History of Bengali Script by Abu Sayed Tulu

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MZ K‡qK kZvãx Av‡M GK DbœZZi cÖvB‡g‡Ui dwmj Avwe®K…Z nq| Avwe®K…Z G cÖvB‡gU‡`i †Kvg‡ii nvo, nvZ, cv, †Pvqvj BZ¨vw` cÖvq Avay- wbK gvby‡li g‡ZvB wQj| Avwe®K…Z G †kªYxi cÖvB‡gU I AvaywbK gvby‡li g‡a¨ †`nMZ cv_©K¨ ïay GKwU ¯’v‡bB Avi Ab¨vb¨ ˆ`wnK ˆewkó¨ AvaywbK gvby‡li g‡ZvB| G cÖvB‡gU‡`i gv_vi AvK…wZ AvaywbK gvb‡y li gv_vi †P‡q Zzjbvgj~ K A‡bK eo| weÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib, Z…Yevmx cÖvB‡gU‡`i GwU wØZxq avc| ˆewk‡ó¨i Ici wfwË K‡i cÖ_g avcwUi bvg w`‡q‡Qb †hgb ivgvwc‡_Kvm †Zgwb G av‡ci bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb A÷ªv‡jvwc‡_Kvm| weÁvbxiv G †kªYxi cÖvB‡gU‡K cÖvB‡gU weeZ©‡bi wØZxq ¯Íi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i‡Qb| cÖvß dwmj we‡kølY K‡i Abygvb Kiv nq, G cÖvB‡gU‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖvq Pwjøk jvL eQi Av‡Mi e‡j weÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib| `wÿY Avwd«Kvq cÖvß G dwm‡ji Ici wbf©i K‡i weÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib, Avw` gvb‡ei DrcwË ¯j’ I evmf~wg n‡”Q Avwd«Kv| Abygvb Kiv nq, ZvÄvwbqvi n«‡`i cvo G †kªYxi Aa©gvb‡ei emevm¯’j| cÖvq m‡Zi jÿ eQi Av‡M nª‡`i cv‡k G Avav gvbyl †kªYx A÷ªv‡jvwc‡_Kvm evm Ki‡Zv| Lye m¤¢eZ Zviv e¨vO, wMiwMwU, Li‡Mvm, nuvm BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖvYx a‡i a‡i †L‡Zv| G A÷ªv‡jvwc‡_Kvm gvb‡y liI weeZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| weeZ©‡bi GK ch©v‡q Zviv †mvRv `uvwo‡q Pjv‡div Ki‡Z _v‡K| G †mvRv ev Lvov n‡q Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i e‡j G †kªYxi cÖvB‡gU‡K Lvov gvbylI ejv nq| G ch©v‡q Avw`g gvbyl¸‡jv me©`v Lvov n‡q Pjv‡div, wkKvi Ki‡Zv| e„ÿevmx ev QbœQvov Rxeb †_‡K Zviv µgk msNe× nIqv ïiæ K‡i| DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q, G †kªYxi gvbyl‡`i m‡½ ïay gv_vi AvKvi Qvov AvaywbK gvb‡y li m‡½ Avi †Kvb cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv| G c„w_exi ZrKvjxb cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ A‡÷ªv‡jvwc‡_Kvm msMÖv‡gi ga¨ w`‡q wb‡Riv †eu‡P _v‡K| Zv‡`i weeZ©‡bi m‡½ m‡½ c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYxiI weeZ©b n‡Z _v‡K| G gvbyl‡`i Av‡k- cv‡k evm Ki‡Zv wnsmª I A™¢e me Rv‡bvqvi| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q- †Nvovi †P‡q †`L‡Z weivU AvKvi ev †`navix †fov, Mwijvi g‡Zv ev Zvi †P‡q weKU †`‡ni †eeyb, eo KzK‡z ii mgvb mRviæ Avi eo AvKv‡ii MÐvi| m¤¢ eZ, G cªwZK‚j cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ gvbyl‡K †e‡u P _vKvi ZvwM‡` n‡Z n‡q‡Q c~‡e©i †P‡q A‡bK †ewk PvjvK, PZzi I AZ¨šÍ `ÿ wkKvix| g‡b Kiv nq, 13

