Companion to Sparta II

770 Index Argos (cont’d ) on military training in Sparta, 23, 26 enmity with Sparta, 26, 296, 299, 313, on political system of Sparta, 491–492 334, 358 on public finances of Sparta, 41, 50 and Peloponnesian League, 277, 356 on reproduction, 746 poets, 181 on sexuality, 18 union with Corinth, 336, 338, 366 on sports, 551 on virtue, 104, 752 Ariobarzanes, Phrygian satrap, 382 on women, 6, 109, 215, 219, 325, 500, Aristagoras of Miletos, 271–272, 465 aristocracy 508, 511, 587 works: Politics, 5, 33, 100, 109–110, 206, Ancient Greek, 22, 34, 64, 65, 84, 139, 140, 146: Spartan see Spartan aristocracy 207, 454, 469, 500, 551, 576, 587, 725, 746: see also Constitution of the British, 670, 730, 733, 753, 756 Lakedaimonians (attrib. Aristotle) French, 733 Arkadia, 182, 204, 209, 296, 379 as political elite, 22, 490, 587 confederacy see Arkadian League type of governance, 33, 50, 707 and Peloponnesian League, 379 Aristodamos, legendary founder of Sparta, and Sparta, 393 strategic importance, 379 453, 470 urban development, 67, 79 Aristodamos (Aristodemos), Spartan Arkadian League, 344, 354–355, 367–369, 381 ‘trembler’, 24, 284, 494 alliance with Athens, 368–369 at Plataia, 494 alliance with Boiotia, 368 Aristomenes, Messenian hero, 378, 580 break up, 369–370 Ariston, king of Sparta, 356, 490, 509 control of Olympia, 369 Aristophanes, 179 internal conflicts, 369, 382 on Helen of Troy, 190–191 relations with Sparta, 209, 226, 344, 363, Lysistrata, 177, 500, 502, 555–556 369, 379, 381 on Sparta‐imitators, 202, 216, 236 standing army, 355, 369 on women, 500, 504–505, 507, 537, Theban support, 379 Arkesilas I, king of Cyrene, 127, 128 555, 559 Arkesilas II, king of Cyrene, 128, 164 aristopoliteia competition, 403 Arnold, Thomas, 727–732 Aristotle, 5 as counterpart to Lykourgos, 727 curriculum reform, 729 on austerity in Sparta, 217 Rugby headmaster, 727, 729, 738, 740 on battle of Leuktra, 374 and Sparta, 728 on communal dining, 249, 254–255, 529 art (technē) in Antiquity, 154 on demography of Sparta, 42, 238 historians of, 154–155, 173 on dowries, 5, 87 Laconian see Laconian art on dyarchy of Sparta, 294, 445, 454 and Spartan austerity, 163 on economic inequality in Sparta, 204, style, 154–155 Artaxerxes II, king of Persia, 327, 338 215, 325 diplomacy, 333, 337–338, 366 on education system of Sparta, 535, 725 Greek peace treaty see Peace of on egalitarianism in Sparta, 482 Antalkides on ephorate, 462 revolts against, 382 on foreign policy of Sparta, 356 Artemis Kariatis, 442 on helots, 25, 567, 588 Artemis Knagia, 650 on hero cults, 447 Artemis Limnatis, 442 on hoplites, 195 on koinōnia, 46 on land tenure in Sparta, 41, 43, 325, 581, 587, 590n23 on military organization of Sparta, 48, 240

Index 771 Artemis Orthia, 66 foreign policy, 331–348: Peloponnesian artefacts, 503 War, 303–316; Persian Wars, 279, 361 and coinage, 433, 646 contests, 548, 647 hero cults, 444 initiation rites, 547, 646–647 King’s Peace see Peace of Antalkidas inscriptions, 69, 412 military commanders, 23 and Lykourgos, 94 naval supremacy, 277, 283, 293, 299, 304, ritual masks, 76, 436 rituals, 417, 431, 483, 484: see also ritual 307, 308, 315 flagellation port see Peiraieus as sanctuary, 190 rivalry with Sparta, 6, 9, 32–33, 291 statues at Messene, 433 rule of the Thirty, 100, 318, 322, 323, temples, 64, 67, 431, 648 vases, 125, 129, 132 332–333, 334 votive offerings, 21, 63, 64, 161, 503, 511 surrender to Macedonia, 389 see also Orthia, cult of survival after defeat, 316–317, 322, 323 see also Athenocentrism; Attica; Delian Asia Minor, Spartan policy in, 326–333, 466 Atarneus, siege of, 328 League; Second Athenian Confederacy Athena Chalkioikos, sanctuary of, 66, 67, athletic contests, 76, 545, 551 75, 76 ceremonial, 181–182 place of refuge, 107, 109, 282, 392 civic, 548–549 sculpture, 163, 173, 433 dress, 554, 557–558 temple building, 431, 652 as initiation rites, 547, 556 vases, 63, 125, 129 private, 651 Athenaeus (Athenaios) of Naucratis, 245, 246, see also Gymnopaidiai festival; Olympic 437–438 Games Deipnosophistai, 437, 440 athletics, 543–560 Athenian empire, 27, 630 defeat by Sparta, 3, 4, 312, 320–321 contests see athletic contests origins, 294 education, 177, 181–182, 409–410, 537 recognition by Sparta, 302 memorials, 544 Athenian playwrights, 33 and military training, 551 Athenocentrism, xiv, 134, 459, 502 nudity see under nudity Atheno‐Peloponnesian War see First sources, 543–545, 558 tracks, 506, 516, 559, 650, 651 Peloponnesian War women’s involvement, 445, 505–507, 537 Athens, 144, 481, 682 wrestling, 505–506 Attica (Attike), 73, 79 alliance with Sparta, 274, 275–276: see also Athens see Athens Oath of Plataia language, 729 pottery, 20, 127, 130, 131, 132, architecture, 431 burials, 222 135–137, 139 civil war, 323 Spartan invasions of, 298, 302, 304, 305, compared with Sparta, 172–173, 509, 510, 307, 308, 314 669, 676, 715 see also Attic towns defeat by Sparta, 315–316, 322 Augustus see Octavian democracy, 27, 100, 301, 332–333, 357, Aulon, perioikic polis of Sparta, 326, 606, 618 Aurelii family of Sparta, 414 453, 669 austerity in Sparta, 202–227 dialect, 729 appeal to early Americans, 705 egalitarian reforms, 257 cause of, 566 empire see Athenian empire and education, 526: see also education, Spartan ephebic oath, 240 and egalitarianism, 576: see also egalitarianism in Sparta

772 Index austerity in Sparta (cont’d ) Blyton, Enid, 744 evidence for, 12, 138–139, 163, 172, Boas, Frank, 660 213–214, 636–637 Bodin, Jean, 666 at funerals, 220–223 Boiotia gender, 224–225 institution of, 203–208 Athenian control of, 301, 302 legislation, 172, 575 as battlefield, 279, 280, 281 and physical fitness, 217–218 confederacy see Boiotian league political, 172 relations with Sparta, 313, 332, purpose, 237 as response to crisis, 225–227 334, 344 and syssitia, 146, 236, 241–242, 247, snub to Agesilaos, 333 255–256: see also syssitia see also Koroneia, battle of; Plataia, battle of; at weddings, 219–220 and women, 146, 587 Tanagra, battle of and youth, 256: see also youth of Sparta Boiotian League, 334, 339–340 Austria, 693 alliance with Arkadia, 368, 369 autonomia, 376, 384 and Thebes, 598 Böll, Heinrich, 685, 686 Persian interpretation see Peace of booty see war booty Antalkidas Boreads Painter, 130, 131, 141, 148 influence, 134 Roman interpretation, 397 origins, 131, 132 Avramović, Sima, 325 and sanctuary of Hera, 140 workshop, 140, 164 Bacchylides, Idas, 443 Bossuet, Jacques‐Bénigne, 666 Baldwin, Stanley, 751 Discours sur l’histoire universelle, 666 Barker, Ernest, 35 Boston, Massachusetts, 706 Barrès, Maurice, 682 Brasidas, Spartan commander, 9, 22, 23, 295, Un voyage à Sparte, 682 312, 495 barter economy, 573, 575, 586, 588 death, 14, 313, 495, 656 Barthélémy, Abbé Jean‐Jacques, 680 diplomacy, 312, 495 as hero, 75, 311, 313, 656 Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce, 680 and irregular forces, 311–312, 750 Bathykles of Magnesia, 164, 168 jealousy towards, 313 Battle of the Champions, 222, 277, 358, 378 northern campaign, 311–313 Battle of the Crocus Field, 385 tomb, 654–655 Bayle, Pierre, 667 British Empire, 732, 738, 752, 755 bronze, use of, 64, 156, 163, 165–169, 170, Dictionnaire historique et critique, 667 Beattie, A.J., 70 214, 361 Beavis and Butthead, 743 armour, 73, 218, 225 Bebel, August, 691 bells, 511 Beer, Ian, 744 bronzesmiths, 25, 70, 163 Beloch, Karl Julius, 93, 691 chronology, 171 Benn, Gottfried, 693 figurines see bronze statuettes Bernstein, Alvin, 715, 716 globes, 63 Berve, Helmut, 695, 697–698, 699, jewellery, 68 mirrors, 167, 169 700, 701 reliefs, 163, 224 Griechische Geschichte, 695 sports equipment, 132 Bethe, Erich, 693 statues, 64, 285 Billy Bunter character (Richards), 734, tableware, 70, 166, 169, 243, 254 742–743

Index 773 tablets, 271 perioikoi, 608 vases, 144, 167, 169 royal dynasties, 470 Bronze Age, 62, 74, 379 works, 718 bronze statuettes, 149, 156–157, 159–160, Catherine II, empress of Russia, 677, 678 cavalry, 14, 328, 335 166–169, 170, 361, 557 Athenian, 328 athletes, 166, 503, 504, 505, 506, 507, horses, 47 at Leuktra, 343–344 553, 554 Persian, 280, 281 chariots, 515 Pharsalian, 335 birds, 156 use of, 281, 309, 329–330, 343–344 chronology, 171 Chaeronea, battle of, 385 hoplites, 167 Chalkidike, cities of, 335, 339 horses, 64, 156, 165 Chamberlain, Neville, 751 iconography, 157, 169, 172, 197 Charilaos, lawgiver of Sparta, 97, 103, survival, 64 votive, 161, 167, 503 117n51 see also Laconian sculpture minority, 107, 109 Burckhardt, Jacob, 691, 695 chariot racing, 49–50, 215, 545, 549, 552 Griechische Kulturgeschichte, 691 female participation, 442, 445, 511, 657 burials, 63, 84, 221–223 financial aspect, 552, 554 grave goods, 128, 137, 141, Olympic victories, 657: see also individual 221–222, 481 victors mourning, 220–221, 222 Spartan dominance of, 551–552 rituals, 68–69, 75 Charites, cult of, 178, 183 royal, 69, 472 Charondas, lawgiver of Sicily, 104 war graves see war graves Charterhouse School, 746 see also funeral ceremonies; tombs Cheirisophos, Spartan commander, 25 Busolt, Georg, Griechische Geschichte, 691 Child, Lydia Marie, 711 Butler, H.M., 745 children’s literature, 743–744 Butler, R.A., 755 Chileus of Tegea, 280 Byzantion (Byzantium), 315, 327 Chilon, ephor of Sparta, 16, 69, 138, 172, Caesar Augustus see Octavian 273, 657 Calame, Claude, 504, 538 hero cult, 444, 445, 446, 652, 657 Cameron, David, 751 Chilonis of Sparta, 389 Canada, 712 Chios, 134, 341 Cape Artemision, 279 choral contests, 179, 181, 439–440 Cape Artemision, battle of, 277 choral dancing, 441, 442, 504, 538, 545, 554, Cape Malea, 634 Cape Tainaron, 633, 652 561n6 Caria (Karia), 328, 329 Chremonidean War, 389 Carthage, 405 Christ, Karl, 701 Cartledge, Paul, 455 Christesen, Paul, 361 chronology, 112 civic priesthood, 417 education system of Sparta, 17, art, 20, 65, 79, 128, 145, 167, 170–172 common messes, 254 487, 526 historical, 319n7, 332, 405–406 guest‐friendship, 361 Lykourgos, 97, 103–104, 112n1, hippeis, 489 on Lykourgan reforms, 390, 396 114n22, 226 myth of Sparta, 454, 665 roads and quarries, 617–618 Chrysapha reliefs, 627

774 Index Churchill, Winston S., 745, 751, 753 Constant, Benjamin, 681 Cicero, 84, 646 Constitution of the Lakedaimonians (attrib. citizenship of Sparta, 8, 12, 19 Aristotle), 97, 106–107, 115n31, 206 as corporate body, 36–37, 211–213, source for Plutarch, 108, 109 226–227 Constitution (Polity) of the Lakedaimonians financial demands on, 211, 213, 325–326, (Xenophon), 5, 36, 39, 44, 544 346, 481 athletics, 544, 545–546 austerity, 41 justice see legal system of Sparta ball games, 647, 728 and land ownership, 211, 228n18, 325, 390 economic reform, 204, 321 lifestyle, 225–226 education, 37, 348 loss of, 17, 585: see also Inferiors class of graves, 221 kingship, 445, 454, 469 Sparta Lykourgos, 33, 103 and military service, 226, 377, 493–494, military success, 12, 602 religion, 469 610–611 source for Plutarch, 98 numbers, 17, 212: see also demography of Spartan exceptionalism, 419, 445, 596 women, 219, 502 Sparta Cooper, Frederick, 631, 633, 636 opening up of, 19, 391, 393 Corinth, 63–64, 357–358 private wealth, 16–17 architectural style, 86 second‐class see Inferiors artistic influence, 125, 126, 127, 130, and syssitia, 236, 529, 576 in trade, 211, 212 144, 145 upbringing see education, Spartan capture by Sparta, 336–337 see also Spartiates conquest by Rome, 405 civil competitions, 548–549 Hellenic Congress, 338 civil wars, Greek, 323, 408 internal divisions, 336, 337 brutality, 108 isthmos see Isthmos of Corinth caused by social inequalities, 46 membership of Peloponnesian League, modern era, 15 reconciliation, 323 334, 366 Thucydides’ account, 295–296 and Peloponnesian War, 303–304 Clarendon Commission, 723, 724, 726, 746 relations with Athens, 304 classical period Sparta, 16, 74–79, 80 relations with Sparta, 303, 313, 331, 336, Clemenceau, Georges, 682 Cloché, Paul, 467 356: see also Corinthian War coinage of Sparta, 43–44, 83, 208–211, statuary, 434 union with Argos, 336, 338, 366, 516 230n41 Corinthian War, 333–334, 335–337, 365–366 ‘black market’, 586 origins of, 365 and fines, 230n39 peace treaty see Peace of Antalkidas introduction of silver, 390 corporal punishment, 37, 534, 735–736, 757 low value of, 44, 50, 208, 210–211, 212, see also flagellation Cotton, George E.C., 727, 737 230n48 Coulange, Fustel de, Etude sur la propriété à restrictions, 203, 208–211, 317 Roman, 406, 407, 409 Sparte, 682 use of foreign currency, 43, 50, 83, 203, Council of Elders (Gerousia), 34, 40, 48, 208–210, 586, 637 460–461, 491–492 and war booty, 317–318, 325, 586 appointment, 49, 461, 491–492 communal dining, 236–258 constitutional position, 460–461 see also syssitia of Sparta and dyarchy, 461, 467 communications see infrastructure of Sparta; road network; roads

