Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Comparatives Use: Use the comparative form to talk about how two things are different. I am taller than you. This book is thicker than that one. Form: 1) If an adjective has one syllable, add er to the end. If it ends in e already, just add r. tall => taller nice => nicer thick => thicker late => later 2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then writeer. But never write a w twice. big => bigger new => newer (NOT newwer) thin => thinner slow => slower (NOT slowwer) slim => slimmer My brother is thinner than me. 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add er. funny => funnier silly => sillier Which of these books is funnier? 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below. good => better bad => worse far => further Add than after a comparative adjective to compare one thing with another. However, this is not always necessary.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. My house is smaller than yours. My house is smaller than yours. KET (A2) Grammar topics These are topics you need to study to pass an exam at A2 level, such as Cambridge English KET: Adjectives – comparative, – use of than and definite article Adjectives – superlative – use of definite article Adverbial phrases of time, place and frequency – including word order Adverbs of frequency Articles – with countable and uncountable nouns Countables and Uncountables: much/many Gerunds Going to Imperatives Modals – can/could Modals – have to Modals – should Past continuous Past simple Phrasal verbs – common Possessives – use of ‘s, s’ Prepositional phrases (place, time and movement) Prepositions of time: on/in/at Present continuous Present continuous for future Present perfect How Questions Verb + ing/infinitive: like/ want-would like
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Wh-questions in past Will / won't Zero and 1st conditional How questions Use: Use How to get information about numbers and quantities. You can use it to find out about age, size, length, cost and much more. Form: 1) Dimensions Use How big to find out about size. How big is your car? Use How long to find out about length, and How wide to ask about width. How long is the River Nile? How wide is it? Use the words long and wide in your answers to make them clear. It’s a hundred miles long. It’s a mile wide. 2) Age Use How old to find out about age. How old is your sister? You can reply: ‘She’s ten’ or ‘She’s ten years old’ NOT ‘She’s ten years’. 3) Time Also use How long to ask about time. How long is the film? It’s about two hours long. How long does it take to get there? About three hours.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 4) Quantity Use How much to ask about cost. Also use How much with uncountable nouns. Remember to put any uncountable nouns directly after ‘much’. How much is this bag? How much money do you have? NOT How much do you have money? Use How many to ask about countable nouns. Remember to put any countable nouns directly after ‘many’. How many people are coming? NOT How many are coming people? How many questions often use the word there. How many people are there in your class? NOT How many people are in your class? Present continuous Use: 1) Use the present continuous to talk about actions which are happening now. Ellen is having a bath at the moment. Right now, Mark is talking to her manager. Form: Positive am / ‘m I verb+ing You are / ‘re
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. He / She / It is / ‘s We / They are / ‘re Negative ‘m not verb+ing I aren’t / ‘re not You He / She / It isn’t / ‘s not We / They aren’t / ‘re not Question I verb+ing you Am Are Is he / she / it Are we / they Spelling Rules: If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing. come => I’m coming. have => He’s having lunch. Common mistakes 1) Some students forget the verb be. I watching television. => I’m watching television. She not coming. => She’s not coming. 2) Some students make questions incorrectly. She is working? => Is she working?
