Batangas State University – Alangilan College CET 402: Highway Engineering as Applied in Urban City Bautista, Joshua B. De Castro, Jean C. Gonzales, Akira Faye C. Lacdang, Cedrick F. Langit, Lady Jane A. Medina, Clarian Joy M. Panganiban, Lyndon P. Solis, Keith Mhae M. Engr. Jim Benidict Petate
TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page i Table of Contents ii Major Content 1 I. Overview II. Inventory & Analysis of Existing Conditions 7 24 a. Accessibility 30 37 b. Infrastructure 44 50 c. Development 53 III. SWOT Analysis IV. Station Area Concepth Plan V. Summary References
OVERVIEW Urban Rail Transit (URT) is one important element of the public transit system in fundamental urban facilities. According to The Economic Times (2022), rail transit or train transport is a commonly used mode of transportation that can transport goods and people over short and long distances. Train transport, which runs on tracks known as rails or railroads, is also considered one of the fastest land transportation modes. In a global context, rail transit has become an essential transit tool in developed countries and regions for its mass benefits, such as huge vehicle capacity, fast speed, safety and reliability, and comfort. Truly, rail transit is one significant means for the emerging economy of urban areas as it boosts the industrial structure and raises the living standard of citizens. With the railroad becoming the most economical means of transportation worldwide, every country needs to have an efficient railway system. In the Philippines, Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT) Line 3 is one of the urban railways currently operating in the country. MRT-3, which has stations spread along the stretch of EDSA from North Avenue to Taft Avenue, is one of the main modes of transportation in Metro Manila, the country’s capital city. In a study by Ganiron Jr (2015), MRT-3 is discovered to be the best designed to substitute conventional railway services on routes where much higher capacity is required. It also significantly reduces travel, and its further improving railway service leads to mode substitution against other modes. With the continuous advancement of the country, especially in transportation, various planning and development are happening in the different sectors of society. One of which is the Transit-Oriented Development or most commonly known as TOD. The Global Platform for Sustainable Cities (GPSC, 2021) stated that TOD combines different planning and financing strategies that promote mobility and walkability as primary modes of transportation. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 2
It also makes access to all local and citywide opportunities and resources more inclusive to people by utilizing different mobility modes at the lowest financial and environmental cost. Moreover, TOD focuses on transit modes and infrastructure, street and building planning and design to codes, regulation reform, and finance (Institute for Transportation & Development Policy [ITDP], 2019). TOD brings a compact and mixed-use development by featuring vibrant streetscapes, pedestrians-oriented built forms, and land use characteristics for a convenient and safe road to walk, cycle, and use public transport. TOD has eight key principles to achieve the aforementioned features (ITDP, 2019). • Walk: Improving pedestrian footpaths that would provide mobility to all and integrate different landscaping elements for an active building edge resulting in vibrant public spaces. • Cycle: Designing a street that would be safe for cyclists by creating a separate cycle track, adding adequate shading elements, and a secure cycle parking area. • Connect: Creating a network of walking and cycling routes that would provide direct connections to different goods, services, and public transport. • Public Transport: Enhancing rapid transit to a high capacity reducing dependence on private vehicles by making it faster and more reliable. • Shift: Making parking fees adequate and reducing the overall parking supply to create incentives to use public transport, walk, and cycle. • Densify: Intensifying the residential and commercial uses around high capacity rapid transit stations to ensure that all residents and workers can access high- quality public transport. • Mix: Mixing residential and non-residential land uses would reduce the need to travel and ensure the activation of public spaces at all hours. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 3
• Compact: Redeveloping existing urban fabric so that residents can live closer to their jobs, schools, services, and other destinations, resulting in reduced travel times and emissions. The eight key principles of TOD were then further summarized by World Bank (Jain, 2022): Align human densities, economic densities, mass transit capacity, and transit network characteristics for greater accessibility. Develop compact regions for short commutes. Ensure the resilience of areas connected by mass transit. Plan & zone for mixed-use and mixed-income neighborhoods at a corridor level. Create vibrant and people-centric public spaces around a mass transit station. Develop neighborhoods that support walking and cycling. Develop good quality, accessible, and integrated public transit. Manage demand for private vehicles. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 4
