Health Science Flipbook

The Body Systems By: Gabriella Taylor

The integumentary system Function: The integumentary systems main Diseases/Disorders Key Terms: function is to act as a barrier to Acne:common disorder of the sebaceous derm/o; protect the body from foreign glands in which sebum clogs pores and the dermat/o-skin invaders. It also retains body fluids, eliminates waste products and area is filled with leukocytes. kerat/o-cornea regulates body temperature. Vocab: Dermatitis:inflammation of the skin that can xer/o-dry Melanin-the pigment that gives the skin be a rash caused by reactions to soap, its pigment xanth/o-yellow(ish) plants, or emotions/stress. Impetigo: inflammatory and contagious rash erythr/o-red caused by staphylococcus bacteria. Most pedicul/o- toenail Melanocyte-cells that produce melanin commonly seen in babies. onych/o-finger nail Dermis-connective tissue beneath the Shingles-viral infection of nerve ending myc/o-fungus epidermis chest or abdomen, accompanied by severe pil/o-hair Callus- thickened portion of skin pain lip/o-fatty/lipid rhytid/o-wrinkle Keratin-a fiber protein that is the principal Medication required for pain and itching. albin/o-white component of hair, skin, and nails Health Care Positions: Epidermis-outer layer of skin Dermatologists diagnose skin problems, Cyanosis- bluish skin coloration due to lack of and conduct screenings and skin oxygen evaluations to analyze the patients' medical history to determine treatments.

Musculoskeletal System Function: The musculoskeletal Ligament; flexible bands Healthcare Careers: Diseases/Disorders: Myologist: Myologists system provides support, stability of fibrous connective perform physical Osteoporosis: The examinations to determine and movement to the body. It is tissue that attaches one how well their patient can disease in which the function. When their patient made up of bones, muscles, bone to another at a joint. is ready for your bones become more Key Terms: intervention, they design a fragile and prone to ● my/o-muscle ligaments, cartilage, tendons and Tendon: band of fibrous series of exercises. fractures because tiny ● myel/o-spinal cord Orthopedic Surgeon: holes are formed in the connective tissues. connective tissue that Orthopedic Surgeons examine, diagnose, and treat Vocabulary: attaches muscle to bone. diseases and injuries to the musculoskeletal system. Joint: holds bones together and Cardiac Muscle: forms They also prescribe bone. or bone marrow treatment for patients with makes movement possible. most of the walls of the injuries and perform Scoliosis: Abnormalities ● oste/o-bone required surgery. Articular cartilage: smooth layer of heart, and its involuntary of the spinal curve. ● cost/o-ribs firm fibrous tissue covering the contraction produces the Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: ● crani/o-cranium contacting surface of the joints. heart beat A condition that causes ● -pexy-surgical Meniscus: crescent shaped cartilage Smooth Muscle: located in numbness, tingling, or fixation weakness in your hand. found in the knee. internal organs, such as ● chondr/o-cartilage Synovia: fluid secreted by the the walls of blood vessels Tendonitis: Is the ● arthr/o-joint synovial membrane and found in and the digestive tract. inflammation of a joint cavities. Skeletal Muscle: attached tendon. It happens when ● -plegia-paralysis or Bursa: fluid filled sac that allows for to bones by tendons and a person over-uses or stroke easy movement over one joint to make body movement injures a tendon. ● kinesi/o-movement another. possible.

