Agora_Castles_Doppelseiten.indd

natural and cultural heritaGe tourism for increased Baltic sea reGion identitY treasures 1 of the Baltic sea castles and museums A thrilling, rewarding and common history stones and rocKs forest red BricK Gothic shiftinG sand dunes castles and museums

2

treasures of the Baltic sea castles and museums A thrilling, rewarding and common history

editorial Malbork Castle. The High Castle – St Mary’s Church and Main Tower Dear readers, what comes into your mind when you think of the Baltic Sea Region: endless beaches, sand dunes, birch forests, castles and churches or even amber? Countries around the Baltic Sea share a great variety of natural and cultural resources as well as a long common history. The area, however, is still not well recognised as one common region outside its borders. In the framework of the EU-funded project AGORA 2.0 we aim to improve the common identity of the Baltic Sea Region, based on its rich natural and cultural treasures. The fi ve issues of the “Treasures of the Baltic Sea” are our “appetisers” for you – to raise your awareness of the unique beauty of the Baltic Sea Region by telling exciting stories and providing short background information at a glance that make you feel like visiting the region. This issue will bring the fascinating world of castles and museums in the Baltic Sea Region closer to you. Cēsis Castle seen from the fi rst outer bailey. Dipl. oec. Betina Meliss Editor University of Greifswald Institute of Geography and Geology Makarenkostraße 22 17487 Greifswald Tel. +49 3834 / 864 541 [email protected] Photos: G.Kalniņš

content 5 4 Editorial Latvia 5 Content 36 Bauska Castle 6 Castles around the Baltic Sea 37 Cesis Castle 9 Cooperation around the Baltic Sea 38 Rundale Palace 10 Map 39 Turaida Castle 40 Ventspils Castle Denmark 12 Koldinghus Castle Lithuania 13 Kronborg Castle 41 Birzai Castle 14 Nyborg Castle 42 Gediminas Castle Tower 15 Rosenborg Castle 43 Palace of the Grand Dukes 16 Sønderborg Castle 44 Trakai Island and Peninsular Castles 17 Sønderskov Castle 18 Vordingborg Castle Poland 45 Malborg Castle Estonia 46 The Pomeranian Dukes’ Castle 19 Haapsalu Episcopal Castle 20 Narva Castle Russia 21 Vastseliina Episcopal Castle 47 Kaliningrad 48 Military-historical museum Finland 49 Old Ladoga 22 Häme Castle 50 Oreshek Fortress 23 Kastelholm Castle 51 Peter and Paul Fortress 24 Lappeenranta Fortress 52 Suvorov memorial museum 25 Olavinlinna Castle 53 Vyborg Castle 26 Raseborg Castle 27 Suomenlinna Sea Fortress Sweden 28 Svartholm Sea Fortress 54 Gripsholm Castle 29 Turku Castle 55 Kalmar Castle 56 Malmö Castle Germany 57 Nyköping Castle 30 Eutin Castle 58 Royal Palace of Stockholm 31 Gottorf Castle 59 Skokloster Castle 32 Schwerin Castle 33 Güstrow Castle 60 Touristic Information 34 Lüneburg Castle 62 Imprint 35 Granitz Hunting Castle

castles around the Baltic sea 6 by Bengt Kylsberg, curator, Skokloster Castle, Sweden and Anne Parikka, President of The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea Häme Castle People have always had the need to pro- In Finland and Sweden these types of ring buildings made of local stone, sometimes tect themselves, their property and valua- forts can be seen quite frequently in the protected by an earth wall or a wooden ble belongings like animals or housewares; landscape if you know where to look. palisade. during war time or when the situation was There is also another type of very early One of the best examples for the above- unstable. The earliest types of protection fortifi cations, but they are rather a protec- mentioned functions in Europe is the we know in the Baltic Sea region, which tion for larger areas of land, for example spreading of the Teutonic order, also are still visible, are round walls made of the famous Danavirket in south Jutland known as Order of Brothers of the German stones with a small and narrow entrance. from around 750 AD. This combination of House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, in the These early fortifi cations are called Iron earthen and wooden ramparts connected south-east of the Baltic Sea Region in the Age ring fort and can be dated back as by ditches was built to protect the Danes 13th century. It was originally founded in early as 300-400 AD. They were probably from tribes from the south of Jutland. the late 12th century in Acre to protect in use for several hundred years. The size Oftentimes, these earthen walls were and take care of the sick and wounded of them varies from seventy-fi ve to some reinforced by upright wooden poles and - mostly German - crusaders to the Holy hundred meters in diameter. The original a palisade to make it higher, protecting de- Land. In the beginning of the 13th century height of the walls could reach several fenders from enemies’ arrows and spears. the German Order, as it is also called, was meters. These very early fortifi cations were In Northern Europe, the fi rst stone castles invited to the duchy of Masovia, north-east usually placed on a strategically important were probably built in the 12th century. Poland. From there they spread out over hilltop to ensure maximum protection These castles were mostly multi-storey what is today Poland, Kaliningrad, Lithua- as well as a good view point over the surrounding landscape to be able to spot the enemy as early as possible. These ring forts were normally unoccupied or not A CASTLE COULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING PURPOSES: used in peacetime but served as a shelter when a village was threatened by local or defence - protection and retreat o ence - opportunity for further advance and conquest foreign enemies. In some cases you will Photo: Museovirasto fi nd archeological remains of houses in control - regional administration and control residence - home and housing for lords and their lackeys them because the stay in these Iron Age ring forts could be considerably long.

7 Häme Castle Häme Castle nia, Latvia and Estonia. Even the Swedish before. And as long as gunpowder and ar- These were ordered and built by the Swe- island Gotland was once held by the Order tillery were not known, walls built of brick dish state. In Denmark, however, the situa- for several years. were a suffi cient protection. The outer tion was a bit diff erent. The Danish kings The architecture of the castles was stan- walls could be very thick and were mostly built castles in important and strategically dardized to a great extent to enable built out of two parallel walls with mortar located places, but also the rich and pow- the Order to advance quickly and to estab- and pieces of scrub in between. erful noble families started to build castles lish new strongholds. The castles were A rare example of a brick castle in a place as strongholds, seats of administration often constructed on a square plan with where one would not expect it to be, or comfortable living quarters from the a central courtyard. The walls were nor- is Häme Castle in southern Finland. It was 15th century on. The best existing example mally very tall and adorned with turrets on originally built at the end of the 13th cen- from this period is Glimmingehus, built in the corners. Only one central gate with a tury as a stronghold of the Swedish state 1499 and considered to be the most beau- draw bridge existed. The building material and the Catholic Church against the Rus- tiful medieval castle in Northern Europe. was usually redbrick, which was easy to ob- sian Novgorods and the Orthodox church. It was built of local sandstone and quart- tain in the vicinity. Good clay was available Some other Finnish castles also served the zite, which is a very hard material and is in the area and from riverbanks. Redbrick same purpose as border fortifi cations and normally used as road surface today. was a fairly new invention and provided seats of local governments, for example When Glimmingehus was built in Skåne, the opportunity to articulate the architec- Turku Castle, Häme Castle, Vyborg Castle part of today’s Sweden, it belonged to ture in a way that had not been seen and a little later Olavinlinna Castle. Denmark. Nowadays in this landscape there is still a large number of interest- ing and beautiful brick castles built in Renaissance style that followed the more THE SECONDARY FUNCTIONS OF A CASTLE COULD BE DESCRIBED AS: compact and fortifi ed castles like the ones mentioned before. New ideas of housing, status symbol - refl ect the prestige and power of the owner better comfort and new aspects of repre- skills centre - need for craftsmen, artisans and specialists sentation as well as more stable political economy - market and fairs situations in several of the countries population - meeting place and growth centres surrounding the Baltic Sea led to great Photo: Museovirasto improvements in the castles.