Subsequently, TOD is commonly considered only applicable to high- income countries and is not relevant to developing countries. This idea is a great misconception because TOD can be applied to developing countries. However, it is necessary to adapt its plans to the local context to ensure successful implementation (GPSC, 2021). The effectiveness of TOD dramatically relies on the application of different design standards that are appropriate for the location. Furthermore, TOD offers urban growth opportunities that supports a high-quality transit system that can cater to all residents. With the given points, this paper will analyze the existing conditions in MRT-3 with an 800 m radial circle boundary centered on the station. The group will examine the accessibility, infrastructure, and development in the area along with strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threat (SWOT) analysis which would then be used for the redevelopment concept plan of the location. Redeveloping the area of MRT-3 is a great way to move forward to better quality public transportation in the Philippines. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 5
POSITION WITHIN PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK A transportation network allows people and things to travel from one area to another. Street networks, railroad networks, pedestrian walkway networks, river networks, utility networks, and pipeline networks are all examples of transportation networks. In the 800-m radial circle boundary, centered on the MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station, 47 estimated roads, avenues, and streets are covered. Below is the list of the transportation roads and their corresponding position within the public transport network. Table 1. Roads along MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station and Their Position Within Public Transport Network MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 7
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ROAD INVENTORY Road inventory is a comprehensive survey that can be used to study the profile of the roads in the area of study features like road/pavement widths, lengths, road pavement types, and others. Below is the list of the features of the covered roads which includes their lengths and widths. Table 2. Roads Along MRT-3 Taft Avenue Stations and Their Lengths and Widths MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 10
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PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE NETWORK Both pedestrian and cycle networks are significant components in the infrastructure of a community's transportation. With these networks, traffic congestion are being reduced, as well as the pollution caused by other mode of transportation. By these alternate means of vehicular travel, one is also provided with recreational opportunities, which promotes healthy lifestyles; hence, it enhances the community’s quality of life. Figure 1. Bicycle Lanes Along Taft Avenue In this context, bicyclists traverse Taft Avenue in Manila City along a designated bike lane set up by the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). This is to promote mobility inside Metro Manila as more individuals choose to cycle to work amid the general community quarantine to combat the COVID-19 spread. Metro Manila's bike lane network spans 12 cities: Pasig, Marikina, Quezon City, Caloocan, Manila, San Juan, Mandaluyong, Makati, Pasay, Las Piñas, Paranaque, and Taguig. Depending on the road's configuration, the bike lanes were 1.5 to 3 meters wide. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 12
Figure 2 and 3. Footbridge Along Taft Avenue Meanwhile, Taft Avenue Footbridge is next to Tabon and is located in Pasay City. The footbridge is located at 120.998º longitude and 14.554º latitude. This footbridge has a length of 0.12 km, a width of 3 m, and is split in separate ways. The footbridge is situated at the intersection of Taft Avenue and EDSA for the convenience and safety of pedestrians. Figure 4. San Roque Cabrera Street Footbridge Flyover, Pasay City Furthermore, the increasing volume of vehicles in the street has made road traffic become extremely crowded. Pedestrian becomes the most vulnerable users of the road to get traffic accident, especially during rush hour. Pedestrians are compelled to walk in the carriageway as sidewalk spaces were not prioritized. Thus, San Roque Cabrera Street, which is also connected to EDSA Pasay, constructed a footbridge designed to provide safety and comfort for its users. It is located at coordinates 14°32'16\"N 121°0'18\"E. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 13
Figure 5. EDSA Footbridge Similiarly, EDSA is a limited-access circumferential highway around Manila. As a circumferential road, it requires footbridge as one of the pedestrian amenities in order to prevent traffic accidents. As shown above, EDSA Footbridge provides footpaths for pedestrians to safely traverse the area. The said footbridge has a length of 130 meters and a width of 1.40 meters. It is located at 14.539º latitude and 121.011º longitude. Figure 6 and 7. Walkways/Sidewalks Along Taft Avenue & EDSA Equally significant, sidewalks separated from the traffic are ideal accommodations for pedestrians. Sidewalks provide increased safety, mobility, and healthier communities. It prevent additional pedestrian crashes in addition to minimizing walking along roadways. However, some passages along the avenue have their sidewalks accommodated by public vendors (Fig. 6). This makes pedestrians walk along the carriageway. Meanwhile, most of the sidewalks along the avenue are utilized properly, mostly by commuters near the MRT-3 station. EDSA, although a circumferential road, only has at least 1-meter-wide sidewalks. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 14