Index 775 ex officio members, 467 Athens expedition, 357 factions, 461 birth, 273 foundation, 98 defection to Persia, 274–275, 276 influence, 388, 393, 491 exile, 293, 457 as judicial court, 461 feud with Kleomenes I, 452, 457, Kleomenes’ reform, 393 cowardice, 500, 560 458, 459 as deviance, 742–743 marriage, 508–509 military, 304, 751 Damonon, Spartan equestrian, 549, 553 punishment for, 24, 34, 45, 260n46, Damonon Inscription, 485, 553, 562n18 dance, 504–505, 546 560, 742 choral, 441, 442, 504, 538, 545, 554, Cowper, William, 732–733, 746 Crete, 33, 41 561n6 female, 441, 442, 504, 538 and Persia, 386 festivals, 67, 223–224, 439 syssitia, 238, 576 male, 546 visit of Lykourgos, 102 see also music in Sparta; and under see also Minos, king of Crete; Mycenae Crompton, Richmal, Just William, 744 Gymnopaidiai Crowther, Nigel, 549 Darius I, king of Persia, 273–274 cult feasting see sacrificial feasts Darius II, king of Persia, 327 cultural memory, 643–644 Dark Age Sparta, 61–65 Spartan see under Roman Sparta Darré, Richard Walther, 697 culture of Sparta, 8–10 Daskyleion, 330 art see Laconian art Däubler, Theodor, 693 austerity see austerity in Sparta David, Ephraim, 114nn22, 27 courage, 14, 15, 21, 22, 23–24, 196, 295, debt, problem of, 212, 213, 325–326 de Chastellux, François‐Jean, 678 304, 413–414 festivals see festivals in Sparta De la félicité publique, 678 lying see Spartan duplicity de Gaulle, Charles, 754, 755 military excellence, 8–9, 11 Decree of Chremonides, 473 music see music in Sparta Deiniadas, Spartan commander, 603 religion see religion of Sparta Dekeleia, 314, 331 as stereotype, 9 Delian League, xiv, 580 storytelling, 12–14 Delphi see also propaganda, Spartan Curtius, Ernst, 690–691 oracle of Apollo see Delphic oracle Griechische Geschichte, 690 peace talks, 368 Cyprus, 338, 388 as proxy for Thebes, 384 Cyrene, Greek colony, 138, 141, 659 Delphic oracle, 69, 96, 97 Demeter sanctuary, 141 bribery of, 274, 310, 470 and Laconian pottery, 127, 130, 141, 145 confirmation of dyarchy, 445 medicine, 127 Lykourgos and, 99, 100–102, 460: see also Cyrus, king of Persia, 272 Cyrus, prince of Persia, 322, 327 “Great” Rhetra, the revolt, 327 management of see Amphktyony, the Spartan obedience to, 429 d’Alembert, Jean, 673–674 Spartan influence at, 301, 383–384 d’Holbach, Paul Henri, 678 and Thermopylai, 279 Damaratos (Demaratos), king of Sparta, 220, wars over, 383–384 de Mably see Mably 254, 272, 284, 596, 597 Demaratos see Damaratos, king of Sparta Demetrios Poliorketes, 388 Demetrios of Skepsis, 437, 438

776 Index democracy in Antiquity and dyarchy, 433, 470, 471 Argos, 367 festival, 419 Athens, 27, 100, 301, 332–333, 357, as heroes, 184, 189–190, 418, 419, 443 453, 669 iconography, 419 Elis, 297 identification with Sparta, 411, 415, 418 Sparta, 680 marriage, 179, 183–184, 190 Tegea, 367, 379 morality, 737 Thebes, 332, 340 in poetry, 179, 190 representations of, 433 democracy, modern, 669 wives see Leukippidai demography of Sparta Dipaieis, battle of, 296 Disk of Iphitos, 97, 103–104, 116n41 and 460s earthquake, 580–581 Dissoi Logoi (anon.), 557 citizenry, 238–239, 252–253, 258n11, 346, divination, 26, 300, 301–302, 309–310, 429 see also Delphic oracle; oracles; Pythioi 390, 481, 485, 579, 751 divorce, 272, 457, 462, 509 helots, 262n86, 578–579, 580 Dorian Sparta, 62, 97, 98, 569–570, 571–572 and military casualties, 391, 513 festivals, 181–182, 437 and Peloponnesian War, 582–583 military organization, 250 population decline see population decline in German idealization of, 689, 691, 696–700 pottery styles, 124, 132 Sparta reminiscences of, 653 population growth, 276, 578–580 tribes, 192, 250 Demosthenes, 52n15, 216, 611, 677 Dorieus of Sparta, 253, 254, 272, 273 works: Against Leptines, 34; For the Dorkis, Spartan commander, 283, 293 Douris of Samos, 446–447 Megalopolitans, 370 Dowding, Hugh, 753 Derkylidas, Spartan commander, 328 dowries, 41, 511–512, 581 Descartes, René, Discours, 666 absence of, 220 Dew, Thomas Roderick, 710 competitive, 41, 584, 587 Dickinson, John, 705–706, 709 control of, 41 Diderot, Denis, 677–678, 682 and female land ownership, 41, 110, Politique des souverains, 677–678 511–512 Dikaiarkhos (Dikaiarchos/Dicaearchus) of legal restrictions, 110, 220, 579 Ducat, Jean, 378 Messene, 533, 576 on age sets, 526, 528 Constitution of the Lakedaimonians on education, Spartan, 525, 545–546, 547 on women, 537, 539 (Spartiates), 533, 660 Durkheim, Emile, 435 Tripolitikos, 240–241, 242, 576 dyarchy of Sparta, 183, 272–274, 452–475, Dio of Prusa, 403 Diodorus of Sicily, 116n38, 296–297, 489–490, 588, 623 abolition, 386, 395 321, 367 accountability, 462–463, 464, 468 on Corinth–Argos union, 336 bodyguards, 471: see also hippeis on Peace of Antalkidas, 338, 340 constitutional limits, 293, 459–464, 467 on Thermopylai, 278, 279 conversion to monarchy, 455 Dionysios of Halikarnassos, 40–41 creation, 98, 101 Dionysios of Sicily, 347 and Dioskouroi, 433, 470, 471 Dionysodotos the Laconian, 182 divine right, 445, 469–471 Dionysos, god of wine, 440–441 dynastic politics, 514 festivals, 441, 442 Dionysos Kolonatas, 184 Dioskouroi, 183, 418–419, 431, 470, 650 coinage, 83 cult, 178, 183, 196, 407, 418–419, 470, 650–651 descent from, 412

Index 777 and foreign policy, 468 and citizenship, 526–527 friction, 273–274, 514 collective aspect, 482–487, 489, 525, genealogies, 104, 116n44, 273, 452, 526–527, 533, 534, 748 456, 470 communal dining, 236, 245–247 and Gerousia, 467 compared with other Greek, 30, 482, 483 Hellenistic period, 473–475, 518 competitive, 483, 540 inheritance, 457 compulsory, 9, 36 judicial role, 462 conservative quality, 527 king lists, 375, 453, 470 discipline, 37, 45, 219, 525, 528, 531–532, longevity, 446 military leadership, 468–469 534: see also corporal punishment; origins, 453 flagellation and perioikoi, 604–606, 610 egalitarian ethos, 481, 482 political influence, 467–468 eugenic purpose, 537 powers, 458, 462, 489, 517–518 family support for, 37–38 propaganda, 293 for girls, 503–508, 527, 537–539 religious authority, 469, 471 and homosexuality, 16, 37, 180, 538, 738: sources, 454–455, 459 see also pederasty uniqueness, 490 importance of, 5, 6 wealth of, 467, 604 literacy see under literacy see also Agiad dynasty; Eurypontid dynasty; military purposes, 533, 535 music see under music in Sparta and individual kings German nationalist imitation, 696 non‐Spartiate participation, 497n4 earthquake (mid‐460s), 298, 529 private tutors, 546 casualties, 298, 580 Roman period, 406, 416, 646 effect on Sparta, 21, 298, 552, 567, 575, scholarly view, 489, 527–528 580–581 stages, 527–531 and helot revolt, 21, 108, 286n27, supervision, 37, 484–485, 532 298, 581 and theft, 483–484, 529 as divine retribution, 430 trophimoi, 605 wrestling, 505–506, 537, 539 economic inequalities in Sparta, 16–17, egalitarianism in Sparta, 6, 481–482, 46–47, 295 490, 572 and austerity, 227, 576 and debt, 212, 213, 325–326 education system, 481, 747 and education, 49–50 and French revolutionary theory, 681–683 and festivals, 223–224 land distribution, 110, 238 and loss of Messenia, 391 reasons for, 203 and reform, 46, 107, 203–209, 211–212, syssitia, 249, 255–258; see also syssitia of Sparta 226–227, 589 Western admiration, 588–589 see also egalitarianism in Sparta; sumptuary see also Spartan ‘Similarity’; Egypt, 141, 382, 474 legislation Ehrenberg, Victor, 44, 695 education, British see Public Schools, British Neugründer des Staates, 695 educational reform, 728–729 Elaphonissos, 616, 618, 619, 623, 623 education, Spartan, 5, 218–219, 482–483, Eleusinion festival, 441 Elis, 296–297, 331, 359 525–540 alliances, 332, 359, 367, 369 age set system, 182, 431, 481–482, city of, 331–332 527–530 assessments, 484–485 athletics, 177, 181–182, 409–410 British Public School imitation see under Public Schools, British

778 Index Elis (cont’d ) training, 409 democracy, 297 and war, 346, 393 Persian War, 359 Ephoros of Kyme, 97, 209, 321 war with Sparta, 331–332, 363, 364 account of Thermopylai, 278 see also under foreign policy of Sparta on coinage, 230n41 legend of Lykourgos, 102–103, 113n18 elitism, 219–220, 221, 227, 410, 481, on phiditia, 249 489, 490 in Strabo, 100 Epidauros Limera, 78 and heroic descent, 490–491 Epimenides of Crete, 67, 656 L’Encyclopédie, 673–674, 675–676 Epitadeus, ephor of Sparta, 111, 204, 205 Engels, Friedrich, The Origin of the Family, as fictitious character, 110 rhētra, 109–110, 325–326, 584–585 Private Property and the State, 691 equestrianism, 43, 485, 549, 552 English Public Schools see Public Schools, see also chariot racing Eratosthenes, Letter to Agetor the Lakonian, British Enlightenment, 689, 690 242–243 Eton College, 724, 730, 746, 750, 752 comparison of Athens and Sparta Philosophes, 676–677: see also Voltaire alumni, 736, 750, 751 Physiocrats, 671 culture, 744 view of Athens, 669, 676, 688–689 indiscipline, 734, 746 view of Sparta, 669–678, 687–689 literature on, 725–726 epaikla, 241, 242, 243, 247 Etruria, Laconian pottery in, 126, 140–141, as fines, 245, 246 Epameinondas, Theban commander, 342, 146, 147 Etruscan civilization, 139, 141 343, 369, 376, 382 altercation with Agesilaos II, 343 grave goods, 137, 141 establishment of Messene, 586, 598 trade, 139, 143 at Leuktra, 586 Euboia, island of, 302, 315 at Mantineia, 382 Eudamidas I, king of Sparta, 375, 387 invasion of Laconia, 379–380, Eudamidas II, king of Sparta, 390 Eudamidas III, king of Sparta, 458, 474 567, 586 euergetism, 404, 406, 411, 414, 415 tactical innovation, 344 Eukleidas, king of Sparta, 393, 394, Ephesos, 25, 329 ephorate of Sparta, 382, 460–463, 455, 458 Eunomos, 97, 104 492–493, 530 Euphron, tyrant of Sikyon, 368 age limits, 492 Euripides, 77, 179, 454, 555 annual appointment, 467, 492, 493 Antigonid reform, 394–395 works: Andromache, 454, 459, 500, 506, and assembly, 461 511, 555, 558; Helen, 184–185, 191, and communal messes, 588 442, 454, 504, 559; Iphigenia at constitutional position, 393, 460, Aulis, 454, 459; Orestes, 454; Trojan Women, 454 462–463, 579 creation, 99, 100–101, 108 Eurotas river, 442, 504, 506, 559, 629 educational role, 533 Eurotas valley, 618–619 institution of, 461, 526 judicial role, 212, 462 bridge, 622 military role, 462, 468 core of Sparta, 567, 569, 570, 571, 574 oaths, 106, 686–687 Euryanax, Spartan commander, 280 powers, 461–462, 463 Eurybiadas, Spartan commander, 277, in republic, 394–395 Roman, 408 280, 652 royal opposition to, 101, 115n30, 393 Eurykleia festival, 407