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 3) Some students make spelling mistakes. I’m studing law. => I’m studying law. some / any / much / many Some and any Use: Use some before plural nouns or uncountable nouns. There are some children in the street. There is some money in my pocket. Use any, not some, in negative sentences and questions. There aren’t any children in the street. There isn’t any money in my pocket. Are there any children in the street? Is there any money in your pocket? However, Some is possible in offers and requests. Please can I have some chocolate? Would you like some tea? Much and Many Use: Use many in negative sentences and questions. We don’t often use it in positive sentences, especially in informal situations. We use a lot of / lots of. Use many with plural nouns. Are there many Chinese students in your class? I haven’t got many CDs. There are many cars on the road today. → There are a lot of cars on the road today. However, we can use Many of Not Many before the subject of the sentence.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Many people think that trains are too expensive. Not many people know that you can get free coffee here! We use much in negative sentences and questions with uncountable nouns. We don’t often use it in positive sentences. We say a lot of / lots of. Have you got much money with you? I haven’t got much money with me. I have much money. → I have a lot of money. Common mistakes 1) Some students use many with uncountable nouns. I don’t have many money. → I don’t have much money. 2) Some students use some in negative sentences and questions. I haven’t got some brothers or sisters. → I haven’t got any brothers or sisters. Do you have some brothers or sisters? → Do you have any brothers or sisters? Would like/ like Use: 1) Would like means want, but it is more polite. You can use it in sentences and questions. I’d like a biscuit. Would you like some tea? 2) You can also use it to talk about your dreams and ambitions.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. I’d like to go to Japan. I wouldn’t like to live here! You can also use I’d love and I’d hate to talk about dreams. I’d hate to live in the countryside. I’d love to work with Simon. Form: 1) Would like is the same for all persons. I would like some tea. You would like some tea. He / she / James would like some tea. We would like some tea. They / our clients would like some tea. 2) To make questions, invert the subject and would. Would you / James / your clients like some tea? 3) Use wouldn’t to make the negative form. I wouldn’t like to work there. 4) Would like can be followed by a noun or to + verb. noun: Would you like a biscuit? verb: Would you like to go to Malaysia? 5) In positive sentences, you can contract would to ‘d. I would like to go to the USA. => I’d like to go to the USA. But NOT in negative sentences: I’dn’t like to work in a factory. => I wouldn’t like to work in a factory. And NOT in short answers: Would you like to have a horse? Yes, I’d. => Yes, I would.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 6) Be careful not to confuse would like and like. Use like to talk about things you like all the time. I like chocolate cake. It’s my favourite food. Use would like to talk about things you want now, or at some time in the future. I’d like a cup of coffee please. I’d like to work in a chocolate factory. Adverbial phrases of frequency, time and place Use: An adverbial phrase is a group of words which always go together. they describe where, when or how often something happens. Adverbial phrases of frequency describe how often something happens. every morning, every afternoon every day – daily every week – weekly every month – monthly every year – annually every Sunday – on Sundays – on Sunday afternoons once a day twice a day three / four / five times a day all the time
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Form: 1) Adverbs of frequency often go in present simple sentences. I have toast for breakfast every day. We visit our grandparents twice a month. 2) Note that ‘on Saturday’ refers to one day. ‘On Saturdays’ means ‘every Saturday’. Common mistakes 1) Some students write adverbs of frequency in the wrong place. We every day go the park. => We go to the park every day. 2) Some students use the plural form with every. John goes swimming every days. => John goes swimming every day. ________________________________________________ _____________________ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of time to talk about when you do something. Adverbs of time include: today, tomorrow, tonight, yesterday, tomorrow, nowadays now, first of all, beforehand soon, afterwards, later, next, then Form: 1) Adverbs of frequency usually go at the beginning or the end of a sentence or clause. Tomorrow, I’m going to the beach. I’m going to the beach tomorrow.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. First of all, we had a drink at a café. We had a drink at a café first of all. I’m going to the supermarket, and afterwards I’m going to the library. I’m going to the supermarket, and I’m going to the library afterwards. 2) It is more common to use then at the beginning of a sentence or clause. Then we arrived at the castle. I’m going to finish my work and then I’m going to have a drink. It is more common to use soon and now at the end of a sentence. We’re going on holiday soon. I’m going home now. Common mistakes 1) Don’t use an adverb of time between the subject and the object of a sentence. I went yesterday to the zoo. => I went to the zoo yesterday. / Yesterday I went to the zoo. I’m going now to the bank. => I’m going to the bank now. 2) You must use a noun after After and Before. Otherwise, use afterwards orbeforehand. I’ll be late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors before. => I’ll be late to class tomorrow. I’m going to the doctors beforehand. I’m going to my English class and I’m going to the bar after. => I’m going to my English class and I’m going to the bar afterwards.