8 Gripsholm Castle Trakai Island and Peninsular Castles Trakai Island and Peninsular Castles Kalmar Castle Picture galleries and for the fi rst time as fortifi cations were built according to Holland, woven tapestry from France and chairs, tables, and other movable furniture Swedish needs and ideas. Both Riga and furniture from all over Europe. Paintings became common amongst the rich. Narva are very good examples for this. and portraits fl ourished and were bought Strictly planned gardens were also Although the bastions were pulled down at art fairs in the Netherlands or in other a novelty in the 16th century. in Riga, it is still possible to see the layout countries. The owners of the castles and Even though the turmoil of the Middle and in Narva they still exist, nearly intact their sons went on study trips to Italy and Ages was over war was never far away. after 300 years. returned home with new ideas. Through Gunpowder, artillery and muskets were In the castles situated inland, far away from books and graphic works the new ideas commonly used and walls made of brick the battlefi els, a new architecture saw the were easily adopted and Rundale Palace in or small stones were not effi cient anymore. light of day. Skokloster Castle in Sweden Latvia is a splendid example of what The defence of a castle moved from is a very good example of the new victori- the new fashion looked like. the castle itself to outer fortifi cations. ous aristocracy. The princes, fi eld marshals, A castle or palace is in a way a quintes- First developed in Italy, bastions, ramparts, admirals, the winner of wars, not only in sence of history at a given moment. They ravelins and parapets are just a few of the Sweden, but all over Europe created new are often the only tangible objects from terms in a new science of fortifi cations fantastic buildings and gardens. Their a period, a dream of their creator, a place that was used to describe a fortifi cation new-built palaces or rebuilt and enlarged for an important meeting or decision. of a whole town or a castle from the 16th castles were more a symbol of power and The builder or owners of diff erent castles century on. The fortifi cations around prestige then a comfortable house to live have often kept records that have been Kalmar Castle in Sweden, Birzai Castle in in. Normally, these new Baroque aristocrats secured inside the walls of a castle. Lithuania and Kronborg Castle in Denmark did not settle with just one castle, but nee- This is even the case where wars devastat- Photos: 1,2 - Viktoras Neliubinas, 3 - Kalmar slott experience became very important for the palace in a nearby distance, one “stamm- can be found in the archives about the ded several ones. One town palace, pre- are good examples of the new fortifi cation ed whole landscapes or countries. One can ferably in the capital, one country resort systems. Dutch architectural ideas and still be surprised how much information sitz” or castle where the family originated whole Baltic Sea region. The Netherlands diff erent castles in the Baltic Sea region as from and a hunting lodge which could be were the very fi rst to be recognized as a so- well as how many artefacts from diff erent periods still exist. vereign state in the Peace of Westphalia in placed in the far distance from the main The castles in the nine countries surround- castle. The Castles/Palaces were still often 1648 after their long liberation war against ing the Baltic Sea will certainly enlighten built of local stone but it was now also pos- Spain that had lasted 80 years. Henceforth, Sweden dominated much of sible to import for example marble from everyone interested in history or curios about the past and make them realize Italy, oak from the Baltic countries for the the Baltic Sea region for the next 150 years that we all share a common history. and, of course, many of the castles as well interior decoration, leather tapestry from

cooPeration around the Baltic sea 9 Photo: Stiftung Schloß Eutin Kalmar Castle The south façade of Eutin Castle. The Association of Castles and or a foundation. In June 2012, Museums around the Baltic Sea the Association of Friends of the was the fi rst network connecting Association of Castles and Museums some of the most important around the Baltic Sea was founded monuments and sites in the Baltic Sea in Sonderskov Manor in Denmark. Region. It was founded in Malbork By joining The Friends of The Asso- Castle, Poland in 1991. The idea was ciation private persons, universities, to provide a forum where people foundations and other public working with their nations’ history organizations can join the work and cultural heritage could meet, of The Association and help to create create networks and exchange new networks and cooperation knowledge and ideas. around the Baltic Sea. The Association is a non-political You can learn more about and non-profi table association which The Association of Castles and aims to promote the identity Museums around the Baltic Sea of the Baltic Sea Region and make its and about the member castles cultural heritage known worldwide. by visiting the website, The countries are closely linked www.visitcastles.eu. contact by their common history in spite of their sometimes diffi cult past. President of The Association Research, restoration, education, Anne Parikka marketing, management and tourism Tel. + 358 44 3434 980 are the six pillars of The Association. [email protected] At the moment, The Association has 44 member castles in all nine Secretary of The Association countries around the Baltic Sea. Bengt Kylsberg To be a member of The Association, Tel. +46 8 402 3047 castles must be open to the public [email protected] and they have to be owned by the state, town, local community www.visitcastles.eu

DENMARK 1 Koldinghus Castle 2 Kronborg Castle 3 Nyborg Castle 4 Rosenborg Castle 5 Sønderborg Castle 6 Sønderskov Manor 7 Vordingborg Castle ESTONIA 8 Haapsalu Episcopal Castle 9 Narva Castle 10 Vastseliina Episcopal Castle FINLAND 11 Häme Castle 12 Kastelholm Castle 13 Lappeenranta Fortress 14 Olavinlinna Castle 15 Raseborg Castle 16 Suomenlinna Sea Fortress 17 Svartholm Sea Fortress 18 Turku Castle GERMANY 19 Eutin Castle 20 Gottorf Castle 21 Schwerin Castle 22 Güstrow Castle 23 Ludwigslust Castle 24 Granitz Hunting Castle LATVIA 43 21 Bauska Castle 22 Cesis Castle 46 23 Rundale Palace 24 Turaida Castle 25 Ventspils Castle LITHUANIA 26 Birzai Castle 27 Gediminas Castle Tower 28 Palace of the Grand Dukes 29 Trakai Island and Peninsular Castles 44 POLAND 30 Malborg Castle 31 The Pomeranian Dukes’ Castle 2 RUSSIA 32 Kaliningrad 1 4 45 33 Military-historical museum 6 3 34 Old Ladoga 5 7 35 Oreshekatress 36 Peter and Paul Fortress 20 24 37 Suvorov memorial museum 19 38 Vyborg Castle 21 22 SWEDEN 39 Gripsholm Castle 35 40 Kalmar Castle 23 41 Malmö Castle 42 Nyköping Castle 43 Royal Palace of Stockholm 44 Skokloster Castle

14 13 42 39 11 37 38 40 18 17 12 16 41 15 9 48 47 8 43 46 10 26 28 29 27 25 44 30 32 33 31 31 36 34

denmarK KoldinGhus 1 COPENHAGEN castle 12 * 1 Photos: Friis * 2 Koldinghus is dominated by the Giants’ Tower built just before 1600. Koldinghus was built in 1268 by King Erik V Bernadotte. The restoration began in 1890 at the border between the Kingdom of and after 100 years, the latest phase de- Denmark and the Duchy of Schleswig signed by the architects Inger and Johan- as a strong fortifi cation protected by nes Exner, Koldinghus presents a unique contact moats and ramparts. The oldest surviving and very attractive mixture of ancient walls building is the north wing, built by King and contemporary architecture. Christopher III in the 1440s. Around 1500 King Hans added a palatium and a Koldinghus Castle curtain wall connecting the two wings. King Erik V 1259–1286 In the middle of the 16th century King King Christopher III 1440–1448 Museet på Koldinghus Christian III added the south and east King Hans 1481–1513 Markdanersgade 11 wings and transformed the medieval for- King Christian III 1536–1559 DK-6000 Kolding tress into a contemporary royal residence King Christian IV 1588–1648 Denmark without defenses, and just before 1600 King Frederik IV 1699–1730 King Christian IV added the huge Giants’ King Christian VII 1766–1808 Tel. +45 7633 8100 Tower and a magnifi cent renaissance The Napoleonic War 1808–1814 chapel. Museum since 1892 [email protected] From 1715 to 1723 King Frederik IV www.koldinghus.dk The most striking feature of the Exner restoration of transformed the castle into a Baroque *1 the 1980s is the south wing, where laminated wooden palace, but in 1808 it was destroyed by pillars support the roof and the storey separations. a fi re, caused by Spanish members of the The original architecture of the once so magnifi cent auxiliary corps led by the French Marshall *2 renaissance chapel is supplemented by specially designed lamps and chandeliers.