Index 779 Eurykles, (Eurycles) C. Julius, 85, 405, 407, First Peloponnesian War, 299–302, 362 644–645 peace treaty, 302–303, 304, 362 at Actium, 408, 644 First World War, 692, 693, 741, autocracy, 86, 407, 645 751–752, 754 cultural patron, 645–646 dynasty, 407, 645 Fitzhugh, George, 709 links with Caesars, 407, 645, 646 flagellation, 27, 84–86, 436 Euryleonis, Olympic victor, 656 Eurypontid dynasty, 96–97, 193, 272 contest, 84, 86, 417, 646–647 and dyarchy, 386 erotic, 21, 27, 436 end of, 393 ritual see ritual flagellation genealogy, 104, 116n44, 273 as corporal punishment, 735 Peloponnesian War, 464 as tourist attraction, 21, 418, 436 as senior kings, 388 trial by, 64 see also individual kings Flamininus, T. Quinctius, 396, 397–398 Eurysthenes, king of Sparta, 98, 103, foreign policy of Sparta, 226, 296, 320–348, 105, 453 381, 388 executions, 10–11, 349n10 after Leuktra, 586–587 Aitolia, 332 of women, 392 Akarnania, 337 alliances, 313, 322, 338, 340–341, 364, feasting, 248 heavy drinking, 242, 243, 248, 369: see also Achaian League; Greek 250–251, 257 coalitions against Sparta; Peloponnesian kopis, 247–248 League private, 247, 248 Argos, 273, 301, 464, 600–601 sacrificial see sacrificial feasts Arkadia, 209, 226, 344, 363 Asia Minor, 326–331, 466 Fénélon, François de, 666 Athens, 337–341: see also First works: Les aventures de Télémaque, 666; Peloponnesian War Dialogues des morts, 666–667 Chalkidike, 339 Corinth see Corinthian War festivals in Sparta, 22, 223, 248, 435–441 and domestic unity, 395 and austerity, 223–224, 225, 437, 438–439 diplomacy, 314, 327–328, 333–334 dancing, 67, 146, 223–224, 439 Egypt, 382, 474 Dorian, 181–182, 437 Elis, 322, 331–332, 359, 363, 365, 369 evidence for, 435 Hellenistic period, 389–390 feasting see sacrificial feasts and helotage, 567: see also helots of Sparta masks, 75, 76, 436 Macedon, 384–385, 388 rituals, 223–224, 435–436 Messenia see under Messenia social function, 435 opportunism, 304–306, 319n6 women’s role, 224 Peloponnese, 339, 354–369: see also see also individual festivals First Peloponnesian War; Peloponnesian League; Peloponnesian War Figueira, Thomas J., 48, 49, 110, Persia, 327, 328–329: see also Persian Wars 602–603, 718 Phokis, 384 Rome, 407, 408 fines, 230n37, 245, 246, 365, 743 Tegea, 12, 15, 95, 296, 355, 356, 578 offences, 220, 248, 365, 475 Thebes see relations between Thebes and Sparta Finley, Moses I., xv, 52n3, 457, 700, 718 see also under individual Spartan kings First Alkibiades (attrib. Plato), 604–605 Forrest, George, xiii First Messenian War, 64, 100–101, 156, Förtsch, Reinhardt, 172 209, 653 and Spartan occupation, 64–65, 82, 197, 226, 237

780 Index France, 15, 753, 754 Romanticism, 689 internal division, 754–755 and Second World War, 697, 700, 753 parallels with Britain, 753 War Graves Commission, 693 reception history of Sparta, 665–683 Weimar Republic, 692 revolutionary, 15, 680–683, 733: see also Geronthrai, 78, 82, 622 French revolution Gerousia see Council of Elders Gildersleeve, Basil, 711–712 freed helots, 8, 9, 347, 566, 583–584 Gilpin, Robert, 715 as Inferiors, 347 Gitiadas, Laconian bronzesmith, 163 marriage to citizen women, 347 Glover, Richard, Leonidas, 687 murder of, 567, 582 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 688 in Spartan army, 8, 326, 347, 380, 394, works: Faust II, 688; Winckelmann und sein 583–584 Jahrhundert, 688 French revolution Gordonstoun School, 726 consequences, 689 Gorgias of Sicily, 516 fear of, 733 Gorgo of Sparta, 272, 275, 503, 539 influence of Greek antiquity, 681–683, 688 influence at court, 262n82, 272, 500, 514 funeral ceremonies, 68–69 lineage, 273 inscriptions, 75 marriage to Leonidas I, 275, 512, 514–515 royal, 77, 445–446, 472–473, 605 Gorgos, proxenos to the Eleans, 70, 359, 361 and Spartan austerity, 220–223, 481 Göring, Hermann, 685–686 votive offerings, 68 Gortyn, Crete, 43, 181, 511 women, 41, 42, 511, 512 Füssli, Johann Heinrich, 687 Gottsched, Johann Christoph, 687 Agis Konig zu Sparta, 687 Gaitskell, Hugh, 755 governance of Sparta see political system of Sparta Gallienus, Roman emperor, 406 grammar schools, British, 730 Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse, 277 “Great” Rhētra, the, 94, 112n4 Geneva, 673–674 constitution of Sparta, 98–99, 460 Geometric period of art, 124–125, 127, 128, dating, 98 kings’ divine sanction, 470 156, 165, 168 and Lykourgos, 97–99, 103, 111, 114n21 German National Socialism, 45 as oracle, 94, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102–103 Greece, modern, 15 admiration of Sparta, xiv, 44–45, 681, 685, Greek Archaeological Service, 67, 79, 87 693, 696–700 Greek coalitions against Sparta, 333–334, 335, and homoeroticism, 693, 698–699 339–340 land tenure, 697 Greek poetry, classical 185–186 and myth of Leonidas, 696 propaganda, 301, 685, 701 see also poetry in Sparta; and individual poets racial theories, 697–698 Grote, George, History of Greece, 690 youth movement, 693, 699 guerrilla warfare, 10, 11 Germany guest‐friendship, 47–48, 49, 133, 361, 418, classical studies, 686–692, 699, 700–701 First World War, 692, 693 590n10 Marxism, 691 Günther, Hans F.K., 698 Nazis see German National Socialism Guttmann, Allen, 545 nineteenth‐century nationalism, 690–691 Gylippos, Spartan commander, 24, 48–49, philhellenism, 692, 696 philology, 690 209, 750 political liberalism, 690 exile, 295, 315, 317, 325 reception history of Greek Antiquity, expedition to Syracuse, 308, 312, 314–315 and war booty, 325, 349n9 685–701, 731 Reformation, 686–687

Index 781 gymnasia, 25, 40, 410, 558 Helen of Troy, cult of, 184, 190–191, 442, architecture, 558–559 470, 557, 650–651 see also athletic competitions Helike, Akhaia, 254 Gymnopaidiai festival, 149, 344, 361, 429, Hellanikos of Lesbos, 97, 181 439–441, 655–656 Hellenic League, 276, 394, 567 Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (anon.), 321, 334, 336 choral contests, 439–440, 546 Hellenion, Sparta city, 651 dance, 67, 223–224, 439, 546 Hellenistic period, 82, 473–475 egalitarian nature, 223 and endurance, 439 language, 647 feasting, 247 society, 403–404 guests, 509 Sparta see Hellenistic Sparta importance of, 344, 429, 437, 439, 655 Hellenistic Sparta, 19, 79–84, 85, 87, music, 182, 184, 192, 656 nudity, 223, 225 374–399, 587–588 poetry, 183, 184 ephorate, 646 and Spartan identity, 439 foreign policy, 389–390, 474 venues, 67, 655 landholding, 82–83 Gytheion, 78, 380, 635, 638n20 monuments, 654 artificial port, 128, 630 political changes, 517–518 dockyard, 299 royal art, 173 perioikic community, 398 helot insurrection, 21, 109, 296, 298–299 public buildings, 86 Spartan fear of, 22, 25, 298 Roman, 408, 644 frequency, 11 opportunist, 26 Hadrian, emperor of Rome, 410, 412, 415, political instigation, 297–298 419, 658, 659 see also Second Messenian War; Third Hahn, Kurt, 726 Messenian War Hamilton, Alexander, 706, 708 helots of Sparta, 8, 72, 247, 530, 565–589 Hammond, James Henry, 710 Hampl, F., 608 as agricultural workers, 566, 573 Hansen, Mogens Herman, xv, 35–36 allotments, 571–576 Hanson, Victor Davis, 718 attacks by kryptoi, 109, 530, 567, 569 Harley, T. Rutherford, 724 compliance, 574, 578 harmosts, Spartan, 340, 341, 342, and economy of Sparta, 565, 572–574, 495–496 581, 583 see also individual harmosts education, 566 Harper, William, 710 eradication of leaders, 8, 9, 109, 310, 567, Harrow School, 725, 745, 746 alumni, 728, 744–745, 751, 753 578, 748 headmasters, 727, 730, 738, 744 exiles, 570, 578 and local society, 752 identification as Messenian, 298, 566, 580 political radicalism, 734 insurrections see helot insurrection riotous behaviour, 732, 733–734 Laconian, 394, 566 traditions, 744–745 and Lakedaimonian League, 644 Hegel, G.W.F., 689 levies on, 566, 571, 573–576, 577, 583 hegemony of Sparta, 3, 12, 27, 99, 291–299, military service, 278, 280–281, 286n1, 311, 378, 416, 753 319n7, 583 see also Spartan empire neodamōdeis see freed helots Hegesikles, king of Sparta, 356 origins, 566, 568 Heilmeyer, W.D., 168 plots, 13, 16, 19, 293, 326 population numbers, 17, 253, 262n86, 298, 311, 578–579, 580 and private property, 574

782 Index helots of Sparta (cont’d ) on hero cults, 444 relationships with Spartiates, 583 on inherited occupations, 491 religious freedom, 567 on kingship, 452–453, 458, 469, 470 ritual humiliation, 568–569, 577, 710, 748 on Kleomenes I, 13, 464–465 Roman period, 567 on Lykourgos, 96–97, 112n1, 447 as social class, 578, 747–748 on marriage rituals, 508, 509 tribute payments, 207, 211, 229n31 on military strategy, 25 unfree status, 30, 481, 566 on Peloponnesian League, 276–277, 356 see also Messenia on Peloponnesian War, 355 on perioikoi, 596 Helvétius, 679–680 on religion, 428, 469 De l’homme, 679–680 on royal funerals, 77, 605 on Spartan greed, 208 Henry IV, king of France, 666 on Spartan success, 12 Heraia Games, 554, 558 on political system of Sparta, 19, 98–99 Heraion, Samos, 138, 168 on society of Sparta, 163, 220 on women, 502, 514–515 Laconian vases at, 132–133, 137, 139, Hesiod, Theogony, 185, 186 140, 141 Hesychios (Hesychius) of Alexandria, Herakleia, daughter of Teisamenos, 411 437, 506 Herakleia in Trachis, 332, 335, 350n24 Hickson, Alisdare, 738 Herakles, mythical founder of Sparta, 144, hippeis, 471, 487–489, 530–531 183, 412, 649–650 age limit, 497nn5, 6 on coinage, 83, 390 Athenian, 571 descent from see Heraklids as police force, 497n5, 531, 607 divine paternity, 183, 445 rivalry, 487–488 folk memories, 410 selection, 487–489, 497, 531, 535 god of miners, 631 as standing army, 579, 607 as hero, 189, 650 Hippias of Elis, 361, 550 religious foundations, 650 Hippias, tyrant of Athens, 356, 357, 360 statues, 183, 434, 631, 649 Hippokoon, legendary king of Sparta, 189, Heraklids, 98, 103, 345, 411–412, 649–650, 653 650, 653 sons of, 189–190, 640, 649 and Delphic oracle, 413 Hipposthenes, Spartan athlete, 444 Lysandros see Lysandros (Lysander) Hitler, Adolf, 686, 696–697 royal dynasties, 468, 470, 490, 570 Hodkinson, Stephen, 7, 324, 346, 552 Herder, Johann Gottfried, 688 guest‐friendships, 361 Herippidas, Spartan commander, 332 Laconian art, 173 Hermippos of Smyrna, 108, 220 land ownership, 110, 575 hero reliefs, 69, 445 myth of Sparta, 665 Herodotos (Herodotus), Histories, xiv, 4, 32, Property and Wealth in Classical Sparta, 17, 447, 452–453, 455, 464–465, 502 202–203, 346 on battle of Plataia, 240, 280–282 Homer, 188, 193 on battle of Thermopylai, 24, 75, on Apollo, 307 278–279, 543 on the Peloponnese, 358 on common messes, 192, 239 on spoils of war, 204 on demography of Sparta, 237, 239 on war burials, 222 on dyarchy, 452–454, 457, 462, 514 see also Iliad; Odyssey on early history of Sparta, 272–277, Homeric diction, 181, 194 Homeric Hymns, 181, 185 453–454 on ephorate of Sparta, 461–462, 463 on foreign policy of Sparta, 292, 356, 363 on the Gerousia, 491