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. ________________________________________________ _____________________ Use: Use adverbs and adverbial phrases of place to talk about where something happens. Adverbs of place include: outside, inside, indoors, upstairs, downstairs (over) here, (over) there abroad, overseas Form: 1) Adverbs of frequency usually go after a verb. She lives abroad. Let’s go indoors. 2) Adverbs of frequency can also go after the object of the sentence. Rachel works in the office upstairs. Your bag is on the table over there. Definite and indefinite articles Use: 1) Use a before a singular noun. I've got a brother and a sister. Use an if the noun begins with a vowel. I've got an aunt in Texas. 2) Use plural nouns or uncountable nouns to talk about things in general. Don't use an article here. I like cats.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Dolphins are very intelligent. Crime is increasing. 3) Use the to talk about one particular thing, or a particular group of things. Books are interesting. The book on the table is interesting. Children are noisy. The children in this class are noisy. 4) Use a to introduce a new thing or person. Use the when you already know this person or thing. There is a restaurant near my house. The restaurant serves good food. 5) Use the when there is only one of these things. The moon is very big tonight. My dad is the only doctor in our village. Joe is the best student in the class. 6) Use the when there are many things, but it is clear which one you mean. Let's go to the pub! We need to go to the supermarket. 7) Most 'general' nouns do not use an article. Life is not the same as it used to be NOT: The life… Health is important to everyone. NOT: The health… We're worried about pollution. NOT: The pollution… But some general nouns use the: the environment People are increasingly worried about the environment. the weather What's the weather like today? the countryside I love walking in the countryside. the sea / ocean I'd love to live near the sea. the radio There's an interesting programme on the radio.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. the theatre / cinema We went to the theatre last night. the economy The economy is affecting everyone. Common mistakes: 1) Some students use the when they talk about things in general. I love the romantic films! => I love romantic films! 2) Some students use singular nouns without a or the. I want book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather. 3) Some students use the when they talk about things in general. I want the book about the weather. => I want a book about the weather. Imperative Forms Use: Use the imperative form to give instructions, orders and warnings. Must is often used in signs and notices to give instructions. Form: 1) Do not use a subject when giving orders. You wash your hands. => Wash your hands.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Always use the infinitive form of the verb, without to. To sit down please. => Sit down please. Use Don’t to make the negative form. Don’t sit there! 2) Written instructions on signs often use Do not, not Don’t. Do not cross this line. 3) When giving instructions to a friend, you can soften the order by using ‘you’. However, this is usually only done in spoken English. First you put the mixture into a bowl, and then you add two eggs. Then you whisk it. 4) Some written signs use Must / Must not. All visitors must wear a badge. Passengers must not talk to the driver. Notice how plural nouns (visitors / passengers) are generally used in signs. Common mistakes: 1) Some students use to after Don’t / Must Don’t to go in that door. => Don’t go in that door. Present Continuous for Future Use: The present continuous tense has two uses: 1) Use it to describe what is happening at the moment. ‘Where’s dad?’ ‘He’s watching TV in the living room’.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 2) Use it to describe plans and arrangements in the future. ‘Tom is arriving on the three o’clock train tomorrow’. Form: Make the present continuous in this way. Positive am / ‘m verb-ing are / ‘re I is / ‘s you / they / we he / she / it Examples: I’m going / He’s going / We’re going to Spain next week. Negative I ‘m not verb-ing you / they / we aren’t / ‘re not he / she / it isn’t / ‘s not Examples: I’m not going / You’re not going / She isn’t going to the meeting. Questions you / they verb-ing? Are / we Is he / she / it Examples: Are you coming / Is James coming to the party?
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Common Mistakes: 1) Some students use will to talk about future plans. However, present continuous is the correct tense to use. I’ll visit my cousin in Paris this weekend. => I’m visiting my cousin in Paris this weekend. Subject and object questions Use: Some questions ask about the object of a sentence. Who did you see? => I saw Helen. Helen is the object of the sentence. Who saw you?=> Nobody saw me. Nobody is the subject of the sentence. Subject and Object questions have different structures. Form: Subject Questions 1)To be Use to be before a subject + nouns, adjective or place. to be Subject Is / Was he / she / it / Tom a teacher / a student? happy / cold / tired / ready? at the party / in the classroom? here / there?