G mgq †_‡KB wkKvix Rxe‡bi h_vh_ hvÎv| cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k AvZ¥iÿv I wkKvix Rxe‡bi ˆewP‡Î¨i d‡j Avwe®‹vi K‡i wbZ¨ bZzb cv_‡ii nvwZqv‡ii| gvbyl mf¨Zv I weeZ©‡bi BwZnv‡m G ch©v‡q G‡m gvb‡y li ms¯‹…wZ M‡o DV‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Avw`g ms¯‹…wZ wn‡m‡e a‡i †bIqv nq, cyivb ev cÖ_g cv_i hy‡Mi wkKvix mgv‡Ri ms¯‹…wZ| G cyivb cv_i hyM ev cÖ_g cyivcjxq hy‡M gvbyl Z…Yf~wg‡Z gvbyl evm Ki‡jI Zv wQj wew”Qbœfv‡e evm| cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ ZLb Zviv gy³fv‡e †Nviv‡div K‡i †eovZ| †hLv‡b G‡m Zviv K¬všÍ n‡Zv †mLv‡bB nqZ ivZ hvcb Ki‡Zv| A_ev †h GjvKvq wkKvi †ewk cvIqv †hZ †m GjvKv‡ZB Zviv evm Ki‡Zv| Avw`g gvbyl wbixn cÖvYx‡`i‡KB g~jZ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MªnY Ki‡Zv| ZLbI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ h_v_©fv‡e `je× Rxeb hvÎvi mP~ bv nq wb| f~ZË¡we`‡`i g‡Z, c„w_ex‡Z hLb gvbe hvÎvi G ¯Íi weivRgvb, ZLb mgMÖ c„w_exi Dc‡i †b‡g Av‡m DËi †Mvjva© †_‡K ei‡di eb¨v| G eid hy‡Mi mgq wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv nq AvR †_‡K cÖvq cÖvq Qq mvZ jvL eQi c~e©| †m ei‡di eb¨vq Av”Qvw`Z n‡q hvq cÖvq mgMÖ c„w_ex| †X‡K hvq AvR‡Ki cwiwPZ BD‡ivc gnv‡`k, Avwd«Kvi DËivÂj Avi Gwkqv gnv‡`k| Abygvb Kiv nq, K‡qKÕk nvRvi eQi ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z n‡q _v‡K c„w_ex| ZLb Avw`g gvbyl eid †_‡K Rxeb euvPv‡bvi ZvwM‡` GKUz ﮋZvi mÜv‡b QzU‡Z _v‡K| QzU‡Z QzU‡Z A‡cÿK…Z Kg eid Av”Qvw`Z ¯’v‡b Avkªq †bq| m¤¢eZ, G eid Av”Qvw`Z nIqvi c~e© ch©šÍ Avw`g gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z Avwd«Kv AÂj †Kw›`ªK evm Ki‡Zv| eid hy‡M Gfv‡e QzU‡Z QzU‡Z Pviw`‡K Qwo‡q wQwU‡q c‡o| cÖ_g eid hyM †kl n‡j nqZ Avw`g gvbyl Avi c‡~ e©i ¯’v‡b †diZ hvq bv| Gfv‡eB Avw`g gvbyliv Qwo‡q wQwU‡q c‡o c„w_exi me©Î| d‡j ïiæ nq wewfbœ ¯’vb †Kw›`ªK Avw`g gvb‡y li Rxeb-hvÎvi m~ÎcvZ| cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k Avw`g gvbyl‡`i wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †`‡ni †hgb µgk cwieZ©b N‡U †Zgwb ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©bI NU‡Z _v‡K| mgq GwM‡q †h‡Z _v‡K fwel¨‡Zi w`‡K| cÖ_g ev‡ii g‡Zv wØZxq eviI ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z n‡q hvq c„w_ex| wØZxq eid hy‡Mi Avw`g gvby‡li emevm msµvšÍ †Zgb †Kvb 14

Z_¨B cvIqv hvq wb| c~bivq ZZ… xq I PZz_© ev‡ii g‡Zv ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z n‡q hvq c„w_ex| m¤¢eZ Z…Zxq eid h‡y MB Avw`g gvbyl ¸nvevmx nIqv ïiæ K‡i| Gfv‡e Pvi Pvi evi ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z n‡q hvq c„w_ex| Pvievi c„w_ex ei‡d Av”Qvw`Z n‡q wM‡qwQj e‡j G ei‡di hyM‡K PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| Lye m¤¢e, G eidc~e© hy‡Mi gvbyl GK ¯’v‡bB emevm Ki‡Zv| eid hy‡Mi ïiæ †_‡KB gvbyl c„w_exi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q co‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Avw`g gvby‡liv cÖ_‡g DËi Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Ges c‡i BD‡ivc I Gwkqvq Qwo‡q c‡o| Avw`g gvbyl‡`i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q wQwU‡q cov wb‡q wfbœ wfbœ gZ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †KD e‡jb eid Av”Qvw`Z wngve¯’v †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ Avw`g gvbyliv wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Qwo‡q c‡o| Avevi A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, cÖvKw… ZK cÖwZK‚j Ae¯’vq G Avw`g gvbe nqZ Rxeb hy‡× Rqx n‡qwQj Ges nqZ ev `ªæZ esk e„w× N‡UwQj e‡j Zviv wbR evmf~wg †Q‡o evB‡i †h‡Z eva¨ nq| hv †nvK, wewfbœ cwi‡e‡k wM‡q wU‡K †Póvq gvby‡li wkKvix Rxe‡bi Kvh©KjvB m¤¢eZ Zvi `ªæZ ˆ`wnK weeZ©‡bi mnvqK n‡qwQj| weÁvbxiv cÖvq cÂvk nvRvi eQi c~‡e© gvby‡li D‡b¥l e‡j Abygvb K‡i _v‡Kb| 15