Index 783 homoeroticism India, colonial, 752, 754 German, 693, 698–699 industries, Spartan, 20, 72–74, 131, 144 in Spartan military units, 693, 738, 739–740 specialization, 27 infanticide, 110–111 homoioi of Sparta see Spartiates Inferiors class of Sparta, 254, 326, 346–347, homosexuality, 14 583–584, 750 celibate, 16 and citizenship, 391, 586–587 and education, 16, 37, 180, 737–740: conspiracies, 347 marriage, 220, 442 see also pederasty military service, 603 Spartan ideal, 15, 17–18 numbers, 17, 253, 254 women, 538 official suspicion of, 16, 584 Honey, J.R. de Symons, 728–729 and perioikoi, 584 Hope Simpson, R., 634 status, 42, 583 hoplites, 8–9, 12, 73, 194–195, 337, 583 infrastructure of Sparta, 77–78, 396, 615–638 artistic representation, 157, 160–161, 166, bridges, 77, 622 roads see road network of Sparta 167, 169, 194 quarries see quarries burial see war graves terrain, 619, 621 citizens, 254 initiation rituals, 547 dress, 94, 218, 221–222, 223, 225, athletic, 556 female, 504, 507, 539, 547 232n92 male, 547 social standing, 172, 195 inscriptions, 69, 70, 406, 485, 503 tactics, 194–195 civic, 597 Hughes, Thomas, 731, 735 funerary, 75, 597 Hugo, Victor, 681 Roman Sparta see under Roman Sparta Hunt Painter, 135–136, 137, 140, 165 rosso antico, 634 hunting, 39, 47, 246 international trade, 140, 214 Hyakinthia festival, 184, 187, 224, 429, artistic products, 132–133, 134, 137, 138, 438–439, 655 165–170 feasting, 247–248 Ion of Chios, 248 holiday, 280 Ionia, 62, 292–293 importance, 418 procession, 653, 655 alliance with Sparta, 282 role of women, 442, 655 art, 132, 164, 168 role of youth, 438 revolt, 271–274, 275, 282 singing at, 436–437, 438 trade with Sparta, 133–134, 139 see also Lydia, kingdom of; Samos Ibykos of Rhegium, 506, 557 Iphikrates, Athenian commander, 336, Iliad, 185, 188, 194, 195, 604 imperialism 337, 343 Isagoras of Athens, 357, 459 Athens, 345: see also Athenian Empire Ismenias of Thebes, 332, 340 Sparta see imperialism, Spartan Isokrates (Isocrates) of Athens Rome see Roman Empire Thebes, 343 on education, 532, 534 imperialism, Spartan, 30, 323–325, 335, on perioikoi, 598, 601, 606 on Spartan laws, 115, 207, 246 345, 347 works, 34: Panathenaikos, 34, 483–484, 606 danger of, 331 Isthmian Games, 336, 549 and economic policy, 324 Isthmos of Corinth, 280, 397 ideological issues, 325, 347–348 Ithome see Mount (Mt) Ithome responses of other Greek states, 341–342 see also Spartan empire

784 Index Jacoby, F., 102 campaign against Boiotia, 342, 346 Jaeger, Werner, 696 diplomacy, 341 Jason of Pherai, 342, 344 at Leuktra, 343–344, 378, 464, 466, 471 Jaucourt, Louis de, 675–676, 682 Sphodrias affair, 466 Jefferson, Thomas, 706, 708 Kleomenes I, king of Sparta, 13, 226, Jenkins, R.J.H., 157 Jones, A.H.M., 726 252–253, 271–272, 464–465 Josephus, Jewish historian, 659 birth, 272–273, 462 Judge, Mike, Beavis and Butthead, 743 compared with Kambyses, 458 death, 275, 293 Kadmeia, Theban acropolis, 340, 376, disgrace, 275, 293 384, 430 foreign policy, 274, 357, 363, 452, 453, Kadmos, Theban hero, 590n12 464–465, 468 Kagan, Donald, 304, 715–716, 718 feud with Damaratos, 452, 457, 458, Kallikratidas, Spartan commander, 48, 315, 459, 465 316, 322 long reign, 273, 467 Kambyses II, king of Persia, 458 trial, 463 Karamanlis, Konstantinos, 747 Kleomenes II, king of Sparta, 386, 388 Karneia festival, 149, 181–182, 260n52, 429, Kleomenes III, king of Sparta, 19, 94, 101, 437–438, 656 390, 392–394 athletic contest, 549, 656 coinage, 646 importance, 428–429, 656 coup against ephorate, 393, 463, 474 musical contest, 437, 656 death, 394, 455 role of youth, 278 defeat at Sellasia, 394, 455 Karneios, ancient cult of, 652–653 and dyarchy, 386, 455, 474, 475 Kassandros of Macedon, 387, 388 dynastic marriage, 392, 458m 517 Kaunos (Karia), 329 exile in Egypt, 394, 455, 474 Kennell, Nigel M., 406, 412, 419, 526, 528 expansion of citizenship, 393 Kerkyra (Corfu), ex‐colony of Corinth, 304, festivals, 441 Hellenism, 474 342, 343 land redistribution, 205, 207, 208, 258, Khartas of Sparta, 213 Khios, 315 393, 427 Khrysippos, 218 Lykourgan reforms, 393, 427, 646 Kiechle, Franz, 701 military success, 393 Kimon, Athenian commander, 299 revolutionary coup, 108–109, 393 Kinadon, conspiracy of, 77, 326, 346, 347, Kleon of Athens, 23 Kleonymos of Sparta, 388, 389, 390 365, 584, 607 Klonos of Tegea, 182 King Edward VI Grammar School Knidos, battle of, 320, 331, 335–336, 496 koinōnia, 46–48, 51 (Birmingham), 726–727 Kolophon, 181 King’s School, Canterbury, 735 Konon, Athenian commander, 328–329, kingship, hereditary, 452–453 330, 336 see also dyarchy of Sparta battle of Knidos, 331, 335 Kissinger, Henry, 715 imprisonment, 338 Klaros, oracle of Apollo, 413 and Persia, 336, 337 Klearchos, Spartan commander, 216, 327, political influence, 334, 337 Korinth see Corinth 349n17, 495 Körner, Theodor, 691 Kleisthenes of Athens, 257, 357, 755 Koroneia, battle of, 302, 330, 335, 336 Kleitor, 366, 367 Kratesikleia, royal woman of Sparta, 517 Kleombrotos I, king of Sparta, 47, 273, 275, 280, 340, 386

Index 785 Krios, legendary hero of Sparta, 653 Perioikic, 73, 80 Kritias of Athens, 5, 33, 144, 242, 243, 441, pottery see Laconian pottery roads, 618–620 506, 507, 555 Roman, 79, 405 Constitution of the Lakedaimonians, 555 stone quarrying, 160 Kroisos (Croesus), king of Lydia, 74, 356 black‐figure vases see under Laconian alliance with Sparta, 95, 272, 355, 460 Krokeai quarry, 629–630 pottery Ktiriakia, 71, 84 Laconian art, 124–173, 219 Kyme, siege of, 327 Kyniska, princess of Sparta, 446, 470, 511, chronology, 170–171 craftworkers see Laconian artists 515–517 critical judgements of, 166–167 and Agesilaos II, 515–516, 517, 559–560, Geometric period see Geometric 562n25 period of art hero cult, 516, 517, 520n15, political context, 171–173 pottery see Laconian pottery 559–560, 656 sculpture see Laconian sculpture Olympic victor, 445, 511, 515–516, 553, Laconian artists, 163–165 bronzesmiths, 163 559, 656 foreign origin, 131, 132, 164 patronage of the arts, 515 sculptors, 163–165, 213 sources for, 517 vase‐painters, 126, 127, 130–131, statue at Olympia, 634 Kynoskephalai, battle of, 397 135–137, 140 Kynouria, Spartan conquest of, 227, 620 see also individual artists Kyrene see Cyrene Laconian dialect, 178, 412, 419, 533, 647 Kythera, colony of Sparta, v, 65, 73, 78, 79, Laconian pottery, 20–22, 62–63, 124–149, 600, 635 170–171 Athenian invasion, 309, 606 artists see under Laconian artists garrison, 606–607 black‐figure, 130–142, 146, 149, 165, 361 harmosts, 606, 607 black‐glazed, 142–144, 242–243 Persian capture of, proposed, 336 chronology, 170–172 poets, 181 commissions, 146 as polis, 597, 600 compared with other Greek pottery, Roman, 407 statuary, 434 131, 132 strategic importance, 607 dating, 128 Kythera Island Project, 65, 70 decline, 138–139 distribution, 126, 132–133, 134, 137, La Rivière, Pierre‐Paul Le Mercier de, L’ordre naturel et essentiel des sociétés 138–142, 140, 360 politiques, 671 iconography, 144–146, 250 illustrations, 129, 133, 135, 136, 143, 145, Lacedaemonian League see Lakedaimonian League 147, 148 imitation, 134–135 Laconia (Lakonia, Lakōnikē), 19, 21, 70–72, immigrant craftsmen, 128 78, 207, 399 industry centres, 128 influences, 124–126, 127, 130, 132, archaeology of, 61–75, 79–81 art see Laconian art 134, 144 Classical period, 74–79, 80 perioikoi involvement, 128 Dark Age, 61–65 red‐figure, 144, 149, 171 Hellenistic, 79–80 tableware, 242–243 invasion by Thebes, 320, 567 trade, 360 mineral wealth, 73 votive function, 142, 144, 146, 147

786 Index Laconian sculpture, 154–173 ‘insider’ slang, 725, 744 bronze, 156–157, 159–160, 167–168, 504, Laconian Greek see Laconian dialect 505, 507, 557 Larsen, J.A.O., 611–612, 718 compared with other Greek art, 168–169 Laveleye, Emile de, 682 conventions, 156–162 De la propriété, 682 distribution, 165 laws of Sparta see legal system of Sparta Geometric, 156, 165 Lazenby, J.F., 602, 603 historical traditions, 163 League of Corinth, 385–386, 388 iconography, 156–161 League of Lakedaimonians see Lakedaimonian influences, 168–169 ivory, 161, 168, 169 League lead, 156, 157, 161, 162, 167, 194, Leake, William Martin, 77 262n79, 263n92 Lechaion, battle of, 239 perirrhanteria, 168 Lechaion, port of Corinth, 336–337 reliefs, 157–159, 159, 172, 444, 627 legal system of Sparta, 10, 69, 96–97 role of perioikoi, 164 sculptors see under Laconian artists Cretan connection, 33, 97, 101, 103, statues see statues 115n32 stone, 157, 159, 160, 160–161, 171–172 studies, 154–156, 161–162 and Delphic oracle, 99, 100–103, 460 style, 154–162, 169–170 dowries, 110, 220, 579, 584–585 terracotta, 158, 159, 164, 169, 444 inheritance, 110, 204, 391, 579, 582 trade in, 165–170 kings subject to, 106 Vix krater, 70, 73, 155 see also Lykourgos, legendary lawgiver of votive function, 168 Sparta Lakedaimon, 608–612 Leobotes, king of Sparta, 96 definition of, 355, 427, 598, 605, 608 Leon, king of Sparta, 12, 356 as polis, 608–612 Leonidas I, king of Sparta, 13, 14, 75, 273, scholarly view, 608, 609–610 synonymous with Sparta, 608 285, 453 burial, 285, 472 Lakedaimonian League, 408, 644 death, 279, 284, 471 Lakedaimoniōn Politeia see Constitution of the marriage, 275, 514–515 sculpture of, 627 Lakedaimonians (Xenophon) succession to throne, 275, 457, 515 Lamboley, J.J., 625, 637n8 Thermopylai, 23, 278–279, 291, 471, Lamian War, 387 landholding in Sparta, 30, 229nn24, 25, 690–691 Leonidas II, king of Sparta, 109, 392, 26, 29 egalitarian, 110, 570, 571–572 474–475 Hellenistic/Roman, 82–83 deposition, 391, 463, 474 klēros system, 570–577, 579–580 as regent, 390, 458 and marriage, 42–43, 110 and reforms, 391, 513 perioikoi, 70–72, 569 struggle with Agis IV, 460, 474–475, 517 reform, 203–209, 571 Leonideia festival, 75, 414, 416, 645, 652, 657 royal, 604 Leontiades, Theban oligarch, 340 by women, 325 Leotychidas I, king of Sparta, 250, 272, 274, Langlotz, E., 155–156, 157, 160 languages 294, 457 classical, in education, 705, 709, 757 battle of Mykale, 282, 291 English ascendancy, 724, 756 disgrace, 275, 282, 293, 294, 300 French, 729, 754, 755 Leotychidas II, king of Sparta, 453, 457, 463 Lepreon, 331, 363 Lepsius, G.R., 627 Lesbos, island of, 181, 315 Leukas, island of, 342, 343

Index 787 Leukippidai (Leukippides), wives of the luxurious living, 72–73, 202 Diskouroi see also sumptuary legislation cult of, 179, 184, 187, 419, 443, 655 Lydia, kingdom of, 272 female devotees, 440, 443, 655 lying, culture of, 8–10, 757, 758n6 myth, 183–184 temple at Sparta, 184, 419 as military strategy, 9, 10 Leukippos, legendary prince of Messenia, 443 oracular, 708 Leuktra, battle of, 23, 99, 144, 205, 343–344, Public School disapproval, 9, 745, 752 see also Spartan duplicity 378, 466 Lykourgan reforms, 33, 94–95, 426–427 casualties, 378, 586 coinage, 325 military organization, 238, 343–344 date of, 251–254 results of, 320, 367–370, 374–375, education system, 416, 484, 649 egalitarian, 106–107, 110, 203, 204–205, 251 378–382, 552, 586–587 and imperialism, 325 Spartan forces, 585, 586, 603 and Kleomenes III, 393 Theban victory, 367, 374, 467 landholding, 204–205, 237, 238 Lewis, D.M., 360 military, 96 Leys School, Cambridge, 734 political, 34 Libya, 272, 332 public commensality, 251, 255 Life of Lykourgos (Plutarch), 6, 111, 526 and royalty, 293 on citizenship, 36 see also sumptuary legislation on commerce, 212, 213–214 Lykourgos of Athens, 195 criticism by Hodkinson, 202–203 Against Leokrates, 34 on dating, 93 Lykourgos, king of Sparta, 375, 395, 455 on egalitarianism, 213 Lykourgos, myth of, 12, 93–95, 111, 209, Enlightenment admiration of, 666, 670, 674 on the Gerousia, 461 325, 447–448 on the “great” rhētra, 97–98 and conformity, 447, 544 influence on colonial Americans, 706 as hero, 95 legends, 105, 107 and history, 94 on literacy, 729 origin, 98 on Lykourgan reforms, 107, 108 in reception history, 667–669, 680 on poetry, 193 significance of name, 535 on religion, 426 sources, 6, 94 sources, 94, 108 and syssitia, 237–238 Spartan society, 107 Lykourgos, legendary lawgiver of Sparta, literacy, xvii, 30, 70, 503, 504 Athenian, 3 93–111, 237–238, 648–649 female, 504, 519n6 and Alkandros, 107, 237, 652 spread of, 69 authority, 447–448 see also education in Sparta; inscriptions coup d’état, 106, 108 Livia, wife of Octavian, 407 and cultural memory, 648–649 Livy, Roman historian, 454 dating, 93, 103–104, 113n18, 251 Lokris, 333, 335, 383 and the Delphic oracle, 99, 100–102, 447, 460 Lokroi, 181 egalitarian revolution see under Lykourgan Loretto School, 726, 739, 748–749 Lotze, Detlef, 701 reforms Louis XIV, king of France, 666–667 genealogies, 103, 412 Lovell, John P., 716 historicity, 94, 111: see also Lykourgos, Lüdemann, Hans, 697 Luther, Martin, 686 myth of modern scholarship, 93–94 and Olympics, 103, 104 as regent, 103–106