denmarK KronBorG 2 COPENHAGEN castle 13 * 1 Photos: Knonborg Castle Museum Interactive introduction exhibition Kronborg Castle by the edge of Øresund Kronborg, originally called Krogen centuries. It has survived fi re, fl oods, (“The Hook” or “The Corner”), is situated bombardment, ransacking and being by the Sound in Elsinore. It was built by downgraded from a Royal residence King Erik of Pomerania, who introduced to military barracks. contact Sound Dues from passing ships in 1420 It lost much of its internal splendour, and controlled all maritime traffi c in but Kronborg continued to be developed and out of the Baltic Sea. The Sound Dues as a fort, and it was not until 1991, were collected until 1857. when the last soldier departed, that Kronborg Castle In the late 16th century King Frederik II Kronborg lost its last military function. modernised the fortifi cations with bastions Kronborg 2C in the Dutch manner, and the medieval DK-3000 Elsinore castle was rebuilt as a magnifi cent Erik of Pomerania, Denmark four-winged Renaissance residence, King of the Kalmar Union 1397–1439 entirely built of sandstone and decorated King Frederik II 1559-1588 Tel. +45 4921 3078 with such lavish sculptures and carvings Both sides of the Sound that it could compete with any royal castle Danish until 1658 [email protected] in Europe. In 1577 the King named the Eastern side of the Sound www.kronborg.dk castle Kronborg. Kronborg has played Swedish since 1658 a signifi cant role in the region for many *1 With Øresund as the background, and the castle as the stage, Kronborg hosts open-air operas performed by the Royal Danish Theatre

denmarK nYBorG COPENHAGEN castle 3 14 The Great Hall from the 16th century Photos: Nyborg Castle Museum *2 West wing and palace building Nyborg Castle was fi rst mentioned in 1193. and in 1722 the King ordered the remain- At the beginning of the 13th century a cur- ing buildings to be torn down with the tain wall was built, and a palatium from the exception of the palatium and the east middle of the century forms the core of tower, which was used as arsenal and contact the still existing palace. Centrally placed powder magazine for the garrison in at the Great Belt Nyborg was one of Nyborg. In 1913, the restoration of the Denmark’s most important castles, and remaining parts of the castle began, and the Danehof gathered here. A gate-house it was turned into a museum, now part Nyborg Castle with a small courtyard is probably from of Østfyns Museer. the 14th century. Nyborg Slot About 1400 Queen Margrete I enlarged Slotsgade 34 the castle, and in the fi rst half of the 16th Meeting place for DK-5800 Nyborg century it was renovated and expanded. the Danehof (House of Lords) Denmark Painted wall-decorations from the time mid–13th century–1413 of Frederik I can still be seen on the second Queen Margrete I 1375–1412 Tel. +45 6531 0207 fl oor of the Palatium, and at the time of King Frederik I 1523–1533 King Christian III the defences were mod- King Christian III 1536–1559 [email protected] ernized. In 1659 the Swedes left Nyborg The Swedish Wars 1657–1660 www.nyborgslot.dk castle in a damaged and plundered state King Frederik IV 1699–1730 *2 The fi rst Great Hall where the Court of Danes met. The present shape and decoration of the room is the result of later rebuilding.

denmarK rosenBorG 4 COPENHAGEN castle 15 The castle with its signature towers and sandstone ornaments. Photos: Rosenborg Castle *2 Rosenborg Castle in the ”Kings Garden” in the center of Copenhagen. The history of the castle goes back to The castle with its many well-preserved 1606 – 1607, when Christian IV had a original interiors was opened to the public “summerhouse” built in a newly laid out in 1838. Among the rich collections are park just outside Copenhagen. In 1613– riding trappings and parade arms, cos- contact 1615 the summerhouse was extended, tumes, heirlooms and precious artifacts, and it was habitable from 1615, even when a unique collection of glass and porcelain construction continued the following year. as well as the art collections of the dukes The building was concluded in 1624 and in of Holstein, captured from Gottorp Castle. Rosenborg Castle the same year Christian IV referred to his The cellar houses the Treasury, with the “Great House in the Garden” as Rosenborg Royal Regalia and the Crown Jewels Rosenborg Slot (castle of the rose) for the fi rst time. of the Queen of Denmark. Oster Voldgade 4A Rosenborg was used as a royal residence DK-1350 until around 1710, when Frederik IV Kobenhavn K stopped using it in favour of other, King Christian IV 1588–1648 Denmark more up-to-date, summer residences. King Frederik IV 1699–1730 Rosenborg Castle became the setting Tel. +45 3315 3286 for the Royal Collections instead. [email protected] www.rosenborgslot.dk *2 The Great Hall with the coronation throne of the absolutist monarchs of Denmark, fl anked by three lions of silver.

denmarK sonderBorG COPENHAGEN castle 5 16 Photos: Museum Sønderjylland, Grønlund Foto The princely Renaissance church Sønderborg Castle situated by the was built between 1568 and 1570. Als Sound in the westernmost Baltic Sea. Sønderborg Castle was built around 1170 hospital and from 1864 to 1919 it was on the island of Als and during the 14th a Prussian barracks. After a referendum and 15th century it became a heavily in 1920 the northern part of South Jutland fortifi ed citadel owned alternately by and consequently Sønderborg Castle contact the Danish kings and the dukes of South became Danish. In 1908 the castle was con- Jutland. verted into a museum with emphasis on From 1532 to 1549 the castle served as a the more recent history of South Jutland. prison for the deposed King Christian II. A major restoration from 1964 to 1973 Sønderborg Castle From 1549 on it was renovated by King removed most of the traces from the time Christian III and Queen Dorothea and their of the Prussian infantry. Museum Sønderjylland– chapel is the best preserved Lutheran Sønderborg Slot chapel from the time of the Reformation Sønderbro 1 in Europe. King Christian II 1513–1523 DK-6400 Sønderborg, Denmark An extensive rebuilding in Baroque style King Christian III 1536–1559 was carried out from 1718 to 1726 and Duke Hans the Younger 1571–1622 Tel. +45 7442 2539 in the middle of the century the bastions The Napoleonic War 1808–1814 were almost completely removed. During Danish-German Wars 1848–1850, 1864 [email protected] the Napoleonic War and the Danish-Ger- The Kingdom of Prussia 1864–1919 www.museum-sonderjylland.dk man Wars the castle served as a military Danish since 1920

denmarK sondersKoV 6 COPENHAGEN manor 17 *1 Photo: Brian Poulsen. Sønderborg Castle situated by the Decorated wooden ceiling from Als Sound in the westernmost Baltic Sea. the second half of the 17th century. Sønderskov Manor is mentioned for the He and his successor Samuel Nicolaus fi rst time in 1448. After 1536 the owner Claudius transformed Sønderskov into built a new main wing with two diagonally the Baroque manor house which can placed defensive towers because the still be seen today. During a thorough contact nobility feared new peasants’ revolts like restoration in the years 1986-1992 several those they had experienced during the unique wall-paintings and a decorated Count’s Feud. wooden ceiling from the second half of Around 1614, Sønderskov was destroyed the 17th century were discovered. Today Sønderskov Manor by fi re, but the owner Thomas Juel rebuilt Sønderskov is housing the regional it and the new manor was fi nished museum and the Baroque garden and Museet på Sønderskov in 1620. He was a wealthy man who owned parts of the kitchen and herb gardens Sønderskovgardvej 2 three manor houses and he served King have been recreated. DK-6650 Brorup Christian IV in various functions. Part of his Denmark prosperity was due to the fattening of oxen for export. The Count’s Feud 1534–1536 Tel. +45 7538 3866 In 1720 Hans Bachmann became the fi rst King Christian IV 1588–1648 non-noble landowner at Sønderskov. Museum since 1989 [email protected] www.sonderskov.dk *1 During the restoration several unique wall paintings were discovered. Among them were these foot soldiers from the early 17th century.

