Reading_explorer_number_1_7th_Grade-1635783874400

' IEINLE ENGAGE Learning

Nancy uouglas + 4 HEINLE CENGAGE Learning

Contents ExploreYour World! .- ,&ape and Sequence Intrgduct on Unit 1Amazing Animaa Unit 2Thvel and Adventure Unit 3 Music and Festivals RwIm 1 WMd Herlhg~Wllght: Qlpf&#t#. Yscabulaw Building Unit4 Other Worlds lJNt'5City Living, U#it 6 GlMhing and,Fashion Vocabulary Building I Unit 7 Dinosaun Come Alive Unit 8 Stories and Storytellers -Unit 9Tough Jobs -'- b- Unit 11 Legends of the Sea Unit 12Vanished! Review 4 .. Vocabulaty Building

m M Sabinas, Mexico,scientist: nMay -d'S\" hliea E.aArh,aor~rL aft horn ) round-the-worldflig&hat hqppenedto hW @ !,' I !Nearly 100years ago, a lost city was found in the jungles of P ~ K $, Who built the cit* _ - -and why?.p. 40

The tomb of China's First Emperor Ihas not yet been fully opened. What treasures might still be there? p. 142 ab,-IHXheiland, you a n s d r 4,mymmI , G@ Pyramid wast bwc1,rtdk t W!W builQffa: Who ma!@hultt %-'mawhy? g; ffT A radii teleq,mQem Austm0.a ig li&ening

'R'ubicand Fastiirals A: A World of Music HIP-Hop Planet Usage: femalt woman :Bed Drum -0: Carnival7 m e E =._ 0mzilian Samba! Word Unk: -&on b-/on eFL ~B1 ,lb1 1t,h. in.gabbmshian. A: FrQm Sandal to MoroThan a Shoe? WOK LH lk: -y Silk Weavers of SpceBwt * -- ~~r8tafle~~~ Word LM tn- J tm- / un- G ~ w , I KW,tkwi

W no s a.t p. [.:m. eAlitre .A: PEhi&orio Pimeling Rinasaurs: Facf and Fktidn Wbrd Link: -er / -or Dinosaur I 1 .. ,B: Strange Dinwurs \\Mystew of the BrribI~Hand Wud Partne@hip:qaidioh Discovery +J:e Bt ers Grlmrn Word Unk; -en -> .Usgge: eff&vs. affect Thg Tale af the %ven Ravens Y: \" .. ~ .. . Ta~rmdo Chasers ? Wor~d Link: -& ~ Wildfire~ I Phatog$apher d &\"A t - .; Ward Llflk -menf ~#&fkbr~otnsFlr& I Sm$kejumpers 'I bmm.8u~~~r~ A: ~nei'enCt ky: Meico's Pyramid Ward UnR: -ate G I T~otihudn of the Moon I Lk Wonders of o f p f Who BuUt Gla's Pyramid8 Word Partnekshlp:&k I I1 ~miitlhstiii kme R&I pirates Pirates: Romnet of me Carlbbean p:1 $W: On Top of the World m-4@Mystew on Everest P i o n ~ r qsf the Sky I -The Missing Pilot word ~ord,L&$@q .- I.. A-

[email protected] . Welcome to Readitig Explorer! -: -4 In this book, you1 rravelthe world, *re Werent kuiturcs, add discover jnteresfing topics. You'll $50 becamc a better r&r! *ad- khW- B&re you read, look at the photos, captions, and maps. Ask yourself: r d ~ d~eW Wb ~ h a &~ fb$OH? Urban , I , wh.& will 1barnP As you mad, check p u r predf&am- what have Iletrrmd? h you read, rake now. Use them I 10help you answer questhm about Write down-wordsyou learn in a Practice yaur reading skills and mcabdaq in the Review Units. exploh your world! - -

u':-cluBe -4 ;L 2. What,wn some mima$ do that h m ~ g@f@'s 3. What iis vour W i t e a n i d ? W

A. True or False. Read the sentences below, and circle T (True) or F (False).Then cheek your a W & s an page 18. Fast Facts: The Bottlenose Dolphin TF 1. Dolphins are mammals (like cats, horses, TF and<humans), not fiSh. TF 2. A dolphin$ bra%is bigger than a human's. TF 3. Dolphins cummunicate with each other using olicking ahd whistling'sounds. -4, As adults, dotphins live by themsdves. \"Skimfor the Main Idea. On Zhe next page, bok at the title, headitlgs, photos, and Captiauls. What is this reding mainly about? Circle a, b, or c. Then read the passage to check . your msw6r. a. types OT dolphins b, things dalphins do c. what dolphins eat -.- 10 U ~1 At mazing Animals

Dolphin:I). . .7 ' -.- a'I Man geople say dolphins are very intell@&. T h q&7em.to t.- i abl-ei@ir&, understaod, and learn things qgi&f But are they smart like- -hcu-.-m.--Cans of'more likk ca*, or dog's,bolpbg $,-use their br s dBeredtly from people. But scientists s - z d d p hinteuieence and human h%eK&e arif&kii 2 =ACT I: Talk to Me humans, every dolphin has its own \"nar- - \" TIE name is a specid whstle. Xach dolphn chooses a spcc'\".~whstle r a for itself, usually by its first birthday. Actually, s~lentistst h d c dolphins, like people, \"talk* to each other about a lot of ch as their-age, their feehgs, or h&ng f ~ o d . ,like l~umans,dolphin4 use a system of sounds and y language to comQ,cate. But &standmg their 1s nv~---~:-is-n-ot easy' CArhumans. No one '\"peaks -.-C A n m e w.*:-+~ m ~ y i n gto learn. I dv-I .= 1 FACT 2:la.J Play Dolphins arc alaa SCXEIaInimals. They live in gaps ~ ~ d e d I pz& g d *I - .. o h j,oixiF&t& e m dii3krn.t El play topether x pmt a d have E z r G j u ~ tiitr peqkc. in fact, p%rgl I Dolplunsd h m m ue z , i a & i n & ~ & . ~btr& make Ik&.md g . w h U& an intrn&@m#@#JZty3 we a m a d&&bs 5 q g d x m p k -.*&/W p w ur r3Mi.nt h t v ~ tU~@~ .this mctPioi a- cmA&.&* m&h a- la hd- the mca?TIk ddpbw .~;ea tbe,&wnsW?hy 30 --- Gat,$$FrEk afthk fkh. + c s - vI-. -.. - 1\" - - a IwtlGditif%m&ynu m,akea g h r & s r wund tp tam- t - I- . .J I G i:,, ; - : I ? - - I I Intelligence 11 J lA-d