1891 mv‡j W. BD‡Rbx `ywe‡mi Avwe®K…Z GKwU K¼v‡ji wKQz LÐ As‡ki g‡a¨ w`‡q D˜NvUb n‡q hvq gvbe weeZ©‡bi BwZnv‡mi Z_¨| Avw`g gvby‡li gv_vi Lywj, Lywji Dc‡ii Ask, †Pvqvj, Avi Eiæi nvo Ges wZbwU `uvZ cixÿv wbixÿvi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq B‡›`v‡bwkqvi Rvfv A‡j eid hy‡M gvby‡li Aw¯Í‡Z¡i K_v| Zvi wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨ cybivq Avw`g gvb‡y li e¨envh© wRwbmcÎ, cv‡qi Qvc, K¼vj BZ¨vw`i cÖvwß N‡U| Gi gva¨‡g AviI cÖgvY †g‡j Px‡bi wcwKs A‡j, Rvg©vwbi nvB‡Wjev‡M©i wbqvÛv_©vj A‡jI eid h‡y M gvb‡y li Ae¯’vb wQj| weÁvbxiv wbqvÛv_©vj A‡ji gvbyl‡`i emevm Z…Zxq eid h‡y Mi A_©vr cÖvq †cŠ‡b `yB jÿ ev `yB jÿ eQi Av‡M e‡j Kíbv K‡ib| wbqvÛv_©vj gvbyl evBmb, †jvgk, g¨vg_, †jvgk MÐvi, eb¨ †Nvov, wnsmª eb¨ gwnl cÖf„wZ wkKvi Ki‡Zv e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| cÖZœZvwË¡Kiv Abygvb K‡i _v‡Kb eid hy‡Mi wØZxq Ges Z…Zxq ch©vq ch©šÍ gvbyl cïi g‡Zv Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Zv| G mgq cyiæ‡liv evB‡i wkKvi Ki‡Zv Avi bvixiv mšÍvb †`Lvïbv Ges djg~j msMÖn Ki‡Zv| wkKviK…Z cïi gvsm KuvPvB LvIqv n‡Zv †ewk| wkKv‡i hv cvIqv †hZ Ges †g‡qiv hv msMÖn Ki‡Zv, 16

meB wQj mevi wgwjZ m¤úwË| cÖvK…wZK So, e„wó, †iv` Ges eb¨ wnsmª cï †_‡K wb‡R‡`i iÿv Kivi Rb¨ µgk †hŠ_ Rxe‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvq Ges wbwe©Nœ ¯’vb Ly‡u R †ei Ki‡Z Zrci n‡q I‡V| m¤¢eZ, G wbqvÛv_©vj gvbylB cÖvK…wZK So-e„wó, †iv` I eb¨ wnsmª Rv‡bvqvi †_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv Kivi Rb¨B cÖ_g ¸nvevmx nq| c~‡e©B ejv n‡q m¤¢eZ Z…Zxq eid hy‡MB gvbyl ¸nvevmx nIqv ïiy K‡i| wnsm Rv‡bvqvi‡`i ¸nv †_‡K Zvwo‡q Zviv ¸nv `Lj K‡i wb‡Zv| G ¯Í‡ii gvbly ‡`i cÖZœZvwË¡Kiv bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb bZbz c‡ivcjxq hyM| G ¯Í‡ii gvbyl¸‡jv memgq wkKvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv bv e‡j m¤¢eZ K…wli Avwe®‹vi K‡i| b„ZË¡we`iv eidhy‡Mi wØZxq I Z…Zxq ¯Íi‡K cÖ_g c‡y ivcjxq hyM ev cyivb cÖ¯Íi hyM wn‡m‡e Ges G ¸nvevmx K…wlRxex †hŠ_ Rxe‡bi ¯Í‡ii gvbyl‡K bZzb c‡ivcjxq hyM wn‡m‡e Kíbv K‡i‡Qb| f~ZvwË¡Kiv g‡b K‡ib, eid h‡y Mi Aemv‡bi ci Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k I A‡÷ªvwjqv Gwkqv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| d‡j Zviv c„w_exi Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P, eidv”Qbœ AÂj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i DògЇji Mfxi Ai‡Y¨, me RvqMv‡ZB emevm ïiæ K‡iwQj| ZvB bZzb cjxq hy‡M ¯’vbxq †cÖÿvc‡U 17