STREET GRID Figure 8. MRT-3 Taft Taft Station is situated within the territorial Avenue Station Street Grid jurisdiction of Pasay City and the landing schemes extend to Barangays 83, 97, 98, 118, 119, 70, 146, 148, 150, and 151. Taft Station is also within the jurisdiction of Pasay City. The city is within the Coastal Lowland, which is a flat and low plain that faces Manila Bay. It has a nearly level slope, and the adjacent city of Taft Station in Parañaque City is within the identified flat area. INTERSECTIONS AND MIB-BLOCK CROSSINGS An intersection is a road junction or point where two or more roads intersect. A four- way (or crossroads) intersection, a three-way (T-junction or Y-junction, also known as a fork), or a five-way (or multi-way) intersection can be found. The following are the intersections found around the 800-m radial distance centered at MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station. Figure 9. N171 (Aurora Boulevard) – NAIA Intersection MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 15
There is a Southbound ramp and northbound at-grade intersection. Access to EDSA southbound is via U-turn slot under Magallanes Interchange (Fig. 9). Figure 10. N170 (Taft Avenue) / Taft Avenue Extension Intersection For Pasay Rotunda (Fig. 10), there is no left turn from EDSA southbound and no left turn to EDSA northbound from Taft Avenue. The Access to EDSA southbound is also via U- turn slot under Magallanes interchange. Figure 11. F.B. Harrison Avenue Intersection For F.B. Harisson (Fig. 11), access to opposite direction is provided by U-turn slot (northbound under Magallanes Interchange and southbound fronting The Heritage Hotel). MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 16
When intersections are spaced too far apart, mid-block crossings offer pedestrians a formally designated place to cross a street conveniently. Transportation planners and engineers often assume that pedestrians’ cross streets at intersections, though in many locations this is not always the case. The figure below shows an example of a mid-block crossing that is located at F.B Harrison Avenue. The crossing has a width of 6 meters and a length of 2 meters. Fig 12 and 13. Mid-Block Crossings Along F.B. Harrison Street MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 17
CONTINUITY OF ROAD NETWORK Figure 14 and 15. Epifanio de los Santos Avenue Epifanio de Los Santos Avenue, or EDSA, is a limited-access circumferential highway that circles Manila, the Philippines' capital city. The entire avenue is part of Metro Manila's arterial road network, National Route 1 (N1) of the Philippine highway network, and Asian Highway 26 (AH26) of the Asian Highway Network, while its westbound service road from Osmeña Highway in barangay Bangkal, Makati is part of National Route 145 of the Philippine highway network (N145). Despite the fact that it is not an expressway, traffic rules and speed limits are strictly enforced for vehicles passing through. In this note, a decongestion program is under the Build! Build! Build Project. There is currently an ongoing infrastructure program that aims to help decongest EDSA, which is under overcapacity, carrying 402,000 vehicles daily while having a capacity of merely 288,000. This current program also includes constructing new roads and bridges to divert traffic away from the avenue. The government wants to reduce the time it takes to travel from Cubao to Makati to 5–6 minutes. No major road infrastructure projects fall within the study area. It is noted that two ongoing Skyway projects are being implemented in the greater area: Quirino Ave to Roxas Boulevard Skyway Extension (interconnecting with Skyway Stage 3), and the Buendia Ave to Diosdado Macapagal Ave. Skyway Extension (interconnecting with Skyway Stage 3). MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 18
STATION ENTRY A station entry is the place where commuters enter or exit a train station. A train station entrance might get people to shop before reaching the platform, or it might get them to an overpass or underpass crossing a street. Figure 16. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Entry As shown in Figure 16, there is an escalator in the Taft Avenue Station Entry. These escalator facilitate easy and quick movement of all passengers or commuters, especially those who are elder, sick, and physically-challenged person. In detail, Taft Avenue station is the sole stop in Pasay on the Manila Metro Rail Transit System Line 3. The station is on the corner of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, or EDSA, and Taft Avenue, one of Metro Manila's main thoroughfares (this intersection is usually referred to as Pasay Rotonda or Edsa - Taft). The station Taft Avenue is named after the former United States President William Howard Taft and Chief Justice William Howard Taft, who was a former Governor- General of the Philippines. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 19