A Multiple Chaioe. ' G h ~ ~tshee best answer far each question. Main Idea 1. What Is the main idea of the recling? a. Dolphins are very intelligent animals. b. Them are many dierent types of dolphins; e, Some >dolphin8&@mop intelligent thm h~ir~ans. d, Dolphins are humans' favorite animals, Detail 2. Which sentence about dolphin language is hue? a, A dalphh gets its name frsm its mother, b. Dolphins use hfiguageTb talk about many thlrrgs, c, Dolphins whistle, but they don't use bndy Ianquaaa. d. Dolphinconversation is ewy to ~t\"rderstand, Detail 3. Why do ,dolphinss~rnetlrneshelp fishormen? a. Dolphins am kind animals. b. Sd the dolphins mn g ~btud. -. . e. The dolphins know the men are hungry. Thefishei-?n~ansk the' dolphins for hdp. d, e 4, In lihe 19, others means ofher:, a pad8 b. people c~-elb-lp-hins d, games Vocabulary 5. In the smbnc~R e d~lphri7g~et to eat some uf the gsh, (line29), what does get to mean? a. are 3ble to b. have to c. should . tl. want to 8.Classifi~ationH. ow a e .dolphinsand humam diffmnt? How are thw the same? Write the answers (a-h) in the dlagrarn. Humans Dolphins acplay g m ~ isn $map% b. have their own Trams -c. use spakn wards ta cornmunimte d. plan ways to do =mething e. caivtch fish for food f. comrnmlcate Zhelr feelings to sach other g. choose th@rQ W n~ame8 R. USB sounds end boaljr 1ahgu.ageto talk

A. Cornpistion. Compl~tethe inkmation with the wards 'Sup*.gd ,Bmm from the box, One ward is Wva. are'NQgmtdown, and w a n d h a ,in.-get M _ J\\usGdo] B. T b ommgutan,b ~ W I ;&I r its red hair a d l ~ n WgW. But &d p u b w that the omgumis a very 1, animal?F Qe~xampie- 4mngatmz $@stLar ydl-y~&&it~W, b y W e leaves &om the trees a& use therillikewk umhtua! These q k l 4 don%W ea cmgkxl language 3. / h m a s do, But today, Some cjmgut'aas-a&; l $. a+-@ h bb q i & .language. M q b e ,in*~f u n ~w~e?w~ill~be able m,Me a shple 4, with them. wiTlPl&: ma& upaf rnlp'parts in red wAh a d e f i n i t l . 1 In some ways, &d md h m m irl,tdigenceare &e. BM just heii ma~atre some m i m a i s ?Sciatists'inJapanw a n d to study mcmmy in humans add chimps. ' T h q used this methad: they s b ~ e adgroup uT tollcge students and five-year-old chimps the numbers 1 to 9 in Merent places on a cmputer screen, but onlyfb~.a $hartwMe. The rest was ta remember the spec& pdtim of the numbers in the >cwrqrtorder. Every time, rhe chimps*re faster than the mdene. Why8 Did someone assist the chrimpgE N q but rhe animals probably had an impo~tmt dm- .they're yaung.As hothhumans ;and animal9 >get memory gets h r s e . The &mp5 also.bad mother advanrage: Icss f ~ meemory. Qeorgta,,aahlmp,b i.a way of a.ing srsmetRitIg: is W Ti~iiigent. 2. help: 3. sirnilat; 4. sornething,tRathelps y ~ suucwad: 5- ~~~: 6. int@ll[gent: 7 The sufbes %nq and *newat the ehd af a a ~ ridndkate &at it it$ a nwn, For '&ample, &&+&tameIs the<noun b r n orasdSf,-andm m halping someone.

1 - jBJArtistic Animals I Before You &ad A. Lahii-ng. Rpdb the FnfomatiQ;A$r~IowT,hdn Iahel the nurnbared items in the p'tdut~wi.t2?ths. wrda in Mua Can an elephant make music) Some people might say \"no,\" but . the animals in the photo are musicians. Each elephant us& its am!< ts, like the dmm or the rryLophone. -. 0 7% Q @+ 0 .I] - mnBPredict, Whkh ofthm da yw think elephants can do?' Check,(4 y ~ u*rWBF(S). read the, in*farmat\\or-or n the nwt m a tg c ; h c k your id?&@).

Musical DidYou Know? i In the town of Lampang in Every Nov- norther11 TI1ada18, there is an tI-@u&ndsa?p~opla unusuall group of musicians. watch elwmnts danc;a They play many dfferenz;h d s of 5 music--everythlrmg Eram traclitional arcd play sbmer at the Thai soags to music by Beethoven. Burk Qephqyt Royn&Up Both children and adults love t h i s g r ~ u pW. hat makes them so Fe;stival in Thailand, ppdar?Is it their music?Their lo looks?\"es, it's both of these things, bur it's also something else: they?-re elephants. These musical elephants started at A Sangduen Chailert helps enleeaprhCahnitasnagt aManla,tTuhreaiplaanrdk. the Thai Elephant Conservation Center (T'ECG) in Lampang. 75 Thc TECC protects elephant$.It teaches people to understand and care for these huge, but p n t l ~a,nimals. And, like many zoos around the worId, the TECC Richard Lair works with the TECC. He: knows a lot about 20 elephants. He says same of the animals' paintings are very MY6NLln good. But, in fact, elephants hear better than they set, And so hrHUIt he had a11idea: ifelephants are intellgent and they have good hearing, maybe they can play rnuscc. To test his idea, Lair and a friend started the Thai leih ham O r ~ h e s t r a .D~uring a 25 pwf;ammme;the elephants play a variety of instrulnena, *IL4 ..-, ,. includmg the drums and the xyiaphone. The animals also use their voices a i d trunks to make sousds, I' ' w II