denmarK VordinGBorG COPENHAGEN castle 7 18 The Goose Tower of Vordingborg Castle Photos: The Vordingborg Museums Vordingborg Castle seen from the south View of Vordingborg Castle The castle was built in 1160 on a steep a golden goose on the top, mocking the coastal slope by King Valdemar I as a base Hanseatic League, and it is the only stand- camp for the crusades against the Slavic ing medieval defence tower in Denmark. tribes at the south coast of the Baltic Sea, Apart from this, all that is left are remnants contact culminating in 1168 with the destruction of the almost 800 m long curtain wall and of the temple-site of Arkona on the 12 semicircular towers protruding from the island of Rügen. the wall between the remains of four solid King Valdemar II renewed the castle towers. Vordingborg Castle and King Valdemar IV made Vordingborg a castle of international ranking, meant Museerne i Vordingborg to impress members of the Hanseatic King Valdemar I Danmarks Borgcenter League and other foreign delegates the Great 1157–1182 Slotsruinen that were summoned to Vordingborg to King Valdemar II DK-4760 Vordingborg negotiate the supremacy over the lucrative the Victorious 1202–1241 Denmark trade on the Baltic Sea. But soon the King Valdemar IV decline began and after 1660 the castle Atterdag 1340–1375 Tel. +45 5537 2554 was demolished. Only one of its nine towers, the Goose [email protected] Tower, was spared because it served www.museerne.dk as the town’s prison. It was named after

estonia haaPsalu 8 TALLINN ePiscoPal castle 19 East side of the convent building. View of Haapsalu Episcopal Castle and the town. Photos: 1 - Foundation of Haapsalu Piiskopilinnus, 2 - Photo: Tõnis Padu, 3 - Photo: Eero Rikkinen The Episcopal Castle of Haapsalu used to Church, a female fi gure, who was named be the centre of the ecclesiastical state – the White Lady, appears during full moon the Saare-Lääne (Oesel-Wiek) bishopric nights in August. During the Soviet – in medieval Estonia from the 13th to the occupation the church was closed, contact 16th century. but in 1990 it was reconsecrated as the The castle compound took its fi nal shape Dome of St. Nicholas. A museum on in the 16th century. The total length of the the site tells the history of the bishopric circular wall reached 803 m, the height and the castle. Haapsalu of the walls 8–12m and their thickness Episcopal Castle 0.6–1.8m. It had 7 towers and 4 gates. The Episcopal castle covers an area The Livonian Order 1237–1558 of 3 hectares. The Livonian War 1558–1583 Sihtasutus Haapsalu Piiskopilinnus The convent building with the Dome Sweden 1561–1704 Posti 34, Haapsalu Church is the oldest part of the Episco- The Russian Empire 1704–1918 EE-90504 pal castle. The Dome Church was the Estonian Independence 1918–1940 Estonia bishopric’s principal church or cathedral. Soviet occupation 1940–1941 The building is one of the largest single- German occupation 1941–1944 Tel. +372 472 53 46 aisle churches in Nordic countries. The Soviet Union 1944–1991 On the Baptistery’s circular window The Republic of Estonian since 1991 [email protected] built into the southern wall of the Dome www.haapsalulinnus.ee

estonia 9 narVa TALLINN castle 20 Photos: Narva Castle Museum Narva Castle during spring high water Narva Castle with Ivangorod Fortress in the background In the second half of the 13th century the courtyard and the Stone Hall remained. Danes built a fortifi ed stronghold on the Since the 1960s restoration work has been western bank of the river running through carried out. In 1986 the completed fi rst the town of Narva. stage of the restoration was handed over contact In 1346 King Valdemar IV sold the Danish to the town to be used as a museum. part of Estonia, including Narva, to the Today Narva Museum is well-known for Livonian Order and by the 16th century its exhibitions and its colourful historic Narva castle was transformed into events. Narva Castle a convent with strong defences. In 1581, Narva was captured by the Swedes Danish Estonia 1219–1346 and during the late 17th century they Livonian Period 1346–1558 Narva Muuseum fortifi ed the town with a modern bastion Livonian War 1558–1583 Peterburi mnt 2, Narva defence system. After it was incorporated Muscovite Russia 1558–1581 EE-20308 into the Russian Empire in 1704 Narva was Kingdom of Sweden 1581–1704 Estonia no longer used as a border fortress and Russian Empire 1704–1918 in 1863 the bastions were abandoned. Independent Estonia 1918–1940 Tel. +372 359 9230 In 1944 severe fi ghting between the Soviet Occupation 1940–1941 Russians and the Germans left the town German Occupation 1941–1944 [email protected] in ruins. Of the castle only the walls of the Soviet Union 1944–1991 www.narvamuuseum.ee north-western round tower in the western Republic of Estonia since 1991

estonia TALLINN Vastseliina 10 ePiscoPal castle 21 Episcopal Castle Episcopal Castle at night Photo: 1,3 - Foundation of Vastseliina Episcopal Castle, 2 - Andres Ots Vastseliina Castle (Nienhuse or Novum treaty in 1582. Vastseliina became Swedish Castrum) was founded in 1342 by the in 1625 but during the Great Northern War knights of the Livonian Order near the it was destroyed by the Russians. frontier of Old Livonia and Pskov (Russia) Today the ruins have been partly restored contact and the road between Riga and Pskov. and Vastseliina is a well-known tourist It was also a part of the defence line attraction. Kirumpää-Gaujiena- Gulbene- Rezekne- Daugavpils and was one of the strongest The Livonian Order 1342–1558 Vastseliina castles in Livonia. After a miracle reported The Livonian war 1558–1583 to have taken place in the castle’s chapel in Muscovite Russia 1558–1582 Episcopal Castle 1353 it was visited by pilgrims from all over The Polish-Lithuanian Europe. Kingdom 1582–1625 Vastseliina Piiskopilinnus The keep is the oldest part of the castle The Swedish Kingdom 1625–1702 Voidu 14 but only a minor section of it survived. The Great Northern War 1700–1721 Vastseliina, Vorumaa More is left of a Gothic style cannon tower. The Russian Empire 1702–1918 EE-65201 The partly preserved northern and south- Independent Estonia 1918–1940 Estonia eastern towers and the southern wall are Soviet occupation 1940–1941 from the 16th century. German occupation 1941–1944 Tel. +372 509 6301 At the beginning of the Livonian War the The Soviet Union 1944–1991 garrison surrendered to the Russians but The Republic of Estonia since 1991 [email protected] was taken over by the Poles after a peace www.vastseliina.ee/linnus

finland hÄme HELSINKI 11 castle 22 *1 Photos: Museovirasto Häme Castle was a prison from 1837-1972. Next to the castle there are former prison buildings housing several museums nowadays. Häme Castle (Tavastehus) was built in to let some of the second fl oor rooms the late 13th century on a small island in remain in ruins. Queen’s Chamber and Lake Vanajavesi as one of three Swedish King’s Hall have been reconstructed to strongholds in Finland, the others being their original form of the late 15th century. contact the castles of Turku and Vyborg. Häme Castle is still full of life. The castle It is supposed that during the 14th and is open to the public all year round. Guided 15th century the timber stronghold tours, events and exhibitions are organized was replaced by a castle of grey-stone and in the castle. Häme Castle brick. Besides being a defence against the Novgorodians, Häme Castle was also Hämeen linna a residence and an administrative centre. Part of Sweden 12th–1809 Kustaa III:n katu 6 In the 1730s the castle was surrounded Häme Castle is mentioned in written FI-13100 Hämeenlinna by a heptagonal system of bastions, which sources for the  rst time in 1308 Finland were strengthened in the 1770s. Town of Hämeenlinna From 1837 until 1972 Häme Castle was a was founded in 1639 Tel. + 358 3 675 6820 prison. The restoration of the castle and The Autonomous Grand Duchy its surroundings began in the mid 1950s of Finland, part of Russia, 1809–1917 [email protected] and was fi nished in 1988. The Republic of Finland since 1917 www.nba.fi When parts of the building from the prison period had been removed it was obvi- ous that confl icting alterations made it The decorative brick work that characterizes the fi rst impossible to achieve a complete historical *1 fl oor on the northeast side of the courtyard is partly restoration. Instead, it was decided original.