788 Index Lykourgos, legendary lawgiver of Machanidas, tyrant of Sparta, 375, 395, 455–457 Sparta (cont’d ) death, 395 reforms see Lykourgan reforms Machiavelli, N., 665–666 statue, 649 Madison, James, 707, 708 and wealthy citizens, 107, 211 Maiandrios, tyrant of Samos, 465 worship of, 443, 446, 447–448, Maistre, Joseph de, 681–682 Mandeville, Bernard de, 677 648–649, 652 Mani area Lysandreia festival, 447 Lysandros (Lysander), ephor of Sparta, quarries, 623, 629, 630–631, 632–633, 634, 635–636 391, 463 Lysandros (Lysander), Spartan commander, as refuge, 631–632 Manso, Johann Caspar Friedrich, 690 23, 75, 100, 334–336 Mantineia, 338, 339, 358, 362, 376, 388 childhood poverty, 48–49, 220 conflict with Pausanias, 323 constitution, 376, 379 deification, 446–447 rebuilding, 344, 367 dekarchies, 323–324, 327, 329 relations with Tegea, 363, 369 Heraklid descent, 49, 470, 590n14 resistance to Spartan demands, 344, 367 jealousy of, 295, 318, 323 siege of, 338–339, 366 memorials, 654–655 Mantineia, battle of (418 bce), 177, 238, 313, nepotism, 496 occupation of Athens, 318, 322 454, 583, 591n54 and Persians, 315, 322, 327, 329 perioikoi at, 602, 603 political reformist, 323, 470, 590n14 Mantineia, battle of (362 bce), 369, 376 statues, 75 Marathon, battle of, 275–276, 292 and succession of Agesilaos II, 345 Spartan non‐involvement, 275, victories, 316, 317, 318 war booty, 209, 317–318, 325 428–429, 579 Lysimachos of Macedon, 388 Mardonios, Persian commander, 279, 280, Mably, Abbé Bonnot de, 670–672, 673, 679 281, 285 on constitutional government, 670–671 Marlborough College, 726, 731, 734, 752 idealization of Sparta, 670 quarrel with Rousseau, 672–673 alumni, 755 works: Année littéraire, 670; Doutes proposés marriage, in Greek society, 42, 391, 508–510 à l’Ordre …, 671; Entretiens de Phocion sur le rapport de la morale avec la age at, 514, 518 politique, 671, 672, 678; Sur la théorie du Athens and Sparta compared, 509, 510 pouvoir politique, 672 by capture, 220, 508–509 to close kin, 512 MacDowell, Douglas M., 527, 606 and domesticity, 513–514 Macedon, kingdom of dowries, 110, 220, 511–512, 578 of heiresses, 41–42, 53n39 alliance against, 386 male dominance, 518–519 cultural imperialism, 517 and property rights, 41–42 fall, 405 rituals, 43, 191, 219–220, 509 Hellenizing, 473 Sparta, 41–43, 347 opposition of Sparta, 386, 388 wife‐sharing, 509–510, 512, 519 and Persia, 386 masculinity, 23, 33, 196, 308, 413–414 rise of, 383 contrast with femininity, 181, 413 road network, 623 education, 177 and Rome, 615 ideals, 413 threat to Sparta, 205, 332 and violence, 216 masks, 75, 76, 87, 436 Maussolos, dynast of Karia, 382 medism, accusations of, 282, 283, 315, 459

Index 789 Megalopolis, 369, 370, 381, 393, 394 importance to Sparta, 100–101, 382, foundation, 368, 381 385–387, 467, 570, 578, 587, 620, 625, 657 Megalopolis, battle of, 386–387 independent see under Messene Megara, 304, 358 perioikic, 326, 598, 599 roads, 618 alliances, 299, 302, 313 Roman, 408, 412, 414, 415, 644 strategic importance, 312 settlements, 72, 79 Meiggs, Russell, 304 as Spartan home territory, 19 Melon, J.‐F., 677 wars against Sparta see Messenian Wars Memmii family of Sparta, 411, 419 Messeniaka, 570 Memnon of Rhodes, 386 Messenians, 184, 381 Menelaion, temple of, 61, 64, 67, 431, 470, 516 identity, 380, 718 building of, 66–67, 431–432 revolt of 460s bc see Third Messenian war cult, 65 revolt of 665 bc see Second Messenian war votive offerings, 66 subjection by Sparta, 226, 275, 300 Menelaos, legendary king of Sparta, 431–432, see also helots of Sparta: Messene Messenian Wars, 132, 195, 298, 381, 566–567, 459, 470 cult of, 443, 650: see also Helen of Troy, 570, 653, 654 First see First Messenian War cult of Second see Second Messenian War and tourism, 651 Tearless Battle, 381 and women, 500–501 Third see Third Messenian War mercenaries, 50, 365, 377, 386, 387, 391 Meyer, Eduard, 93, 102, 114n27, 691, 695 commanders, 50, 385 Michell, Humfrey, 29 discipline, 328 Miletos, 132, 133–134, 316–317 and Greek hegemony, 333 military organization of Sparta, 38–39, payment of, 83, 209, 336, 343, 365, 384, 238–239, 603 386, 391, 397 appointments, 495 Phokian, 384 army numbers, 251–254, 585 recruitment, 327 and citizenship, 254, 347, 486, 493 use of by Sparta, 322, 323, 366, 377 efficiency, 16 ‘The Mercury’ naval training school, 741–742 Lykourgan reform, 96 Messapia, 625 and common messes, 96, 238–239, 240 Messene harmosts see Spartan harmosts city, 64, 73, 81, 101, 600, 645 mercenaries, 50, 365, 366, 377, 387 and Epameinondas, 586, 598 and patronage, 495–496 as independent state, 381, 567, 585, 586, 598 phalanxes see phalanx, Greek military legendary, 580 polemarchs see polemarchs and Philip of Macedon, 600 reform, 342, 585 see also Messenia; Messenians; Mount Ithome royal bodyguard see hippeis Messenia, 570, 600 training, 30–31: see also education in Sparta alliances, 381, 397 military strategy of Sparta, 8–9, 12, 26–27, archaeology of, 61–65, 79, 81 cities, 598, 599, 600 292, 304–305, 307, 308, 714 conquest by Sparta, 413, 570, 653, 657: blockade, 315–316, 317 defensive, 606 see also First Messenian war encryption of messages, 25 Dark Age, 61–65, 184, 570 night movements, 312 geography, 442, 618–619, 621, 630 opportunism, 302, 305, 306, 308, 311 helots, 30, 566–567, 570, 580, 586: see also Peloponnesian War, 308, 311–312 pitched battle, 306 helots of Sparta; Messenians land distribution, 21, 571, 574–575, 580 loss of, 26, 258, 391, 552

790 Index military strategy of Sparta (cont’d ) religious function, 181, 436–437 secrecy, 7–8, 24, 298, 301 song culture, 177–199 sieges, 306 styles, 182 surrender, 309, 310, 311–312 Mykale, battle of, 282, 291 withdrawal, 284 Myron of Priene, 581 Mill, John Stuart, 35 Nabis, king/tyrant of Sparta, 396–398, 457, 644 Millender, Ellen G., 70, 560, 718 enfranchisement of helots, 396 Miller, Frank, 300, 704, 713 as heir to Lykourgos, 396 as Hellenistic monarch, 396 film, 704, 714 marriage, 396 Milne, A.A., 736 negative literary tradition, 396–397 Mindaros, Spartan commander, 24, 25, 315–316 occupation of Argos, 397–398 mining, 73, 631–632 and Philip V of Macedon, 397 Minos, king of Crete, 102, 103 reforms, 396, 397 Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, 644 and Rome, 397 Mnasippos, Spartan commander, 343 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 698, 700 Nafissi, M., 172 Montaigne, Michel de, 666 National Infantry Association (US), 716 Naukleidas of Sparta, 743 Essais, 666 Naukratis, 130, 134, 137, 141, 147 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron, Naukratis Painter, 130–131, 133, 137, 146 668–669, 678 chronology, 130, 165 and colonialism, 704 influence, 132, 134, 135, 137, 146, 147 comparison of Athens and Sparta, 669 inspiration, 132 De l’esprit des lois, 668–669 originality, 130, 131, 134, 138 on Lykourgos, 668–669 surviving work, 137, 141 on virtue, 682 style, 130–131, 146, 147, 164 Mount Ithome, 380–381 workshop location, 137, 140 as capital of Messene, 340–341, 380 Naupaktos, Athenian colony, 300, 582, 585 helot rebel refuge, 298, 299–301, 581 Nausikleidas, ephor of Sparta, 323 religious site, 380 naval forces, 277, 293 Mount Parnon, 599, 600, 618 Athenian, 277, 283, 293, 299, 304, 307, Mount Taygetos, 621 Mycenae, 61–62, 634 315–316, 342 influence on Sparta, 61–62 battles, 307, 315–316, 320: see also Müller, Karl Otfried, 689, 690, 691, 693 works: Die Dorier, 689, 695; Geschichten individual battles blockades, 315–316, 317 hellenischer Stämme und Städte, 689 expense of, 315 Murray, Judith Sargeant, 707–708 Persian, 279, 282, 291 music Spartan see navy, Spartan navy, Spartan, 277, 292, 315–316, 331 British Public Schools, 744–745 commanders, 283, 293, 494 Sparta see music in Sparta defeats, 8, 315, 331, 336, 342 music in Sparta, 242 funding, 315, 316 choral, 177–178, 185, 187, 188–189, helots in, 585 maritime allies, 343 192–193, 538 perioikoi in, 585 competitions, 179, 181 renewal by Nabis, 396 dance see dance tactics, 308 at festivals, 223, 251, 441, 442–443 victories, 282, 291, 308, 314, 315, 316 innovation, 181 Nazis see German National Socialism military function, 177, 179 performances, 181 and poetry, 180–197, 538

Index 791 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 730, 752 politics of, 331, 515–516 Nemea River, battle of, 585 prestige, 551, 552 Nemean Games, 549 selection for, 49 Nettleship, R.L., 745 Spartan participation, 64: see also Olympic Nicastro, Nicholas, 713–714 Niebuhr, Barthold G., Lectures on Ancient success, Spartan victor‐lists see under Olympic victors History, 690 see also chariot racing Nietzsche, Friedrich, 691, 692, 693 Olympic success, Spartan, 49, 361, 549, Nikeratos of Herakleia, 447 Nikokles the Lakonian, 245 550–551 Norwood, Cyril, 729 chariot racing, 215, 274, 656 North America, and Greek Antiquity, 704–719 Olympic Truce, 97, 103, 363, 364 Olympic victors colonial, 705, 706, 709, 719, 753 female, 445 scholarship, 717–718 heroic status, 69, 553–554 see also United States lists of, 361, 549, 550 nudity monuments to, 553, 561n14 athletic, 507, 508, 519nn9, 10, 547, 557–558 prizes, 549–550 female, 557–558 worship of, 552, 562n17 ritual, 537 Olynthos, 339, 377 see also under Gymnopaidiai festival oracles inauthentic, 100 Oath of Plataia, 222, 276 interpreters, 413 Octavian (Caesar Augustus), 407, 408 preservation of, 69, 94, 100 see also Delphic oracle; divination civil war, 644 Orchomenos, 366, 367–368 Hellenism, 659 Orestes, bones of, 432 support for Eurycles, 646 grave, 67, 652, 654 visit to Sparta, 408, 646 reclaimed from Tegea, 67, 95–96, 254, 360, Odyssey, 177 Oinophyta, battle of, 301 652, 657 Oitylos, 635 Orthia, cult of, 21, 64, 76, 443, 646, 735 oliganthrōpia, 42, 378, 399, 587, 589 see also demography population decline in see also Artemis Orthia Ortner, Sherry, 432 Sparta Orwell, George, 752 Ollier, François, 31 Otys of Paphlagonia, 330 Olympia, 331, 359 Ovid, 558 bronze statuettes, 156, 168 panhellenism, 412, 414, 419, 515, 516, Elean control, 359, 369 562n25, 651, 657–658 Laconian pottery, 138, 141, 142 Laconian sculpture, 160, 163, 633–634 athletic, 547, 549, 551, 561n14: see also sanctuary of Zeus, 156, 168, 331, 332, Olympic Games 369, 429 celebrations, 197 Spartan connections, 359 heroes, 196 statue of Trajan, 414 religious, 149, 178, 361, 572 victory monuments, 515, 553 Panhellion, 658 Olympic Games, 49–50, 103, 104, 549 Papillon, T.L., 745, 746, 752 athletes, 163 Paris University, 754 bribery at, 488 Parthians Elean control, 364, 369 as enemies of Rome, 404, 414, 651, 658, 659 oratory, 516 identification with Persians, 651, 658 participation, 141, 197, 445, 551 and Sparta, 404