L1Reading Comprehension A Multiple Choice. Choa* the best answer tor each quastion. Gist I. Another title for this reading could be a. Teachha Elephants to Paini b. Elephants in Danger c,T E G Trainers d. An Unusual Orchestra . The elephants at the TECG a. see better than they hear b. 8re able 10 paint 1 , . @ c.copy humans t~ ptay mus' I d. make m'rawn insturnmi ., Data!1 3. Why dfd Ri~hardLair 'the Thai Elephant Orch~stra? a He had hqrd the elephants playing music. b. He needed Uo make: money far the TECC. c. He believed elephants could play rnusia -.-A d. H f l w a n t - ~ d t o b e ~ ninTNhaiianand. V&&W 4. In line 25, what d-a varieiyof mean? m.--any . I - .. 3. the samekind nf b, many @fferent c,twoUpes of . d<-d:t.to...0%. b .. , , %aphm@,5. Read the last sentence in the passage again. What does itmean? anThe elephants play great musk* b, Human a W s now play with the elephdnts. t G.The ekphants are 'every bwutihl. d. Human m u s i d m want to copy the elephants' songs. €3. Matching.mat is the main ideab%achparagraph in the reading? Match a heading (a+) with the correct paragraph (1-4). One headingis extra Paragraph Heading 1. - a. Qsle man's idea: The Elephant Qrche~tra 2.- b. An unmual group of rnusici@-s .,- ,,.,, 3.- e, Why do animals like.musi~?i n . ,. .,, : ' - A 4. - d..The elephants really can play music! e, The work of the TECC

Gompletion. Complete the information with words f r ~ m f he .box. word is extra - -- q,-. I Many elephants can paint. In fact, elephan~in zoos --.1.. - sametimes draw on the ground with a stick, Seeing this, some ;@@p;liniiig, caned elephant 1. &ow elephants how to -1 h ~ h e n y , ' hold a paintbrush, and 2, the elephants @IWby Phdffg,an to choose colors and paint. Of course, not every painting is g o d . malepQ~an,t'@othme FmmsJpl~ , @ m ~ Just Iilce humans, o d y some elephants are very cww 3. , Now, an o n h e gallery sells . By d ~ i n g painkgs by these elephant 4. this, the gallery hopes to 5 . money tr! protect elephants. B. Words in Context Complete each sentence wfih the best answefi; 1, A @ntle' person hurt an animal. a. wouldn't b. would 2. A tlLTge Bnirnal is Vety a, large b. small 3.If something is popular; people like it. - la1 1 - .\" a. a lot 05 b, very few -. ti 4. Ifyou da s~mefhin'gprraperty, --- . I I -I a. poorly 6. An example of a musical' .. ;:a. an orchestra playing music by MO~H$- .h.atmcher~xpIaininghowtarea..dqlm,- . We can add -ist ta words b,krmnouns.lIws8 ntrum ofien describjobs, for example, artrst and a&nU&, -r: - - - -- - .

-1 MALAYSIA - - -- -1. I@;ThirikAbo~Itt. - 2. I.Hew d ~ , eSsompwn Sa~wkwat ~ h -3. the monkys? I 2. Doy ~ thuink I -4. monkeys are ;&Summarize, Watch a s video, Monkey &&gem ! more Qr Iw ., Then c~rnpletethe suhm~ryhelow usingthe com.e$t form intelIig.ent than other of w6rds from the box. Two wordsare e*rm. animds you read : about iri this unit? Why7



I -. 1- - - AI dventure Destinations U.- Before You Read \"' Compl6lion. Look.at the s,and'creadabout each pla~e. Thm complete each description with a word from the box. Top ~dienture camp cruise hike Travel Destinat-i,o.n- s .. ..- . . , . --. _+.-- - , ;<t===-.-: thmugh beautiful mount& villgges in the &xi&-a-%- ;:-- -- -- --- -- .. .. - .- -. .- -- . -. _ ... ..IT-. - :--....I r ,-: . . .. .,'-. * - . -- --. *.--. .. .. . .... ..-- - - ..' .-.:. - a -. ., <.- :--- * - . . .- --.. -,..,Ic- -- II'ravel andAdventure 0 @.Scan. You are gdq:@ read about two friends' travel adventure. Quickly scan the readingto answer the ,questians bdow. Then read again taaheck your answers 1. Where did they start and end th@Mp@W d i d they travel? 2 HOW many kilomete.r-9.A(or mile$ did they travefi. -

.. Many people drear@Wgoing on a great travel adventure. . ..Most of us kee. p. dreaming; others make it happen .- Gregg Bl&ey'@ dream wag to &el && Americas from tap to bottom. He got the idea after he f35sh.da 1,600 &meted .. 6 ;(1,000mile) bike ride. Gregg7ii Bmlr%men, was dso a, - w.cyclist,l The two &ends talked and dow1'9; a plan: t h e . . - &dd ti\"axlfim Alaska to Argentina-b~ bjh. To pay for the q ,Greg8 and' Braoks w&kd and saved a rheir money for y m . Once t h q were on the read, they- 0 s i n camped ~utdaoraOT stayed in h o s g l ~I.n~many plam, local people opened their homes co the rwo friends &d gave them food. Duringtheiruip, &eggmdBrlo~ksqdedthaughdese&a,, _ . ' I ,: . .-,i ' jainftrrests, and mowtaing. They visited modern cities ad$.--.- -3:':.* . :- ' 1 15 n s 3 such as Machu Picchu in Peru. And everywhere:i. d g a t rui - , tI 4 they went, they met other cydists from all over the world. .L ' J In May 2007-two yeus, twelve cg2mtries, and over 30,500 lm (19,000 mil&) later-Gregg mw- reached Ushuaia, Argentina, the $~u&ernrnostcity in the world, (Near 2 G n a t l a , Brbaks had -'%% E fl t;f ,the U,S., and Gregg - continued without himi,9 ,. The trip taught both men a lot about a a v d q i l a p d d l y if you travel a h a d . What did the,yl e a d Here is s k o f Gregg's &w Travel light. The less F ,you have, theless you'll worry a h t . Be polite. As on& travell& told *&lwq6. rmmber that t:nhady vim= to B h t , cheat, ar