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Are / Were we / you / they / teachers / your parents students? happy / cold / tired / ready? at the party / in the classroom? here / there? Is Tom a teacher? Is it cold? Was he at the party? Is she here? Are you students? Were you tired? Are they in the classroom? Were you parents there? 2)Use Question word + to be before nouns, pronouns, places and this / that. Question word be Where is / was he / she / it / my Who bag? What this / that? When at the party / in the classroom? are / were we / you / they / my keys? these / those? at the party / in the classroom? Who is it? When was it? Where was my bag? Who was at the party? Where are my keys? What are those? 3)Use (Question word) + auxiliary verb before a subject + verb
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Question auxiliary Subject word verb Where is / are you doing Who was / were he seeing What she going When do / does it eating Why did we can / could they do see will / would go eat should do see go eat have / has done had saw gone eaten Where are you going? Who did you see? What did you do? When will we go? Why have they gone? Object Questions 1)Object questions have no subject in the question. Any present / past simple verbs should go in the past / present simple tense, not the infinitive form. Only What and Who can be used in this kind of question. Question verb object word Who likes / needs / wants me / you / him / her is following / calling / us / them?
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. saw / called the film? What happened (to me / you / him / is happening (to her / us / them?) Who likes me? What happened to you? In the present tense, always use the third person singular form of the verb. What happens next? NOT What happen next? Common mistakes: 1) Some students use an auxiliary verb in an subject question. What did happen? => What happened? Who did meet you at the station?=> Who met you at the station? Zero Conditional Use: The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which is always true. It always happens, on the condition that something else happens. Example: If it rains a lot, our garden floods. Form: 1. Make the first conditional in this way. If I present , I present simple When you simple you Unless he he she... she...
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Examples: If you fly on a budget airline, you have to buy your own drinks. When we visit Geoff, he always cooks us a roast dinner. Or I present simple if I present you when you simple he unless he she... she... Examples: You have to buy your own drinks if you fly on a budget airline. Geoff always cooks us a roast dinner when we visit him. 2. You can also form the zero conditional with the imperative form. If you have a membership card, enter through the door on the left. Enter through the door on the left if you have a membership card. 3. You can also form the zero conditional using a modal verb. If the alarm goes off, we should leave the building. If it’s rainy and sunny at the same time, you can often see a rainbow. 4. Different tenses can be used in the If / When (‘condition’) clause. However, only the present simple, a modal or imperative form can be used in the ‘result’ clause. If we’ve finished all our work, we can leave early.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. If people are getting enough exercise, they usually feel better emotionally as well as physically. Adverbs - describing verbs Use: Adverbs can be used to describe verbs. They describe HOW you do something. Examples: She walks quickly; He sings nicely. Form: 1) You can make many adverbs by adding –ly to an adjective. slow -> slowly; loud -> loudly If an adjective ends in ‘y’, change it to an ‘i’. heavy -> heavily; funny -> funnily Add ‘ally’ to adjectives ending in ‘ic’. Physical -> physically; energetic -> energetically 2) Some adverbs are irregular, and do not end in ly. These include: good -> well She dances well. hard -> hard He works hard. fast -> fast He runs fast. late -> late He arrives late. 3a) Usually, the adverb goes after the verb it describes. She talks quietly NOT She quietly talks. He runs fast. NOT He fast runs. 3b) If the verb has a direct object WITHOUT A PREPOSITION the adverb should go after the object. You sang that song nicely. NOT You sang nicely that song. He did the job well. NOT He did well the job. 3c) If the verb is followed by a preposition and an object, you can put the adverb in different places.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. He quickly walked to the shop. He walked quickly to the shop. He walked to the shop quickly. 4) Adverbs are NOT used to describe the following verbs. These verbs use adjectives. Be I am quiet. NOT I am quietly. Seem It seems strange. NOT It seems strangely. Look That looks nice. NOT That looks nicely. Smell That smells good. NOT That smells well. Sound That sounds great. NOT That sounds greatly. Feel That feels funny. NOT That feels funnily. 5) Some words end in ‘ly’ but they are not adverbs. Friendly is an example. Friendly is an adjective. We can say ‘She is friendly’ but not ‘She talks friendly’. There is no adverb for friendly, but we can say ‘She talks in a friendly way’. Elderly and lonely are also adjectives, not adverbs.Kindly and early are adjectives and adverbs. First Conditional Use: The first conditional structure is used to talk about something which will or may happen in the future as a result of something else. Example: If it rains tomorrow, I’ll stay at home. Form: Make the first conditional in this way. If I present , I will / verb When you simple you won’t (infinitive he might / form) he she... might she...