finland Kastelholm HELSINKI castle 12 23 Photos: Rita Jokiranta Kastelholm Castle, built on an islet with to a ruin. From the middle of the 18th a well protected harbour, was fi rst century until the 1930s parts of the castle mentioned in 1388. In the inner castle were used as a granary. there is a strong keep and in the outer Restoration work has been carried out contact bailey a well preserved three-storey house since the 1890s and there has been in the northern wing. This house from the a historical museum in the castle late 15th century contains store rooms, since the 1930s. a residence and a shooting loft in the Kastelholm Castle garret. In the late 15th century the castle was Part of Sweden 12th–1809 Kastelholms Slott adapted to modern warfare with fi rearms, Independent administrative centre Kungsgardsallén 5 but like other medieval castles it soon lost of the Åland Islands 15th–1634 FI-22520 Kastelholm, Aland its military signifi cance. The dethroned The Kalmar Union (Denmark, Finland Swedish King Erik XIV was imprisoned here Sweden and Norway) 1397–1523 in 1571. When the administration of the The Autonomous Grand Duchy Tel. +358 18 432 150, Åland Isles was relocated to Turku in 1634, of Finland, part of Russia 1809–1917 + 358 18 432134 Kastelholm Castle was left to fall into decay The Republic of Finland since 1917 and in 1745 a fi re reduced the inner castle The Autonomy of Åland since 1995 [email protected] www.museum.ax

finland 13 laPPeenranta HELSINKI fortress 24 Photos: South Karelia Museum / Seppo Pelkonen; 3 - Hannu Vallas Barracks from the 1790s. South Karelia Museum is housed in two warehouses from the early 19th century. The fortress area in the 1990s. The Fortress of Lappeenranta is a fi ne When Finland was annexed by Russia in Northern example of a European fortifi ed 1809, the fortress lost its strategic impor- town from the 18th century. It was built tance, even though there was still a Russi- after the Great Northern War in order an garrison. From 1819 to the 1940s some contact to secure the eastern border of Finland of the barracks were used as a prison. after Sweden had lost territories and the Lapeenranta fortress was restored border fortresses in south-eastern Finland between 1976 and 2006 and today many to Russia. Surrounded on three sides by of the historic buildings are used for Lappeenranta Fortress a lake, the town was easy to defend. museum purposes. Nevertheless, Russian troops captured it Lappeenrannan in 1741 and from 1743 to 1809 Lappeenran- kaupungin museot ta was a Russian border town. Supervised Part of Sweden 12th century–1743 Kristiinankatu 15 by the famous generalissimo Alexander The Great Northern War 1700–1721 Fortress, FI-53101 Lappeenranta Suvorov, the fortress was strengthened Russian border fortress 1743–1809 Finland from the 1770s as an important part of The Autonomous Grand Duchy of Fin- the outer defense of the Russian capital land, part of Russia, 1809–1917 Tel. + 358 5 616 22 61 St. Petersburg. The Republic of Finland since 1917 + 358 5 616 22 55 www.lappeenranta.fi

finland 14 olaVinlinna HELSINKI castle 25 The topography of the island infl uenced the shape of Olavinlinna castle. Photos: Museovirasto The castle was a water fortress, protected *2 on all sides by the swift stream of Lake Saimaa. Olavinlinna Castle was founded in 1475 by The fi rst opera festival at Olavinlinna castle the Swedish nobleman Erik Axelsson Tott. was organized in 1912 and it is now the Situated on a small island in Lake Saimaa it scene of the Savonlinna Opera Festival every was one of the most modern fortresses of year in July. Guided tours and events are contact its time consisting of a citadel, a bailey and organized in the castle all year round. fi ve round cannon towers. During the Great Nordic War (1700 - 1721) Russia conquered parts of southern Olavinlinna Castle was a Swedish Olavinlinna Castle Finland and in the Russo-Swedish War border fortress 1475–1743 (1741 – 1743) Sweden tried to win back lost Olavinlinna Castle was a Russian Olavinlinna territories. Olavinlinna was captured by border fortress 1743–1809 FI-57130 Savonlinna the Russians in 1742 and when peace was The Autonomous Grand Duchy Finland settled it became one in a line of Russi- of Finland, part of Russia 1809–1917 an border fortresses and an army base, Olavinlinna Castle became a popular Tel. +358 15 531 164 modernized under the surveillance of the tourist attraction in the late 19th century famous Russian Generalissimo Alexander The Republic of Finland since 1917 [email protected] Suvorov. www.nba.fi After the Finnish War of 1808 – 1809 Finland became an autonomous part of Russia. The castle lost its strategic function *2 The castle’s medieval chapel is located on the se- cond fl oor of the Church Tower. It has a vaulted ceiling and fragments of medieval al secco wall paintings.

finland raseBorG HELSINKI castle 15 26 Photos: Raseborg Museum Guided tours are available in Raseborg Castle Raseborg Castle was constructed in a sheltered during summer season. location to defend Swedish interests. Raseborg Castle was founded in the 1370s The restoration work began in the late by the Swedish magnate Bo Jonsson Grip. 19th century and was continued until the It was built on a rocky island in a bay by late 1980s. Guided tours are available a river mouth in the south-western part and events and festivals are organized contact of the Finnish coast. The region was ad- in the surroundings of the castle during ministered from Raseborg Castle and from summer season. there it was possible to control trade with Reval (Tallinn) on the other side of the Gulf Raseborg Castle of Finland. Raseborg Castle was o cially The construction of the large round tower mentioned for the  rst time Raaseporin linnanrauniot was carried out in the late 15th century. in a letter dated 1378 Raaseporin linnantie However, with the increasing use of fi re- The Kalmar Union 1397–1523 FI-10710 Snappertuna arms in the 16th century Raseborg became Expelled Swedish King Karl Finland outdated. Knutsson Bonde kept court In 1553 the Swedish King Gustav I Vasa in Raseborg Castle 1465–1467 ordered that the castle should be aban- The Autonomous Grand Duchy Tel. + 358 19 234015 doned and the administration relocated of Finland, part of Russia, 1809–1917 to the Helsinki Crown Estate. Hereafter, The Republic of Finland since 1917 www.raseborg.org Raseborg slowly went into a state of ruin.