1 Reading Comprehension A. Multiple Choice, Ghomethebest 'arlswgr for ewh question. Gist 1. Amthwtitlebrtkis r ~ i n g c g u l dhhe .a. Cycling the Arnerims from Tbp to 6dtt~m bnThe W~lthemrnos'tCity in'tb$ World c. Thiqgs to See md DO jn Alaska and Argentina d. Argentina: The Land af Adventurs Detail 2. Which sentence about G r q g and Brsok' trip ia NOT true? a To pay for the trip, t h q saved #wir money and trwded c h ~ q ~olnythe road. 'a, Only Gregg made The cdrnpbfe trip from Alas+@to kgdntina. c, ohring thekaip, they ,metpeole tiam all a m the world. d. In Guat~makaG, ~ g ggot sick and want back to the U.S.A. Re%rence 3. tn line'l2, them means c. other cyclists a. the local ptmple d, their frjends b. Gmgg and &Q&S Vocabulary 4. Whikh ~ f t h ~ s ~ , w o .orrdpshrases is most similar in meaning to flwible in line 27? a. abl,e.to change &~iIy c. wgll-Dlmnael b, camfu1 d, dlfFicUt Inference 5 Which gtatement wbuld Gregg 'most likely agree with? a. In<othercromtrcies, only stay in hotals or mhpeople y ~ kumw. b. Plan wwy pad af yaur Wp so you can relax. c. When abroad, learn how t~say \"thank you'' in the local language. d, Bring a la?w i i you bn ybur XripV~ydou &n\",Z; havez'a buy anflhing. B.Sequencing. Put the ev~ntsbelow in order fmm 1-8, Than this story to a partner. Gregg and Brooks,start their trip in Pmdhoe Bay>Al&. Gregg reaches U~huaiah, g e m h ~ c d . Greg&goes on a 1800-mile bike ride, &egg a d hu friehd Brooks t& abmt biking i?mPilash to Argentina. Brooks r e m a to 'the U.SA. &egg antinuts withbut him. Gregg md Brooks work to save inonq.

A, Definitions,?RWB thg NfiormWph bejie~(rwT.%@I mat& &wad in &nwHlg ha&afiitan, &-E ytiu UpImin&th ~ a v da s p IFpmlrileaking I fdg both h a a ~ t p n ~ , , & d v etnhrmnk~a~houtviiiting F Y ~ ~It~IS aun a~rpa. r.hat iihared by bmh add k g e n ~ h aH. ere are nvo place8 you &~d&'r miss: Gaveofthe Hands: These an&mc;t~epainthgsmre I done 9,5011-13,000 years a p m e ofPm@s e & a ~ppke. * GhesMa&d &~tts spplate fnr W g and imunrain didhg. 2k blue l b dwhite f P L a ~ h e huge rives ofke-rhar were b m dd r l a 5 ofy w ago. I Q 9 p P ~ ! p $ pdtife VQ a@ce eveiltually relax b-ag-j-r$-ge A lot of smart paple make mist* when they go hilring. Here's some L* that can help ygu stay d e : Before you start, tell someone where you are gahg and for how long, 2. if y0.u are going done. Nb one U e s to carry a lot OF 3. Ad* R a nwn, 'We But it's important ro take ceflaiil h g s on yaw cbpmlmid~tha 4. : water, extra c1obthing,and a ss in Ims; adwise tP &,W, cell phone. and the s k~pmhoun- If you get lost ar hurt, you should \"S.T.6.I?>' This means: ~. tiktkzrnifie:L$nqy Stop: gt to 5.. md stay calm. Wise$ABn net giw Think about yow: situation. pmp/e &&el Observe: look around and notice where ygu are, Plan what to do next. Nso, it's important to stay in am place. S ~ m e o w~ ixll 6. look for you. 2AAdveatwc Destinations 23

\"i * :. . - The South : Pa8ciFic I-. +m P- ' q ~ l l l l r g . L ~ ~ k a t t h e m e p q n d rinefo~rm~a@i@n: t. Which countries are &&bed? Ffmd and circle them on the mw. i2.Match the words inbi~e( a 4with the sport pictured. kim for the WaFn Idea. On W - Mpage, look quickly at the title, x photos, andcaptions. Which word best describes t h e on Van.uatw? Circle a, b, or c.Then read the passagets b. dwamus c. relaxing



Tmna wgm? pint A -. qumi~n. theirC ~ aIhd dress - Reading Compreheniion inapeafal,ctahes for tl,,Gqmony. A. Mulitpla choice=Ghmmthe b s ~mt swer im a.Purpose 1- what i'sthe ,g5.uipO& afthisW i n g ? 'to &hcoUmQepmple not to da dmgerou~sQort9 fi.to explain what volcqno '&,flno and land ilivinpat@ C.to talk abmt'ttle wa~U'sb a t vol@nrj'sumr and [and divm d, tb campam gdivitim in Vamtu with sports in New Zealand Detail Z Whi'ch se@fiCs about Mount Y . q r is Wu,@ a l ~ t G . r ? o I b n g e r ~ h~. ~pl$Ra,v&h~gn.clifi~ngitr6r:algn~Vrn@. b. It gets a lo7 of $now, d, I@ ~n PeMmst I$l,Wd.. Detail 3, Land djving a. was first called \"bungee jumping\" b. c m e to y ~ u a t~u o t dnother cauritry k; islet!@ po,puta'YMd'iy' thgn in f he pwt &B attra~monaalctIdty in W U ~ U .R,eference Ir\"llihe'2, wh~~o.&th6S$t$f@~@? fpeople b .Wntrim e. '@Mimi$ d. islands Vocabulary >5. In linQ 23, what .&BS the ~ p t hmeah? a -mapeogle v . b grbund c;. the tower d.t h e W l l U a8. Cladfi~atkonM, atqh mwer-3l with the QctiviZyit dwrtribs. Vblmna sWfI~lg Land diving 3&i:-d 3 a.'isonly done by men - .t$ 2FjqdJi2+2+ b. is a new sport 'C, LJ G. is denger~usbecaum Bf flying racks JI#.:- 2--a. d. is a very old activity - I 26 Upit 2 TraveI and Adventure e. was fir.st dohe on P6ntewst Idand f. is siPirilar tq a popular water spdrt g.i~averyfestactNity L >--

