) b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf n\u0103ng U(R\u0111ip) nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.9a. Khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.123): We\u2212 (R\u0111ip ) = We\u2212n\u03a3 (R\u0111ip ) + m\u0111 Ve2q + U (R\u0111ip ) . (3.100) 2 T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a e+ khi chuy\u1ec3n HQC sang e-.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 191 Y Ke- Wly(R\u0111ip) Y Re X Rdip U(R\u0111ip) e- FCe- Fe- Fe+ Re FCe+ 0 e+ 0X a) Trong HQC b\u00e1n th\u1eadt b) Trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m \u1ea3o H\u00ecnh 3.9. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ \u2013 DQ \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n quan s\u00e1t t\u1eeb HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m \u1ea3o v\u1edbi 1 tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c \u0111i qua tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e9t v\u1edbi 2 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng nhau qua kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m chung 0 (xem H\u00ecnh 3.9b). Khi \u0111\u00f3, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u1ec7, tr\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c Coulomb: F + = \u2212FCe+ v\u00e0 Fe\u2212 = \u2212FCe\u2212 . (3.101) e N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a DQ trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.134), v\u1edbi l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 2 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 e- v\u00e0 e+ b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 nhau, v\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi ch\u01b0a t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: WDQn (Re ) = 2Wen (R\u0111ip ) + 2U\u0111 (Re ) . (3.102) L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng (3.102), v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a DQ v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.101), v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0u \u00fd trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 e- v\u00e0 e+ chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 192 trong HQC b\u00e1n th\u1eadt t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (2.79): We = m\u0111 c 2 + 2U \u0111 (RK ) (3.103) v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thay U\u0111 (RK ) = m\u0111 c2 (3.104) 2 v\u00e0o bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.104), ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: We = 2m\u0111 c 2 = mec 2 \u2248 9,1\u00d710\u221231.9 \u00d71016 \u2248 8,19 \u00d710\u221214 J. (3.105) Khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ban \u0111\u1ea7u Wen0 ch\u1ec9 sai kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed5ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf n\u0103ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u1edf b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT b\u1eb1ng U0 \u22480, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u Wen0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.105). Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 (2.119), sau khi thay (3.105) v\u00e0o, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: Wen (R\u0111ip ) = mec 2 + U \u0111 (R\u0111ip ) . (3.106) N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng \u00bd th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f3 (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.112) \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II), ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.106) v\u00e0 (3.102) d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng: Wen (R\u0111ip ) = mec2 (1 + 1 \u03b2 2 ) , (3.107) 2 q WDQn (Re ) = 2mec2 (1 + 3 \u03b2 2 ) . (3.108) 2 q \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u03b2 q = VqRe c . V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ. Ta h\u00e3y x\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a DQ v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q t\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch Rq < RT trong HQC \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh R \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.10. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n DQ ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111i\u1ec7n RT, n\u00ean","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 193 trong HQC nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n), v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a DQ so v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n RT c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecf qua; ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a DQ tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi trung h\u00f2a trong HQC b\u00e1n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q \u0111\u00f3: e+ Y Fe+ F(t) Fe- Rq O\u2019 q<0 R\u0111ip \u03c6(t) O R X e- 0 H\u00ecnh 3.10. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a DQ v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q tr\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch Rq trong HQC Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. WDQng (Rq ) = m V2 + U \u0111 (Rq ) , (3.109) (3.110) DQ DQ 2 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y mDQ = me+ + me\u2212 = 2me ; VDQ l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a DQ trong HQC g\u1eafn v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q; U\u0111(Rq) l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q. 2. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a DQ. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng fDQ c\u1ee7a DQ s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a DR, do r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn HQC ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. Trong HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a DQ c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+, c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.9b, do v\u1eady t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a DQ s\u1ebd =0;","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 194 trong HQC b\u00e1n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q, do b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q c\u0169ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 g\u00f3c \u03c9 n\u00ean HQC n\u00e0y c\u0169ng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u; do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng HQC nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua nh\u01b0 \u1edf H\u00ecnh 3.10. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a DQ: f DQ = 1 = VeqRe . (3.111) T \u03c0R\u0111ip C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 trong HQC n\u00e0y, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 2 l\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong HQC b\u00e1n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong 2 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.112), do chu k\u1ef3 quay kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0ng b\u00e1n k\u00ednh qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m 2 l\u1ea7n (Re = \u00bd R\u0111ip): V2 2 = \u03b1\u0111 . (3.112) eqRe 4m\u0111 R\u0111ip = V 4eqR\u0111ip Thay (3.112) v\u00e0o (3.111) v\u00e0 r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: f DQ = 1 \u03b1\u0111 R \u22123 \/ 2 . (3.113) 2\u03c0 m\u0111 \u0111ip T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DQ, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi DR, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c d\u1ea1ng (3.97) v\u1eabn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c: f DQ >b R2\/3 . (3.114) \u0111ip RT2 Thay fDQ t\u1eeb (3.113) v\u00e0 b t\u1eeb (3.98) v\u00e0o (3.114), r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 195 R\u0111ip < 13 2\u03c0 2m \u0111 h RT12 \/ 13 = k R RT12 \/13 , (3.115) \u03b1\u0111 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u kR = 13 2\u03c0 2m\u0111 h (3.116) \u03b1\u0111 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a DQ. Thay c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0o (3.116), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: kR \u2248 13 2\u03c0 2 .4,55 \u00d710\u221231.6,63 \u00d710\u221234 \u2248 13 1,29 \u00d710\u221235 \u2248 2,07 \u00d710\u22123 m13\/11. 2,3 \u00d710\u221228 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed RT =10-9m, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 DQ trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0: R\u0111ip < 2,07 \u00d710\u22123 \u00d7 (10\u22129 )12 \/13 \u2248 1,035 \u00d710\u221210 m. 3. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh photon. a) T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a photon. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u1edf m\u1ee5c 2.2.4 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 quay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, DQ \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n ngo\u00e0i, n\u00ean t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u1eefa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, do DQ \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u201cc\u00e1ch ly\u201d kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n, m\u00e0 e- v\u00e0 e+ khi x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, song n\u1ebfu xem ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 graviton \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, th\u00ec n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn s\u1ebd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 photon c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 graviton. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn mph ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u0111 n\u1eefa. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 196 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh mph c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 g\u1ed3m 2 ph\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi e- v\u00e0 e+, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng nhau qua t\u00e2m quay. Khi \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean e- v\u00e0 e+ c\u1ee7a DQ v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo (3.1) ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng mph\/2 c\u00f3 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh R\u0111ip \/2 t\u1ef1 quay trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ly r\u1ed3i): \u03b1\u0111 = (m ph \/ 2)V 2 . (3.117) R\u01112ip ph R\u0111ip \/ 2 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 quay c\u1ee7a photon Vph: V ph = \u03b1\u0111 , (3.118) m ph R\u0111ip T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a photon fph theo chu k\u1ef3 quay Tph: f ph 1 = Vph . (3.119) = \u03c0R\u0111ip T ph Thay (3.118) v\u00e0o (3.119) r\u1ed3i r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: f ph = 1 \u03b1\u0111 R \u22123 \/ 2 . (3.120) \u03c0 m ph \u0111ip N\u1ebfu chia t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a fph n\u00e0y cho t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a DQ fDQ \u1edf bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.113), ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: f ph = 2 m\u0111 . (3.121) f DQ m ph Nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y mph<m\u0111, n\u00ean t\u1eeb (3.121) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra fph>fDQ, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, e- v\u00e0 e+ s\u1ebd quay nhanh h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi DQ chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh photon, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 197 d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang theo \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ee9c (3.117), n\u00ean kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch R\u0111ip gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. b) Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon. Vi\u1ec7c DQ quay v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean, s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trung ho\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c DQ chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y sang m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00ec t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a DQ kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh sau \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cqu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d \u2013 nh\u01b0 nhau trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n: me+ Ve+ + me\u2212 Ve\u2212 \u2260 m phc , (3.122) v\u1edbi c l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 khi 2 h\u1ea1t e+ v\u00e0 e- \u201ch\u1ee7y nhau\u201d s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i sinh ra 2 photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau! Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, ch\u00ednh t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1eddi gian\u201d \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n n\u00e0y. Ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ sau khi trung h\u00f2a, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh photon s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n U\u0111(RT) n\u1eefa m\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t Uh(R) x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.46), c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n (v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n mDQ) chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn mph) nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 198 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1eefa, ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a photon gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn: Wphng (R) = m phc 2 +Uh (R) , (3.123) 2 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00ec kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a photon c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, do HQC c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng) c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn M>>Mph= mph trong \u0111\u00f3 photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m chung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi photon (xem m\u1ee5c 2.1.4) v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf d\u1ea1ng: U h (R) = \u03b3M m ph (3.124) R Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu \u0111em so s\u00e1nh bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a photon (3.123) v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (2.74) hay (2.121), ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a photon kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 do s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c photon c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c graviton, ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn mph c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 (ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 2 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf); \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tu\u00e2n theo quy lu\u1eadt \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I, m\u1ee5c 1.2.2. Thay (3.124) v\u00e0o (3.123) r\u1ed3i r\u00fat g\u1ecdn l\u1ea1i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: W phng (R) = m ph \uf8ec\uf8eb c 2 + 2 \u03b3M \uf8f6\uf8f7 . (3.125) 2 \uf8ed R \uf8f8","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 199 D\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9 2 b\u00ean trong d\u1ea5u ngo\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.125) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u1ea5p II \u2013 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch R t\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn M n\u01a1i photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra: VII = 2\u03b3M = 2gR . (3.126) R Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau khi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh photon, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a DQ theo (3.109) v\u1edbi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a photon theo (3.125), r\u1ed3i r\u00fat ra kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh cho photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn: m ph = 2 VD2Q + V2 me , (3.127) c2 \u0111II + VI2I \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u V\u0111II = 2U \u0111 (Rq ) , (3.128) mDQ v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn (3.126) c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 (3.128) l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch th\u1eed (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 DQ) ra kh\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch q t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch Rq \u2013 n\u01a1i c\u00f3 \u201cDQ-ti\u1ec1n photon\u201d \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.127) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y v\u00ec c>>VDQ n\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a photon lu\u00f4n nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a 2 h\u1ea1t e+ v\u00e0 e- c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean n\u00f3: mph<2me v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tia \u03b3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u1eeb DR nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ee5c 3.4.1 m\u00e0 theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi photon \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n x\u00e9t t\u1eeb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u1ea7n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng: Wph(R) =Wphn(R) +Wphng(R) . (3.129)","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 200 V\u00ec photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u00ean theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3: Wph (R) = 2Wphng (R) = m phc 2 + 2U h (R) , (3.130) v\u1edbi l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 2 trong c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (3.130) n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi th\u1ebf n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ngay t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t sinh photon ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u1edf c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (2.79) hay (2.126). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 do v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng cong. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a photon kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, m\u1ee5c 2.2.3. S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh mph c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu thay bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.124) v\u00e0o (3.130), c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn (3.126): ( )Wph (R) = m ph c 2 + VII2 . (3.131) L\u01b0u \u00fd trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, VII \u2248 11,2km\/s, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee1: V 2 11,22 \u00d710 6 = 1,4 \u00d710\u22127% II 9 \u00d71016 \u03b4 \u2248 100 \u2248 100 c2 so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t VII = 617,7 km\/s, sai l\u1ec7ch c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3: \u03b4 \u2248 100 VI2I \u2248 100 617,72 \u00d7106 \u2248 4,3 \u00d710\u22124% . c2 9 \u00d71016","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 201 Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao neutron c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n, khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd b\u1ecb sai l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Einstein. N\u1ebfu t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Planck: W ph = hf ph , (3.132) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.129), ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft: hf ph = m ph (c 2 + V 2 ) (3.133) II T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn theo t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: m ph = hf ph . (3.134) c 2 + VII2 d) Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng photon c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, trong khi DQ ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c xa nhau v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean, n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd trong t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t. + H\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o. Tuy photon c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u00e0 DQ g\u1ed3m e- v\u00e0 e+, nh\u01b0ng khi \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi xa c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u201cqu\u1ea3 t\u1ea1 c\u1ea7m tay\u201d c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng R\u0111ip, v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng mph ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u cho 2 n\u1eeda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 quay quanh kh\u1ed1i kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m 0 nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.11; kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c. L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 202 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf \u2013 \u201cc\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111ang x\u1ea9y ra\u201d! Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a photon \u03c9ph = 2\u03c0fph ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a photon trong HQC th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t hay c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u0129 m\u00f4 n\u00e0o m\u00e0 photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t photon nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng\u201d b\u1eb1ng: \u03bb= c . (3.135) f ph Y \u00bd mph c A \u03c9ph A \u00bd mph X \u03bb 0 H\u00ecnh 3.11. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn Thay fph t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.117) v\u00e0o (3.135) r\u1ed3i gi\u1ea3n \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u03bb = \u03c0 .c R\u0111ip . (3.136) V ph V\u00ec Vph < c, n\u00ean t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.136) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u03bb > \u03c0R\u0111ip. + Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tia s\u00e1ng b\u1ecb b\u1ebb cong trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh. \u0110\u00e2y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc. Ngay \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00ean photon: trong khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n (c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed trong th\u1ee7y tinh) khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c photon b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u00ec","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 203 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c photon v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 nhau v\u00e0, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i (xem H\u00ecnh 3.12a). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng l\u1eabn th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111\u1eebng qu\u00ean kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: mph = Mph): K = c2 ec m ph v\u00e0 U = \u03b3M \u0110 eRM ph . (3.137) 2 R ec K1 K2 \u03b1 eR M\u0110 U1 K\u20191 a) U2 K\u20192 b) H\u00ecnh 3.12. S\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi 2 photon c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau, ta v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3: K1 = c2 ec m ph1 ; K2 = c2 ec m ph2 (3.138) 2 2 v\u00e0 U1 = \u03b3M \u0110 e R M ph1 ; U2 = \u03b3M \u0110 e R M ph2 . (3.139) R R T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng: K1 = U1 = m ph1 = M ph1 . (3.140) K2 U2 m ph2 M ph2","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 204 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb H\u00ecnh 3.12b, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 2 photon v\u1edbi 2 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng \u03b1 \u2013 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 quan s\u00e1t thi\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u201ccong\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian\u201d c\u1ea3. + Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t t\u1edbi trong b\u00e0i \u201cNguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d [7], g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n) c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i theo nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed g\u00f3c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n \u03b11<\u03b12<\u03b13. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c tranh nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon khi bay qua m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt ch\u1eafn (xem H\u00ecnh 3.13). Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eed l\u1eabn thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng. Ngu\u1ed3n \u03b13 \u03b12 \u03b11 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh Ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng V\u1ecb tr\u00ed Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t H\u00ecnh 3.13. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong Thi\u00ean v\u0103n e) Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n. Khi photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c 3.2.2 \u201cc\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 205 khi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n, gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh (\u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc Maxwell) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edbi v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng H vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng E. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p e- - e+, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cong bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y trong HQC \u1ea3o XYZ, theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon) nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.14. Y H X E e- Z R<RT c A e+ \u03bb H\u00ecnh 3.14. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ea0T photon t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng E v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d H vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau trong HQC \u1ea3o X0Y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng R<RT. Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a photon, c\u1eaft qua \u0111i\u1ec3m giao A c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng E tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau, c\u00f2n khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ef9","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 206 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u1edf xa nhau nh\u1ea5t \u2013 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u00e9c t\u01a1 E h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (+) sang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (\u2013). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m giao v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5c X, v\u00ec v\u1eady \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d do do ch\u00fang \u201csinh ra\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng d\u00e2y c\u00f3 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua. Khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng H \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Maxwell, s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n e- v\u00e0 e+ trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lan truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t n\u00e0y khi ch\u00fang k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh photon nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng E\u201d hay \u201cv\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng H\u201d t\u1ea1i HQC \u1ea3o v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o, n\u1ebfu trong ph\u1ea1m vi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a photon, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u201csong h\u00e0nh\u201d v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p e--e+ \u2013 photon n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton. g) Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. + V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a photon ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec sao \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (QED) l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eady trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean quan","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 207 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng (nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1, giao thoa...) nh\u1edd c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Pheyman \u2013 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i R\u0111ip c\u1ee7a photon quay v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 fph \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m \u201cv\u00e9c t\u01a1 bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n \u201cpha\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi pha c\u1ee7a photon \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean? Ta s\u1ebd c\u00f2n quay l\u1ea1i \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng\u201d n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a photon khi n\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1ea1i khe h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a m\u00e0n ch\u1eafn \u1edf m\u1ee5c 3.4c sau \u0111\u00e2y. + Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Michelson-Morley, c\u00e1c photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay Thi\u00ean h\u00e0, do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c photon trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, cho d\u00f9 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c photon \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t xung quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi hay c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi quanh nh\u00e2n Thi\u00ean h\u00e0. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Maikenson-Morley ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a photon. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng\u201d l\u00e0 sai v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u00f3 ether\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu photon l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea3, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu photon l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t th\u00ec k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. + B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3, t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.133), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a photon trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t t\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 VII b\u1eb1ng: c= hf ph \u2212 VI2I . (3.141) m ph","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 208 T\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.141) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c tho\u00e1t VII ~0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a photon x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong \u201cch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng\u201d theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3i chung, trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng theo ngh\u0129a \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian thu\u1ea7n\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee5c 1.1.2, theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (3.141), photon c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi trong \u201cch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n khi VII = 0. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu ph\u00e9p \u0111o v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t phi thuy\u1ec1n \u1edf c\u00e1ch xa Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c = 299.792.458 m\/s; c\u00f2n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 \u0111en, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i \u22610! \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may n\u00e0o tho\u00e1t ra c\u1ea3. + C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a photon bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 2 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n: n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT c\u1ee7a DQ v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00ec sao photon v\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch kh\u00e1c khi \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly g\u1ea7n (khi va ch\u1ea1m ho\u1eb7c \u0111i qua ch\u00fang \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng); g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng trong \u0111\u00f3, photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i m\/s, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 d\u1eebng h\u1eb3n \u2013 n\u1ebfu photon th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trung h\u00f2a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi electron hay positron c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed1t. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, photon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DQ trong m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do electron \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1\u201d ra khi n\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ee9c trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u01b0 trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. C\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1\u201d photon c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t t\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee5c 3.6 m\u00e0, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 photon c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Photon kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn phi l\u00fd do c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 photon\u201d g\u00e2y n\u00ean, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u1ee9c","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 209 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 14, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u201ch\u1ee7y h\u1ea1t\u201d sinh ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201csinh h\u1ea1t\u201d t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (?) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t substance t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, hay k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u201cd\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebft v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. V\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1n cho photon c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea1t mang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i coi l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea3o\u201d hay \u201cma qu\u00e1i\u201d n\u00e0o h\u1ebft. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c \u201cphoton \u1ea3o\u201d \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u201ch\u1ea1t mang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ra nh\u1eb1m l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u00f3 (\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a cho r\u1eb1ng s\u00e9t l\u00e0 do \u201c\u00f4ng Th\u1ea7n s\u00e9t\u201d t\u1ea1o ra?). 4. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3. a) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chung. Trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea9y nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c e- \u1edf l\u1edbp ngo\u00e0i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c (2.57) v\u00e0 (2.58) \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, cho ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 sau khi va ch\u1ea1m trong HQC kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o trong ch\u00fang. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi photon, t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. V\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 sau khi va ch\u1ea1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 fph c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a photon khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u0129 m\u00f4 c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. S\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0y. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a va ch\u1ea1m s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 210 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ trong photon c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c e- trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v.v.. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng photon ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i to\u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n tr\u1ecb, mang t\u00ednh x\u00e1c su\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7. Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u00e0i to\u00e1n trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p photon ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng photon. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 kh\u00fac x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng, hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler v.v.. kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang cho t\u1eebng photon ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 theo ngh\u0129a th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c e- v\u00e0 e+ ch\u1ea1y theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.14, v\u00e0 v\u00ec d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a e- v\u00e0 e+ n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi photon \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa 2 \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trung b\u00ecnh (c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u00fat s\u00f3ng\u201d) ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng \u03bb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 t\u1edbi t\u1eebng h\u1ea1t e- hay e+ n\u1eefa (ho\u1eb7c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c e-, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c e+, kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng) m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d n\u00e0y trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u1eefng photon n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean su\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a tia s\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ee5c 3.5.3e, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1\u201d photon nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u00e1c photon t\u1edbi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa photon v\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng: + Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a photon t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i (va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i) ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay do \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 va ch\u1ea1m, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 211 V\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a photon \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t. \u1ede t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng th\u1ee9 hai, ta c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler do g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ee5c (b) sau \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 21. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00e2m thanh \u2013 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng lan truy\u1ec1n do dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u00e1y thu, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d theo c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Maxwell v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u00f3a nh\u1edd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, photon nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DQ, n\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.14. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d Maxwell l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. + Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a photon t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i do trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ee5c 4.2, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u201cm\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed\u201d \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 14 do v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 photon\u201d (b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cngu\u1ed3n b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1\u201d), m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng photon n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 va ch\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a photon khi ch\u00fang bay ngang qua m\u00e9p hay khe c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn g\u00e2y n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cnhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1\u201d, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi 2 khe \u2013 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cgiao thoa\u201d m\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng\u201d h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c si\u00eau h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 1. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c do va ch\u1ea1m v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f3","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 212 k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a photon, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 khi\u1ebfn cho photon b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed g\u00f3c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n tu\u00e2n theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng photon nh\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee5c (d) v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cbi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a photon. Ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn nh\u1eb7n photon kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng m\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng\u201d hay \u201ct\u1ea7n s\u1ed1\u201d c\u1ee7a photon, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a photon. b) S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a photon t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng + Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler d\u1ecdc. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong HQC g\u1eafn v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u03b1 v\u1edbi tia s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.15a, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u03bb c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 \u03bb\u2019. -V -V -V Y \u03bb\u2019 A \u03bb\u2019 \u03b1A D \u03bbc \u03bb B\u03b1 \u03b1\u2019 C X c\u03b1 \u03b1B 0 a) b) t0 =0 c) t1 = T H\u00ecnh 3.15. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler d\u1ecdc v\u1edbi g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong HQC Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, photon chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u03b1 = c.cos\u03b1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t0 =0, \u201cn\u00fat\u201d A va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0"]
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