c„w_exi me©Î GKB aviv ev †PZbvi ms¯‹…wZ M‡o D‡VwQj| Gmgq, Gme ¸nvevmx gvbyl ¸nvi wfZ‡ii `yM©g As‡k my›`i my›`i Qwe AvuK‡Zv| Abygvb Kiv nq, ¸nvi Af¨šÍ‡ii AÜKvi As‡k m¤¢eZ cv_‡ii cÖ`x‡c, wkKviK…Z cïi Pwe©‡Z †fRv‡bv k¨vIjvi cj‡Zi Av‡jv R¡vwj‡q Avw`g gvby‡liv Qwe AvuK‡Zv| ¸nvi wfZi Qwe AvuKvi ïiæ †_‡KB gvbe Rxe‡bi BwZnv‡m fvlv, wkíKjv, wjLb c×wZi ïiæi cÖwµqv e‡j Abygvb Avw`g gvby‡li ¸nvwPÎ 18

Kiv nq| cwЇZiv g‡b K‡ib, G Qwe Zviv wkí m„wó ev †Kvbiƒc †mŠ›`h© e„w×i Rb¨ AvuK‡Zv bv, eis hv`y Abyôvb A_ev cieZ©x eskai‡`i wkÿv †`Iqvi Rb¨B G me Qwe AvuK‡Zv| mgvR weÁvbx, b„ZË¡we`iv cÖ_g c‡y ivcjxq h‡y Mi gvbyl‡`i Avw`g gvbyl wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡qbWvi‡_j gvbyl Av¸b e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Rvg©vwbi nvB‡Wjev‡M© Zv‡`i Avw`g gvby‡li MynvwPÎ 19

emevm¯’v‡b QvB, Kqjv, †cvov-nvo‡Mvo cÖf„wZi wPý cvIqv †M‡Q| m¤¢eZ G Av¸b Zviv ZwoZvnZ MvQ wKsev `vevbj †_‡K msMÖn Ki‡Zv; wb‡Riv ZLbI Av¸b Drcv`‡bi †KŠkj AvqZ¡ K‡i bvB| Av¸b Zviv wbwf‡q †dj‡Zv bv; ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kv‡Vi ci KvV cywo‡q Zv iÿv Ki‡Zv| iv‡ZI Av¸b R¡vwj‡q ivL‡Zv hv‡Z eb¨ Rš‘i Dc`ªe †_‡K wb‡R‡`i‡K iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi Ges Av¸‡bi e¨envi Avw`g gvby‡li g‡a¨ GK be¨‡PZbvi KvR K‡i| µgk Av¸‡bi e¨env‡i gvsm cywo‡q LvIqv; nvwZqvi e¨envi K‡i evm¯’vb ˆZwi Ges cwi‡aq Av”Qv`bI evbvq| Gfv‡eB cy‡ivcjxq hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K G wkKvix gvbyl¸‡jv wewfbœ `‡j `‡j wef³ i‡³i m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ K¬¨vb MVb K‡i| GKwU K¬¨v‡b †Q‡j †g‡q †_‡K ïiæ K‡i bvwZ bvZbx ch©v‡qi gvbylI _vK‡Zv| Gfv‡eB cieZ©x‡Z Zviv K‡qKwU K¬¨vbwU wg‡j Avevi GKwU UªvBe MVb K‡i| b„ZË¡we`iv c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg RvwZ‡K PviwU g~j †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb- 1) Aóªj‡qW (Australoid) 2) g½j‡qW (Mongoloid) 3) wb‡MÖv‡qW (Negroid) 4) K‡Kkxq (Coucasian)| c~‡e©B DwjøwLZ n‡q‡Q eid hy‡Mi †k‡l †h Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k I A‡÷ªvwjqv Gwkqv †_‡K f~fvM wew”Qbœ n‡q c‡owQj| Av‡gwiKv I A‡÷ªvwjqvi gvbyl Aewkó gvbe mgv‡Ri GKxf~Z †PZbv †_‡K m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v Avjv`v ms¯‹…wZ M‡o Zz‡jwQj| b„ZË¡we`iv g‡b K‡ib, G mgq †_‡KB gvb‡y li wewfbœ RvwZi m„wó nq| ZvB Ave`yj nvwjg I b~iæb bvnvi †eMg Zv‡`i Ôgvby‡li BwZnvmÕ Mª‡š’ e‡jb, Ôc„w_exi me gvbyl GKB cÖRvwZi AšÍM©Z Ges Zv‡`i g‡a¨ RvwZMZ cv_©K¨ wbZvšÍB GKwU evwn¨K welq|Õ ¯’vwbK †cÖÿvc‡U gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZi weKvk NU‡Z _vK‡jI Kv‡ji hvÎv Zv‡`i‡K µgk Rxeb -RxweKvi DbœZi Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q †`q| Gfv‡e Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvbyl µgk mf¨ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i| 20