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. not Examples: If I see Tom, I will tell him the news. When you visit, we might go to the park. Or I will / verb if I present you won’t (infinitive when you simple he might / form) he she... might she... not Examples: She’ll be late if she doesn’t hurry up. You might not pass your exams if you watch television all the time. Common Mistakes: 1) Don’t use will or might directly after will or might. If I will arrive first, I’ll make lunch. => If I arrive first, I’ll make lunch. 2) Always use an infinitive verb after will and might. I might to go out tonight, if I’m not too tired. => I might go out tonight if I’m not too tired. Inseparable phrasal verbs Use: Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and one or more prepositions. They are often used, especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely different from the meaning of the verb alone.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Form: 1) Some phrasal verbs never use an object. get up = get out of bed I get up at seven o’clock every morning. take off = leave the ground The plane took off on time. look out = beware! be careful! Look out! That car is going to hit you! get on = be good friends My dad and my brother don’t get on. break down = stop working (for vehicles) Our car broke down on the way home from Scotland. make up = become friends again after an argument The kids often fight but they always make up afterwards. 2) Some phrasal verbs need an object. get on / off something = exit transport Get off the bus at the next stop. look after someone / something = take care of someone / something Please can you look after our cats while we’re on holiday? see to something = do, arrange, prepare, organise Don’t worry about dinner. I’ll see to it. look into something = investigate There has been a burglary at the school. Police are looking into it. get to = arrive at When you get to the end of the street, turn right.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 3) Some phrasal verbs contain three words and an object. look up to someone = respect someone I look up to my teachers. look forward to something = be excited about (a future event) I’m looking forward to the party. get on with someone = be good friends with someone I don’t get on with Karen. get on with something = continue doing something Please be quiet and get on with your work. put up with something = tolerate I can’t put up with that noise any longer! Present Perfect Use: The present perfect is used for several reasons: 1) Use it to describe events that happened in the past and are still true now because you can see the result. I’ve broken my leg! David has painted his house. 2) Use it to describe experiences in your life. I’ve been to New York three times in my life. However, you cannot use the present perfect to describe experiences in someone’s life if that person has died. Michael Jackson performed in Britain many times. NOT Michael Jackson has performed in Britain many times.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 3) Use it to describe events that started in the past and are still happening now. I’ve lived here all my life (and I live here now). John has worked here for 10 years (and he works here now). Never refer to a finished time with a present perfect verb. Form: Make the present perfect in this way. Positive have / ‘ve past participle I / you / they has / ‘s / we he / she / it Examples: I’ve seen him; they’ve gone; she’s taken my bag. Negative haven’t / past participle I / you / they / ‘ve not we hasn’t / ‘s he / she / it not Examples: I haven’t seen him; they haven’t gone yet; she’s not been here. Questions Have you / they past participle? Has / we he / she / it
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Examples: Have you seen him? Has she taken my bag? Common mistakes: 1) Don’t use the present perfect to refer to a finished time. I’ve hurt my arm yesterday. => I’ve hurt my arm. John’s been to New York last month. => John’s been to New York. Superlatives Use: Use the superlative form to describe something that is greater than any other thing. The Amazon is the longest river in the world. Helen is the most intelligent student in the class. Form: 1) Write the before all superlatives. 2) If an adjective is short and has one syllable, add est to the end. If it ends in e already, just add st. tall => the tallest nice => the nicest thick => the thickest late => the latest 2) If an adjective ends in one vowel and one consonant, write the consonant again, then write est. But never write a w twice. big => the biggest new => the newest(NOT newwest) thin => the thinnest
