["Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 213 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.15b. Sau m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 T c\u1ee7a photon, \u201cn\u00fat\u201d B \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o g\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong khi \u201cn\u00fat\u201d A \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u03b1 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac va ch\u1ea1m (xem H\u00ecnh 3.15c) theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, n\u1ebfu th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u03b1 > V , t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a photon theo h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng (theo tr\u1ee5c OX) ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n g\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu c\u03b1 = V , photon s\u1ebd \u201ctr\u01b0\u1ee3t\u201d d\u1ecdc theo b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu c\u03b1 < V , photon s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean va ch\u1ea1m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y suy ra: \u03b1 > arccos \u03b2 . (3.142) \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u201cn\u00fat\u201d B v\u00e0 g\u01b0\u01a1ng theo tr\u1ee5c X trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng: c\u03b1T + VT = \u03bb\u03b1 = \u03bb cos\u03b1 . (3.143) Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, do \u201cn\u00fat\u201d A \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf g\u01b0\u01a1ng theo c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch \u201cn\u00fat\u201d B theo tr\u1ee5c X m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng b\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u: c\u03b1T \u2212 VT = \u03bb'\u03b1 = \u03bb'cos\u03b1 (3.144) v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft g\u00f3c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng g\u00f3c t\u1edbi \u03b1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 sau khi ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb g\u01b0\u01a1ng, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa 2 \u201cn\u00fat\u201d A v\u00e0 B b\u1ecb r\u00fat ng\u1eafn l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u03bb\u2019 v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c nghi\u00eang \u03b1 l\u00ean tr\u1ee5c X l\u00e0 \u03bb\u2019\u03b1 = \u03bb\u2019cos\u03b1. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.143) v\u00e0 (3.144), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon t\u1edbi:","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 214 \u03bb'= cos\u03b1 -\u03b2 \u03bb , (3.145) cos\u03b1 +\u03b2 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u \u03b2 =V\/c. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c quan h\u1ec7 cho t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1: f '= cos\u03b1 + \u03b2 f . (3.146) cos\u03b1 \u2212 \u03b2 \u0110\u1ec3 ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, ta s\u1ebd so s\u00e1nh bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cho t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 f\u201d: f \\\"= 1 + \u03b2 2+ 2\u03b2 cos\u03b1 f . (3.147) 1\u2212 \u03b22 Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.147) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Lorenz m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u03b1 v\u00e0 \u03b2. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y ngay r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu vu\u00f4ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u03b1=0, hay cos\u03b1 =1, th\u00ec 2 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.146) v\u00e0 (3.147) cho ra c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: f '= f \\\" = 1 + \u03b2 f (3.148) 1 \u2212 \u03b2 Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd kh\u00e1c nhi\u1ec1u, n\u1ebfu \u03b1=\u03c0\/2, hay cos\u03b1 =0, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111i \u201cs\u01b0\u1ee3t\u201d qua g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng va ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3, theo thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i [5] ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3: f \\\" = 1 + \u03b2 2 f , (3.149) 1 \u2212 \u03b2 2 m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3, v\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 f\u201d>f c\u1ea3, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.146) m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00f4i c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.147) nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 k\u00e9m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, khi xem photon l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 215 Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u03b1 c\u1ee7a photon, ta c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 (3.145), nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i: f '= cos\u03b1 \u2212 \u03b2 f . (3.150) cos\u03b1 + \u03b2 Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 \u201cgi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00f3c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u03b1\u2019 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 so v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctia s\u00e1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.15c. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tam gi\u00e1c ABC v\u1edbi l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh AC = cT, c\u1ea1nh BC = VT\/cos \u03b1 v\u00e0 g\u00f3c ) = 2\u03b1, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: C B) = \u03b1 \u2212 \u03c0 + arctan\uf8ec\uf8ec\uf8ed\uf8eb cos\u03b1 \u2212 \u03b2 cot g(\u03b1 )\uf8f7\uf8f8\uf8f6\uf8f7 . (3.151) 2 cos\u03b1 + \u03b2 T\u1eeb tam gi\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u BCD v\u00e0 g\u00f3c B) v\u1eeba t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00f3c ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a photon c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm: tan\u03b1 '= cos\u03b1 + \u03b2 tan\u03b1 . (3.152) cos\u03b1 \u2212 \u03b2 + Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler ngang. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed trong HQC g\u1eafn v\u1edbi Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V song song v\u1edbi m\u1eb7t ph\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tia s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c \u03b1 v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.16a. V\u00ec g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng song song v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00ean quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cn\u00fat\u201d s\u00f3ng v\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u2013 t\u1ea1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m t1 = T, \u201cn\u00fat\u201d B r\u01a1i l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong HQC XOY m\u00e0 \u201cn\u00fat\u201d A \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (xem H\u00ecnh 3.16b). K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a g\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o t\u1edbi","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 216 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p. YV V A B \u03b1\u03b1 \u03b1\u03b1 B X A 0 a) t0 =0 b) t1 = T H\u00ecnh 3.16. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler ngang v\u1edbi g\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c) T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng photon ch\u1ec9 trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng RT c\u1ee7a DQ c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean n\u00f3, c\u00f2n khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y, n\u1ebfu th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (1.24), gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u1edbi photon s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00e9p t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn (A) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hay ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e2n c\u1eadn m\u00e9p t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung h\u00f2a (xem H\u00ecnh 3.17a). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 khe h\u1eb9p hay l\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf b\u00ean trong t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.17b, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon. V\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n m\u00e9p t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn \u2013 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a photon c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00e0ng xa m\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng y\u1ebfu \u2013 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng k\u00e9m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a photon do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y tu\u00e2n theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u (1.24), n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u1ea5u","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 217 k\u00ednh l\u00f5m\u201d, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u00f5m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p n\u00ean t\u1eeb v\u00e0i \u201ct\u1ea5m\u201d c\u00f3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a photon khi bay qua khe \u03b11 <\u03b12 <\u03b13 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.18. C\u00e1c g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a cho m\u00e9p khe h\u1eb9p n\u00e0y \u1edf d\u1ea1ng: RT A \u03c6 =0 \u03c63 \u03c62 \u03c61 \u03c6 =0 \u03c64< \u03c63< \u03c62< \u03c61 a) Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn \u03c62< \u03c61 b) Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i khe h\u1eb9p H\u00ecnh 3.17. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c khe h\u1eb9p n\u2211=1Sknsin2\u03b1kn =n h =n h = n\u03bb, (3.153) mphc pc \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u03bb l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a photon. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft \u03b1kn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng\u201d \u03bb: \u03b1 kn = F (\u03bb, d ,...) , (154)","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 218 Photon \u03b13 \u03b12 \u03b11< \u03b12< \u03b13 T\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh H\u00ecnh 3.18. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cth\u1ea5u k\u00ednh l\u00f5m\u201d c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i khe h\u1eb9p \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p 2 khe h\u1eb9p c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 xa nhau, ngo\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i khe c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa 2 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t photon bay qua m\u1ed9t khe n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch \u0111i m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c th\u00ec, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng-ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a khe \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 photon \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u201cph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n\u201d l\u00ean c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 kh\u00e2u y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa 2 khe, khi\u1ebfn cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a khe b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. \u1ede c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i, do c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh, n\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o. Tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.19, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n trong 2 khe h\u1eb9p nh\u1edd c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb3ng th\u1ebf. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i 3 c\u1ea1nh c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00e9p khe. N\u00f3i","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 219 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t photon bay qua 1 khe m\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch \u0111i m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i \u201cd\u1ea5u \u1ea5n\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean c\u1ea3 2 khe th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa 2 khe, n\u00ean b\u1ee9c tranh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean m\u00e0n \u1ea3nh c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 do 2 photon qua 2 khe t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u2013 photon d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb \u201cph\u00e2n th\u00e2n\u201d khi \u0111i qua 2 khe h\u1eb9p. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, khu v\u1ef1c xung quanh 2 khe h\u1eb9p A v\u00e0 B c\u00f9ng d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoanh l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh v\u1ebd v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cmi\u1ec1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d. V\u00ec t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00ean photon, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u khi\u1ebfn photon b\u1ecb l\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed g\u00f3c\u201d, n\u00ean m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n xem photon bay qua khe n\u00e0o (A hay B?) \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ee9c tranh \u201cgiao thoa\u201d bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi khe h\u1eb9p, l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng bay c\u1ee7a photon kh\u00f4ng theo g\u00f3c l\u1ec7ch do tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a khe h\u1eb9p quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho n\u00f3... Mi\u1ec1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng Khe A Khe B H\u00ecnh 3.19. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i 2 khe h\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 220 M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng chui qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u (n\u0103m 1989) m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00ecnh c\u1edd tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i r\u00e2y nano l\u00e0m t\u1eeb v\u00e0ng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a photon theo bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c (3.139) ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 R\u0111ip \u2248 \u03bb\/\u03c0, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chui qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh <\u03bb\/2 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o cho photon. V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o l\u1ed7 tr\u00ean r\u00e2y nano \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho xung quanh c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c d\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1eb9p \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e9p l\u1ed7 l\u00ean photon khi photon bay qua n\u00f3. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00f3 <\u03bb\/12 th\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh l\u1ed7 b\u1eb1ng \u03bb\/2, m\u1ed9t photon c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee1 \u03bb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may \u0111\u1ec3 chui qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 \u201cnhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1\u201d n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.20. photon \u03bb\/12 \u03bb\/12 R\u0111ip= \u03bb\/\u03c0 d~\u03bb\/2 H\u00ecnh 3.20. Photon chui qua l\u1ed7 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00f3a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e9p khe n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong 2 khe h\u1eb9p ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd x\u1ea9y ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 221 5. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a V\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Trong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5, photon tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n Hz t\u1edbi 1018Hz t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c ng\u00e0n km t\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi 0,1nm v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi graviton (tia \u03b3 v\u00e0 neutrino) h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau (ngay c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1ed9i vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3). Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi \u201cbi\u1ec3n\u201d b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong bu\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00e1y gia t\u1ed1c h\u1ea1t) v\u00ec, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o c\u0169ng v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10-9m trong khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf - ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 10-11m, v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi photon (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3), tia \u03b3 v\u00e0 neutrino, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u201ctrong su\u1ed1t\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201ctrong su\u1ed1t\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 chui l\u1ecdt qua nh\u1eefng \u201cb\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m\u201d. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00fat ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00ed nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201ch\u00fat\u201d ch\u00fang ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf trong \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng photon v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn (b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua v\u1ecf b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i ra) n\u00ean b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t l\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3 (ki\u1ec3u \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u00e0 k\u00ednh\u201d), th\u00e0nh ra m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u201ch\u00fat ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. Tr\u00ean H\u00ecnh 3.21, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh trong \u0111\u00f3 tia \u03b3 hay neutrino \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 photon \u0111i v\u00e0o trong b\u00ecnh r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 tia X; s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xuy\u00ean qua v\u1ecf b\u00ecnh n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 ngay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u1ea3 ki\u1ebfn hay tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 222 trong b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 photon c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00f2ng qua b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn v.v.. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00f3i chung, photon c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tia \u03b3 v\u00e0 neutrino \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung gian, trung chuy\u1ec3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y sang v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a photon \u2013 ph\u1ed5 n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau \u1edf m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng Rm nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I, m\u1ee5c 1.3.1, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u00e1n k\u00ednh Rm \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. Tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i Tia \u03b3 \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng \u0444 Tia X \u201cS\u00f3ng\u201d v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn Tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i Neutrino \u03bd B\u00ecnh k\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u201ctuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d H\u00ecnh 3.21. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch ly m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng gian n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi \u201cbi\u1ec3n photon\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u201cbi\u1ec3n photon\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1edd th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea Bose-Einstein nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck h v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. Khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 223 \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 thuy\u1ebft Big Bang cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong 3 \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3; 2 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u201cb\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam\u201d \u1edf Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c 29 v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecf\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Hubble \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1edfi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac DQ c\u1ee7a photon n\u00f3i tr\u00ean. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e3y th\u1eed t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1ed3i b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u n\u00f3ng s\u00e1ng, ta s\u1ebd \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n l\u00ean R\u2192Rm, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cd\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecf\u201d \u2013 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t th\u1ea5p d\u1ea7n \u0111i, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, th\u00ec khi b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi Rm, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng 0\u00b0K v\u00ec c\u00e1c photon ph\u1ea3n x\u1ea1 l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t trong c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn ta \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 2,7\u00b0K \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u b\u00e1n k\u00ednh Rm quanh ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u2013 nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i thi\u00ean c\u1ea7u b\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cBig Bang\u201d c\u1ea3. 3.6. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t. 1.Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 cho r\u1eb1ng electron v\u00e0 positron l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng coi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00e0n d\u01b0\u201d \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp\u201d v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d \u2013 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa \u201cb\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t: \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2192 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn","Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N 224 th\u00eam b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. 2. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c t\u1eeb\u201d ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\u201d cho c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, d\u1ef1a theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Newton. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Newton ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d. 3. Photon l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u201ch\u1ee7y h\u1ea1t\u201d n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 2 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III n\u00e0y v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh \u1edf Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ecf\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n\u201d ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0 h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a photon do chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng phi qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec t\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Hubble\u201d hay \u201cBig Bang\u201d c\u1ea3. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a photon ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t\u201d c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 6 C\u00c1C K\u00dd HI\u1ec6U \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C S\u1eec D\u1ee4NG a \u2013 gia t\u1ed1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (m\/s2) aF \u2013 gia t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m (m\/s2) aA, aB \u2013 gia t\u1ed1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong HQC \u1ea3o (kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m) d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m (m\/s2) aAB, aBA \u2013 gia t\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong HQC th\u1ef1c d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m (m\/s2) B, B - t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m (T) c \u2013 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t khi ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng (m\/s) C, C \u2013 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c lan truy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf (m\/s) e = 1,6x10-19C \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a electron eV , eF \u2013 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c hay l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng E, E \u2013 v\u00e9c t\u01a1 v\u00e0 modul c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (V\/m) f \u2013 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng (Hz) gA gB \u2013 gia t\u1ed1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf v\u1edbi HQC kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m \u1ea3o (m\/s2) gAB, gBA \u2013 gia t\u1ed1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf v\u1edbi HQC th\u1ef1c (m\/s2) g\u03b3 \u2013 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (m\/s2) g\u03b3A, g\u03b3B \u2013 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (m\/s2) g\u03b3AB, g\u03b3BA \u2013 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (m\/s2) h = 6,63x10-34J.s \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck H, H - c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng (A\/m) kC = \u00bc\u03c0\u03b50 = 9x109N.m2\/C2 \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh K, K \u2013 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (J)","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 7 L \u2013 Lagrangien (J) L(r) - m\u00f4men \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (J.s) m, m\u0111, mM, mY \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu (kg) mA, mB \u2013 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang trong HQC \u1ea3o (kg) MA, MB \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 A v\u00e0 B (kg) MF \u2013 m\u00f4 men l\u1ef1c (N.m) Mq \u2013 m\u00f4men quay (N.m) N \u2013 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau (N) p, p \u2013 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (kg.m\/s) P \u2013 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t (W) q, Q \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch (C) R \u2013 b\u00e1n k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang (m) S \u2013 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (m2) T \u2013 chu k\u1ef3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng (s) T \u2013 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (\u02daK) Uab \u2013 hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u1ebf (V) U(R) , U(R) \u2013 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf (J) V, V \u2013 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (m\/s) W, W \u2013 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (J) \u03b1h = \u03b3MAMB \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (N.m2) \u03b1\u0111 = kCe2 \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n (N.m2) \u03b2 = V\/c \u03b3 = 6,67x10-11 N.m2\/kg2 \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u03b8 = 2,18x10-36J.s \u2013 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u03b50 = 8,85x10-12F\/m \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u00b50 = 4\u03c0.10-7 H\/m - \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb th\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 8 KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T V\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb khi Galileo ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u201cnguy\u00ean l\u00fd qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n 350 n\u0103m. Tr\u1ea3i qua c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton, \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc Maxwell, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh Einstein, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed r\u1ed3i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y, si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng... v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 trong T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea9y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec \u201ct\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i\u201d v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cnghi\u00eang\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh th\u00e1p Pisa, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Galileo \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u201cr\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do\u201d n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cN\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng\u201d kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u1edbi ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng, qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v.v.. N\u1ed5i c\u1ed9m l\u00ean l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201ct\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau\u201d nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u00e0 thay v\u00ec \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cgai g\u00f3c\u201d \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn si\u00eau h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh\u201d duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ng\u1ee5y bi\u1ec7n cho nh\u1eefng \u201c\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3\u201d, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Newton v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o: \u201cV\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u00e3y c\u1ea9n tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi si\u00eau h\u00ecnh!\u201d. \u201cT\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ed1n d\u0129 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u n\u00f3i c\u1eeda mi\u1ec7ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00ean trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ea9y khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c\u201d c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 \u201cti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t\u201d. \u201cH\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t theo ki\u1ec3u Maxwell\u201d c\u00f3 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u201cph\u00e1t minh\u201d ra t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1edbi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t 2 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb, hay 2 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3,","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 9 vi\u1ec7c \u201ch\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cth\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t l\u1edbn\u201d) v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t th\u00eam t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed - \u201cl\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3\u201d) l\u1ea1i theo m\u1ed9t \u201cti\u00eau ch\u00ed\u201d kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c theo thang n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1edf v\u1ec1\u201d th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 \u201csi\u00eau l\u1ef1c\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u201cc\u0169\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 13,7 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m theo thuy\u1ebft Big Bang!) m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng n\u1eefa \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t theo ki\u1ec3u Darwin \u2013 Thuy\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a\u201d. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 hay v\u0129 m\u00f4, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ra kh\u1ecfi v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u, b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch dai d\u1eb3ng. N\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 C\u0110M) ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 trong T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n \u2013 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u201cMaxwell\u201d \u2013 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 THUY\u1ebeT V\u1eacN \u0110\u1ed8NG (vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft l\u00e0 TV\u0110). Tuy m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a TV\u0110 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quan n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan. Ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 quan hi\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111ang trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i thai v\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 Ph\u1ea7n II c\u1ee7a C\u0110M nh\u1eb1m l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ct\u00e2m linh\u201d b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mang m\u1ea7u s\u1eafc \u201cm\u00ea t\u00edn d\u1ecb \u0111oan\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quan hay kh\u00e1ch quan ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ranh gi\u1edbi r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa 2 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t khi ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a C\u0110M \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 10 ch\u1ec9nh th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u00f3 ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u2013 TV\u0110. \u0110\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 so s\u00e1nh, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u201cT\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i\u201d v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n 4 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cn\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m T\u1ed2N T\u1ea0I T\u1ef0 TH\u00c2N v\u1edbi 5 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0: Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 1 \u2013 \u201cQu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng do ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00f9 \u1edf b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi \u201ckh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\u201d \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ee3i x\u00edch s\u1eaft\u201d k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1eadt l\u00fd. Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 2 \u2013 \u201cKh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian\u201d \u1edf hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9: c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 (c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i theo \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0ng, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u2013 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch quan \u2013 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 3 \u2013 \u201cNguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d v\u1edbi 3 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9: c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 1 theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau trong m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng l\u1edbn, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Galileo; c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein b\u1ed5 xung th\u00eam ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 trong HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh b\u1edfi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng; c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Einstein m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra cho m\u1ecdi HQC v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u00eam nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00f3 2 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4:","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 11 Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 4 \u2013 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t\u201d theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t. Ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 5 \u2013 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d theo \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng \u201ckh\u1ea9u ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf\u201d g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u03b5 = hv v\u1edbi h l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck v\u00e0 v l\u00e0 t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf m\u1ed7i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 chung c\u1ea3 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i; quy t\u1eafc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ea5m Pauli, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh Heidelberg, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u00ednh ch\u1eb5n l\u1ebb, v.v.. v\u00e0 v.v.. trong c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Ch\u1ea5t \u201ck\u1ebft d\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u201ct\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p\u201d: n\u1eeda duy v\u1eadt, n\u1eeda duy t\u00e2m; n\u1eeda duy th\u1ef1c, n\u1eeda duy linh; n\u1eeda bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng, n\u1eeda si\u00eau h\u00ecnh...Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, C\u0110M l\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u2013 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1, x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ea5t k\u1ebft d\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u1edbi, x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn; th\u00eam n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 3 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cki\u1ec1ng 3 ch\u00e2n\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 2 ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 2 quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng chung nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t: quy lu\u1eadt \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp\u201d v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i - ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt \u201cri\u00eang ph\u1ea7n\u201d, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u201cvi m\u00f4\u201d hay \u201cv\u0129 m\u00f4\u201d, c\u01a1 hay \u0111i\u1ec7n... v\u00e0 th\u00eam n\u1eefa, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy lu\u1eadt hay ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf 2 quy lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n t\u0129nh h\u1ecdc, C\u0110M \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 1 v\u00e0 2 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu, c\u00f2n h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong kh\u00f4ng gian h\u00ecnh","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 12 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00fang h\u00f3a v\u00ec tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1ea9y ra trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed. V\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u1ea1i cho ph\u00e9p ta nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1edd v\u1eady, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u201csi\u00eau h\u00ecnh\u201d. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u0169ng v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t (!) ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng \u201ck\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t s\u00f3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o\u201d nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a de Brookline c\u1ea3. C\u00e1c b\u1ee9c tranh \u201cnhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1\u201d hay \u201cgiao thoa\u201d ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng n\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 s\u00f3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng - h\u1ea1t si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea7y ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a cho c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y ri\u00eang trong ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t tham kh\u1ea3o. \u0110i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, C\u0110M c\u00f2n d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, kh\u00e2u then ch\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u201cs\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf\u201d ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t \u201cchi\u1ec1u\u201d d\u01b0 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng gian. Ch\u00ednh quy","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 13 lu\u1eadt \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i \u2013 ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb khi th\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh\u201d, \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu\u201d, khi th\u00ec d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d c\u00f2n khi th\u00ec l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn h\u00f3a l\u1eabn nhau. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i C\u0110M h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u201cMaxwell\u201d. Theo C\u0110M, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c Coulomb l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 2 h\u1ea1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 electron v\u00e0 positron. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, l\u00e0m ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a c\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n\u201d c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 co ng\u1eafn chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i, t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec nay ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong ph\u1ea1m vi C\u0110M. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c E=mc2c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1eadt t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u00f3; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p chung, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng: W=mc2+2U(RK) v\u1edbi U(RK) l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u0103ng c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf m\u00e0 v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3; v\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 W=2mc2, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 2 l\u1ea7n khi n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do theo c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Einstein.. \u0110i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1eefa gi\u1eefa C\u0110M v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 C\u0110M ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u201c\u00fd ngh\u0129 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edbi ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, ho\u1eb7c ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh trong ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n M\u00e1c-L\u00ea m\u00e0 l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y trong m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean m\u1ee5c ri\u00eang","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 14 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, do s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lu\u1eadn gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t ki\u1ebfn m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00e0n c\u00e2n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft cho nhau th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t\u201d. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e9p bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf qua b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1ecf nh\u1eb7t n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 C\u0110M c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u201cng\u00f3c ng\u00e1ch\u201d c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ckhai ph\u00e1\u201d n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xa h\u01a1n, g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n t\u1edbi \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00e0 ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n C\u0110M, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ec7m c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i \u201cn\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng\u201d cho \u201ct\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d m\u00e0 Galileo v\u00e0 Newton \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t \u0111\u1eb7t sai nh\u1eefng \u201cvi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch\u201d \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean khi\u1ebfn cho n\u00f3 b\u1ecb \u201cnghi\u00eang\u201d, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cnghi\u00eang\u201d n\u00e0y, bao th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1eadt v\u1eadt \u201cch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cgia c\u1ed1\u201d b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u1ea3 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh l\u1eabn duy t\u00e2m; ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u201cx\u00e2y cao\u201d, \u201ct\u00f2a th\u00e1p\u201d c\u00e0ng \u201cnghi\u00eang\u201d m\u1ea1nh, l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u201cch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cgia c\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y, ch\u1ed7 kia... Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i \u201cT\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i\u201d v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn h\u01a1n, cao l\u00ean h\u01a1n n\u1eefa! C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadp trung tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp theo m\u00e0, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u201ctinh hoa\u201d c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n 2500 n\u0103m qua, ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed5 khuy\u1ebft, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 15 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u00f4g\u00edc v\u00e0 \u201csuy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh\u201d, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea9y ra nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang c\u00f3. X\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a C\u0110M khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y hay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n khi \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n; l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Maxwell, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Einstein v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed trong ph\u1ea1m vi C\u0110M, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi h\u1eb9p c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng; ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, Einstein thi\u00ean t\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi n\u00f3i \u201cCh\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i x\u00fac x\u1eafc\u201d \u2013 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady! Ch\u00ednh quan ni\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Newton v\u00e0o v\u1eadt l\u00fd nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quang h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u00ec trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, n\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t sai s\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n hay h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch g\u00ec lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ra ph\u1ea3i quay tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i loay hoay v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u2013 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d c\u1ee7a electron trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh. C\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 nh\u00f2e l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh Heidelberg ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u0169ng t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t\u201d \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb \u201cnguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd.","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 16 Kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, C\u0110M l\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00e2m r\u1ea5t \u201cc\u1ed5 h\u1ee7\u201d l\u00e0m kim ch\u1ec9 nam \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: \u201cnh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d. \u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u0110M, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ng\u00e0nh n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc \u2013 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n gi\u1ea3i t\u00edch th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu n\u1eb1m trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n chi ti\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ea1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u0169 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a C\u0110M, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 C\u0110M ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1-h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p, v.v.. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng \u0111i tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi THUY\u1ebeT V\u1eacN \u0110\u1ed8NG \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf ngay ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong 4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I \u2013 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng tr\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3; c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II \u2013 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c HQC kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd.","KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T 17 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III \u2013 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 dipol, photon v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV \u2013 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec7n \u2013 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed; gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 multipol, h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n; li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a C\u0110M v\u00e0 ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00fang. Trong ph\u1ea7n Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y 28 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 C\u0110M; kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng duy v\u1eadt tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, tuy tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng, theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u1eefa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c.","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 258 LI\u1ec6T K\u00ca NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M V\u00c0 \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T SO V\u1edaI C\u00c1C T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U TRUY\u1ec0N TH\u1ed0NG Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. 1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t 2. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian 3. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng 4. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian 5. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00f4g\u00edc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 6. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd 7. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n 8. H\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu 9. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e9c t\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e9c t\u01a1 10. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 11. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 12. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e9c t\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 13. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng 14. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n 15. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n 16. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 17. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd cho-nh\u1eadn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 18. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh 19. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh 20. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u 21. M\u00f4 men \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea3o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa nhau 22. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 259 23. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 2 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. 24. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung 25. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang 26. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn 27. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf) 28. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c va ch\u1ea1m l\u1ec7ch t\u00e2m 29. Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do 30. Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh 31. T\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn 32. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 quay (ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf) Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. 33. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m electron v\u00e0 positron kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn 34. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m 35. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng 36. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (\u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn) 37. B\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a dipol trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n 38. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch\u201d h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb dipol 39. S\u1ef1 \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua nhau c\u1ee7a electron v\u00e0 positron 40. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 41. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a photon 42. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa photon v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c 43. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 s\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t photon","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 260 44. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng \u201cnhi\u1ec5u x\u1ea1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u201d trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc 45. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV. 46. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb DR 47. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac MP c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p 48. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c DR \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng 49. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p 50. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c lan truy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng 51. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 261 L\u1edcI K\u1ebeT \u201cV\u00ec t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean vai nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3\u201d Isaac Newton Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u00e0o, ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e2u, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n \u0111ang c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ti\u1ebfp, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m x\u01b0a nay hi\u1ebfm, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00ec tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1eed g\u1eedi b\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng, r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch sang ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o ti\u1ebfng Anh, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia chuy\u00ean ngh\u00e0nh n\u00ean r\u00fat cu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00ec. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed c\u00f3 uy t\u00edn l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t mong manh v\u00ec n\u1ed9i dung m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1eadt l\u00fd to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c th\u00f4i m\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i. Th\u1eadt ra, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 phi l\u00f4g\u00edc, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc ngay t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng cho t\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, quy lu\u1eadt ... (t\u1edbi h\u01a1n 50 h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea) k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Galileo v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u01b0a ai t\u1eebng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea3. Einstein \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1ea7n","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 262 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean l\u00fd qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00eam ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n s\u00e1ng\u201d. Khi l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, Einstein t\u1eeb b\u1ecf HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\u201d, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c g\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u201ckh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d \u2013 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\u201d \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh n\u1eefa \u2013 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m \u201ct\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3. V\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n khi v\u1eeba ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d, l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t, \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ngay ch\u00ednh \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c\u201d v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, r\u1ed3i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn n\u00f3 v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u00ednh \u201cb\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c\u201d c\u00f3 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a 2 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ed1 ki\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u201cs\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra\u201d nh\u1eefng \u201ckh\u00f4ng gian n >3 chi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n r\u1eddi xa b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ki\u1ec3u g\u00ec th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d (h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d) \u0111\u1ea7y b\u00ed \u1ea9n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec t\u00ednh hy h\u1eefu n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a C\u0110M, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng \u201chy h\u1eefu\u201d, ch\u1eb3ng gi\u1ed1ng ai, l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u1edf ngay l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ai \u0111\u00f3","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 263 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, gi\u00fap d\u1ecbch ra ti\u1ebfng Anh l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u1ea5y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Sau 4 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t 4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0, c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1ea1i x\u1ea9y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 trong kh\u00f4ng gian 3 chi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi 4 chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Kluiza-Klein hay 10 chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft si\u00eau d\u00e2y, si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\u201d; sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u00e0, v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u1ef1 ly g\u1ea7n. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3\u201d \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho C\u0110M. H\u00e3y th\u1eed h\u00ecnh dung n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng gian n\u1ed9i vi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian ngo\u1ea1i vi c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan h\u1ec7 bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? V\u00e0 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng gian th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f3? N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1ecf k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u201cngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec l\u00e0m sao c\u00e1c dipol-R c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh hay y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e2y? v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i c\u1ea3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa? V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c DR n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u00edch\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1eefa? \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u1ed1n l\u1ea5y n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a, \u0111\u1eb7t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Heidelberg ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 nh\u00f2e l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed\u201d v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 \u201cCh\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i x\u00fac s\u1eafc\u201d \u2013 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, Einstein thi\u00ean t\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c phi ph\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00fd! C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 264 \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n\u201d m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi vi m\u00f4\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng\u201d th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o, do ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0 m\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i (trong g\u1ea7n 35 n\u0103m), kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, ph\u1ea1m vi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, tr\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng, n\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc b\u00e1ch khoa Kiev, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n KHKT TW Kiev (Ucrainna), th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n KTQS, th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n KHKT TW H\u00e0 n\u1ed9i v.v.. c\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee9 v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t l\u1ec5 khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, hay k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi, s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u00ean CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u201cl\u1eadt sang m\u1ed9t trang m\u1edbi\u201d ngay trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI n\u00e0y. Cho d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: 1. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc. 2. Lo\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt l\u00fd. 2. T\u00ecm ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh. 3. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh m v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn MA, MB: m = M AMB MA +MB 4. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 265 5. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t: g = \u03c7N MA +MB R 2 AB 6. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u: t1 \u2212\u03c4 D = \u222b2 Kdt \u2265 h t0 \u2212\u03c4 7. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ecdi HQC v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. 8. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 2 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ecdi HQC v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t: a = g F + F tt Ftt 9. Ba nguy\u00ean l\u00fd trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. 10. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf: W = mc2 + 2U 11. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t (\u03c7 = \u03c7N , \u03c7C , \u03c7A ho\u1eb7c \u03c7H): F = \u03c7 M AMB eF R 2 AB 12. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa b\u00e1n k\u00ednh t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 R v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc r c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: R=r+C r 13. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a neutrinno v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u03b3: Dipol-R. 14. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a photon: Dipol-Q. 15. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p: Multipol. Thay cho l\u1eddi k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u201cT\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i V\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb h\u01a1n 350 n\u0103m qua theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi\u201d, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o mu\u1ed9i tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7y b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda \u201ct\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i\u201d n\u00e0y theo \u0111\u00f3, \u201cn\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 g\u1ed3m: quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n\u201d, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Galileo v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng duy v\u1eadt m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 duy t\u00e2m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u201cl\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u201ct\u1ea7ng\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Newton, Maxwell,","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 266 Einstein, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v.v..; c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cl\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i\u201d kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u201cnghi\u00eang\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u1edf b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef3\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 l\u00ean ch\u00ednh \u201cn\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng\u201d v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean; c\u00e1c \u201cs\u1ee3i c\u00e1p treo\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1eb1ng\u201d cho \u201ct\u00f2a th\u00e1p kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ... TH\u01af\u1ee2NG \u0110\u1ebe \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi; t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u1ea9n qu\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 (?) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00f4i d\u1eadt d\u1edd... C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u201cT\u00f2a l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d t\u1eeb Galileo \u0111\u1ebfn ... Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 sau: \u1ede t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u00e3n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh do \u201cHQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u1ea3o g\u00e2y n\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian, th\u1eddi gian tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0m \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d. C\u0169ng \u1edf t\u1ea7ng n\u00e0y, Maxwell \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d ether n\u1eefa m\u1edbi \u201ctr\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00ean t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 hai, tho\u1ea1t ti\u00ean, Einstein x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eb9p nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u201ck\u00ea\u201d th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u201cvi\u00ean g\u1ea1ch\u201d c = const, song \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u201c\u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang\u201d, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian 4 chi\u1ec1u. C\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1edbi Einstein th\u00ec Bohr v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed (c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n), nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201ck\u00ea\u201d th\u00eam \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u201d \u2013 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u00f2a th\u00e1p, l\u00fac n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi \u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1p treo\u201d \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ee3i c\u00e1p\u201d nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed h\u00f3a qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1eebng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (?). Nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft \u201ctreo\u201d l\u00ean \u0111\u00e2u b\u00e2y gi\u1edd? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t: \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf\u201d! \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ee9c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m m\u00e2y tr\u00ean \u1edf c\u00f9ng. L\u00ean t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, Einstein \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0ng bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u00eam t\u1edbi 2 \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d: nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 tenx\u01a1 Riemann; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Schrodinger, Heidelbert, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 267 nhau, nh\u1edd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00e1p treo\u201d m\u1edbi ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i l\u00e0 s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cc\u00e1p treo\u201d t\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc: l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t, h\u1ea1t \u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v.v.. Hai \u201cc\u0103n h\u1ed9\u201d c\u1ecdc c\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng g\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd EPR \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai \u201cv\u1ec1 phe\u201d Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n n\u0103ng! C\u1ea3 Einstein, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng x\u00e2y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 ba: l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m: \u201cTh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u01a1i x\u00fac x\u1eafc\u201d, ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian n chi\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Kaluza-Klein, Einstein \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u201cd\u1ee9t \u00e1o ra \u0111i\u201d dang d\u1edf trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c. T\u1ea7ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea1i cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf: Freedman, Glashow, Salam, Weinberg, Hawking, v.v.. h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi 1 \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d: kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi gian n chi\u1ec1u, v\u00ec ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi, m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sang \u201cc\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00e1p treo\u201d hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1eef c\u00e1p tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc: Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf to\u00e0n n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c \u201cs\u1ee3i c\u00e1p\u201d b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c: si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng, t\u00e1i chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a, l\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u1ea3o, th\u1eddi gian \u1ea3o, v.v.. v\u00e0 v.v.. kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 xi\u1ebft. T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a th\u00e1p khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc? B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1p treo, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u00e0n tay to\u00e0n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u201cti\u1ec1n v\u00e1 qu\u00e1 ti\u1ec1n x\u0103m\u201d n\u00e0y, n\u00ean \u0111\u1eadp \u0111i x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i h\u01a1n ch\u0103ng? Ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ed \u00edt ra c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e2y l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c s\u1eeda sang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng th\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c \u201cc\u1ed9t ch\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u201cc\u00e1p treo\u201d r\u1ea5t \u201cm\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 quan \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y cao","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 268 th\u00eam n\u1eefa. \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 theo c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi\u201d l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh do t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c. Song, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng nh\u01b0 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa (nh\u1edd ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh) \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1eadt l\u00fd theo \u201cCon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi\u201d n\u00e0y b\u1ed7ng nhi\u00ean tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201ctrong s\u00e1ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa vi m\u00f4 v\u1edbi v\u0129 m\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t: \u201ct\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n\u201d theo hai quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t: \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i\u201d! H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd t\u1eeb c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p cho t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh, sao hay thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb hai h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: electron v\u00e0 positron \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ng\u1edd t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; s\u1ef1 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Big Bang do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 mong r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u1ebd thi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i g\u00f3p s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i v\u1eadt l\u00fd theo CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI n\u00e0y v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u201ct\u00e0i h\u00e8n s\u1ee9c m\u1ecdn\u201d, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 269 TH\u01af\u1ee2NG \u0110\u1ebe \u0110\u1ea1o ph\u1eadt ?!? Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng L\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng Si\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1ee9ng S\u1ef1 nh\u00f2e l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed Big Bang & C\u00e1c l\u00fd Kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi thuy\u1ebft th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gian n chi\u1ec1u H\u1ea1t \u1ea3o L\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng Tenx\u01a1 s\u00f3ng-h\u1ea1t tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng Riemann L\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed S\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc m=M Kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi q\u0169y \u0111\u1ea1o gian 4 chi\u1ec1u Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc h\u1eb9p l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h = const c = const C\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton \u0110i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng Ether l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Maxwell t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh Kh\u00f4ng gian tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i T\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng: Galileo Galilei + duy v\u1eadt gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n + duy t\u00e2m si\u00eau h\u00ecnh","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 315 M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U ....................................................................... 3 C\u00c1C K\u00dd HI\u1ec6U \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C S\u1eec D\u1ee4NG...................................... 6 KH\u00c1I QU\u00c1T.................................................................................. 8 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I. C\u01a0 S\u1ede C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC......................................................... 18 1.1. C\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n ..................................................................... 18 1. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t .......................................................................................... 18 2. Kh\u00f4ng gian...................................................................................... 19 3.V\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.......................................................................................... 24 4. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t.......................................................................................... 28 1.2. C\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n........................................................ 29 1. Quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp............... 29 2. Quy lu\u1eadt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5i-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed5i............................................................ 30 1.3. C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc.............................................. 30 1. V\u1eadt th\u1ec3, tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.......................................................... 30 2. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu............................................. 35 3. \u0110\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e9c t\u01a1 ....................................... 42 4. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng .............................................................. 49 5. L\u1ef1c, l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh................................. 62 6. T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u....................... 69 7. Xung l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e2m qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i t\u00e2m........................ 73 1.4. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc.......................................... 78","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 316 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t......................................................... 78 2. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt gia t\u1ed1c............................................................................. 80 3. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng............................................... 85 1.5. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t........................................................................................... 86 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C H\u1ea4P D\u1eaaN............................................................ 88 2.1. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn................................. 88 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.............................................................. 88 2. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung.......................................................... 89 3. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung............................................................................................... 91 4. Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn............................... 92 5. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf............................................. 99 6. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c va ch\u1ea1m................................................. 101 2.2. C\u00e1c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u201ch\u1ec7 hai v\u1eadt\u201d................................. 109 1. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do.................................................................... 110 2. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh.......................................................... 122 3. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng cong trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf....................................... 137 4. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 quay ....................................................... 139 2.3. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u201ch\u1ec7 hai v\u1eadt\u201d trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ee9 3................................................................................. 141 1. Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ee9 3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a 2 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang x\u00e9t............................. 142 2. Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd th\u1ee9 3 nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 317 so v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a 2 th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111ang x\u00e9t ............................ 145 Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa 3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i 147 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ...................................................................................................... Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C \u0110I\u1ec6N .................................................................. 153 3.1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh......................................................................... 153 1. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Coulomb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n............................. 153 2. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Coulomb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n........................... 157 3.2. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng........................................................................ 160 1. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng....................... 160 2. C\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng.............................................. 162 3.3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn.............................................................. 170 3.4. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 dipol DR c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DR............. 175 1. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a DR.................................................. 176 2. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trung h\u00f2a v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a DR........................................ 184 3. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb DR................................ 187 3.5. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 dipol-Q v\u00e0 photon ..................................................... 190 1. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng............................................................ 190 2. T\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 quay c\u1ee7a DQ................................................................ 193 3. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh photon............................................................. 195 4. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a photon v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 .................................... 209 5. Tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a V\u0169 tr\u1ee5.................... 221 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4. T\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1C H\u1ed6N H\u1ee2P \u0110I\u1ec6N-H\u1ea4P D\u1eaaN V\u00c0","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 318 NH\u1eeeNG V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 T\u1ed2N \u0110\u1eccNG ................................................................... 225 4.1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn......................................... 225 4.2. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed hydrrozen ............................................ 229 4.3. Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n................................................. 237 1. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh multipol............................................................... 237 2. B\u1ea3ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p ........................................... 238 3. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu ...................................... 241 4.4. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng.......................................................... 245 1. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nhanh ......... 245 2. T\u00ednh m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh........................ 249 3. H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t .............................................................. 249 4. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed l\u1edbn ...................... 250 5. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t s\u01a1 c\u1ea5p ....................... 251 6. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00ednh ....................................................... 251 7. C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc......................................................... 252 LI\u1ec6T K\u00ca NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00c1I NI\u1ec6M V\u00c0 \u00dd T\u01af\u1edeNG KH\u00c1C BI\u1ec6T ............... 255 L\u1edcI K\u1ebeT......................................................................................................... 258 PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C ....................................................................................................... 267 T\u00c0I LI\u1ec6U THAM KH\u1ea2O ............................................................................. 310 B\u1ea2NG CH\u1ec8 D\u1eaaN ........................................................................................... 313","CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG M\u1edaI C\u1ee6A V\u1eacT L\u00dd H\u1eccC 319","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 267 PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C C\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp hay ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u (*) l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3; nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u (**) l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. 1. L\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng \u2013 h\u1ea1t 2. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh* 3. X\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Newton 4. S\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb - dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ether hay c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng* 5. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng con mu\u1ed7i\u201d* 6. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c* 7. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng* 8. Qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng hay v\u00e9c t\u01a1?* 9. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f4 h\u01b0\u1edbng hay v\u00e9c t\u01a1?* 10. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng* 11. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201c\u1ea3o gi\u00e1c\u201d* 12. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a electron 13. \u0110i\u1ec7n t\u00edch ph\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a quark 14. M\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eed* 15. H\u1ea1t mang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1eeba h\u00fat v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea9y* 16. Con m\u00e8o Schrodinger 17. H\u1ea1t \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 18. V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 19. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd anh em sinh \u0111\u00f4i 20. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c E = mc2 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh*","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 268 21. Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Dopler d\u1ecdc* 22. V\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u 23. Quay m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ... quay! 24. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc* 25. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m* 26. S\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t* 27. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i* 28. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9*. 29. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn Newton** 30. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd Olbers (1823) \u2013 b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00eam** 31. Con l\u1eafc Foucault ** 1. L\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng \u2013 h\u1ea1t Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u00f3ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d; kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ee9 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u2013 hai t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hai d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c nhau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 2 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy lu\u1eadt \u201c\u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp\u201d. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ea3 2 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nhau n\u00e0y \u2013 v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u201cr\u00e2u \u00f4ng n\u1ecd c\u1eafm c\u1eb1m b\u00e0 kia\u201d. H\u1ea1t l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cnh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u201cs\u00f3ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cl\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh s\u00f3ng \u2013 h\u1ea1t\u201d n\u00e0y \u2013 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u201ckhe Young\u201d, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u00e1t (h\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \u201cs\u00f3ng\u201d \u2013 photon, electron...), c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn v\u1edbi 2 khe h\u1eb9p","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 269 v\u00e0 m\u00e0n ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1eb7t sau t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0... h\u1ebft! Kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian gi\u1eefa b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn ph\u00e1t v\u1edbi t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5m ch\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u00e0n ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1i g\u00ec\u201d \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft! M\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t s\u00f3ng\u201d \u2013 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c photon hay electron kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u201cbi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 1 khe hay 2 khe m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u201cnh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u201ctheo d\u00f5i\u201d v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc \u201cra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng hay l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t\u201d!!! Theo C\u0110M, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed9t g\u00f3c t\u00f9y \u00fd m\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed g\u00f3c h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, do \u0111\u00f3, sau khi t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a khe h\u1eb9p, nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t bay qua khe s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ta cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cv\u00e2n giao thoa\u201d \u2013 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ... \u201cs\u00f3ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t\u201d (xem m\u1ee5c 3.5.4c). 2. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh* N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean hay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh Galileo hay \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 1 Newton. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tinh quanh M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v.v.. (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a electron quanh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed) \u0111\u1ec1u trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201ct\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u2013 l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c l\u1ef1c t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt tr\u1edb tr\u00eau l\u00e0 l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00f2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u201cth\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u\u201d. \u00dd ki\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u201c\u1ea3o\u201d gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh v\u1eady, m\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn g\u00e2y ra; n\u1ebfu l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c: c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n Thi\u00ean h\u00e0, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u00e0 kh\u00e1c... m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 270 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang! N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u (theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc Euclid) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n! Qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady! Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafng l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ec7 tinh tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o th\u00eam n\u1eefa (l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u201ccoi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0o!!!) V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u1eady? Ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean l\u00fd qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd sao? Theo C\u0110M, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u theo ngh\u0129a trong kh\u00f4ng gian Euclid m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u\u201d trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ea7u, do \u0111\u00f3, chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201cth\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng theo qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u201ctr\u00f2n\u201d c\u00f3 t\u00e2m tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, v\u00ec c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf\u201d ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf m\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m th\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201ctr\u00f2n\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00ean trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng (xem m\u1ee5c 1.1.2). 3. X\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Newton Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Newton, khi m\u1ed9t x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc quay s\u1ebd x\u1ea9y ra hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f5ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc trong x\u00f4 d\u1ed3n \u00e9p ra b\u00ean th\u00e0nh x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y v\u1eabn x\u1ea9y ra d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c trong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 - chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng phi qu\u00e1n","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 271 t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ef7 m\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u1ed1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m a=V2\/R m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng sao t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u1ed1c ly t\u00e2m, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 2 Newton. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00ecnh ra \u1edf x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 quay quanh m\u00ecnh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m. Trong th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m d\u00f9ng s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y quay m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng quay c\u1ee7a v\u1ec7 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o xung quanh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u1ed1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia t\u1ed1c ly t\u00e2m, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u1ef1c ly t\u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ef1c \u1ea3o\u201d! Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u201c\u1ea3o\u201d l\u1ebd n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i sinh ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c? L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u1eadt ra r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 HQC v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean, th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u hay r\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do? N\u1ebfu coi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec khi c\u00e1i x\u00f4 quay, n\u01b0\u1edbc trong x\u00f4 c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00ean t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u00e9p\u201d v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh x\u00f4 g\u00e2y n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, theo HQC g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i x\u00f4 s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, c\u00f2n trong HQC c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c \u201ctrong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d, theo C\u0110M, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng gian ngo\u1ea1i vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eefa v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Khi \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t t\u1eeb HQC c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cquay\u201d n\u00e0o n\u1eefa v\u00e0 do v\u1eady m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong x\u00f4 v\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 c\u1ed1 \u201cgi\u1ea3 s\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 quay x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t trong V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1ea5y\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng phi qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i do m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc trong x\u00f4 s\u1ebd v\u00f5ng xu\u1ed1ng. Song, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea5m \u0103n x\u00f4i\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4i v\u00ec khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201cquay\u201d x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i \u201cx\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u1eefa \u2013 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean x\u00f4 n\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong x\u00f4 s\u1ebd d\u1ed3n ra th\u00e0nh x\u00f4 ch\u1ee9 ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng phi qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c quay tr\u00ean qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ec7","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 272 tinh hay h\u00e0nh tinh, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 quay \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi l\u1ef1c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3. 4. S\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb - dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ether hay c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng* Theo thuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb Maxwell, s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng... X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Maxwell l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 tr\u1ee5c to\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ec1 c\u00e1c X,Y,Z th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 th\u00ec bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho n\u00f3 \u201clan truy\u1ec1n\u201d- d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ckh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ether\u201d v\u00ec ether l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t huy\u1ec5n ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ether, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d \u2013 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cv\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng\u201d v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng v\u1eabn t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng \u2013 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb l\u00e0 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n s\u00f3ng thay cho ether ho\u1eb7c ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 s\u00f3ng ngang m\u00e0 s\u00f3ng ngang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1eb3ng h\u00f3a ra tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb c\u0169ng \u201cr\u1eafn\u201d hay sao? Ch\u1eafc m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m\u201d v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c lan truy\u1ec1n \u201cs\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb\u201d v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t minh ra radio. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9, th\u1eadt ra ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cb\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng\u201dg\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ee9? - m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t\u201d, m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthu\u201d, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n \u00e1p bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean trong hai m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0\u2026h\u1ebft! C\u00e1i m\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u201cph\u00e1t\u201d ra ho\u1eb7c \u201cthu\u201d v\u1ec1, hay c\u00e1i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa hai m\u00e1y \u201cthu\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u00f3 ai \u201cth\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft\u201d kh\u00f4ng? Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u1ea3! Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. V\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi tr\u00ed \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 273 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1edd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Song c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, hay b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0 duy l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u sai b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Theo C\u0110M, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t photon bay trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf (v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c = 300.000 km\/s trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n), v\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n s\u00f3ng n\u00e0o h\u1ebft (xem m\u1ee5c 3.4.3). 5. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng con mu\u1ed7i\u201d* \u201c\u0110\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do c\u00e1i v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng con mu\u1ed7i\u201d. V\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh (c\u1ea3 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc Newton l\u1eabn Einstein), m\u1ecdi quy lu\u1eadt v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau trong c\u00e1c HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u00ea t\u00ednh ngay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con mu\u1ed7i (c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng MM) \u0111ang bay v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V: KM = MMV 2 . (P5.1) 2 Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i, Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng: K\u0110 = M \u0110V 2 . (P5.2) 2 v\u1edbi M\u0110 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed con mu\u1ed7i v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean th\u00e0nh V\u2019, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng: \u2206K \u0110 = M \u0110 \u2206V 2 , (P5.3) 2 c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i s\u1ebd b\u1eb1ng:","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 274 \u2206K M = M M \u2206V 2 , (P5.4) 2 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u2206V2 = V\u20192 \u2013 V2. Gi\u1ea3 s\u1eed MM = 2x10-6kg; \u2206V2 =1(m\/s)2 th\u00ec s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 10-6J \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xem ra kh\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ea5y c\u00e1i v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng 3x1024J \u2013 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ra v\u1eady n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 do t\u1eeb ... \u201cm\u1ea5y c\u00e1i v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i\u201d? Theo C\u0110M, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u1ea7n t\u00ednh qua kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh chung c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t - n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng: m= MMMD \u2248 MM = 2x10\u22126 kg. MM +MD v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t do m\u1ea5y c\u00e1i v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con mu\u1ed7i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 10-6J, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ta khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (xem kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh m\u1ee5c 2.1.4). C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u0103ng x\u00e9t t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u201ccon mu\u1ed7i v\u1ed7 c\u00e1nh\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c t\u1eeb V1 l\u00ean V2 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00ean Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 t\u0103ng v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 t\u00ean l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ea9y Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t), khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3! Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Galileo (theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Galileo) v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i Lorenz (theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i Einstein) ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng (x, y,z), th\u1eddi gian (t) v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c V(t) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 a(t), kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh m v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng F, th\u00e0nh ra khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 2 Newton \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i b\u00e0i to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u2013 khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean v\u1eadt th\u00ec HQC \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0","PH\u1ee4 L\u1ee4C 275 HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh n\u1eefa. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n (c\u1ea3 Newton, c\u1ea3 Einstein), l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u1edf m\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfp theo. 6. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c* Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cH\u1ec7 quy chi\u1ebfu qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh\u201d t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t HQC t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc cho t\u1edbi nay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc x\u1ea9y ra trong c\u00e1c HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gia t\u1ed1c th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\u201d c\u0169ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u1ea3o gi\u00e1c\u201d v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c nh\u01b0ng khi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c\u201d n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 v\u1eeba m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00ec t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t HQC qu\u00e1n t\u00ednh. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, khi c\u1ed1 ki\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 2 Newton trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn sai l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng con mu\u1ed7i\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c E = mc2 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt 2 Newton \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111ang xem x\u00e9t m\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a TTH. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 tr\u1edb tr\u00eau! - \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u1ea3o gi\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. 7. Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng* Ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng gian tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng, kh\u00f4ng \u201cch\u1ee9a\u201d v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u201cg\u1eafn\u201d kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn = kh\u00f4ng-th\u1eddi"]
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