Figure 17. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station in Google Maps The station serves as the line's southern terminus, as well as the first and last stops for trains heading to and from North Avenue. Metropoint Mall and Saver's Square, are attached to the station, as well as the Winston Lodge and a branch of Hotel Sogo. It's also a great place to stop if you're heading to Ninoy Aquino International Airport or Bay City, as it's close to the SM Mall of Asia, SMX Convention Center, Heritage Hotel, San Juan de Dios Hospital and College, and Manila Tytana College (formerly Manila Doctors College). Many provincial bus lines have bus terminals near the station, including Victory Liner, Five Star Bus Company (serving Northern Luzon), Philtranco (covering Southern Luzon and the rest of the Philippines), and Genesis Transport (serving Bataan and La Union). SM Mall of Asia, Las Pias, Manila, Caloocan, Makati, and Quezon City (Quezon Avenue) are all served by buses and jeepneys from this station. A nearby EDSA Busway bus stop may be found on the curbside of EDSA, across Taft Avenue. Commuters traveling the LRT Line 1 to either Baclaran or Roosevelt Stations through a crossway to EDSA station use Taft Avenue station as a transfer point. The station is connected to Ninoy Aquino International Airport's Terminal 3 via a shuttle bus (NAIA). MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 20
PARKING Parking plays an important role in the success of cities, communities and places, as well as in the development of mixed-use projects and sustainable transportation. Listed on Table 3 are the parking spaces or the establishments with parking spaces around MRT- 3 Taft Avenue Station. Table 3. Parking Spaces Near MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 21
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BUS STOPS Bus stops are a very important element in urban mobility because it links the commuter to the public transport. Enumerated in Table 4 are the Bus Stops along the 800- m radial distance of MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station. Table 4. Bus Stops Near MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 23
ESTABLISHMENTS Listed below are the different establishments and infrastructures in streets near Taft Avenue Station. There is no natural drainage observed in the area of the study. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 24
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TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND PARKS Telecommunications near Taft Avenue Station: • Philippines Telegraph and Telephone Company • Liza's Telecom • Spectrum Communications Incorporated • Globe Telecom, Inc. • Memo Express Communication • Hansung Telecommunications Services, Inc. • Access Pointe Contact Solutions • Commsec Inc. Parks • Kabayan Garden • Davao Crocodile Park, Inc. • Primaflora Garden • Fantasy World Theme Parks Amusement and Recreation Club Incorporated MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 29
LAND ATTRIBUTES: PLOT SIZES Listed below are the different businesses near MRT-3 Taft Avenues Station and their corresponding plot sizes. Table 5. Plot Sizes of Businesses Near MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 30
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DEVELOPMENT: ACTIVITY CENTERS Activity Centers are described as any facility that attracts people for shopping, working, learning, pleasure, or socializing. Below are those that can be found within the 800-m radial circle boundary of Taft Avenue. Table 6. Activity Centers Near MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 35
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URBAN DESIGN AND PLACEMAKING Urban design is the discipline of building equal, lively, and sustainable areas with distinct identities. It is concerned with the arrangement, appearance and function of suburbs, cities and towns. On the other hand, placemaking is an intrinsically people- centered approach to city planning, design, and administration that stresses the interactions between persons, communities, and urban areas. It makes these a reality by enabling and empowering people to design and build attractive, engaging, healthy, and green streets and spaces. Below is the SWOT Analysis for the Urban Design and Placemaking in MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS - Contributes to - Deterioration of - Continuing -Addressing the urban urban landscaping improvement of competing space if urban design and urban landscape requirements from landscape's long- multiple user groups term stability placemaking stability may through through provide more due to a lack of restoration control within the space activities rehabilitation are occupied lands, mishandled benefitting the - Availability of public’s health overpasses to be - Too small sidewalks to be a - Raised crossings crossed by the pedestrian-friendly can be an effective pedestrians to avoid accidents place traffic-calming strategy to - Shop options in transit stations compensate for that provide unsignalized services as well intersections as goods - Providing - Constructing of ecological-friendly EDSA-Pasay Rotunda ideas such as plating trees to Footbridge to let create a pleasant pedestrians cross road environment. securely while not stopping vehicles MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 38