i w*-&&&-c@&, ,A:tg$&@@ti6Ki@~w@18t@A&. [@.C#%@tlQ7$!$$@1 $h&$f?@$T Qaf ~ ' w ~-I<* ~ i mt hm~ @@%@& -- - - -,. --- centr;lr;lry aexireme gpal -esm&jie Tan1- -1thb kit \" I:rbt.iQloui9: tk - T l i ~E a W gf ern P d Wh&C;: the CQ ofhmplpna kt w@- S ~ & I Whw July, far nbc day What h a p e s : E v q day, there are sp-pd wen.tg; music, dance$&and 1. ceremonies. Bnr,thep<igto:fthe fedvd 'that mrit pople af: 3, Mrh is *the rumkgof the bull's.\" Every mdrbhg, a goup d Iialts rn$d m a ciq m e t . Hmdre& dp&ple iri h n r ofthe animal#.h m we& whit% they aiba 3. ,a red smfumhd their bodies. Thk run laas tbrer: min nu@^. A wmser%4. is:'rn 66 &Gun the b d k wi&nux -fdhgar ge* 6. by .tb=. kxnnibg Y&& the b d a , m t ' ~hd S@ in the Pmk W n g fed g$in@Bt I3ih Fw md is $rill m y popular today run from the bullsjp Pm!qn@, and vidms:~b m all over tit* wwld Bp&n P a r n & ~8,~ join in. T4e ran is wry d a r ~ o u sS.o w h do pe~pledo it? E a r s m w m , i ~ ba t ~ ~ f g . , ,Far @ t k m f . the run q&a &m6 ~ a1live B. Definitions. b e the wards In the,box inA to Complete-the defininom. 1. A(n] is 700 years. 2. If you from samething, you run away fmm It. 3. A[n) is an a!m ar m e t h i n g you ate trying to do. 4. A(n) of $omwhere is fmm that plam. 5. If you touFh someone or somdhing vw k r d , you them. 6. A you are with something, you know or under-nd it well, 7. If you two things wether, you, bringt h ~ mt q d h e r with a kflot.

T B I~IB~~Y~SQFV~WPUare lad by afdhief. & & . d ~ ni~s very danq?mu~,$O y ~ nueed to bevery brave to do it. '@a Sgmthafize. Watch the vidw,. f and Dhmi. Then complete the sgfim'$ymbelW with tKe cBr0hr form of words from the btjx. TND>wordsWe Gx&ra,, Madern hmgcee j,umpbg star& in N m M m d , Ent this 1. sport actuallystarted about a(n) ;Wm& 2, aga as a(n) 3, ?&&w@;w;, I * . cerenlony on Pcn~wa-Islmd. h the lrxal l m p p , it is called -g.m-.I', I3:. \" Nagol. Thrs means \"land divmg.\" One i i ~has~somr e LI '0 .I for dryem: It's important to when ysu we on the. tow= h d can be very dangmus, 6. ify'nu axe The last time a diver died -,in 1974. But every year,, peoplga. k the $round hard and.they get hurt. ~ m $ e&om other countria catlme&>but only Vmuatru 8. canjoin in Nagol. PUPa National ~ e o g r a ~ h & d & ath,e chief ddwkd one brave. diver to a e m e m bh&leg. as m.sto me the caM& to fhn br0kij.but he > w a o rhurt.



fI .4 Keb MoJ,a papular ' petQrrhs ,wtth mower btum rnwicjm, I I I, mu+sic=iaGn mI,a beach p e ~ o m ast tha New Orlea% I, .- - -- I -'I > 1:- II A. Matching. k dthe i n f ~ m i o anbovsand m r c h ' Imch word: In blue with its definitbn, 'I , ' ? fdd,ylqf$erimaf or m ~ ~ ~ m e f @ 2. people from 13to 19 years old 3, things that arc: difficult in IHe I b4. peoph'who am owned by ather people b.Skim forthe Main Idea. On the n ~ xptag0, look at the Me, headings, and first parqgiaph. What is the passage mainly ahout? @imIea, b, or c. Then r ~ thde passags to check your answer. h a. Famous hip-hop ahis& >G.Hip-hopin tyvo countries I 1 . 6\"The history of hip-h~p: I 1I . . - -1 ' . I .. Music and Festivals r 1- I- - .I ', I- 'L

II Hip-hop. iit ~ - ' a $ 'Cx ~q in the 1370s.Today, -rrom~eghave &eir awn lomi ha-hap scenesil Artists AssaneN'Diaye, 19,laveship-hopmusic. He grewup in asmall 7 fishing village in Sen+. For a time, he was popular as a DJ in clubs-in D*, the capital city of Senegal. T h y , Assane irr his vdicge He has formed a I o rap g m ~ pwith other W y m&bers. They rap about their fives a villa@ f&hmmeo, and about w m k g long, hard days and ewsing d m a s t ^no money. Many people in their Citdl wderstd &a% -5, \"bp? -8 .Sap3 \"doesn't M a g .to, h a 5 c a n d ~ eIt .bdmgs here. It ha8 15 alwaysexisted hae*be-we \\afour p;rin and Q,UT hardships>,.,n Assane d r e w crfmakinga CD wd having a better Me.ID'@te his hardship, rhg mu~ii--givAw smi hope. The Czech Rap-ublic ,' Europe is home ta 8-12 milli~nRoma--a group of peuple: l i y ; ~ 42-0 often called \"gypsies.\" Many Rom arc poor. -..-:'+' .they-, aIso fiw &scri.m. ina.tir o3 n;2- i- ' I , - . - :_ Now some Roma teenagers we using hip-hap tolerance? Tn the Czech Republic, Roma teeas meet hop class called \"Kap for veacq.Hip-Hop.\" 25 is Shameema Wdhms. She is a mesaber of the all --groupGodessa, fro^ SouthAfrica. ., In the lessbns, the teens learn to write rap m& to teach others ab~jilltRoma culture. These teens, Shame believes, c m use the music to c h q c their ,',m people7satt'itudm. \"Use your creative energy and see &at .;possib&ties4are,\" she.says. ; .. --r . .g --I You wn referloan arw H-activ@33 B; ' s ~ & & ; \" ~ ? & W h pgrbt \"o~fmiis@@en$ =DIserhlnatIoh m W S treahng persan c# group df people Is= fairly Or lesswell than p t h \" ~ , a Tw1emnr;e mems a w p t i q r l i t peapie, mQions, baliefs, etc. P+biMas are G t m l ~f~kln, gs p u do. 3AA World of Music