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. slow => the slowest(NOT slowwest) slim => the slimmest The biggest cat in the world is the lion. 3) If an adjective has two syllables and ends in y, change the y to i and add est. funny => the funniest silly => the silliest It’s the silliest film I’ve ever seen! 4) For other adjectives with two or more syllables, DON’T add est. Write most before the adjective. interesting => the most interesting surprising => the most surprising It’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 5) Some adjectives have irregular superlative forms. These are listed below. good => the best bad => the worst far => the furthest 6) a) In is often (but not always) used after a superlative adjective to describe where this statement is true. London is the biggest city in England. Everest is the highest mountain in the world. My brother is the tallest person in my family. be going to
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Use: Use be going to to talk about your personal plans for the future. I’m going to see my sister at the weekend. Are you going to marry Paul? Form: 1) The form of the positive and negative sentences and questions is shown below. Positive I am / ‘m going to verb you (infinitive he / she / it are / ‘re form) is / ‘s we are / ‘re they are / ‘re Negative ‘m not going to verb (infinitive I aren’t OR form) you ‘re not he / she / it isn’t OR ‘s not we aren’t OR ‘re not they aren’t OR ‘re not
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Questions I going to verb (infinitive Am you form) ? Are he / she / it Is Are we Are they 2) The short reply to a ‘be going to’ question is ‘Yes, I am’, ‘Yes, she is’ etc. You cannot contract these short sentences. Yes, he’s. => Yes, he is. The short negative replies are: No, I’m not. No, you’re not / No, you aren’t. No, he’s not / No he isn’t. No, she’s not / No she isn’t. No, it’s not / no it isn’t. No, we’re not / No, we aren’t. No, they’re not / No, they aren’t. Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to add the verb ’be’ before ‘going to’. I going to see my friends tonight. => I’m going to see my friends tonight. 2) Some students forget to invert the subject and be in questions.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. What time you are going to leave? => What time are you going to leave? Gerunds and Infinitives Use: 1) A gerund is a verb in its –ing form, used as a noun. For example: eating, going, seeing Gerunds are used: a) As the subject of a sentence. Smoking is bad for you. b) After some verbs, such as: like, hate, enjoy, quit, suggest, dislike, deny I like cooking. I enjoy fishing. A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by a gerund or not. c) After prepositions. I’m interested in buying a computer. I’m scared of walking alone in the dark. 2) The infinitive form of the verb is the original verb. It can be with or without ‘to’. For example: (to) eat, (to) go, (to) see. The infinitive form is used: a) After some verbs, such as; agree, arrange, ask, promise, decide, afford I agreed to do the work. I arranged to see the
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. doctor, They decided to get married. A good learner’s dictionary will tell you whether a verb is followed by an infinitive or not. b) To show the reason why you did something. Tony went to the post office to pay a bill. c) After adjectives. I was surprised to see Erica. I’m pleased to meet you. 3 a) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with NO CHANGE in meaning: For example: start, begin, hate, like, prefer, continue She started to cry = She started crying. I hate watching horror films = I hate to watch horror films. b) Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or a infinitive, but there is a change in meaning. For example: try, remember, stop I tried to get into the house. (Getting into the house is your goal or objective). I tried climbing through the window. (Climbing through the window is one thing you tried in order to obtain your final objective.) I stopped cleaning the windows. (I was cleaning the windows and then I stopped). I stopped to clean the windows. (I was driving, and I stopped driving in order to clean the windows). I remembered to lock the door. (I remembered, and after that I locked the door). I remember locking the door. (I remember (now) that I locked the door (in the past)).
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Past continuous Use: 1) Use the past to ‘set the scene’ of a story before describing what happened. ‘It was raining. I was walking in the park. Some kids were playing football nearby. Suddenly…’ 2) Use the past continuous to talk about an action which happened for some time in the past and was then interrupted. Use the past simple tense to talk about the interruption. I was cooking dinner when suddenly there was a knock at the door. 3) Use the past continuous to talk about events that were in progress at a certain time. At 5 o’clock yesterday afternoon, I was driving home from work. Note the difference in meaning: When James got home, I cooked dinner:- I started cooking AFTER he got home. When James got home, I was cooking dinner: - I started cooking BEFORE he got home. Form: Positive was I verb+ing You were He / She / It was We / They were