792 Index Pasimakhos, Spartan commander, 8–9, 14 autonomy clauses, 322, 338–342, 376, 397 Pater, Walter, 726 continuation, 344, 367, 381 pathēmata, 536 Sparta as guarantor, 378 Pausanias, king of Sparta, 100, 331, 335 Peace of Nikias, 310, 585 Pedaritos, harmost of Chios, 488, 489, 538 and Agesilaos II, 345–346 pederasty, 16, 17–18, 21 Boiotian campaign, 334–335 and education, 37, 731, 736, 737–738 conflict with Lysandros, 323, 468 repressed, 738 Elis campaign, 331 relationships, 46, 529, 738 exile, 335, 339, 345–346, 463–464 scholarship on, 693 pamphlet, 100, 101, 115n30, 463, 475n5 see also under youth of Sparta trial, 335, 460, 475n4 Peiraieus, port of Athens, 336 Pausanias, regent of Sparta, 18, 74–75, Athenian democrats in, 332, 333, 335 control by Sparta, 5, 322, 341 106, 453 Peisandros of Sparta, 330, 496 death, xv, 10, 13, 106, 282–283, 293, 652 Pellana, 61, 64, 83 and helot revolts, 297, 733 Pelopidas, Theban commander, 342 medism, 458 leadership of refugees at Athens, 340 at Plataia, 280–281, 291, 645 at Leuktra, 344, 378 statues, 173, 285, 652 Peloponnese, the, 354–369 tomb, 285, 652 anti‐Spartan alliance, 364, 365, 366 trial, 282 core of Spartan power, 355 unpopularity, 282, 292, 295 definition of, 354–355 Pausanias, Roman‐era travel writer, 83, road network, 360, 623 see also Peloponnesian League; 183, 621 on Amyklai, 164 Peloponnesian War on annexations, 408 Peloponnesian League, 331, 355–370 on artists, 163 on athletics, 506 battle of Leuktra, 367, 379 on cults, 190 cohesion, 359, 362 date, 426 compared with Hellenic League, 276 description of Sparta city, 77, 168, 183, and Corinth, 303, 334, 357 end of, 369, 381 651–655 formation, 588 on dyarchy, 454 internal conflicts, 362–367 on education, 535 longevity, 362 on ephorate, 462 military obligations, 365, 366 on hero cults, 444–445, 446 origins, 355–357 on Iamid family memorials, 411 provisions, 567 on inscriptions, 163 role in Sparta’s superpower status, 276, on judicial system of Sparta, 462 on kings of Sparta, 654 355–356, 359, 362 on Kyniska, 517 war with Athens see Peloponnesian War on Leukippidai, 419 Peloponnesian War, xiv, 292, 303–316 on marriage arrangements, 191 aftermath, 144, 316–317, 322, 323 on monuments, 67 Archidamian War see Archidamian War on sculpture, 173, 183, 213, 434, 633 compared with American Civil War, on sports, 554, 561n14 on women, 502, 504, 506 711–712 Pauw, Cornelius de, 680 compared with Cold War, 715–716 Recherches philosophiques sur les Grecs, 680 demographic consequences, 582–583 Peace of Antalkidas, 320, 333–334, intervals in, 302–303, 310, 313–314 naval battles, 307–308, 314–316 337–338, 366

Index 793 origins of, 304–305 Persian Wars, 75, 239, 271–285, 292 peace treaty see Thirty Years’ Peace booty, 74 Spartan strategy, 308, 365 commemoration, 173, 656 Spartan victory, 364–365 Spartan leadership of Greeks, 278–279, Thucydides’ account, 12, 303–304, 280, 283, 651 306, 315 Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich, 687 see also individual battles Agis, 687 Pelops, 375, 395, 396, 455 Pergamum, kingdom of, 405 Phaklaris, B., 620 Perikles (Pericles), 5, 8, 10, 745 phalanx, Greek military, 194–195, 199n16, funeral oration, 32–33, 97, 115n32 as strategist, 307 254, 486, 751 perioikic poleis, 62, 72, 78, 79, 83, 377, 569, Pharnabazos, Persian satrap, 327, 328, 330, 597–604, 599, 606 331, 336 dependent status, 377, 601, 606 Pharsalos, 332, 335 industry, 72, 569 Pherai, 332 liberation from Sparta, 398 phiditia see philitia, syssitia of Sparta royal estates, 467 Philip, duke of Orleans, 15 secession, 379–380 Philip II, king of Macedon, 384–385 tribute, 604 villages, 598 defeat by Phokian mercenaries, 384 perioikoi, 17, 20–21, 69, 298, 596–612 invasion of Laconia, 385 artists, 164 marginalization of Sparta, 385 burials, 75 and Thessaly, 385 as citizens, 19, 377 Philip V, king of Macedon, 395, 397 control of industry, 72, 128, 569 invasion of Laconia, 395 definition, 596 philitia, 237, 240, 256, 258n2 ties with dyarchy, 604–606 Philochoros of Athens, 195 and helotage, 568, 569 Philomelos of Phokis, 384 independence, 408, 601 Philopoimen, 396, 397, 398, 407 landholding, 70–72, 569 Phleious, 358, 366 levy, 582 siege of, 339, 346 military service, 21, 239, 298, 347, Phoibidas of Sparta, 339–340, 342, 377–378, 583, 585, 601–602 376–377, 495 origins, 358, 568, 601 Phokis, 333, 334, 335, 343, 383, 384 plots against Spartiates, 16, 19 Phrygia, 329–330 role in Lakedaimon, 598, 605, 608–609 Phylarchos (Phylarchus), 474 scholarly view, 597 seafaring, 603 as source for Plutarch, 108, 392, 502 settlements, 127, 597 Pikoulas, Giannēs, 360, 620, 621 social mobility, 19, 42 see also perioikic poleis; Skiritai To odiko diktuo tēs lakonikēs, 620, 621–622 Persaios (Persaeus) of Citium, Lakonian Pinckney, Charles, 708 Pindar of Thebes, 32, 45, 97, 99, 184, Constitution, 239, 245–246 Persian Empire, 4, 630 374, 437 German nationalist admiration, 696 defeat at Plataia, 281 Pipili, Maria, 361 identification with Parthians, 658 piracy, 10, 138 opposition to Macedon, 386 Pisatans, 369 and Sparta, 3–4, 283, 315, 322, 386, plague, 307 Plataia, battle of, 74, 204, 221, 279, 291 750–751 burials, 221, 222, 223, 281–282 elite, 221, 233n113 importance, 431 influence of soothsayer, 316

794 Index Plataia, battle of (cont’d ) exile, 302, 309–310, 463, 470 memorial, 362 restoration, 425, 471 mobilization, 571, 573 Plutarch, 6, 22, 426, 544–545 Peloponnesian involvement, 362 on Agesilaos II, 465, 467, 472 Spartan regiments, 240, 280–281, 579, on Agis IV, 474, 517, 584: see also under 586, 602–603 youth, 281 Plutarch’s Lives as vengeance for Thermopylai, 284 on athletic activity, 505, 506, 507, Plataia(i), city of, 343 549, 556 Platanistas artificial island, 77, 82, 84, 190, on austerity, 202, 203, 209, 214, 218, 227 on children, 528 649, 650 on coinage, 325 location, 649 on common messes, 237, 245, 247 ritual combat on, 183, 535, 548, 649 on dress, 557 shrines, 650 on dyarchy, 454 tomb of Alkman, 190, 650 on education, 245, 246–247, 526, 532 Plato, philosopher, 5 on egalitarianism, 211, 213 on Crete, 215 on funerals, 221 on dyarchy, 454 on the Gerousia, 491 on education, 180, 525, 526, 527, 530, on the Gymnopaidiai, 439–440 on infanticide, 110–111 533, 538, 539, 725, 726, 728 on inheritance law, 325, 581 on the ephorate, 100 on land ownership, 391, 581 on festivals, 441 on Lykourgan lawmaking, 507 on fictional state of Magnesia, 39, 40, 41 on Lysandros, 446–447 on the Gymnopaidiai, 439 on marriage rituals, 220, 509, 510 on hero cults, 447 on music and dance, 504, 559 on kings, 107 on religion, 426, 433 on krypteia, 109 sources, 108, 526 on Lykourgan laws, 101, 107 on syssitia, 486 on Messenian revolts, 567 on thieving, 246–247, 529 on music and dance, 180, 745 on women, 109, 502, 505, 506, 507, 517, on pederasty, 540 on politics of Sparta, 18, 207, 275 556, 559 quotation from Tyrtaios, 195 works, 203, 571: Customs of the Spartans, on social constraint, 536 Socratic dialogues, 108, 196 434; Fortune of the Romans, 434; on Sparta as utopia, 5, 180, 539 Instituta Laconica, 203, 206, 228n2, on sports, 556 246–247; Instituta Lycurgi, 571; Lives on syssitia, 238 see Plutarch’s Lives; Political Precepts, on wealth in Sparta, 202, 215, 219, 228n1 403, 417; Sayings of Lykourgos, 203, on women, 219, 500, 538, 556 228n2, 571; Sayings of the Spartans, 108, on youth, 728 206, 212, 213, 434–435 works: Laws, 5, 18, 33, 39, 101, 107, 180, Plutarch’s Lives, 390, 408, 426, 454, 455, 503, 706 195, 207, 439, 441, 454, 500, 502, 525, Agesilaos, 321 548, 556, 725, 745; Protagoras, 503, Agis, 206, 517, 571, 581, 687 538, 549; Republic, 5, 33, 207, 502, 557, Antony, 408 558, 745 Artaxerxes, 321 Pleistarchos, king of Sparta, 457 Brutus, 408 Pleistoanax, king of Sparta, 18, 49, 285, 300, 457 Lykourgos see Life of Lykourgos (Plutarch) advocate for peace, 313 Lysandros, 321 bribery of Delphic oracle, 470 Perikles, 6

Index 795 poetry in Sparta, 32, 34, 70, 72, 180–181, 533 Polymnestos of Lydia, 182 in education, 179 Pomeroy, Sarah, 555, 718 erotic, 186–187 population decline in Sparta, 205–206, homophilic, 187 self‐referential, 185–186, 189 262n88, 582–583, 585–586 see also individual poets calculations, 228n19, 252–253 citizens, 255, 346, 390–391, 485, 528, Pöhlmann, Robert von, 691–692 Geschichte des antiken Kommunismus und 582, 585 Sozialismus, 692 economic effects, 583, 584, 585–586 effect of earthquake, 581, 582 polemarchs, 37, 278, 475n6 and women’s wealth, 513 burial, 221 Poseidon, god of the sea, 633 royal messmates, 248, 261, 468 Poteidaia, 304, 306 Powell, Anton, 526 political system of Sparta, 10–11, 12, 33–35, Pratinas, Athenian playwright, 437, 546 106, 489–493 Pratolaos, Publius Memmius, 409 Pressfield, Steven, 713, 714 antiquity, 13 Pritchett, W.K., 615 Assembly, 459–460, 461, 468, 493 Studies in Greek Topography, 616 collective decision‐making, 381–382, 460 Proclus, Bibliotheca, 185 conservatism, 33, 409, 544 Prokles, king of Sparta, 98, 103, 105 ephorate see ephorate of Sparta propaganda, Spartan, 8, 15–26, 32 dyarchy see dyarchy of Sparta Lykourgan reforms, 110, 205, 207, 226, 237 Gerousia see Council of Elders motifs, 283 ideologies, 44–45 Thermopylai, 23–24, 75, 283–284 Lykourgan constitution, 98–99, 409 Propertius, Sextus, 505, 556 magistrates, 48, 100, 322, 409 pseudo‐Skylax, 630 oligarchy, 299, 360, 399 Ptolemy dynasty, relations with Sparta, 518 Roman, 407, 408 see also individual Ptolemies stability, 18–20, 360, 448 Ptolemy I Soter, 388 Pollux of Naukratis, 502 Ptolemy II Philadelphos, 389, 473, 474, 518 polyandry, 42, 509–510, 512 Ptolemy III Euergetes, 394, 518 Polybios (Polybius), 203, 227, 325 Ptolemy IV Philopater, 394, 474 on dyarchy, 454 public‐funded education, in Britain, 730 in Egypt, 394 Public Schools, British, 724–725, 730–733 on festivals, 441 anti‐female ethos, 741–742 Histories, 390, 392, 454 anti‐intellectualism, 745–746 on Kleomenes III, 474 and ‘character’, 729, 730, 752 on landholding, 571 comparisons with Spartan education, on marriage, 510 on Nabis, 396–397, 454 723–758 on Rome, 405, 707 conformity, 744, 745–746 source for Livy, 454 death at, 735, 757 Polydektes, brother of Lykourgos, 104 deviance, 742 Polydeukes, Spartan hero, 549 different cultures, 744 Polydoros of Alexandria, 193 discipline, 729–730, 732, 735–736 Polydoros, king of Sparta, 101, 110, 115n31, education at, 730–731 and elitism, 725 237, 571 geographical isolation, 746 myth of, 653–654 for girls, 740 Polykrates, 655 hierarchy, 731, 739–740 History of Sparta, 438 homoeroticism, 738–739 Polykrates, tyrant of Samos, 137, 138, 356–357, 360

796 Index Public Schools, British (cont’d ) reception history of Athens imitation of Sparta, 9 compared with Sparta, 669, 676, imperial associations, 725 688–689, 690 literature on, 725–726 nineteenth‐century, 690 Lower Schools, 749–750 masculinity, 740 reception history of Sparta morale, 750 in France, 665–683 overseas pupils, 730 in Germany, 685–701 pederasty, 731, 736, 737–738 in Italy, 665–666 prefect system, 729–730, 736–737, 739 in North America, 704–719 Preparatory schools, 730, 735–736, 741 Renaissance, 665 rebellions, 733–735 relationship with parents, 731, 746 reception studies, xiii religion, role of, 731, 735, 737 Sparta, xiii–xiv sexual relations, 736–737, 738–739 social mix, 746–747, 748–749 Reformation, 686–687 status of teachers, 730, 732 relations between Thebes and Sparta, 318, systematic indoctrination, 726 team games, 730, 739, 757 331–333, 341, 342, 377–378 violence, 732 defeat of Sparta, 320, 375–376: see also Pydna, battle of, 405 Leuktra, battle of Pylos, Athenian fort at, 308 over Mantineia, 339–340 Pylos, battle of, 582, 584, 591n54 Peloponnesian War, 307 Pyrrhus (Pyrrhos), king of Epirus, 389, 457 and Spartan hegemony, 5 religion of Sparta, xiv, 31, 65–67, 425–448 invasion of Laconia, 389, 501 abstract concepts, 443 Pythia, the, 101, 102 armed statues, 433–435 beliefs, 428 and laws of Lykourgos, 96, 100, 101 change, 427 see also Delphic oracle civic function, 412, 427–428 Pythian festival, 181 compared with Athenian, 31 Pythian Games, 386, 549, 551 conformity, 447 Pythioi, 69, 445 cults, 22, 62, 64, 69, 113n13, 418: see also appointment, 468, 469 individual cults quarries, 622, 623, 626–637, 629 definition, 425–426, 427 coastal, 626, 630–634 deities, 418 coloured stone, 629–630, 634, 638n13 distinctiveness, 426, 435 inland, 626–628 divination see divination Italian, 635 and dyarchy, 469, 471 Laconian, 626–637 festivals see festivals in Sparta in the Mani see under Mani grave rituals, 68–69: see also burials marble, 626–629, 630–633, 636, 638n17 hero shrines, 443–445 poros, 634–636, 636 inscriptions, 69, 141, 417 Roman era, 634 and military ethos, 429–430, 439 rosso antico, 630, 634 and music, 181–182, 183 see also mining national piety, 428–430 pantheon, 178–179, 183, 190, 443 Radley School, 753 and political decision‐making, 384 Ransome, Arthur, Swallows and priesthood, 417, 469, 471 relics, 360 Amazons, 744 royal control, 301 Rawson, Elizabeth, xii, 726 sacred spaces, 431–432 sacrifices, 40, 191, 223 sacrilege, 430