'IDh _ - Reading Comprehension A- M~ltiple~CfioibGe.Roos~the bsst snsw~rfor each ques ,:I.Whatisthe.purposesfthisreadjngF .. .I a. to compare American and African rap-music -. 1ILl 1 Isb b, to .say why .some people do not like rap music e4!.to derscriba different hip-hop scrjnes d.;tam@plain how hip-hap stated Detail VY2. AsSat'ie N'Diayb a. only likes American rap m u s i d m - b. is going to move to the U.S,A. c. has already made several CDs d, lives in asmall village :,:3. Which Statement would Assane N'Diaye most likefy agree with? 7 B, The best rapper3 are from the U.S ,A. b. Rap music is a part of Senegal, c. R&pmusic came fa Africa m n t l y . d. Many Africans don't understand rap d3l Detalf A Which sentence abou~the Roma teenagers is NOT true? a. They are using music to teach pwple about thdr ~ultur& b. In some.places, they am disliked, bmause they are Rima, e. They are taking a hip-hop class, d. M a s t of them are from Suuth Africa. %&&u~w 5. In line 24, what d o ~tshe word instrucfDtmean7 R'Classification. Match each a] fa-e) with the person it describes. helps students wdte rap mysic Assane N'Diaye Shameema Williams raps about life, in a small villgge ? was a DJ \\ is a m mbey a South -- I rap V Q U P blieves rap music sm make, life better

t~ Completion, Complete the InfOnnaCisn below usjng the ~ m e ~ t fawns of the w ~ r d sin red. Hip-hap started ~n the sweets and in the .dphafNew Pbrk city. ~ @ t ethis, hip-hop's look a d sound dm't bi-g to the Wnir~dStates only. The music chagts ~erywhef-e p ugo. A pefson frbm one backpod-for a m p l e , a Maroccan man living in Paris-might rap about one dung. But andther person (for example, a f d e musician Corn LasAngeles) will rap about sornethmg different. 1, S h a m m a Williams isI n ) rap artist, 2, If something to you, you bwn it, $AA p1ac~w. h m you m li&n to musicand danw. 4. YOUP is,irrformtion about you: where you come frarn, ete- 5. @@nQ a qlllte new farm af music, hip hop isvery .- forms of wards ftfrom the b x . The P d ~ t k h gnroup DAM raps in sever4 lmguag~i,ncluding Eaghsh md Arabic. The grgup's music fucvee an differentmeld 1, . For example, they s i n g about &e problems thgt women and yowg people 2. They also fk&about tbc need far 3- and tglerance, aememher~of D M to cha~gep.e~ple's C 4. - t ~ help pe,@le -h ;r think differently about certain things. 'k TodayytJ~egroup pekfms fbr I5\" ~in many A Usage CaFeeratnlaabdibscmttmver,nbountlycaun&et rnJso bg a noun;in everyday aymamation, wmen w~dlyis more poIft~thanf ~ ~ ~ . -- - 7$& lai,=w&&&Music 33 iC .k M ~ I T & W E X D ~ & I ~ ~ ~

3R ICarnival Time! Befor- You Read A=Discussion. Read the ihformation below. How are tha faur festivals similar? How are they different? c Every year in February~k MqM, pqple iy many aquntriesoelehrate mhival. This festival can I a t forswef@Jdqa&@+I at@ f'wr ~ ~ t h ~Ca~rniv~al fe~stiv~als.e s t C B A ~iscalledMad/GMB ;, .. law[ b m hfor\"Fat Tue-sdw):T b r e am paxM@swith ~ p l ine m8;tlrrr#, andthe saund of I ~&,musTefll6.,ttle streets. y.-. 1 Port-of-9pah -.+1' DutihglBairikal@son,,pmptedance I to tha rhythm dfTrinida& .nbtive music, - BQ&. T M@$tiVal&74g\\Witbtwo days Df PfIbT-ftllpar&%, 1, ~.@bi@.%~~fi@~&dp@-~i@u~k~ ng&,-<-+, ---$ *.T~- b , L v = q ). ,,=,3..s.- ~ k i m passage on the .page;#hm~is%&:paiamai~lly&mt? Circle a, b, or c. Then readfiiepq&&&%6heck your answer, a. a m~&E$b~rument b. a type of music c. a reggae artiAt



0* ,I: Reading Comprehension 1, What is the main idea ofthis reading? a. The Rio-Carnavalis the most important f&tlval in Bratl. b,Samba reggae is wn impgTtmt iype of rnwsic in Brazil. >c.Rio samba is very popular all over the world, 'd.Samba is a type of African music: Detail 2. Samba rqgw a.is mait popular in Rio,deJaneirp b. is fastqr and mare-energetic than No salnba c. is q mix ~f different kinQs,,ofmusi~ d. $arted h JarnaiqB P@@hm 4. What does Samba from thls r w i ~ hof B r . 1 isheavny rtlfMfiC@ by Africanr'whms (I\\@ 15) mea? a. Wnba is.usually played by ~fricanhu$cim9. b, Afridn music W ~ iSrnpsRan1in creitihg BaMn mrnb a e, Brazifian samba is very diff@@nftir17 A f i m rhusi~, ,#d. A ~ w nmusic is iiYmasli-lglyp~pulaIrn Mia,

A Complmon. Complete Vle~inWhWJan 1 P ~ r ' m toha~n 20 pms, Bmxm has been 1 sangmter, m u a m , m d sit-iger. In the 1990~Li~e .a l s s~tarm! a nan- ,,the RacCamm&sic S&wl. pm%tlSa The ech~dpmkdesfree e b t i m far paor children in .Mvadar$B, a h *#Msn-pwR rneqflsmwr m@m,mno. 3, If a room 1g139I@Wl ith pqpl@f?h@@~_rrihas [a pwpk in f , 6,-a bd ViBryw -ink I

W d d dmd Tohap is hama.to a(a$L. - .. st&ski.n.a &%usit. he m d of& ,.-.- I [&d pm by the local$) 2, theair af this 1, Must stdbmd island nation and b h @ people fd i f f e m t 3 . drurnnws \"play mu& by gar,\" together. The msteeiband sound(comafrom T U d 4 a d Tobago What d,de$this in the z Q & ~ , ~ mHyow w&It mean? creatd! T U a d podurn oil. During $~oplek g m old ~d dmms as rn~~dicidrxsGem. he s~eeltind&mi Q. Hbw is ~t%alMlld musk similar to all.kindsof m 4 c in ~r&dadand or diffemnt~fmm .Most players donot rmd music. 7. - .tb, &herrnusia They p l q music by ear undl db~udsedin right. Far the people of Trinidad, the,s t d b d thb unit? the p e e ~fTrigidad,d Tobago,