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Negative wasn’t I verb+ing You weren’t He / She / It wasn’t We / They weren’t verb+ing ? Question I you Was Were Was he / she / it Were we / they Spelling Rules: If a verb ends in e, delete the e before you add –ing. have =>I was having lunch. If a verb ends in one vowel and one consonant, double the consonant (except w and y). get =>He was just getting up. play =>We were playing. Common mistakes 1) Some students remember the verb be but forget ‘ing’. I was watch television. =>I was watching television. 2) Some students make spelling mistakes. I was studing. =>I was studying. We were eatting =>We were eating. Separable phrasal verbs
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Use: Separable phrasal verbs consist of two parts. They always require an object. They are often used, especially in informal spoken English. The meaning of phrasal verbs is often completely different from the meaning of the verb alone. Form: 1) The object of a phrasal verb can go either between the verb and the preposition or after the preposition. I handed in my homework. I handed my homework in. 2) If the object of the sentence is a pronoun, it must go between the two parts of the phrasal verb. I handed it in NOT I handed in it. Examples: Some common separable phrasal verbs: pick someone/something up = collect Please can you pick me up from the station? drop someone/something off = take and leave/ deposit I dropped John off outside his school. throw away = discard I threw all my old school papers away. write down = note I wrote Sally’s phone number down on a piece of paper. make up = invent Henry likes to make stories up about dinosaurs. take back = return This shirt is too small. I’m going to take it back to the shop. let down = disappoint
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. James studied hard because he didn’t want to let his parents down. turn down = reject The company offered me a job, but I turned it down. wash up = wash (dishes) Can you wash your plates up please? take off = remove (clothes) Please take off your shoes before you come inside. put on = dress in (clothes) You’ll need to put a coat on. It’s cold. turn up / down = increase / decrease volume/ temperature Can you turn the music down please? It’s very loud. try on = wear and test (clothes) Please can I try on these trousers? give up = stop doing something. She smokes a lot, but she wants to give it up. take up = start doing something (a new hobby) I’ve decided to take up running. Uncountable Nouns Use: Some nouns are countable – you can count them. These include: apples, books, cars, trees Some nouns are uncountable – you cannot count them. These include: water, oil, rice, fruit, bread, information, money
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Uncountable nouns have different grammar rules from countable nouns. countable countable plural uncountable nouns singular nouns nouns e.g. fruit e.g. apple e.g. apples Singular Plural countable Uncountable countable nouns nouns do not need a nouns do not always need a determiner. need a determiner: I like apples. determiner. a, this, that, my, Dogs are friendly. I like fruit. the etc. But they can be used But they can use Look at that cat! with determiners: singular Can I Where are my shoes? determiners: have an apple? Are those pens Is this your bag? yours? This fruit is nice. You can count You cannot count countable nouns. uncountable Can I nouns. have five apples Can I have five please? breads please? Use singular Use plural verbs and Use singular verbs and determiners. verbs and determiners. These apples are nic determiners. This apple is nice e. This bread is nice
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. . . Can / Could Some determiners can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns. some, a lot of, lots of, loads of, plenty of, any We’ve got some potatoes. We need some bread. We don’t have any potatoes. We don’t have any bread. Some determiners Some can only be used with determiners can countable nouns: only be used with several, various, a uncountable nouns: few, many much, a bit of, a little Use: 1) Use can / can’t to talk about your abilities now. I can speak English. I can’t speak German. Use could / couldn’t to talk about abilities in the past. I could speak French when I was a child, but I can't now. I couldn’t speak English when I was a child, but I can now. 2) Use can and could to make requests. Could is more polite. Can you cook this evening please? Could you pass me the salt?