mf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ Avw`g gvbyl µgvMZ D™¢veb I Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g ee©i ¯Íi †_‡K mf¨ ¯Í‡i DbœxZ n‡Z _v‡K| mf¨Zvi mÎ~ cvZ wb‡q cwÐZ‡`i g‡a¨ bvbv gZ‡f` i‡q‡Q| Avgiv Avw`g gvbyl emev‡mi †Kvb ¯Íi †_‡K eje mf¨? G wb‡qB weZ©‡Ki †kl †bB| W. iwdKzj Bmjvg Zvi Ôwek¦ mf¨Zv I wkíKjvÕ Mª‡š’ e‡jb Ôgvbyl hLb Zvi ¯’~j cÖ‡qvRb‡K wgwU‡q Zvi cwi‡ek I cÖwZK‚jZv‡K Rq Ki‡Z mÿg nq Ges Zvi RxebhvÎv‡K GKwU ÔgvÎvqÕ DbœxZ Ki‡Z mÿg nq, hLb Zvi wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` Ges Zvi g~j¨‡eva‡K wbg©vY K‡i Ges GKwU mvaviY mvgvwRK HwZn¨‡K cÖevngvb Ki‡Z cÖqvmx nq, ZLbB Avgiv Zv‡K Ômf¨ZvÕ (Civilization) e‡j AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡Z cvwi|Õ 21

Rvg©vb `vk©wbK AmIqvì †¯úÄjvi e‡j‡Qb Ômf¨Zv (Civilization) n‡”Q DbœZ ms¯‹…wZi Aeÿ‡qi iƒc| †Kvb RvwZi DbœZ Ae¯’v‡K ms¯‹…wZ e‡j| Avevi hLb ms¯‹…wZ DbœwZi GKwU ¯Í‡i †cŠu‡Q hvq, ZLb Zv‡K e‡j mf¨Zv (Civilization)Õ| G †K Gg kvnbvIqvR Zvi Ôwek¦ mf¨ZvÕ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb Ô†Kvb AÂj ev AÂjmg~‡n hLb GKwU Rb‡Mvôx bMi cËb K‡i, DbœZZi Rxebe¨e¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j, ZLb Zvi AMÖMwZi mnvqK wbqvgK wn‡m‡e D™¢vweZ nq wjLb -c×wZ, AvBb, miKvi e¨e¯’v, evwYR¨ Ges my¯úó agx©q `k©b, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq mf¨Zv|Õ mf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ cÖm‡½ jyBm †nbwi gvM©v‡bi `„wófw½ cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| myBm gvM©b mf¨Zvi weKvkK‡í mvZwU Z‡Ë¡i D™¢veb K‡ib| †m¸‡jv n‡jv- 1) Avw`g gvbyl hLb Rxeb iÿv‡_© wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwb‡mi D™¢veb K‡i‡Q| 2) hLb bMi e¨e¯’v ev mgvR e¨e¯’vi KvVv‡gv `uvwo‡q‡Q| 3) mgv‡R Rxe‡bi Pjv- †div ev mvgvvwRK Rxeb †hvMv‡hvM iÿv‡_© fvlvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| 4) cwievi cÖ_vi m„wó n‡q‡Q 5) mgv‡Ri ag© I `k©b cÖ_vi D™¢e n‡q‡Q| 6) Mvn©¯’¨ Rxeb I ¯v’ cZ¨ Rxe‡bi ïiæ n‡q‡Q 7) m¤úwË ev ciwbf©ikxjZv‡K KvwU‡q wb‡Ri mvg‡_©i g‡a¨ euvPvi †cÖlYv Abyf~Z n‡q‡Q| ZLbB Avgiv Zv‡`i‡K mf¨ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ Ki‡ev| bZzb cv_‡ii hy‡Mi †k‡li w`‡K gvbyl MÖvg¨mgvR †_‡K †h bMi‡Kw›`ªK 22