Index 797 sanctuaries, 63–64, 66–67, 85: see also Roman emperors, 415 individual sanctuaries cult of, 407, 415 see also individual emperors sarcophagi, 73, 84 scruples, 428–429 Roman Empire, 405–406, 407, 659 sources for, 426 coinage, 732 symbols, 432–433 Greek archaism in, 659 votive see votive offerings and Parthians, 659 worldview, 432 road network, 624 Renaissance, 665 Sparta see Roman Sparta Renan, Ernest, Prière sur l’Acropole, 682 republic of Sparta, 375, 394–398 Roman Sparta, 79–87, 403–419, attempted restoration of monarchy, 395 643–660 ephorate, 394–395 political violence, 395 censuses, 404 Rhadamanthys, hero of Crete, 102, 103, 411 chronology, 405 Rhodes, 128, 315, 330 citizenship, 403–404 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 730 civic identity, 418 Richard, Carl, 705 cultural memory, 643, 645–660 Richards, Frank (Charles Hamilton), educational revival, 646 historical mythology, 404–405, 742–743 ritual flagellation, 6, 21, 190, 735 411–412, 419 imperial cult, 407 auditorium, 85, 86, 436 independence, 407 changes, 436, 646–647 infrastructure, 626 communal aspect, 485 inscriptions, 406, 409, 410, 411–412, 415, as contest, 417–418, 483 and fortitude, 84 417, 503 notoriety, 86, 646 legal system, 95 prestige, 483 and Lykourgos, 648–649 and Spartan identity, 647 mosaics, 87 as tourist attraction, 86, 418 names, 405, 411, 647 road network of Sparta, 77, 615, 616, 617, participation in war, 404 perioikoi, 600 618–623, 638n19 prosperity, 648 and conquest of Messenia, 620 sources for, 406–407, 413 dating, 77, 617, 618 theatre, 85–86, 416, 436, 645 gauge, 623 tourism, 648, 651–652, 658 hubs, 621–622 women, 503 Laconia see under Laconia Rome longevity, 620 citizenship, 405, 411, 414 scholarly study, 616 civil wars, 408, 644, 659 Sparta city, 86 cultural imperialism, 403–405 terrain, 621 imperial cult, 407, 415 roads, in Antiquity, 381, 622 and Macedonia, 397, 615 gauges, 623–624, 625 as shared fatherland, 405 Italian, 624 triumvirate, 408, 409 Sparta see road network of Sparta see also Roman Empire Robespierre, Maximilien, 680–681 Rosso, Maxime, 680 Rolley, Claude, 167, 168 Rousseau, Jean‐Jacques, 672–674, Rollin, Charles, 667–668 works: Histoire Ancienne …, 667, 705; 680, 687 correspondence, 673 Traité des études, 667 respect for Lykourgos, 673, 674 on Rome, 673

798 Index Rousseau, Jean‐Jacques (cont’d ) Second Athenian Confederacy, 99, 366 on Sparta, 672–673 Second Macedonian War, 615 quarrel with de Mably, 672–673 Second Messenian War, 567 works: Considérations sur le gouvernement de Pologne, 675; Contrat Social, 674–675; consequences, 226, 252, 300, 575 Discours sur l’inégalité, 673, 674; Discours involvement of Samos, 132–133 sur les sciences et les arts, 672; Lettre à Second World War, 8, 671, 700 d’Alembert, 674; Lettres écrites de la secrecy see Spartan secrecy Montagne, 672; Histoire de Lacédémone, Sedbergh School, 726, 742 673; Parallèle entre les deux républiques de Seleukid dynasty, 398, 474 Sparte et de Rome, 673 see also individual kings Seleukos II Kallinikos, 475 Rowling, Joanne (J.K.), 744 Sellasia, 71, 83, 381, 394 Roy, James, 518 Sellasia, battle of, 394, 455, 474 rugby football, 727, 728 Sepeia, battle of, 273, 277, 358, 463 Rugby School, 727, 729, 733, 737, 752 settlement patterns Archaic, 70–72 under Arnold see Arnold, Thomas Dark Age, 65 rural, 70, 71, 79 sacrificial feasts, 223, 247–248, 438 urban, 78, 79 dining arrangements, 260n52 Shipley, Graham, 377, 609 private, 248 ships, 25, 140 women and children at, 248 see also naval forces; piracy Sicily, 97, 273 Saint‐Just, Louis Antoine de, 681 Athenian expedition, 308, 314 Saint‐Lambert, Jean‐Francois de, 676 Laconian pottery, 126, 142, 143 Sakados of Argos, 182 Messenian exiles, 332 Salamis, battle of, 277, 280, 362 roads, 624, 624, 625 siege warfare, 298, 306, 307, 314, 327 prizes for valor, 403 see also individual sieges Samios, 327 Simonides of Keos, 96–97, 106, 117n49 Samos, city/island of, 20, 132–134, 139, 141 on Agamemnon, 432 identity, 96 altar of Rhoikos, 168 on Lykourgos, 96–97, 104, 226 aristocracy, 133, 137, 139, 146 on Plataia, 283, 432 and Lysandros, 447 on Thermopylai, 283, 685, 693, 694, 695 pottery exports to, 132–133, 134, 137, Skiritai perioikoi, 600, 602 slavery, in Antiquity, 30, 32, 314, 317, 569, 580 138, 168 battle captives, 317, 337, 569, 579 relations with Sparta, 132, 137–138, 168 Sparta, 215, 241, 588, 601, 655: see also revolt against Athens, 303, 306 sanctuary of Artemis, 134, 137, 148 helots of Sparta sanctuary of Hera see Heraion, Samos Sokrates (Socrates), 202, 216, 217, 549 trade with Egypt, 141 Sappho of Lesbos, 181, 187, 191, 196 poetry, 179 sarcophagi, 73, 84 Solon of Athens, 197, 219 Sardis, 276, 330 soothsaying, 16, 301, 316 Sassoon, Siegfried, 741 Satyrion (Saturo), 142 see also divination; oracles; Teisamenos satyrs, 250–251 Sophocles, Ajax, 454, 459 Schepens, Guido, 332 Sosibios of Sparta, 108, 182, 441 Schiller, Friedrich, 688 Schklar, Judith, 673 works: 440 Schlegel, Friedrich, 689 Soviet Union, 45 Schroter, W., 699 Sparta, city of, 67–68, 610 Scythia, 465

Index 799 architecture, 67–68, 74, 81–82, 85, 86, and commonality, 16–17 224, 407, 431–432, 648 and conformity, 15, 16, 745 and equality, 226–227 athletics tracks, 506, 516, 558, 559, 650, 651 and military society, 4, 9, 27, 36–38, 138 excavations of, 67–68, 74, 76–77, 78, 79 origins of, 17, 253, 295, 573–575 dromoi, 77, 181, 183, 410, 506, 516, 559, as stereotype, 9 see also Spartiates 650 Sparta studies, xii, xviii, 4–5, 726 fortifications, 78, 81, 387 Athenocentrism, xiv geographical isolation, 173, 447, 619, diversity, xvii feminist, xiv 621, 746 future developments, xviii layout, 67, 68, 76–77, 81–82, 416, 651 international, xiii occupation by Macedon, 394 polarization, 6–7 as political centre, 67 reception, xiii–xiv Roman, 85–87, 407, 650–651 trends, 29–31 tourism, 427, 444, 648, 651–652, 658 Spartiate class of Sparta, 3–4, 427, 439, Sparta in films, xii, 13, 300, 704, 713, 714 Sparta as idealized society, 543–544, 588–589 566–579, 587–589 in Plato, 539 and coinage, 576 Spartan aristocracy, 19, 404, 571–572, 733 communal messes see syssitia of Sparta alliances with foreign aristocrats, 133, cultural activities, 560–561 educational supervision, 484–485 407, 411 elite, 46–48, 490, 648 conflict with the dēmos, 598, 601 equality of, xv, 481–482, 570, 582 domestic arrangements, 40–44, 53n43 expatriate, 252 dress, 216, 217–218, 225, 232n84 homogenization see Spartan ‘Similarity’ Heraklid, 412, 575 ideology, 580 leisure, 215, 225–227 inheritance, 582 lifestyle, 21–22, 27, 172–173 landholding, 566–567, 571, 573, nationalist German affinity, 692, 574, 581 696–697, 701 and Leuktra, 238, 378, 585, 603 patronage, 605, 753 and Mantineia, 603 and perioikoi, 605 marriage 41–43, 347, 584–585 piety, 417 in the armed forces, 238–239, 253, 306, and social mobility, 579, 582, 588 women, 413–415, 418 377, 492–493 see also Gerousia; luxurious living; Spartiates numbers see demography of Sparta Spartan duplicity, 8–9, 311 and perioikoi, 427, 583, 598, 603, as strategy, 8–9, 301, 310–311 see also propaganda, Spartan; Spartan secrecy 608–609, 611 Spartan empire, 320–348 at Plataia, 281 collapse, 341–345 plots, 347 costs of, 325–326 poverty, 228n18, 391 support for, 347–348 private feasts, 247–249 zenith, 321–323 social exclusiveness, 747–748, 750 Spartan exception, xvi, xvii, 5, 29–51, 419, 481 social gradations, 582 egalitarianism, 481–482, 572 at Thermopylai, 278 origins, 572 women see women of Sparta scholarly view of, 29–31, 482 work/leisure, 566, 577 Spartan secrecy, 7–8, 24–25, 238, 292, see also citizenship of Sparta Spawforth, Antony, 417 298, 715 Sphairos of Borysthenes, 108, 393, 660 sources, 31–35 Spartan ‘Similarity’, 12, 16–19

800 Index Sphakteria, island of Stephanos of Byzantium, 598, 637 garrison, 591n53 Stephen, Leslie, 736 prisoners of war, 19, 208–209, 241, 313 Stesichorus, 181, 432 Spartan surrender, 11–12, 16, 212, 308–309 Sthenelaïdas, ephor of Sparta, 304, 354, 464 Stibbe, Conrad M., 361 Sphodrias, Spartan commander, 39–40, Stoicism, 84–85 350n34, 466, 480 Strabo (Strabon), 100, 321–322, 406 trial, 46, 47, 341, 346, 350n34, 466, 480–483 foreign policy of Sparta, 406–407 Spithridates, Persian aristocrat, 330 Geography, 406 sport(s), in Antiquity, 543–560 Lykourgos, 416 Stylianou, P.J., 367 athletics see athletics Sumner, Beatie, 741 ball games, 409–410, 547, 561n12, 647, 728 sumptuary legislation, 43, 220, 227 boxing, 549 Sparta, 43, 213–214, 215, 225, 226, 227, contests, 548: see also civic competitions; 251, 481–482 Olympic Games see also austerity in Sparta eugenic purpose, 537, 555 Switzerland, 687, 701 female participation, 554–560 Syadras of Sparta, 213 definition, 545 symposia, 17, 20, 39, 50, 242 types, 546 drinking culture, 242, 256 wrestling see wrestling music, 242 see also choral competitions; dance; team pottery art, 146–147 Syracuse, 24 sports, Spartan war with Athens, 308, 314, 630 Stalingrad, battle of, 685–686 roads, 624, 625 Starr, C.G., 93, 94 see also Sicily state supremacy, in Greek society, 35–36 syssitia of Sparta, 17, 36, 38, 39, 45, 236–256, Sparta, xv–xvi, 36–51 576–577 statues, 638n12, 654–656 admission to, 486 alcohol consumption, 577 Agias, 654–655, 657 austerity, 236, 244 Aphetaios, 651 children’s, 528 Aphrodite‐Hera, 191 and citizenship, 236, 529, 576 Apollo, 64, 164, 224, 431, 433, 656 compulsory attendance, 236 bronze, 64, 163, 652: see also bronze confidentiality, 38 distinctiveness, 576 statuettes economic relationships, 47, 239–240, Eurybiades, 654 Euryleonis, 657 241–242, 509, 576 expense, 224 economic role, 576 Herakles, 183, 631, 649, 650 epaikla see epaikla Kyniska, 515, 634 exclusion of women, 146 Leonidas, 627 food at, 37, 38, 241, 249, 255, 259n28 Lykourgos, 95, 649 and food recirculation, 577–578 Lysandros, 75 guests, 486 Polydoros, 654–655 Hellenization, 587–588 regent Pausanias, 173, 285, 652 helots at, 242, 244, 568–569, 577, 710, 748 Roman emperors, 414 legendary origin, 237 Theopompos, 654 and Lykourgan reforms, 251, 255 Thetis, 654 mess dues, 42, 43, 211, 236, 241, 259n27, Zeus, 633 see also Laconian sculpture; 509, 576, 582 Ste Croix, Geoffrey de, xii, xiii, 22, 303, 304, 750 The Origins of the Peloponnesian War, 4