Acms Down 1. .winmfiig that help FUSu&@d I.In a fnregn country a to herp 2 very& 7, 10giw b Q eQr support to gomeone 3. finally ,8, the number d peqple who livein q phge 5. inklligent 0%m y mmh: f u W 6. the peoplewho watch or listen to a movie, phy, or concert d1. ~ipefi:ddlUOye%~ 10. ta run away fmm someone or som\"ething I S . a s M o d r;zt[iil ' rnw14 Mty I&' 12. an area in a country or part of the world 15, @ qomething fClll 15. to begln to exist; to create 16, tg:cr@e,gomgthing tor the.$@tima I $7- Wi ljkedby pmple 18, iabrhgm6 GP B~~OFtBhingsto@her inta am B. Notes&m@kUon. Scaer the InfWfnMDn an>p- W1 ta compl&~the nDtesL in k t P e wM O W ~ ~ ~ R S , -. by people 40 wore thaw .L L- t b~Gnir4in year . ;papw\\n+ion rdnytd q f ~ m





Vocabulary Building A. Ward Link. The sufies -tion, *ion, and - 8 t h change verbs into nouns. Write the naun forms of the verbs below. Use your di~ti~natroyhelp you. Then wmplete the information with the correct farm of the words, Iof Sedand. It has a I. What's the, smallest country inthe wurld?Qne man says,it's his muntry: the P~cipality of fmef &an ten people! .Sealandis actually an aId sea tower in the Nmth Sea near Eagland,A man w e d Paddy Roy Bat@ tosk the tower4 1.967.in order tQ,stuta m&@ mtimi. He formed n new u ~ ~and ~2. q ' ' new money and a flag. But you cm7.jtust fly to Sealand. XQUneed 3. to visit. Also-,it isn't on any map. Part of the mud 4 of a country i$ that it must h a v e ~ . h dS. dmd d~mnk, Fpr this reawn and sthers,it is not considered a real c,ountry. Bates' s ~ f,ni ays there are adviantagbs ofhaving y ~ u orwn '''country'' like Sealmd. It's a p d place. far ,a@) 5. -it% oa thpt sea and is,very peaceful. Also, there mwry fbv 6. ;in fi~r,y\"ou can createdlyour own rules! B. Word Partnership. Read the information and underline the phrases with take. Then use the correct form of the phmses to cample~th~e sentmd@sbelow, TAKE A T R I P TIOl 1Visit Morocco -andenjoy its Iivcly m ~ k p l a c w ~ m&mt~ t i e sa, nd b e a u w rnm- and b ~ c h e s ! In-Wracca,mmt people tikc a bred<in .the middle ofthe day fot a long Iwch. Remember ta atake advhtage of h i s time relax a bit ygur~ekf. I Two Large music k&ak take placeinJ ~ G t:he World Music P~stivda d &e Fe&al offWo~1d L 1, lfyiiu, , you stop and relax for a short time. 2.lfyGu. ,you travel sornQwhere, 3. If you. something, you use it well and it helps you, 4. ify ~ u 5. If mmethjhg sorneaneJs ,you follow thgir suggestion. , it happens.

Discuss these quesi -**with a partne~ 1. Have you recently s'e'en a movie b r W s iVabtutspac~;1D-ribe it.. - : ' 2. Do you thinklifeexistsonother planets' dhyarwhynot? 3. Do you think governments should spend money m spav zvel and res Why or why not?

\"on 1 Before You Read A. Labeling. Using the s p a w belowqlabel the numbered Items in the pictures with the words in blue. The Hubble Telescope gets its name from aswunonler Edwin Hub<ble(1889-19 53). Since 1990, the Hubble Telescope has been sending images from space t.o,Earth. It has sent pictures of trhe eight planets in our solar system. It !ms shown us haw stars (kaur sun) are born and die It has also sent pictures of other planets .and star$ in our g d q and other galaxies, such as NGC 4414,picwed above. With the Hubble Telescope, we have looked deep into space and have learned more about it and oursdvw. B.Predict. Read the first paragraph un the next page. Answer the qu~stiansbelow. Then read the whole passage to check your ideas. 1. What do Shostak and Barnett thinW a, We might soon communicate with beings from space. b. We will pfobably mver find intelligent life outside Earth, c. We have probably already contacted beiqgs from space. 2.What is one possible reason for Shostak and Barn&% spinion?

L i f e Beyond 1 Xs there ~ t ~ l ~ ~lifer olnl at&iq pImets.%FW yam, sgientists =id \"ma,\"' er \"we dm't how.= But t&y this is d;langing. Seth Shotjtak:md Alexandra Bart~itt am aitronam. They believe intdigcnt lik exist$ 5 8gm~t\"hqt.ien- rhe univem.l mey dSrs think We will m m e W & &me kin@.' Wlhy do %ogak arid B a ~ thtink intellisnr ti& exists on Mher planetsl The first r~asokis time. Scientigts beiievc the univefse b 3hcz-t 12 billim w years old. This is too long, say.Shosnk antt Barnett, I far bidy m e planer in the,m&~univeem'mlmve intelligent life. The second reaMn is s i z e h e miverse is huge. T& like the Rctbble Telesmpe %ave &CJW~Ithat t k ~ aere at lmc 100 billion .. . ts gaLaXie~P Shtak. And olar g&xy* rhe Milky Way, has at least 100 billion w.%me plan- these s m might bE similarto &&. Lnnking f o r LntelLigent Life I Wad recently, it was difficult to s ~ fo&r sig~x of iiltelligent life in the ~miVC~gke.t$ ~ ~ i i n&krdopes dew seie~~tirmo smdler b1-t-the izc afM m ar Earth- In o t k r ~olar~jfgrmnsT- hese pianca mi have intdligent lik. % Uaking Contact I r A p h o t ~ oaf galaxy W q , Have beifigs from ~ M Walready uisitcd Emhl w'th the HubbleTslescops I Prabably not, says %lost&. The d h ~ m ~ h e ~ ~ e n planers is ma great. Despte this, iurelliyaa beings might wenn~dlycontact us usipg adaa meha&, ao such as radio ~ i & In~fac~h they may be trying t s > ' c o ~ s m u ~w, kitth~us imw, bttt we doll't ltave the &ghrtools te receive heir this is chmging+says S b t a k . By 2025, wtr, wuld 11sab mtxt with a d ~ wlife f;an.n~isn gur univerw, m~&~I;~~UBwI),~,~~~-. * & ~% ponrottw [ t v i~p $~ ~, Hr ei&i(nk~h m mm+&nim, i4?aabehg. a iR &h ba ah &WW~