mgv‡Ri DËiY NUvq †m mgqUv‡KB mf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ wn‡m‡e Kíbv Kiv nq| wLª÷c~e© 6000 †_‡K 3000 ch©šÍ mgqKvj mf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ e‡j cÖZœZvwË¡Kiv g‡b _v‡Kb| cªZœZvwË¡Kiv Abygvb K‡ib, wLª÷c~e© 4000 w`‡K f~ga¨ mvM‡ii c~e© As‡ki Zxif~wg †_‡K ïiæ K‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`k ch©šÍ me©Î bZzb cv_‡ii hy‡Mi ms¯‹…wZ Qwo‡q c‡owQj| G mgq gvbyl cï‡Z PvKv jvOj, PvKvIqvjv Mvwo, cvjIqvjv †bŠKv, Kzgv‡ii PvK, cÖv_wgK avZzwkí A_©vr Zvgvi AvKi †_‡K Zvgv wb®‹vkb, cÖv_wgK ai‡bi †mŠi cwÄKv cÖf„wZi Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQj| bMimf¨Zv hy‡M DËi‡Yi ga¨eZx© Kvj‡K ÔZvghª yMÕ ev ÔZv‡gªvcjxq hyMÕ ev ÔZvgª cÖ¯Íi hyMÕ wn‡m‡e cÖZœZvwË¡Kiv AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Avwe®‹v‡ii gva¨‡g gvbyl cÖ_‡g wgki I c‡i e¨vwej‡bB cÖ_g bMi mf¨Zv ¯’vcb K‡iwQj e‡j cwÐZiv g‡b K‡ib| eid hy‡Mi †mB Avw`g gvbyl ev Zv‡`i DËim~wi eb¨ ¸nv †Q‡o DbœZZi Rxeb-hvc‡bi ZvwM‡` bMi cËb K‡i, Lv‡`¨i Rb¨ cï wkKv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj bv †_‡K K…wlR Rxeb c×wZ I bMi‡Kw›`ªK Rxeb hvc‡b GwM‡q hvq| mvgvwRK Rxeb †ev‡ai ga¨ w`‡q GwM‡q hvq wkí-mvwnZ¨, ag©-`k©b, ¯’vcZ¨ BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î mf¨Zvi w`‡K| Gfv‡eB ïiæ nq mf¨Zv hvÎv| 23

fvlvi DrcwË gvbe weeZ©‡bi †Kvb ch©v‡q, KLb, Kxfv‡e fvlvi m„wó n‡jv †KDB ¯úó K‡i Ges mb-ZvwiL wbw`©ó K‡i Zv ej‡Z cv‡ib bv| fvlvi DrcwË m¤úwK©Z cÖwZwU Z_¨B Abygvb mv‡cÿ| KviY fvlv DrcwË m¤ú‡K© †Zv Avi Avgiv †Kvb cª¯‘iLÐ ev wPý Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z cvwi bv| †jL¨ixwZ Avwe®‹v‡ii c‡~ e© fvlv m¤úwK©Z †Kvb Z_¨ D`&NvU‡bi †Kvb cÖwµqvI †bB| G‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ fvlv weÁvbxiv gvbe weeZ©b I mgvR-ms¯‹…wZi µg weKv‡ki Ici wfwË K‡i wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡Kb| Z‡e Abygvb Kiv nq, cyivcjxq h‡y M fvlvi m„wó| KviY G cÖ¯‘i hy‡MB gvby‡li cÖwZK‚j cwi‡e‡k Rxeb-hvc‡bi Rb¨ G‡K A‡b¨i mv‡_ fve wewbg‡qi `iKvi n‡q c‡o| m¤¢eZ Gmgq Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿvi cÖ‡qvR‡bi gvbyl G‡K A‡b¨i wbKU Zvi g‡bvfve cÖKvk Ki‡Z PvB‡Zv| wnsmª eb¨ Rv‡bvqvi †_‡K iÿv I wkKvi K‡i euvPvi ZvwM‡` gvbyl Zvi g‡bvfve cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Zv| µgk †mB aŸwb hLb †Kvb e¯‘ ev welq‡K wPwýZ K‡i Zv fvlvi ïiæ e‡j Abygvb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Abygvb Kiv nq eid hy‡Mi wØZxq I Z…Zxq ¯‡Í i G‡m cÖ_g gvby‡li Rxe‡b fvlvi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv †`q| nvwZqvi wbg©vY, Avw`g gvby‡li Rxeb iÿv I euvPvi ZvwM‡`i m~eY© cÖfv‡Z fvlvi D‡b¥l N‡U| wcøm‡Uvwmb (Pleistocene) Kv‡ji gnveid hy‡M fvlvi hvÎvq gvby‡li fv‡ei wewbgq c×wZi myMwVZ weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K e‡j fvlvweÁvbxiv g‡b K‡i _v‡Kb| fvlvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© h_v_© cÖvgvY¨ bv _vK‡jI wewfbœ fvlvweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e fvlvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| The Bow-wow theory- g‡Z, cÖvK…wZK kã, cï-cvwLi wPrKvi, MR©‡bi AbyKi‡Y gvbyl Avw`g fvlv m„wó K‡iwQj| G ZË¡ gZvj¤^xiv wewfbœ kãKvix cÖvYxi m‡½ Zvi bv‡gi wgj †`‡L G wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nb| MÖxK `vk©wbKMY 24

