The Adventures of Hyde

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs   Introduction  This is Hyde, He is a Hydrogen atom, and he lives in Periodic City. He is made of one  proton and one electron.  Ionizing energy:  One day, Hyde was taking a stroll through Periodic Park during a really windy day, he  was struggling to keep a grip on his electron.     Suddenly he saw an electron rolling towards him, I wonder whose electron this is? :  Hyde wondered   https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 1/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs   Out of nowhere, Lithium showed up, “Sorry man, I have butterfingers, it runs in the  alkali family, we are pretty clumsy and lose our electrons easily when energy is  applied to us. “  https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 2/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs “I am actually the least clumsy in my family, you should see my grandpa Cesium, he’s  always misplacing everything”: Lithium continued. “If you take a look at the periodic  table, as you go down the family trees of all families they become more and more  likely to lose their electrons. The older generations are clumsy, am I right?”  Anyway, Our family actually has the lowest ionizing energy in the periodic table. The reason for our low ionizing energy is due to our atomic radius, since our grasp on the electrons are often very weak, they tend to be all over the place, some people call us fat, but I just say I'm big shelled. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 3/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Suddenly, Krypton, a noble gas, showed up. “Haha, big shelled, that's a good one, I almost never lose my electrons, I make sure to keep them nice and snug in my electron shells, see?” https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 4/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs “As you move right through Periodic City, us elements become more and more civilized with better eating habits and organization so we don't lose our precious electrons. We have higher ionizing energy and our atomic radius becomes much smaller than you left city slobs. Lithium: Hey now watch those words, I always keep my other two electrons perfectly safe, its always that darn valence electron that always runs away, to be honest, I think I’m better off without it. Krypton: whatever you say, but speaking of that electron, where did yours run to now? “Don't worry, i'll get it. “: Hyde exclaimed 5/21 https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs New chapter, electronegativity Hyde went to chase after the electron, but after a while, he lost track of it. Now that the wind has died down Hyde finds himself in the right section of Periodic city. Hyde was afraid and decided to ask an atom in a cowboy hat: Excuse me Mr, but do you know where i am? Hey kiddo, looks like you’re out of your element, heh. I reckon you turn right ‘round and head back to where you came from. Hyde: I-I’m looking for an electron. Neon: heh, any electron around here is long gone, here in electronegativity Town, no electron is safe. You gotta be real tough to keep your electrons here. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 6/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Suddenly a mystery voice cries out in the distance: Hey that’s my electron Neon: heh, looks like i'm needed Other voice-scar: Well now it is mine, that's how it is, only the tough get to keep their electrons,and you like Nitrogen. I am fluorine and I have the highest electronegativity in this, here town, you gotta be real tough to get past me. Neon: Hold on there partner, just because you are on the right side of the periodic table doesnt mean stealing is right! You halogens and your stealing tendencies, i'm glad that your electronegativity does not increase as you go down your the family because i'm sick of dealing with you guys. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 7/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Fluorine: You are lucky I've already got an electron or I'll steal from you next. Neon: Why are you guys always so negative all the time you guys should share more often. Fluorine: Share? What's that? Neon: Let me tell you a story… (empty) Chapter three: Melting point It all started when i was a wee lad 2 years after graduating elementary particle school, my good friend Oxy, asked me for some chemical reactivity advice, as he was trying to ask out Carbon I told him: Listen oxy, when trying to bond with someone, there is only one thing that matters, your external self, or your valence electrons, atoms with a low ionizing energy or a high electronegativity are the popular atoms, they are the ones that form the most bonds, although not every bond is exactly the strongest. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 8/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Neon: Take Chlorine and Sodium for an example, Chlorine has a high electronegativity and Sodium has a low ionizing energy, you can always see that sodium is the only one that gives electrons, while chlorine always takes, poor sap doesnt know what he's getting into. Anyway, a give and take relationship is an ionic bond, a relatively weak type of relationship, they only have a melting point rating of only 800 degrees. The stronger the bond, the higher the melting point rating will be so although it's respectable, don’t expect for them to be together much longer, i'll tell you that. Now let's look at Boron and Nitrogen. Boron does not have the lowest ionizing energy, nor does nitrogen have the highest electronegativity. So their chemical reactivities is not the highest, this means it will be a little awkward to get started. Once you add a bit of energy to the mix, they will hit it off and bond together. They share a total of six electrons together, that's called a covalent bond, and they are practically inseparable. Their melting point rating is at a whopping 3000 degrees celsius! https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 9/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs They are perfect for each other, rumours have it that they have already started to make plans about becoming a molecule already, that's what you want when you grow up right, find the right partner, become a molecule? Oxy nodded as well as an atom could nod. Neon: Then go get em. *flash forward* Ahh i wish it was as simple as the good old days, as you see, fluorine, sharing electrons creates the strongest bond. Fluorine: wow that sounds like a great idea, i will be sure to try this ‘sharing’ on my rival sulphur. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 10/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs After the journey, Hyde also realised that all elements want a neat and tidy full shell of electrons. The ones that resort to stealing electrons hang out on the right side of the city, while the ones that resort to giving away electrons live on the left side of the city. He also realised that the more electrons an atom gained or lost, the more positive or negative they got and how these elements liked to live more in the middle. On this day, Hyde learned how atoms become ions and how where they live determine their charges. Now Hyde the hydrogen both liked to give away and take in an electron, that made Hyde wonder what side of Periodic city he should live on... Book 2: Hyde finds a family https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 11/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Hyde was feeling a little negative recently, he didnt know which family of elements he belonged to, every other element seemed to fit in except him. He decided that he would go explore and find the family he belonged to. He decided to ask his good friend Silicon about it. Hyde: Silicon. Do you know where to start my search for which family I belong to? Silicon: Well I doubt you are a metalloid, we have metal properties, but are not quite metals. For example, we are semiconductors, which means our conductivity is limited. We are the odd balls, if you take a look at the periodic table, the metals hang out on the left side of the city, us metalloids hang out on this staircase looking thing, and the non-metals hang out on the right side of this dividing staircase. Since you are a non metal, maybe you are part of the halogens? Hydrogen, walked into electronegativity Town Fluorine: Hey there kid, so you wanna be a part of the Halogens do ya? Well i've got one question, are ya tough? We Halogens are highly volatile as we are missing just one electron to complete our collection, so we will do all it takes to acquire it. Hyde responded: i can take away https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 12/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs some electrons but i'm not very good at it, my electronegativity isn't that high. Fluorine: Well then i can't help you there. Since you are a gas though, maybe you are a noble gas? Hyde went to the noble gas family Hey Neon, I was wondering if I am a Noble gas like you. Neon: Well kiddo, Noble gases like me have full electron shells, this means we are very inert and don't react to things as much. To be a Noble gas, means not giving or taking any electrons at all, do you? Hyde: I guess I do frequently give electrons to other electrons, and I'm not inert like you guys. Neon: Then I’m maybe the metals can help you out, Hyde started to walk towards the alkali metals, but he spotted a group of metals, and what looked like a sea of electrons on his way there. Hyde: hey do you guys know the alkali metals? Iron: Yeah, we are distant cousins to them, we are the transitional metals, and those guys over there are the alkaline earth metals. We usually https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 13/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs have around 2 valence electrons and hang out at the left of the metalloid staircase. As you can tell from our name, we have metallic properties such as being generally malleable, ductile, shiny and opaque. A notable property is that we are great conductors of heat and electricity, do you know what conductivity is? Hyde shook his head. Conductivity is the ability to transfer electrons between us. Instead of sharing with a set of specific, we kind of share with everyone, pooling all our electrons together into one large electron sea. If you are too selfish like the non-metals, or too loose with your electrons like the alkali metals, then your conductivity will not be very high. ` Overall, we are quite similar to the alkali metals, The more left and down you move from the metalloid staircase, the more metallic we get and the more metallic