Nervous System Function: SNS (somatic nervous system): Vocab: The nervous system is composed of somatic motor nerve Neuroglia: Neurons Diseases/Disorders: ● neur/o: nerve associated closely ● encephal/o: brain responsible for receiving fibers that conduct voluntary with much smaller Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's ● myel/o: spinal cord/bone information about the impulses from the CNS to skeletal cells; Non- disease affects brain function, marrow environment around us and muscles. generating motor responses Sensory/Afferent: consists of nerve conducting cells of memory and behaviour. ● ambul/o: to walk to that information. The fibers that convey impulses to the neural tissue that Bell's palsy: Bell's palsy is a ● -esthesia: sensation nervous system can be central nervous system from sensory support, protect, sudden weakness or paralysis of ● mening/o: membrane divided into regions that are receptors located throughout the and insulate the facial muscles on one side of the ● psych/o: mental responsible for sensation andbody. neurons. face ● concuss/o: shaken together for the response. Motor/Efferent: transmits impulses Axon: End of Cerebral palsy: a condition in Vocab: from the CNS to effector organs (the neuron that which the ability to control HealthCare Careers: CNS (central nervous muscles and glands). releases muscles is reduced due to Chiropractor:Chiropractic Doctors system): consists of the brain Sympathetic: In the thoracic and neurotransmitters nervous system damage before, diagnose and treat patients whose health problems are associated with and spinal cord. lumbar parts of the spinal cord, away from the cell during or after birth. the body's muscular, nervous and PNS (peripheral nervous mobilizes body systems during body. Parkinson’s disease: results from skeletal systems. system): the part of the Dendrite: End of damage to the nerve cells in a activity. nervous system that consists Parasympathetic: In the cranial and neuron that region of the brain that Neurologists: licensed medical mainly of the nerves (bundlessacral area, conserves energy and conducts electrical produces dopamine, a chemical specialists who diagnose and treat currents toward that is vital for the smooth disorders that affect the brain, spinal of axons) that extend from promotes housekeeping functions the brain and spinal cord. the cell body. control of muscles and cord, nerves and muscles of patients.

Special Senses Key Terms: Vocab: Somatic Senses:Sensations produced Microphthalmia: A by general sense organs. developmental disorder of the ● irid/o- iris Special Sense Receptors: large Exteroceptors:Classification of eye in which one (unilateral receptors due to location. These are microphthalmia) or both ● -cusis-hearing complex sensory organs or located on or very near the body (bilateral microphthalmia) eyes surface. They respond to stimuli are abnormally small and have problem localized clusters of receptors. external to the body. anatomic malformations. Referred Pain:Deep visceral pain Nystagmus:Nystagmus is a ● -opia-eye defect Receptor Potential: Graded from Nociceptors but is interpreted vision condition in which the as coming from the skin. eyes make repetitive, ● ot/o-ear response to the strength of the Gustatory: Taste. uncontrolled movements. ● tympan/o-ear drum stimulus. ● opthalm/o-relationshi Sensation:Process of detecting a stimulus. p to the eye Perception:Process of integrating, ● -metry-measure organizing and interpreting Function: The special sensory sensations. Adaptation:Functional receptors detect Diseases/Disorders: Healthcare Careers: environmental stimuli and characteristic of receptors when Cataracts: A cataract is a cloudy area Ophthalmologist: a medical transduce their energy into the magnitude of the receptor in the lens of your eye. Cataracts Are doctor (MD) or a doctor of electrical impulses. These are potential decreases over a period very common as you get older. osteopathic medicine (DO) who then conveyed along sensory of time. Glaucoma: Glaucoma is a group of specializes in eye and vision care. General Sense Organs:Term for eye conditions that damage the optic Neurologist: treats disorders neurons to the central nerve, the health of which is vital for that affect the brain, spinal cord, nervous system, where they microscopic receptors distributed good vision. and nerves, such as: are integrated and processed, throughout the body in skin, Cerebrovascular disease, such as and a response is produced. mucosa, tissues, muscles, tendons,

Cardiovascular System Key Terms: ● cardi/o- heart AV Node:specialized tissue in the wall Diseases/disorders: ● angi/o-blood vessels ● hemat/o-blood between the atria. electrical impulses pass Coronary Artery Healthcare Careers: ● -brady-slow from the pacemaker (SA Node) through the Disease: damage or Cardiologist: a doctor who ● Tachy-fast/rapid disease in the heart's specializes in the study or ● thromb/o-blood clot AV node and the atrioventricular bundle treatment of heart diseases and ● -emia-condition of the blood major blood vessels. heart abnormalities. ● leuk/o-white blood cells (bundle of His) toward the ventricles Cardiothoracic Surgeon: a specialist ● erythr/o-red blood cells Atria: One of 2 upper chambers of the heart High blood pressure: who operates on the heart, lungs ● arteri/o-artery condition in which the and other thoracic (chest) organs. Vocab: Capillary: smallest blood vessel Aorta: largest artery in the body Coronary arteries: blood vessels that branch force of blood against Arterioral: smallest artery in the body from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the artery walls is too Artery: largest type of blood vessel; carries blood high. away from the heart to all parts of the body the heart muscle Bundle of HIS:specialized muscle fibers connecting Cardiac Arrest: sudden the atria with the ventricles and transmitting Deoxygenated blood: blood with poor electrical impulses between them and unexpected loss of amount of oxygen heart function, Function: breathing and The main function of the cardiovascular system is to maintain blood flow to all parts of consciousness. the body, to allow it to survive. Veins deliver Stroke: damage to the used blood from the body back to the heart. brain due to its interruption of blood