Avw`g gvby‡li ¸nvq bv‡Pi Qwe 25

we‡kl K‡i †cø‡Uv G gZev‡`i mg©_b K‡ib| G g‡Zi mg_©bKvixiv g‡b K‡ib c„w_ex‡Z Avgiv †h kã ïwb †m kã Abmy v‡iB †m e¯‘i bvgKiY Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ aŸwb cwieZ©b ev Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y cieZ©x mg‡q G bv‡gi weK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡eB fvlvi Rb¥| fvlvweÁvbxiv G gZev`‡K AbyKvi kã gZev` ev kã-cÖZxK gZev` wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| The pooh pooh theory-g‡Z, Avw`g gvby‡li mnRvZ Av‡eM, D”Q¡vm, Avb›`, †e`bv cÖf„wZ cÖKv‡ki gyû‡Z©B fvlvi m„wó| Avw`g gvb‡y liv Gme gvbwmK Ae¯’v cÖKvk Kiv †_‡KB fvlvi D™¢e NUvb e‡j G m~Îcš’xiv g‡b K‡ib| g¨v·gyjvi e‡jb Ôm‡PZb c×wZ‡Z m„ó fvlvi ïiy †m gyn~‡Z©B n‡qwQj-hLb mnRvZ Av‡eM cÖKvkK kã‡K (Interjection) gvbyl wbqš¿Y K‡i myms¯‹…Z iƒc w`j| GK K_vq Av‡eM-cÖKvkK f~wgKv †hLv‡b †kl n‡q‡Q, mwZ¨Kvi fvlvi AwfhvÎv ïiæ n‡q‡Q wVK †mÿ‡Y|Õ The Ding Dong Theory-g‡Z, Avw`g gvbyl Zv‡`i bZzb cÖRb¥‡K RxebmsMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ †h wkÿv w`Z Zv †_‡KB fvlvi mw„ ó| Avw`g gvby‡liv cÖK…wZi †Kvb k‡ãi m‡½ †Kvb NUbvi wgj †i‡L wkÿv MªnY Ki‡Zv| Ges wb‡R †m kã ev AvIqv‡Ri Øviv Zv †evSv‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Zv| fvlvweÁvbxiv Aek¨ G ZË¡‡K †Zgb ¸iæZ¡ †`b wb| The Yo-He-Ho Theory-g‡Z, Avw`g hy‡M gvbyl †hŠ_fv‡e cwikªg Kivi mg‡q ˆ`wnK gvbwmK kw³‡K DÏxß Kivi Rb¨ bvbv aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Zv Ges Gme aŸwb †_‡KB fvlvi DrcwË| Avw`g mgv‡Ri gvby‡li `jMZfv‡e wkKv‡ii Rb¨ ev hv`y wbf©ikxjZvi Rb¨ wewfbœ iK‡gi D‡ËRK aŸwb D”PviY Ki‡Zv G †_‡KB fvlvi DrcwË e‡j G gZvj¤^xMY g‡b K‡ib| g¨vwiIcx (w` †÷vwi Ae j¨vs¸‡qR), Gm WvqvgÛ (w` wnw÷ª GÛ AwiwRb Ae j¨vs¸‡qR), Pvj©m evievi (w` Bbd¬v· Ae j¨vs¸‡qR) AvaywbK e‡j g‡b K‡ib| 26