finland suomenlinna HELSINKI sea fortress 16 27 Photos: Suomenlinna photo archive/Esko Jämsä *2 Suomenlinna Sea Fortress. Suomenlinna (Sveaborg) is one of the (‘Fortress of Finland’) in 1918 and it served largest sea fortresses in the world, located as a Finnish garrison for more than fi fty on a group of islands about one kilometre years. Suomenlinna is now on the UNESCO off the Helsinki shore. The construction of World Heritage List. contact the bastioned naval base began in 1748 at a time when Sweden had lost its position as a major European power and Construction of the fortress begins Russia was now the main enemy. In order under Field Marshal Suomenlinna to protect the eastern parts of the realm Augustin Ehrensvärd 1748 new defence plans were made in the late The war between Sweden Sea Fortress 1740s and Sveaborg not only became the and Russia 1808–1809 main fortress in Finland, but the largest The Autonomous Grand Duchy of The Governing Body stronghold of Sweden. Finland,part of Russia, 1809–1917 of Suomenlinna In 1808 Sveaborg surrendered to the Rus- The Crimean War 1853–1856 Suomenlinna C 74 sians and during the following 110 years it The Republic of Finland since 1917 Helsinki, FI-00190 Finland served as a Russian fortress. In spite of se- UNESCO World Heritage List 1991 vere damage caused by a heavy bombard- Tel. +358 9 684 1880 ment from an Anglo- French squadron in 1855, further development of the fortress [email protected] continued up until the Russian Revolution *2 With its handsome vaulted halls, the Tenaille von www.suomenlinnatours.com in 1917. After Finland’s independence Fersen in the inner bastion ring of Suomenlinna is the fortress was renamed Suomenlinna one of the most valuable buildings on the island. The renowated Banquet Hall is located in the Old Granary of the Fortifi cation’s Bakery, built in 1775.

finland sVartholm HELSINKI 17 sea fortress 28 The main entrance to Svartholma Sea Fortress Photos: Town of Loviisa, Ari Haimi Bastion von Schantz in The Svartholm Sea Fortress the Svartholm Sea Fortress. The foundations of a sea fortress were laid of the fortress during the Crimean War. on the island of Svartholm in 1748 and Restoration work on Svartholm Sea in 1764 the fortress was fi nished. It was Fortress ruins was carried out between part of the new Swedish defence line after the 1960s and the 1990s. Today there is an contact the loss of Finnish territories in two wars exhibition about the history of the fortress with Russia earlier in the century. Near and guided tours are available during Svartholm Sea Fortress in the mainland summer season. a new town called Loviisa was founded Svartholm Sea Fortress in 1752. The town was named after Louisa Ulrika Construction work of Suomenlinna Svartholman linnoitus of Prussia who married the Swedish King Fortress and Svartholm Loviisa Tourist Offi ce Adolf Frederik. In 1808, Svartholm and Lo- Sea Fortress began in 1748 Karlskronabulevardi 8 viisa were taken over by the Russians. The The Autonomous Grand Duchy FI-07900 Loviisa Russians used Svartholm both as a prison of Finland, part of Russia, 1809–1917 Finland and a sea fortress until 1844. Svartholm The Crimean War 1853–1856 Sea Fortress was abandoned in 1853 and The Republic of Finland since 1917 Tel. + 358 19 555 234 in 1855 the English Navy destroyed parts [email protected] www.loviisa.fi

finland turKu 18 HELSINKI castle 29 Photos: Martti Puhakka Turku Castle was built in the 1280s on an Renovation work had been going on island at the mouth of the River Aura as for some years when the castle was badly a stronghold for the Swedish rulers. damaged by a fi re caused by a Soviet At fi rst it was a fortifi ed camp, but during aircraft in 1941 during the Second World contact the fi rst decades of the 14th century it War. The restoration lasted from 1946 was rebuilt as a closed fortress. A curtain until 1961. Since 1881 the castle has wall divided the area into two parts, housed the Historical Museum of Turku. the gate was moved from the western Turku Castle to the eastern tower and new buildings were erected. Part of Sweden 12th century–1809 Turun linna Turku Castle saw much fi ghting. A siege The Kalmar Union (Denmark, Linnankatu 80 in 1365 lasted eight months and in the 16th Sweden and Norway) 1397–1523 FI-20101 Turku century it was besieged six times. From The extravagant court Finland the 1550s to 1563 Duke Johan of Finland of Duke Johan and Catherine resided there and later it was one of the Jagellonica in 1560s Tel. +388 2 262 03 22 (guided tours) prisons of the dethroned Swedish King The Autonomous Grand Duchy Tel. +358 2 262 03 00 (ticket offi ce) Erik XIV, the Duke’s brother. A fi re in 1614 of Finland, part of Russia, 1809–1917 destroyed most of the castle and after it The Republic of Finland since 1917 [email protected] was rebuilt it was turned into a warehouse. www.turku.fi /turunlinna

19 GermanY eutin castle BERLIN 30 Inner courtyard with the main tower Photos: Stiftung Schloß Eutin View from the south garden Façade of Eutin Castle to the main tower refl ected in the castle moat Eutin Castle was built in the 12th century 1787 and 1803 the garden was transformed by the Bishop of Lübeck, but unfortunately into an English landscape garden. In 1773 none of the medieval buildings have been the Duke of Oldenburg was granted the preserved to the present day. Duchies Delmenhorst and Oldenburg, contact In 1586 Prince-Bishop Johann Adolf, Duke and Eutin became his summer residence. of Schleswig-Holstein, began developing In 1992 the Eutin Castle Trust was founded the castle into an impressive residence, and it has been a museum since. but in 1689 most of it was destroyed by Eutin Castle fi re. Between 1717 and 1727 Prince-Bishop Christian August, grandfather of the Rus- The Bishopric of Lübeck Stiftung Schloß Eutin sian Tsarina Catherine the Great, rebuilt the 12th century–1530 Schlossplatz 5 castle in Baroque style. Swedish-German The Lutheran Prince-Bishops 1531–1803 D-23701 Eutin Rudolf Matthias Dallin was the architect The Dukes of Oldenburg 1803–1992 Germany and Johann Christian Lewon laid out an The Eutin Castle Trust since 1992 imposing French-style garden. Between Tel. + 49 4521 7095 0 [email protected] www.schloss-eutin.de

20 GermanY Gottorf castle BERLIN 31 Gottorf Castle was built by the Bishop of War, where the Duke of Holstein-Gottorf Photos: State Museum of Art and Cultural Histroy and Archeology Castle Gottorf Schleswig on an island at the end of the had taken side against Denmark, the Da- Schlei Fiord just outside the city of Schles- nish King Frederik IV took over the duchies wig. In 1268 it was taken over by Duke Erik I and also Gottorf Castle. In the 19th century contact of Schleswig and it remained in the posses- Gottorf Castle was used as a Danish bar- sion of the Dukes until 1713. racks, and after 1864 it became a Prussian- The oldest visible part is the Gothic Hall, German barracks. Since 1947 Gottorf Castle built in three stages between about 1450 has been the state museum of Schleswig- Gottorf Castle and 1530. The west wing was built around Holstein. 1530 by Duke Frederik (later King of Den- Stiftung Schleswig-Holsteinische mark and Norway Frederik I). The lavishly Landesmuseen decorated façade in Dutch Renaissance Residence of the Bishop Schloss Gottorf style was considered the richest and most of Schleswig until 1268 D-24837 Schleswig fashionable in Northern Europe. Even as Residence of the Dukes Germany King of Denmark, Frederik preferred to of Schleswig-Holstein 1268–1713 reside at Gottorf Castle and rarely visited The Great Northern War 1700–1721 Tel. +49 4621 813222 his Danish castles. German since 1864 Around 1700 the castle underwent a major [email protected] renovation in Baroque Style, which was www.schloss-gottorf.de never completed. After the Great Northern

GermanY schWerin 21 castle BERLIN 32 The throne room Photos: Lothar Steiner, Staatliches Museum Schwerin The dining room The multi towered castle is regarded as Ernst Friedrich Zwirner and Friedrich one of the most important architectural August Stüler, the court architect to masterpieces of Romantic Historicism in the Prussian king. Europe. The magnifi cent residence is the Located picturesquely in the dreamy Burg- contact product of remodelling and reconstruction garten garden and extensive parkland, the work done in the mid 19th century to an sumptuous stately building with its neo- older castle complex, the origins of which Renaissance style was inspired by local can be traced back to the Slavic era. traditions and the French castles along the Schwerin Castle The building work was commissioned Loire. Today it houses the Federal State by Grand Duke Friedrich Franz II of Meck- Parliament of Mecklenburg-West Pomera- Museum Schloss Schwerin lenburg-Schwerin who engaged, in addi- nia and the Museum Schloss Schwerin. Lennéstraße 1 tion to the master builders Georg Adolph The path across the historic swing bridge D-19053 Schwerin Demmler and Hermann Willebrand from leads into the Schlossgarten garden, a Germany Schwerin, the most infl uential architects Baroque creation that is unique in north- of his era: Gottfried Semper from Dresden, ern Germany and based on plans by the Tel. + 49 385 525 29 20 the Cologne Cathedral‘s master builder Frenchman Jean Legeay. [email protected] www.schloss-schwerin.de