the properties like conductivity, that means the alkali metals are the most metallic of all, although you rarely see https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 14/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs those properties as they are quite jumpy. Since you have one electron and seem pretty jumpy, maybe you’re one of them, ill send you on your way. Hyde: Lithium can you help me out? I've searched the entire periodic city and I can't seem to find a family that I fit in. Tell me, do I belong in the alkali family? Lithium: Members of the alkali family are very reactive, and like to give out electrons. You like to give out electrons don't you? It seems you have one valence electron like us. Hyde: I do, but i don't have any metal properties like you do, i'm not conductive, I don't have metallic properties, heck, i'm not even a solid, it just seems like I don't belong here. K: Now kid, Cheer up kid, ill go talk with the others but i think you can stay with us for now. Hyde: you really mean it? https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 15/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs And that's the story of why hydrogen sits right on top of the alkali metals. Book 3: The construction of periodic city One day, Hyde was wandering around town and looked at the city borders and wondered how Periodic city was constructed. He wondered why all the atoms with negative ions live on the right and why the atoms with positive atoms liked to live on the left. He decided to go to the city library and do some research. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 16/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs He read a couple books, one that starred a certain fellow named Dimitri Mendeleev… The story starts off with a couple of engineers that were doing some exploring, discovered some neat new and small particles in the wild, these particles were named elements. Everytime they found a new element, they would put it on an empty piece of land, but as more and more elements were being discovered, things were getting a little disorganized. The elements were rowdy, getting in fights with elements that didn't look like them, or have the same properties as them. The engineers debated what was the best way to organize these elements so that they would not quarrel with each other. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 17/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs J.W. Döbereiner: I propose to group the elements up with other elements that share their same properties. I have found that there are many groups of three elements that share the same properties. I call this the law of triads, and if we group them up in triads, it will put the elements with atoms of similar traits together which may stop the fighting. This method that J.W. Döbereiner proposed, could help the engineers organize and categorize the elements and their special unique properties, but it was wildy incomplete and some atoms were left out. Another engineer proposed his plan, J.A.R. Newlands: I propose to organize their elements based on their weights. If i set hydrogen to a mass of one, and order each element based on their mass. This will create a pattern where every 8 atoms, the elements will share a similar property with each other. I call this the law of Octaves. There were some complaints made by the atoms as they claimed Newlands was weight shaming, so Newlands’ method was not widely accepted by engineers. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 18/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Finally, a Russian engineer named Dimitri Mendeleev proposed a method using a mixture of both systems Dmimitri mendeleev: I propose to separate the elements based on their weights by building rows of houses called periods then putting the elements in each house depending on their weights, then I shall group the elements that share the same properties into vertical columns called families. Henry Mosely: Hold on now, sorting atoms by their weights is still kind of mean. I have found that if we sort the atoms by what they hold within, their protons, they will be a lot happier. That way we can number each element with an atomic number that is very similar to the weight numbering system. https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 19/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Using a mixture of Mendeleev’s and Mosely’s way of sorting, The properties of undiscovered elements could be predicted Depending on which family and period and number an empty house was in. The periodic city was finally complete and allowed the engineers to organize and understand the natural elements much better than before. Hyde now had a better understanding of Chemistry and the construction of Periodic city, and hopefully, the readers of this book did too. Thank you for reading Cites: How the Periodic Table Went From a Sketch to an Enduring Masterpiece. Tom Siegfried. Article. https://www.sciencenews.org/article/periodic-table-history-chemical-elements-150-anniversary https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 20/21

5/5/2020 chemistry book - Google Docs Hebden : Chemistry 11, a Workbook for Students James A. Hebden. Textbook https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fhwWTrSI3LGJ-PFN_035hgc0nGbb9-_uGaS-Npi82rQ/edit 21/21