GQvovI cÖPwjZ Av‡Q The Gesture Theory, The Musical Theory, The Contract Theory bv‡g fvlvi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© bvbv gZev`| hv †nvK mnR K‡i ejv hvq, Avw`g hy‡Mi gvb‡y li Rxeb I RxweKvi ZvwM‡` gyL- wbtm„Z †h aŸwb D”PvwiZ n‡Zv Zv †_‡KB fvlvi m„wó| fvlvi DrcwË wb‡q GL‡bv inm¨B i‡qB †M‡Q Avkv Kwi fwel¨‡Z weÁvb I cÖhyw³i AMÖMwZi d‡j GKw`b cÖgvYmv‡cÿ mevB Rvb‡Z cvi‡ev| hv †nvK Avw`g gvby‡li wewfbœ ¯’v‡b emev‡mi Kvi‡Y Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi fvlvi m„wó n‡Z _v‡K| Gfv‡eB c„w_ex‡Z nvRvi nvRvi fvlvi D™¢e N‡U| fvlv g~jZ m„wó n‡qwQj gvby‡li mvgvwRK Rxeb iÿvi ZvwM‡`| Rb ev mgvR wew”Qbœ †Kvb fvlvB `xN©w`b wU‡K _v‡K bv| †hgb eZ©gvb j¨vwUb fvlv, wneªæ fvlv, ms¯‹…Z fvlv BZ¨vw`| gvbyl mgvR Rxe‡bi Rb¨B fvlvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| cÖm½Z D‡jøL¨ †h, AvaywbK fvlv weÁvbxiv M‡elYv K‡i †`‡L‡Qb, cÖvq cÖwZ 10 wK. wg. ci ci fvlvi cwieZ©b N‡U _v‡K| AvR‡Ki Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k ZvKv‡jI Avgiv †`L‡ev, evsjv‡`k GKwU †QvÆ †`k A_P GLv‡b eû fvlvi e¨envi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ msL¨v jNy Rb‡Mvôx DcRvwZ‡`i g‡a¨B eZ©gv‡b cÖvq 32wU fvlv cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| AZ- Ge, c‡y ivcjxq h‡y M fvlv Avwe®‹v‡ii ci wewfbœ AÂj I RvwZ‡Mvôxi wfwˇZ wfbœi~c fvlvi m„wó n‡Z _v‡K| 27

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mf¨Zvi †Mvov cËb b„ZË¡we`iv g‡b K‡ib c„w_exi cÖ_g mf¨Zv M‡o D‡VwQj DËi Avwd«Kv I Gwkqvq| cyivb cjxqhy‡Mi MÖvg¨ms¯‹…wZi we‡jvc NwU‡q †h bMimf¨Zvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U Zv w`‡qB gj~ Z mf¨Zvi †Mvov cËb nq| mf¨Zvi †Mvov cËb aiv nq AvbygvwbK AvR †_‡K mvZ nvRvi eQi c~‡e©| g‡b Kiv nq wgkixq mf¨Zv I †g‡mvcUgxq mf¨Zv cÖvq GKB mg‡q we`¨gvb| †g‡mvcUgxq AÂjfy³ my‡giy mf¨Zv cÖvPxb n‡jI bMi mf¨Zvi w`K †_‡K wgkixq mf¨Zv mevi Av‡M| m‡y giæ mf¨Zv w`‡q c„w_exi mf¨Zv ïiæ n‡jI wgkixB cÖ_g bMi mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V| c‡i my‡giæ I Zvi cvk¦Z©x cÖvq K‡qKwU RvwZ‡Mvôx wb‡q †g‡mvcUgxq bMi mf¨Zv M‡o I‡V| cwðg Gwkqvi UvBMÖxm I BD‡d«Uxm b`xi Zx‡i Ges DËi Avwd«Kvi bxj b‡`i AeevwnKvq †h mf¨Zv I mgvR M‡o D‡VwQj cyivZË¡we`iv †m m¤ú‡K© †ek Ryov‡jv Z_¨B D˜NvUb K‡i‡Qb| fviZe‡l©i wmÜz-M½vi Zx‡i Ges Px‡bi †nvqvs‡nvi Zx‡i †h mf¨Zvi weKvk N‡UwQj ZvI mcy ÖvPxb e‡j A‡bK cÖZœZvwË¡K g‡b K‡ib| wKš‘ h‡_ó mf¨Zv m¤úwK©Z Z‡_¨i Afv‡e Zv †ek `„pZvi mv‡_ ejv KwVb n‡q c‡o| cÖvPxb wgkixq mf¨Zv‡KB me©cÖ_g ivóªcª_v I ms¯‹…wZi weKv‡ki †K›`ªwe›`y wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq| 1) Kvjµ‡g GK hvhvei Avw`g RvwZ DbœZZi Rxeb-hvÎvi ZvwM‡` b‡evcjxq hyM †_‡K †ei n‡q wLª÷c~e© 5000 †_‡K 525 Aã ch©šÍ bxj b‡`i AeevwnKvq †m mf¨Zv M‡o Zz‡jwQj ZvB wgkixq mf¨Zv bv‡g cwiwPZ| Gwkqv, Avwd«Kv I BD‡iv‡ci mwbœK‡U bxj b‡`i AeevwnKvq M‡o I‡V wgkixq mf¨Zv| DcZ¨Kv GjvKv‡K D”P wgki I f~ga¨mvMi ch©šÍ †h eØxc AÂj Zv wbgœ wgki wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQj| wgk‡ii †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v wePvi K‡i wn‡iv‡WvUvm wgki‡K Ôbxj b‡`i `vbÕ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖvK-ivReskxq hy‡Mi ïiæ‡Z wgk‡i †Kv‡bv ivóªxq msMVb wQj bv| cieZx©Kv‡j eû ÿ`z ª ÿz`ª bMiiv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U| †g‡bm 29

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