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Use can to reply to requests. Can I sit here? => Yes, you can. Sorry, you can’t. Can you cook this evening please? => Yes, I can. Sorry, I can’t. DON’T use could in replies. Could you lend me some money? Yes, I could. => Yes, sure! Sorry, I can’t. Form: 1) Can and could are the same for all persons. I can/could speak English you can/could speak English he / she / it can/could speak English we can/could speak English they can/could speak English. 2) The negative form of can is cannot, or can’t. The negative form of could is couldn’t. 3) There is always a verb after can and could, and the verb is always in the infinitive form(without to). Sally can help you. NOT Sally can helps you. / Sally can to help you. 4) Make questions by inverting can and the subject. I can see you this afternoon. => Can I see you this afternoon? You could help me. => Could you help me? 5) Use can/can’t and could/couldn’t in short answers. Can your brother swim? => Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Could you do the test? => Yes, I could. No, I couldn’t. Common mistakes: 1) Some students make questions incorrectly. You can speak English? => Can you speak English? I could sit here? => Could I sit here? Have to Use: Use have to to talk about something you must do. I have to start work at eight. Use don’t have to to talk about something that is not necessary. You don’t have to work tomorrow, it’s Saturday. Form: The positive, negative and question forms are shown in the table. Positive I, you, we, they have to verb (infinitive he / she / it has to form) (go, sleep, work) Negative don’t have to verb I, you, we, (infinitive they form)
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. he / she / it doesn’t (go, sleep, Question work) I, you, we, have to verb ? they (infinitive Do form) Does he / she / it (go, sleep, work) Common mistakes 1) Some students think that don’t have to means must not, but this is not correct. You don’t have to use your mobile phone in class. → You mustn’t use your mobile phone in class. 2) Some students use haven’t / hasn’t to make negative sentences and questions. My sister hasn’t to work today. → My sister doesn’t have to work today. Have you to leave now? → Do you have to leave now? Past simple Use: Use the past simple to talk about finished events in the past. Use it to tell stories, jokes and anecdotes. Form: 1) Many past tense verbs are formed by adding - ed to the end of the verb.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. want => wanted start => started If a verb ends in e, just add d (liked, hoped). If a verb ends in y, delete y and add ied (studied, carried). But don’t do this if the verb ends in avowel + y (played, NOT plaied. stayed, NOT staied) But a lot of past tense verbs are irregular. You need to learn each one separately. Here are some examples. have => had make => made take => took sit => sat get => got feel => felt Past simple verbs are the same for all persons. I went; you went; he went; she went; they went; we went... 2) Form negatives this way: I, you, he , she, didn’t infinitive verb we, they... know, see, go Don’t use the past verb in negative sentences. I didn’t had dinner. => I didn’t have dinner. 3) Form questions this way: I, you, he , she, infinitive verb Did we, they... know, see, go Common mistakes: Some students use the past verb in questions. Did you saw the film? => Did you see the film? Should and Ought to
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Use: Use Should and Ought to give advice. Examples: You should see a doctor. You ought to find a new job. Form: Should Should is a modal verb, like can and will, so it follows the same rules. 1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular. He should buy a new car. NOT He should buys a new car. 2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after should. You shouldn’t do that! 3) To form questions, invert should and the subject. What time should we arrive? 4) Should is always followed by a verb in the infinitive form. I should to go. =>I should go. 5) You can also use should in the continuous form. Use should + be + verb-ing. Why are you watching TV? You should be working! Ought Ought is a semi-modal verb. It is similar to should in some ways: 1) Do not add ‘s’ to the third person singular. He oughts to buy a new car. => He ought to buy a new car. 2) To form a negative, add not / n’t after ought. You ought not to do that!
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. However, ought is not often used in negative sentences 3) To form questions, invert ought and the subject. What time ought we to arrive? However, ought is not often used in questions. Ought is different to should because: 1) Ought is always followed by to + a verb in the infinitive form. I ought go. =>I ought to go. will / won’t Use: Will and won’t are used to talk about the future. Will is positive and won’t is negative. I will be late tomorrow. John won’t be at the party next Saturday. Use will and won’t to: a) Make predictions. In the year 2050, people will live under the sea. b) Make an offer or promise. I’ll buy you a drink. John will help you with that box. c) Make a decision about the future at the same time as you speak. Sorry, we don’t have any tea. That’s OK, I’ll have coffee. Form: 1) Will is the same for all persons.
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator © Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. I will go, you will go, he / she will go, we will go, they will go. 2) Always write a verb in the infinitive form after will. You will happy when you hear the news. => You will be happy when you hear the news. 3) You can contract will to ‘ll for pronouns. I’ll buy it. We’ll be late. He’ll be take today. They’ll be delighted. But don’t contract will with names. Mark’ll be late. => Mark will be late. 4) To write questions, write will before the subject. Will you buy me a drink? Will Tom get the job? 5) The short answer for Will questions is: Yes, I/you/he/she/he/they/we will No, I/you/he/she/he/they/we won’t. Do not contract will in short answers. Will John be late? Yes, he’ll.=> Yes, he will. Common mistakes: 1) Some students forget to write will before the subject in questions. You will be late? => Will you be late? 2) Many students use will to talk about their plans. But you should use going to or the present continuous. I will meet my friends on Friday. => I’m meeting my friends on Saturday. I’m going to meet my friends on Saturday.
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