LAND USE ATTRIBUTES The location and amount of spatial aggregation of activities such as transportation, management, manufacturing, or dwelling are reflected in land use attributes. They create flows that are supported by transportation networks. Below is the SWOT Analysis for the Land Use Attributes nearby MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS - Various facilities - Steady loss of - Making long- - Any natural have highly historical value in standing disaster strong enough to put a intact historical the foreseeable institutions and dent on its urban significance future if land use infrastructures amidst attributes are left cope with the placing and modernization historical value unchecked. continuing - There are two evolution of (2) pharmacies today’s modern within the 800m world and more relevant to the radius, The public eye in the Generics and foreseeable future Jhakelinn, that can be reached on foot in 5–9 minutes from the Jeepney Terminal. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 39
ACCESS TO TRANSIT Transit accessibility is a critical factor in explaining transit use and advocating for transit regulations. Improving transit access conditions is thought to increase overall transit service quality, user experience, and, ultimately, transit usage. Shown in the diagram below is the SWOT Analysis for the Access to Transit of the MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS - A more - Commuter - Improved - Impending lack of extensive network management commuter capability to of transportation remains the management maintain the biggest weakness may lead further facilities and to stronger transit stability of the services may in transit accessibility avenue’s accessibility since enable occupancies convenient and the start of modernization worry-free access to transit, - There are insufficient which will waiting sheds at eventually benefit the bus stop. the majority of the commuting public crossing the avenue - Four (4) bus stops were conveniently located near the Taft Avenue Station. - A jeepney terminal is located nearby at the Generics Pharmacy and is about a 5-minute walk away. MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 40
PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE MOBILITY The pedestrian and cycle mobility are designed primarily for pedestrians and cyclists, such as sidewalks, multi-use paths, and trails, as well as the infrastructure required to support their construction, such as drainage areas, wetland/floodplain mitigation areas, boardwalks, landscaping, bike racks, shelters/kiosks, benches, and signage. The diagram below shows the SWOT Analysis for the Pedestrian and Cycle Mobility of areas near the MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS - There are - Some pedestrian - Widening of - Unforeseen dedicated bike lanes are less sidewalk for dangers to better use to the lanes and visible on the road pedestrian and pedestrian- public cycle mobility, such centric - A further study as accidents opportunities for on potential better pedestrian locations for and cycle cycle mobility mobility with little and pedestrian impact on land mobility quality, the urban management environment, and transit accessibility MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 41
SAFE DESIGN ELEMENTS The integration of hazard detection and risk assessment methodologies early in the design process to eliminate or limit the risks of injury throughout the life of the product being created is characterized as safe design. Facilities, hardware, systems, equipment, tools, materials, energy controls, layout, and configuration are all included. A safe design approach begins in the conceptual and planning phases, with an emphasis on making design, material, and manufacturing or construction decisions to improve the safety of the end product. The SWOT Analysis for the Safe Design Elements in the MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station is shown below. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS - Availability of - Inadequate road - To reduce road - Hidden and road signages signages accidents, there undetermined must be improved design elements - Visible - Insufficient pedestrian lane that can hinder the pedestrian lanes waiting area in markings and road’s stability if left for the commuters some intersections. additional effective traffic signs and undetected. - The EDSA – Pasay Rotunda street lights. Footbridge lets pedestrians to cross securely while not stopping the flow of vehicles MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 42
PARKING MANAGEMENT Parking management is described as a collection of strategies with the purpose of increasing the efficacy of ones building's or business's present parking service. These strategies, implemented at the level of a building or firm, involve the adoption of appropriate usage standards, explicit policies, as well as possible systems of priority or shared spaces amongst users. The SWOT Analysis for the Parking Management in the MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station and nearby areas is shown below. STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES OPPORTUNITIES THREATS - Cooperation of - There are no - A designated - Poor parking businesses and nearby parking parking space for rules and corporations to the people with regulations ensure safe and spaces. wide parking for disability the working public across the avenue with guidance of politically stable and like minded individuals and authorities MRT-3 Taft Avenue Station Area TOD Development Planning | 43
MRT-3 TAFT AVENUE S
STATION CONCEPT PLAN COLOR LEGENDS Circulation & Multi- Modal Integration Plan Spatial Layout Plan Architectural, Urban Design and Placemaking Plan
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