GermanY 22 GÜstroW castle BERLIN 33 The elaborate ceiling of the banquet room Photos: 1,2 - Staatliches Museum Schwerin, 3 - Gabriele Bröcker, Staatliches Museum Schwerin Painting by Marten de Vos At the edge of Güstrow‘s old town, one featuring exotic hunting scenes adapted of the most important Renaissance castles from Dutch copper engravings. As the in northern Europe surprises with its magnifi cently decorated court of the court unexpected southern European charm. of Wallenstein, the princely residence contact Duke Ulrich of Mecklenburg began build- was a focal point of European history for ing a magnifi cent residence here in 1558 a brief period during the Thirty Years War. to replace a former medieval castle. In 1657, the last Güstrow duke, Gustav In order to construct the new south and Adolf entrusted the Huguenot Charles Güstrow Castle west wings he engaged Franz Parr, a Lom- Philippe Dieussart with the modernisation bard who had previously worked in Silesia, of his residence. Museum Schloss Güstrow as the master builder. Parr managed to The vaulted rooms of the basement house Franz-Parr-Platz 1 achieve a synthesis of Italian, French and one of the most important medieval D-18273 Güstrow German architectural concepts that was collections of northern Germany. Germany unique for both the era and the region. Renaissance and Baroque paintings give Splendid stucco ceilings, regarded as new life to the glamour of the one-time Tel. +49 3843 7520 among the most remarkable in Germany, ducal seat. Among the outstanding pieces have been preserved from when the castle on display here are works by Cranach, [email protected] was built. The quaint banquet hall ceiling Marten de Vos and Tintoretto. www.schloss-guestrow.de is especially lavish, for the most part

GermanY ludWiGslust 23 castle BERLIN 34 Photos: 1,2 - Lothar SteinerStaatliches Museum Schwerin; 2 - Elke Walford, Staatliches Museum Schwerin The porcelain room Duke Friedrich of Mecklenburg-Schwerin the architecture models made of cork and had the new castle built between 1772 the artistic clocks, future visitors will ex- and 1776 in accordance with plans by the perience and enjoy top-class art on display court architect Johann Joachim Busch as across almost 3,000 square metres: contact the centrepiece of the late Baroque town The menagerie series by the French court layout of Ludwigslust. painter Jean-Baptiste Oudry, porcelain The original facilities still remaining inclu- from Meissen, ivory objects and a complet- de fi replaces, mirrors, overdoors, parquet ely reconstructed picture gallery with Ludwigslust Castle fl ooring and chandeliers. These, along with works by the court painters. the surviving ornaments and decoration The castle is surrounded by gardens dating Museum Schloss Ludwigslust made of „Ludwigsluster carton“ (papier- back to the 18th century. The original Schlossfreiheit mâché), characterise the impression geometrically designed castle garden was D-19288 Ludwigslust of authenticity. extended in the mid-19th century by the Germany The castle remains open to the public landscape architect Peter Joseph Lenné during the extensive restoration work to create a landscape with Baroque ele- Tel. + 49 3874 571 90 to be carried out over the next few years ments such as avenues, cascades, canals till 2015. In addition to the illustrious and water jumps. The Ludwigsluster [email protected] collection of paintings, the busts by the Schlosspark castle park is regarded as one www.schloss-ludwigslust.de French sculptor Jean-Antoine Houdon, of the most beautiful in northern Germany.

GermanY GranitZ 24 huntinG castle 35 BERLIN Knight‘s Hall Photos: 1 - Matthias Langer, 2,3 - Thomas Grundner Staircase inside the castle The Berlin architect Johann Gottfried Since the early 1960s the castle has been Steinmeyer built Granitz Hunting Castle housing a museum. Today its exhibition between 1837 and 1851 for Prince Wilhelm rooms provide information about the Malte I of Putbus. The castle is situated building’s history, the guests and their contact in the centre of one of the largest unbro- hunting parties. Examples of 19th century ken woodland areas on the Isle of Ruegen. arts and crafts like antler furniture are to Like a landmark, the plastered brick edifi ce be discovered and the Knight’s Hall with crowns the so-called “Tempelberg” (Temp- its stove formed like a suit of armour has Granitz Hunting Castle le Mount). The tall central tower designed become a new attraction. by Karl Friedrich Schinkel projects out Since 2003 Granitz Hunting Castle has Granitz Hunting Castle over the hill’s summit and can be seen been in the care of the Stately Palaces P.O.B. 1101 from afar. Its winding staircase imposingly and Gardens of Mecklenburg Western- D-18609 Ostseebad Binz placed in the tower is one of the castles’ Pomerania. Germany main attractions. The observation platform, 144 metres Tel. + 49 38393 663 816 above sea level, off ers a picturesque Putbus family 1851-1945 panorama over the delightful landscape Museum since 1960s [email protected] of Ruegen. www.granitz-jagdschloss.de Guests of the Prince used to stay in the castle during the hunting season. An extensive collection of hunting trophies and the historical drawing rooms are remi- niscent of these times.

latVia BausKa 25 RIGA castle 36 The remains of the oldest part – the Livonian Order Castle. Photos: Bauska Castle museum After establishment of the Duchy Bauska Castle is a complex of buildings, located on a hill of Courland Bauska Castle was at the confl uence of the two rivers Mūsa and Mēmele. converted into a fortifi ed residence. Bauska Castle was fi rst mentioned in 1443 made for a new rampart system. In 1705 and in 1451 it was included in a list of they surrendered to the Russians and Livonian Order castles. After the Reforma- when they left in 1706 the castle was partly tion and the dissolution of the Livonian blown up. Restoration work began in the contact Order the Duchy of Courland-Semigalia 1970s. The Dukes’ residence was com- was established, of which Gotthard Kettler, pletely restored in the 1990s and acquired the last master of the Order, became the its present-day appearance in 2008. Since fi rst duke. Bauska became a ducal castle 1990 Bauska Castle has been a museum. Bauska Castle and it was most likely in the 1580s that the fortifi cations were modernized and a new Bauskas pils muzejs residence was built. The Livonian Order 1237–1561 Pilskalns In 1625 Swedish troops besieged the castle Gotthard Kettler, Master Bauska but in 1628 a Polish Army forced them to of the Livonian Order 1559–1561, LV-3901 leave. In 1658 the Swedes invaded Cour- Duke 1561–1587 Latvia land once more and they left the castle The Polish-Swedish War 1621–1625, devastated in 1660. At the beginning of 1626–1629 Tel. + 371 639 237 93 the Great Northern War Swedish troops The Northern Wars 1655–1661 occupied the castle again and plans were The Great Northern War 1700–1721 [email protected] www.bauskaspils.lv