Respiratory System Key Terms: The pathways for Alveolar ventilation: how much Pneumonia: Pneumonia is an NICU respiratory airflow:nose--->pharynx--->lar air gets into alveolar tidal infection that inflames the air therapist: responds to all ● bronch/o-bronchus ynx--->trachea--->bronchi--->b volume less anatomical dead sacs in one or both lungs. The air high-risk deliveries ● cyan/o-blue ronchioles--->terminal space. sacs may fill with fluid or pus , including those of infants ● laryng/o-larynx bronchioles--->respiratory Partial pressure: pressure causing coughing with phlegm born before 32 weeks, ● -oxia-sight/vision bronchioles--->alveolar exerted by a gas in a mixture of or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty infants with serious ● oxy-oxygen ducts--->alveoli. gases influences the movement breathing. congenital defects, or ● pleur/o-rib Pneumothorax: air in pleural of air into alveoli. Cystic fibrosis: Cystic fibrosis is infants who need ● pneum/o-lungs; air in the space, possibly causing collapse Diseases/disorders: a hereditary disease that affects respiratory assistance of lung Asthma: a condition in which a the lungs and digestive system. upon delivery. lungs Atelectasis: the collapse of person's airways become The body produces thick and ● pulmon/o-lungs ● thorac/o-chest scattered alveoli. inflamed, narrow and swell, and sticky mucus that can clog the ● trache/o-trachea produce extra mucus, which lungs and obstruct the pancreas. Vocab: Inspiration: when the Ventilation: movement of air into diaphragm contracts & flattens makes it difficult to breathe. the lungs. Chronic bronchitis: the External respiration: gas exchange thoracic cavity volume inflammation and irritation of Healthcare Careers: between air in the lungs and increases air pressure the bronchial tubes. These blood. decreases. tubes are the airways that carry Respiratory therapists: Internal respiration: gas exchange Expiration: diaphragm relaxes & air to and from the air sacs in typically do the following: dome shape returns thoracic your lungs. The irritation of the Interview and examine patients cavity volume decreases air with breathing or pressure increases. tubes causes mucus to build up. cardiopulmonary disorders.

The Digestive System Key Terms: Hydrochloric acid: Diseases/Disorders: ● cholecyst/o-gallbladde Chemical Digestion: the digestion process in which chemical made in the Irritable bowel syndrome: r ● enter/o-intestine enzymes are used to break foods stomach that helps Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is ● col/o, colon/o-colon into their smaller chemical break down food. It is a group of symptoms that occur ● hepat/o-liver building blocks. often called stomach together, including repeated Celiac Disease: Celiac disease is an ● gastr/o-stomach Gastrointestinal Tract: Long pain in the abdomen and immune disease in which people can't ● or/o-mouth winding path from mouth to acid. eat gluten because it will damage ● chol/e-bile anus Pepsin: Enzyme that changes in bowel movements their small intestine. ● proct/o-anus Amylase: enzyme in saliva that breaks down proteins Acid Reflux: Gastroesophageal ● -pepsia-digestion breaks the chemical bonds in reflux (GER) happens when Healthcare Careers: Function: in the stomach. stomach contents come back up Ulcer: sore in the starches. stomach caused from into the esophagus causing Gastroenterologist – a physician The digestive system is responsible for taking foods Peristalsis: rhythmic muscular lack of mucus lining. heartburn. specializing in diseases of the and turning them into energy contractions that squeeze food Chyme: mixture of Hirschsprung Disease: digestive system including stomach fluids and Hirschsprung disease is a birth esophagus, stomach and intestines. and nutrients to allow the body through the esophagus into the food produced in the defect in which nerve cells are These specialists do not do surgery. to function, grow, and repair stomach by missing at the end of a child’s itself. stomach. contracting stomach bowel. Proctologist– a physician specializing Vocab: Heartburn/acid reflux: Occurs muscles in diseases of the rectum and anus. when stomach acids backup into Proctology is a surgical subspecialty. Mechanical Digestion: the the esophagus causing painful physical breakdown of food