- 1- Reading Comprehension A, MultipleChoice. Chaose the best answer for each question. Purpose 1. What is the main purpose of this reading? a. to explain how lifestarted on Earth b. to explain the beliefs Of two scientists c. to show how telescopes work d. to describe what life on other planets might look like Main Idea 2. What would be a good title far the second paragraph? a. Earth: The Only Planet with lnblligent Life b, The Age and Size of the Universe c. Our Galmy: The Milky Way d. Why IntslligentLie Might E x i i Detail 3. Why was it harder-to look for signs of intelligent hfe in the universe in ths past? a. Planets uwd to be farther wart, b.We did hM havbthe right tools, c , We could only see smaller planets from Earth. d. all of the above Detail 4. What kinas of planets ?re most likely to havo intelligeht life? a. smaller planets in our solar'system b. smaller planets in other sdar systems c. larger planets in our sglar system d. larger planets in ather solar systems Reference 5. Iri line 34,what does life; forpiss refer to? I a. messagw h. radio skpls c. intelliger~sr elnyt; d. planets

identiSjr sezirchlng for rne$@(pB teals Does life exgt on ather plan&$? To answer this queistiofl, scientists arB using different methods, Some use I. radio t~Iescope5. Usingthese, they hope to get 2. ~ 6 imntelligent lifean faraway planets, Other wentists are also 3. life in and outside our s o h system. But these scientists aren't only looking for intelligent (human-like) life. mey want to ,fi I 4. any kind of living thing on other planets. ~ t ~ q~1r7pi9tm~c~ W O ,ain ~ ~ d d&dg,h, To do this, these scientists use spacial 5. W f$4mSwSbtU. os-A. that test whether any kind of life ex~stsan the planet. B. Words in I=orrlext. Complete eqch sentence with the best answer. 2. If exercise allws yau to r&m,it makes it far you to relax. a. p~eaible b. difficult 3.If y ~ u ' , ~ s a m a o nyoau ,cornmuniate with him nr her a. in pman b, by phone, email, etc, 4. If you ha= lived iila: place your m\"t1felife, YOU have lived the^ o$yaur life. a some b, all B. The maon d r d s the Earth. Thhmm:th@mmn g w s the Earth, Lbhh m a. atuund b,above {v,)givesomeone a r n m g e , leave a mwsage, take a mmsage, get a messsage, send-amessage; (adj.)clear message, importantmessage, powerful message, strong w a g e .

Before You Read A Wfnpktien, R6adthe defiiaitions. Qmptete the ,pafagraph with the C M Y Bfo~rm QTthe wards in blue. astronaut:a person w b travels in@ space c~lon:ya place where p e ~ p lwe ith s d a r backgroundslive together establish: to make or start mmerhing, e.gm,a s y s ~ mQT organization 4 rocket: a vehicle used t~ travel to space Robeft Zubrin is a(nJ I. sdenthti he dtsighs spcesbips. Ht: ehxnks we should send 2, . into spacc, bur ndt jhst to visit. Zubyjh wants M 3. a human 4. on the p h e t Mars. He w a t t~o change the p h into~ a bew plam h r hmm to M. B. Predia. Read the serrtensehelow. Circle your answer and give ~ S o h sT.hm r'eatf ahd cdrt~preyour ideg~with fhmein the p a s q ~ . -- 1 . Sending humans,,into paw to live (is/ is not) a,goad idea because . . .

.. . . I '4 \" Stephen Hawking, ane of t&-mr1d7s most,important scientists, believes that to s ~ v i v p jh,umans must move into space: \"On% we s p e d out i r i t ~sp~aceao&* . estabhh Wpendmt colonies, aur 5unu I hould be safe:\" he sap4 . Today, the United Stat% India, China, ahd IJapanare all p l a d g to .sendn&mtiaut$ back to Earth's closest *bat: the boon. m Each country wants to create spxe stations there between 2020 and 2030. These statims d l prepat*tihumans to visit and later live on Mars or other ~arth-likpi1ankfs. Robert Zubhn, a rocket scientist, t h u b humans should . colonize space*He wants to start with Mars. Why?The~ea-rt 15 several advantages:for one, sen- people to the mown a d Mars wdl allow w to learn a iot-fox exampk, whether living on ather planets is possible. Then, we can eventually create new human societies an othe. planets. In addition, the advan- we make for space travel in the fields of science, technology7 m -, and health can also b v- - & t us here an Earth. But not eyeryan&;@hksicmhng huiii&is idea. Many$ 3 i~f@too ezpensive tp send short [email protected] - d most space trips are not short. A one-way 1 tiip to Mars,-far m p k , would take about & months. People es traveling this kind of distance f3ce a number wfhealth problems. Also, for many mly spwe si$tlers, Me would be extremely difficult. On the moon's surface, f b i ~ p p l eth, e air and the sun\" rays1are very dager~usP. eo~&w,euld have DM YRU a m ? to stay indoors most of the h e . me meek m74mu-t~ De3pit~these:c33ri~ef%~?$rndirmpgeople into space seem+ eat in spi3cicP fw Ike,pa@aand c&rain. Inthe future, me might see luridtities and chrrco~&&+~r, mybe even llew humall cultures on ather planets. tor Japlan&,q. First smp: the-maon. @twtarodnkasmm3amen 4B Living bfithe-RdPlanet 49

h d h g Comprehension .Putpose $ W M i l th#,n a h ~ patuthk~,p~tgw? a trs giwimmifaripndagdmd humanqmwXmimJ b*$,@tIo@ % @ q%@litfe:B lib & WB rY1Qm 6. %@ ~ ~ ~ Y I J & hX %b ~ ~fq ti-aW1 a, to wmpm M a s andt b mmn Inference Wki& ~tatwmnwt adId tE&phon t i W h g pmbahty agm~wrm.a -a BeTn@sf,rom other plan@ might'mjgnire~~, mh,b, HurWirts rn~ulast& 011' p@']\"lqW@ir$g gp&c@, a: Hms%hduldcumahere@mek& d. H ~ m mMadm wmlt b@ lnWBQ. B. For and Againsk, Complete the chart with ihfownatian given in the mading. Which side da yau qree wW? Sending I-iun~anrslio Space 1 Reasons against I tr43@&&9mhdvefy mwy wsts a Iniafrnprrey %brigtrimIn s p m wm , hwM,a& ndbjha &m - m@t&thg~tirnsj. humans , ~ Enmh, 50 Unit 4 Other Worlds