Index 801 as military institution, 96, 238–239, 250, democracy, 367, 379 486, 577 relations with Sparta, 12, 15, 95, 344, 355, music at, 192, 242, 260n36 356, 358, 367, 379 organization of, 238–239, 249 Tegyra, battle of, 377 origins, 249–254 Teisamenos, cult of, 254, 411 protest against, 237 Teleklos, king of Sparta, 653 public expense of, 244, 260n47, 566 Teleutias, Spartan commander, 337, 496 purpose, 236–237 Terpandros of Lesbos, 181, 437 Roman, 408 Thalamai, 635, 636 royal, 244, 259n18 Thaletas of Crete, 182 structure, 53n29 Thames Valley Grammar School, 727 transformation into symposia, 50 Thasos, 298, 305 wine at, 241 Thebes, 4, 332–333, 340 youth see under youth of Sparta acropolis see Kadmeia tableware, 126, 128–129, 171, 214 Athenian refugees, 332–333, 340 ceramic, 128, 142, 242–243, 254 and Boiotia, 339–340, 343, 366, 466 bronze, 70, 166, 169, 243, 254 democracy, 332, 340 gold and silver, 243, 248 downfall, 384 imperialism, 342–343 Talthybiadai family of Sparta, 490–491 and Messene, 380–381 Talthybios, legendary Spartan hero, 651 refounding, 387 Tanagra, 343 “sacred band,” 344, 378 Tanagra, battle of, 296, 301 see also relations between Thebes and Sparta Taras, colony of Sparta Themistokles, Athenian commander, 280, festivals of Dionysos, 441 293, 297, 618 grave goods, 128 exile, 297 internal exile, 388 and helot revolts, 297–298 pottery finds, 125, 126, 128, 138, relations with Sparta, 297 reputation for wisdom, 403 142, 169 Theodoros of Samos, 164, 224 taxation, Spartan, 41, 50, 315, 587, 644 Theognidea, 195 Theokritos (Theocritus) poet, 184, 506, 539, Athenian influence, 338 citizen exclusion, 708 557, 559 Taygetos Mountains, 618, 621, 626, 627 Epithalamion to (of) Helen (Marriage Song Taylor, John, 708 Tazelaar, C.M., 527 for Helen), 191, 442, 539 team sports, modern, 728 Theophrastos, 227, 234n138 Association Football, 728 Theophrastos, Gaius Julius, 410 influence of Antiquity, 727, 728 Theopompos of Chios, 321, 336, 465, and Public School ethos, 729 see also rugby football 566, 586 team sports, Spartan, 45 Theopompos, king of Sparta, 100, 115n31, ballgames, 409, 410, 547, 560, 561n12, 230n41, 453, 654 647, 651 and the ephorate, 100–101, 109, 114n26, Platanistas island, 82, 84, 183, 535, 115n30 548, 649 Thera, island of, 104, 253–254 religious, 648 Therapne, 184, 191, 431 Tegea, 100, 363 Theras, regent of Sparta, 104, 254 alliances, 296, 356, 369 Thermopylai, battle of, 4, 13, 14, 278–279 association with Orestes, 67, 95–96, 254, aftermath, 291 360, 652 army, 278 casualties, 378, 579

802 Index Thermopylai, battle of (cont’d ) on Kythera, 598, 606 commander, 278–279 on laws of Sparta, 97 as defeat, 284 on legends, 13–14 heroes, 74, 279, 285 on massacre of the helots, 9, 310–311, 319 homoeroticism, 693 on Messenian revolt, 296, 298–299, film treatment of, 704, 713, 714 as myth, 23–24 300, 612 oracle, 279 on military command structure, 37, 38–39 Peloponnesians at, 278 on military competence, 6 pre‐battle exercises, 543 on Peace of Pleistoanax, 310 as propaganda, 284, 685–686, 690–691, on the Peloponnesian War, 12, 177, 292, 693, 695–696, 698 Sparta’s allies, 278, 279 303–304, 305–306, 309, 355, 464, TV documentaries, 714 581, 582 on perioikic communities, 597 Thespiai, 340, 341, 342, 343 on Persian War, 292, 293 Thessaly, 44, 332 on political stability of Sparta, 4, 12, 18, 20, 97 alliances, 299, 301, 384 readership, 4 Thibron, Spartan commander, 328, 338, 387 on regent Pausanias, 13–14, 282, 283, 292, Third Messenian War, 239, 296, 332, 362, 294–295, 458, 463 on religion, 429 567, 581–582, 612 on rituals, 425 Third Sacred War, 383–384 on secrecy of Sparta, 7–8, 9, 10–11, 24, 298 Thirty Years’ Peace, 303, 307, 309, 313–314 sources, 12–13, 14, 26, 27 Thomas, Carol, 468 on surrender at Sphakteria, 16, 19, 212 Thorax, Spartan commander, 318, 325, on Syracuse expedition, 315 on Themistokles, 297–298 349n10 on tyranny, 360 Thouria, 612 Thyrea, battle of, 222, 234n127 Thrasyboulos of Athens, 332–333, 338 Thyreatis, 358, 574, 600 three hundred, as significant number, 239, road access, 622–623 Timaios, 104 378–379 Timokrates of Rhodes, 333 hippeis, 205, 480, 488 Timotheos, Athenian commander, Thermopylai, 278, 494, 686, 698, 704, 342, 343 Tiribazos, Persian satrap, 338, 366 713–714 Tiryns, 576 Thring, Edward, 747 Tisamenos of Elis, 296, 316, 363, 468 Thucydides, 4, 7, 9–10, 11, 14, 163 Tissaphernes, Persian satrap, 8, 327, 328, 329, 355 on architecture, 431 Tithraustes, Persian satrap, 329, 330, 333 on austerity in Sparta, 163, 217, 219, 224, 637 Tocra, 141 on battle of Mantineia, 177 tombs, 650–651, 652, 657 on Brasidas, 14, 22, 311–312 chamber, 141, 223 comparison of Athens and Sparta, 32, 224, collective/family, 63, 68–69, 222, 634 cults, 74, 75, 254, 431 301, 715 of heroes, 431, 432, 445, 446, 650, 652 on duplicity of Sparta, 33 ostentatious, 83–84 on dyarchy, 454 of poets, 190, 196, 516, 650 on education, 534 royal, 100, 170, 285, 472, 652 on egalitarianism in Sparta, 49, 217, 219 war, 221–223, 228, 690 on ephorate, 463 on foreign policy of Sparta, 78, 292, 294, 295–296 on Gylippos, 314–315 on helotage, 567 on justice in Sparta, 10

Index 803 trade, Spartan, 212, 213–214 Framers, 707 international see international trade and Republican Rome, 707 and Hellenism, 709 Trajan, emperor of Rome, 414, 415 military awards, 716 Triphylia, 331, 332, 369 North–South divide, 709, 711–712 Troizen, 299, 444 slavery, 709–710 Trojan War, 196, 284 Southern Quarterly Review, 709 and Sparta, 704–707, 708–709, play setting, 555: see also Iliad Spartan role in, 651: see also Menelaos, 710–711, 712 sports mascots, 712–713 legendary king of Sparta Thermopylai, 704, 713 Turgot, Anne‐Robert‐Jacques de, 678 urbanization, 78, 79, 81, 83 Turing, Alan, 753 Tweed, Thomas, 426 Vacano, Otto Wilhelm von, 699 tyranny, Greek, 33 Vaughan, C.J., 727, 730, 738 Vauvenargues, Luc de, 678 movement towards, 733 Veiras, Denis, Histoire de Sévarambes, 666 opposition to, 357, 360, 459, 714 Vespasian, Roman emperor, 86, 416 and Spartan dyarchy, 457, 461, 645 villages of Sparta, 177, 192 study of, 360 Tyros, 600 creation of, 98 Tyrtaios of Sparta, 180, 193–196 early history, 3–4, 67: see also Dorian conservatism, 575 date, 193, 426 Sparta on death in battle, 222 and military organization, 240 on helotage, 570 perioikic, 598 on hoplites, 195, 196, 250 see also individual villages on kings, 445, 454 Vinglapha excavations, 635 on land redistribution, 203 Vix Krater, 70, 73, 155, 170 martial songs, 34, 193, 194 Voltaire, François Marie Arouet, 667, on military organization, 575 on pathēmata, 536 677, 678 quotation by other poets, 195 works: Défense du Mondain, 677; origin, 181 on the “Great Rhētra”, 98, 101, 115n31 Mondain, 677 silence on Lykourgos, 98, 114n23 Voluseni family of Sparta, 411 on sports, 553 votive offerings, 65, 74, 76 and symposia, 195, 196 use of myth, 196 Amyklai, 138 use of proverbs, 195–196 Artemis Orthia, 21, 63, 64, 161, works, 193–194: Eunomia, 193, 197, 203, 503, 511 445, 460, 470 figurines, 161, 167, 503 funerary, 68 United States, connections with Greek and hero worship, 443–445 Antiquity, 704–719 Menelaion, 66 Olympia, 141, 168 abolitionists, 710, 711 pottery, 65, 126, 130, 137–138, and Athens, 708, 709, 710–711, 712 civil war, 711 141–142, 146 classical studies, 704–705, 710–711 Samos, 137–138 early republicanism, 705–706 Sicily, 142 education, 705 Taras, 142 feminism, 707–708, 718 war booty, 331, 332, 467 Founders, 705–706, 708–709 Voza, G., 624 Vresthena quarries, 626, 627, 627, 628, 629, 630

804 Index Wallerstein, Immanuel, 383 at festivals, 224, 248, 414 war booty, 74, 209, 330 freedom, 441, 501, 505, 509–510 homosexuality, 503, 519n5, 538 and coinage, 209, 317–318, 325 idealized, 740 and Gylippos, 209, 325, 349n9 influence, 18, 392, 512, 513–518 and Lysandros, 209, 230n41, inheritance, 389, 512 initiation rituals, 504, 507, 539, 556, 317–318, 324 and Mnasippos, 343 557, 558 royal enrichment, 467 involvement in national defence, 501, sharing out, 32, 403 as votive offering, 331, 332, 467 537–538 war graves, 221–223 legal guardianship, 508, 510, 511 Athens, 221, 222, 233n113 literacy, 503–504, 519n6, 538 battlefield, 222–223, 225, 234nn118, 124 marriage, 41–43, 347, 508–510, 539, grave goods, 222 Homer on, 222 556–558: see also dowries Plataia, 221, 223 music and dance, 441, 442, 504, 538 regulation, 223 and property, 41, 325, 392, 511–512, 587 royal, 472 regulation of, 224–225 Spartan customs, 221–222 as religious officials, 415, 418 War of Greek Independence, 709 scholarly view of, 501–502 war strategies see military strategies of Sparta sources, 502 Waterhouse, Helen, 634 and US history, 707–708 Watt, Roderick H., 701 virtues, 413, 507–508 Weber, Max, 695 Wood, Gordon, 705 Westminster School, 732, 733, 736 Woodward, A.M., 631 Wilamowitz‐Moellendorff, Ulrich von, 692 World‐Systems theory, 383–384 Reden und Vortrage, 692 World War I see First World War Wilhelm Weber, 695 World War II see Second World War Williamson, Henry, 731 wrestling, 179, 444, 558, 560 Winchester College, 734, 744, 746, 750 combined with boxing, 546 alumni, 753, 755 female, 505–506, 537, 539, 556 Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, 687–688 Olympic, 549 women Wright, Johnson Kent, 671, 672 British society, 741 Greek society, 41–42, 220 xenia see guest‐friendship and male ethos, 741 Xenodamos of Kythera, 182 property rights, 41 Xenokratia, Memmia, 415 Sparta see women of Sparta Xenokritos of Lokroi, 182 women of Sparta, xiv, 5–6, 11, 500–519 xenophobia, 575, 681 athleticism, 49–50, 441–442, 505–508 Xenophon, 5, 8, 10, 99, 482 compared with Athenian women, 501 compared with Roman women, 505 on Agesilaos II, 47, 214, 217, 329–331, cults, 506 340, 345, 454, 455, 466, 467 and demographic decline, 513 domestic role, 539 on Agis II, 472 dress, 557–558 on battle of Leuktra, 238, 274–275, education, 52n19, 431, 442, 537–539, 430, 464 556–557 on common messes, 237, 242, 244, executions, 392 feminist scholarship on, 707–708 247, 254 on conspiracy of Kinadon, 77, 326, 607, 618 on Corinth–Argos union, 336 on cowardice, 560

Index 805 on dyarchy, 469, 473 Xerxes, king of Persia, 274–275 on economic inequality in Sparta, 204, in film 300, 714 Marathon expedition, 275–276, 279, 211, 213 284–285 on education system of Sparta, 177, youth of Sparta 218–219, 348, 483, 484, 526, 532, 535, age sets see age set system of Sparta 536, 537, 546–547 in army, 326 on ephorate, 462 battle of Plataia, 281 exile, 33 common messes, 245–247, 256, 529 on flagellation, 483 education see education, Spartan on Gerousia, 491 and festivals, 533 on infrastructure, 618 pederasty, 20, 21, 46, 486–487, 529, 736, on legends, 14 737–738 on Lykourgan lawmaking, 98, 101–102, punishments, 245–246: see also under 209, 211, 447, 491, 509–510, 560 epaikla on marriage, 509–510 transition to adulthood, 486, 529–530, on military organization in Sparta, 206, 646–647 602, 605, 618 as troops, 245, 246 on pathēmata, 536 whipping ordeals see ritual flagellation on pederasty, 487, 529, 736, 738 on perioikic communities, 597, 602, 605 Zankle, Sicily, 570 on religion, 428, 469 Zeus, king of the gods, 627, 653 on ritual thieving, 529 scholarly evaluation of, 321, 502 father of heroes, 183, 184, 440, 445 on society of Sparta: athletics, 506; austerity, as lawgiver, 101 218–219, 227; customs, 246; dress, 216, magical powers, 188 218; women, 506 and Messenians, 300, 380 as pro‐Spartan commander, 25, 26, 544 monuments to, 67, 84, 633, 653 on Spartan empire, 329 morality, 737 story of Sphodrias, 39–40, 46, 47, 341, priesthoods of, 445, 469, 471 480–481, 526 sacrifices to, 469 on surrender of Athens, 317 sanctioning of Delphic oracle, 301, on trade in Sparta, 212 on wealth of Sparta, 209, 210 445, 447 on women, 554–555 sanctuaries, 64, 66, 67, 85, 138, 156, 380, works: Agesilaos, 454, 466; Hellenika, 321, 412, 445, 461, 466, 602, 609, 610; 444, 653 Lakedaimoniōn Politeia see Constitution of and Sparta, 197, 490, 627 the Lakedaimonians (Xenophon) statues, 84 Zurich, 687