The Urinary System Nephron; any of the small tubules thatUrinary tract infection (UTI) is Key Terms: are the excretory units of the an infection in any part of your ● -cele- swelling Apex: the highest point, tip. vertebrate kidney. urinary system — your kidneys, ● -lysis- destruction Renal columns: areas of tissue Glomerulus: small network of ureters, bladder and urethra. ● cyst/o- sac which segregate and dip inward capillaries encased in the upper end of Mlowosetriunrfeincatrioyntsraincvt olve the a nephron; where the filtration of Healthcare Careers: ● nephr/o- kidney between the pyramids, columns ● ren/o-kidney between renal pyramids. blood takes place. ● -urea-present in urine Renal pelvis: a structure shaped Diseases/Disorders: Urologists diagnose and treat ● -pexy- surgical fixation like a funnel in the outlet of the diseases of the urinary tract in Bladder cancer: A common form of both men and women. ● -ectasis-dilation kidney into which urine is cancer that begins in the lining of the Nephrologist: is a type of ● pyel/o -pelvis discharged before passing into the bladder. The most common warning doctor that specializes in Function: ureter. sign is blood in the urine. The urinary system's function is to filter Calyx: cup-shaped part of the renal treating diseases of the kidney. Kidney Stones: kidney stones are hardNot only do nephrologists have blood and create urine as a waste by-product. pelvis through which urine passes deposits of minerals and acid salts expertise on diseases that Vocab: from the renal tubule. that stick together in concentrated specifically affect the kidney, Adipose Capsule: fatty mass that cushions Renal artery: an artery originating urine. They can be painful when but they're also very the kidney and helps attach it to the body from the abdominal aorta and passing through the urinary tract. knowledgeable about how wall. supplying the kidneys and adrenal Overactive Bladder: A problem with bladder function that causes the Renal cortex: the cortex of the kidney glands and ureters. sudden need to urinate. kidney disease or dysfunction can affect other parts of your containing the glomeruli and the convoluted Renal veins: veins that accompany

The Reproductive System Key Terms: Testosterone: the most important of Endometriosis: an Ejaculatory duct: duct formed by the male sex hormones. often painful disorder in ● cervic/o- cervix the union of the vas deferens withEstrogen: a general term for female which tissue similar to the tissue that normally ● salping/o- fallopian tube the duct of the seminal vesicle; its steroid sex hormones that are secreted lines the inside of your uterus — the ● ov/o- egg fluid is carried into the urethra. by the ovary and responsible for typical endometrium — grows outside the uterus. ● orchid/o- testicle Gamete: specialized cell involved female sexual characteristics. Healthcare Careers: Gynecologists: doctors ● oophor/o- ovary in sexual reproduction. who specialize in women's health, with a ● men/o- menstruation Diseases/Disorders: focus on the female Ovary: one of usually two organs Prostate Cancer: A cancer in a man's reproductive system. ● mamm/o- breast that produce ova and secrete prostate, a small walnut-sized gland Reproductive endocrinologists: work ● gynec/o- woman; female estrogen and progesterone. with women and couples to diagnose and ● colp/o- vagina that produces seminal fluid. treat infertility issues. Prostate Gland: exocrine gland, in HIV/AIDS: (human immunodeficiency ● prostat/o- prostate gland men, at the base of the urinary virus) is a virus that attacks cells that Function: The human reproductive system functions to produce human bladder that secretes the fluid help the body fight infection, making a offspring, with the male providing sperm part of semen into the urethra person more vulnerable to other during ejaculation. and the female providing the ovum. infections and diseases. Uterus: a hollow muscular organ Uterine Fibroids: Uterine fibroids are Vocab: in the pelvic cavity of females. noncancerous growths of the uterus Cervix: the opening to the uterus. Coitus: the act of sexual procreation Zygote: organism produced by that often appear during childbearing union of two gametes. between a man and a woman. years.