latVia 26 cĒsis RIGA castle 37 Cēsis Castle seen from the fi rst outer bailey. Photos: 1 - G.Kalniņš, 2 - R.Jelevičs, 3 - Cēsis Castle The Master’s Chamber in the west tower. Aerial photograph of Cēsis Castle For a few years, after 1209, the Brothers Serious damage was done to the castle in of the Sword shared an old hill fort with the Livonian War and in the 18th century a local ethnic group, the Wends and in the former gatehouse was converted into 1214 they built a stone castle, Wenden, on a manor house, the so-called New Castle. contact a nearby plateau. In 1237 it was captured The old castle is now a spectacular ruin. by the Teutonic Knights and became Between 2007 and 2010 extensive internal the seat of the fi rst master of the Livonian and external restoration and reconstruc- Order, but at the end of the 15th century tion work was carried out at the New Cēsis Castle the Order’s headquarters were moved Castle. Since 1949 the New Castle has been to Rīga. housing the Cēsis History and Art Museum. Cēsu Vēstures un mākslas muzejs During the fi rst half of the 13th century Pils laukums 11 a stone chapel, a chapter house and proba- Cēsis bly some timber houses were built. The military order of The Brothers LV-4100 In the late 14th century the castle was of the Sword 1202–1236 Latvia transformed into a convent type castle Livonian Order 1237–1561 with four wings grouped around a quad- The Livonian War 1558–1583 Tel. +49 371 641 218 15 rangle and in the late 15th century three circular gun towers were added to the [email protected] defences. www.turisms.cesis.lv

latVia rundĀle 27 RIGA Palace 38 The state staircase of the east side Photos: Rundāle palace museum The gate of Rundāle Palace. Arial view of Rundāle Palace from the north Rundāle Palace (Ruhenthal) with its garden taken over by the State History Museum is the most distinguished Baroque and and restoration began. In 1972 the Rundāle Rococo monument in Latvia. It was built Palace Museum was established. Rundāle between 1736 and 1740 as a summer has been under restoration for several contact residence for the Duke of Courland Ernst decades and has now fully regained Johann Biron. It was designed by the Rus- its former atmosphere and splendour. sian court architect Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli who also designed the garden. Rundāle Palace The stables from the 1760s were designed The Duchy of Courland 1561–1721 by the Courland court architect Severin The Russian Empire, Courland Rundāles pils muzejs Jensen. The interior decorations were Governorate 1721–1918 Pilsrundāle created between 1764 and 1768. The Biron residence 1736–1795 Rundāles pagasts Johann Michael Graff handcrafted the The Zubov residence 1795–1822 Rundāles novads stucco and Carlo Zucchi and Francesco The Shuvalov residence 1822–1917 LV-3921 Martini created the ceiling and wall The Republic of Latvia 1918–1940 Latvia paintings. After 1795 Rundāle was owned The Soviet Union 1940–1990 successively by the Russian noble families The Republic of Latvia since 1990 Tel. + 371 639 622 74 Zubov and Shuvalov. In 1920 it was taken over by the Latvian government. [email protected] The Palace suff ered damage during the www.rundale.net Franco-Russian War of 1812, World War I and the civil war in 1919. In 1933 it was

latVia 28 turaida RIGA castle 39 Photos: Turaida Museum Reserve Arial view of Rundāle Palace from the north The Main Tower of Turaida Castle Turaida Castle In 1214 in the name of Albert, the bishop The rebuilding combined with a system- of Riga, Bishop Philip of Ratzeburg began atic study of the remains of the castle was work on a stone castle on the site of a pre- undertaken in the second half of the vious timber castle belonging to the Livs. 20th century. Today it is part of the Turaida contact It was called “Friedland” (Land of Peace) Museum Reserve and in the rebuilt castle but the new name was rarely used. there is an exhibition about the castle Instead, the castle and the surrounding building, the Archbishopric of Riga and lands continued to be known by the old events in the Turaida castle district con- Turaida Castle Liv name of Turaida. nected to Latvian and European history. All through the Middle Ages it was an Turaidas muzejrezervāts important economic centre for the archbi- Turaidas iela 10 shops of Riga as well as the residence of a The Bishopric of Riga 1186–1255 Sigulda local administrator and a military strong- The Archbishopric of Riga 1255–1561 LV-2150 hold. Extensions were added until the Latvia middle of the 16th century and it served as a fortress until a devastating fi re in 1776. Tel. +371 679 723 76, Tel. + 371 679 714 02 [email protected] www.turaida-muzejs.lv

latVia 29 VentsPils RIGA castle 40 The education center of the museum is situated in the former stables Photos: J. Presnikovs, L. Balodis, A. Vijups Part of the permanent exhibition in the castle: Ventspils Castle - the oldest building The town of Ventspils in the 13th – 19th century Ventspils Castle (Windau) was built in other medieval castles in Latvia, having an in Ventspils town, nowadays Ventspils museum the second half of the 13th century. It was interior where modern design harmonizes fi rst mentioned in 1290 and was controlled with the historic environment. Today the by the Livonian Order until 1561. Then it castle houses a museum. contact became a local administrative centre in the Duchy of Courland and a small garrison was quartered there. In 1659 the castle was The Livonian Order 1237–1561 partly damaged by the Swedes. The Duchy of Courland 1561–1795 Ventspils Castle After the Great Northern War and The Northern Wars 1655–1661 the incorporation of the Duchy into The Great Northern War 1700–1721 Ventspils muzejs the Russian Empire the military functions The Russian Empire, Courland Jāņa iela 17 were abandoned and from 1832 until 1959 Governorate 1721–1918 Ventspils the castle served as a prison. The Republic of Latvia 1918–1940 LV-3601 From 1962 on it housed the Soviet Border The Soviet Union 1940–1990 Latvia Guards and when they left in 1983 the The Republic of Latvia since 1990 buildings were in poor condition. Restora- Tel. + 371 636 220 31 tion of Ventspils Castle began in the mid- dle of the 1980s. The Castle diff ers from [email protected] www.muzejs.ventspils.lv

30 lithuania BirŽai VILNIUS castle 41 Photos: Biržai Regional Museum „Sèla“ Biržai Castle was built between 1586 into decay. After World War II there were and 1589 by Duke Kristupas Radvila attempts to preserve what was left, but (Radziwill) Perkūnas (God of Thunder) further decay could not be prevented. and today it is the best preserved bas- Finally, a decision to rebuild Biržai Castle contact tioned castle in Lithuania. was made and reconstruction work was During the 17th and 18th century it was fi nished in 1988. Since 1989 the Biržai the main Lithuanian stronghold in the regional museum “Sėla” has been situated wars against Sweden but in 1625 – 1627 in the castle. Biržai Castle it was captured by the Swedes and largely destroyed. The reconstruction lasted Biržų krašto muziejus “Sėla” nearly fi fty years and from 1662 to 1669 The Grand Duchy of Lithuania J. Radvilos 3 it was rebuilt in Dutch style with bastions. 11th–12th century–1569 LT-41175 In 1682 Biržai was a huge defensive site The Polish-Lithuanian Lithuania with its fortifi cations, a palace and twenty Commonwealth 1569–1795 other buildings. Nearly a hundred cannons The Polish-Swedish wars 1621–1625, Tel. +370 450 318 83 were kept in its arsenal. On 14 September 1626–1629, 1655–1661 1704 the Swedish army attacked and The Great Northern War 1700–1721 [email protected] destroyed the castle and during the www.birzumuziejus.lt following two and a half centuries it fell

lithuania Gediminas 31 castle toWer VILNIUS 42 Gediminas Castle Tower in Vilnius Photos: Kęstutis Stoškus Vilnius Castle, also called Gediminas Castle The Grand Duchy of Lithuania or The Upper Castle, is part of a larger 11th and 12th century–1569 fortifi cation including The Lower and Grand Duke Gediminas The Crooked Castle. It was mentioned for of Lithuania 1316–1341 contact the fi rst time in 1323 in a treaty with the Grand Duke Vytautas Teutonic Order. There had been a timber of Lithuania 1392–1430 castle on the site since the 11th century, The Polish-Lithuanian Gediminas but since the 13th century the walls and Commonwealth 1569–1795 towers have been built out of stone and The Polish-Swedish wars 1621–1625, Castle Tower the Teutonic Knights never managed to 1626–1629, 1655–1661 capture it. The Russian Empire 1795–1914 Gedimino pilies bokštas Fires and wars devastated the castle and World War I 1914–1918 Arsenalo g. 5 it was last used as a fortress between Independent Lithuania 1918–1940 LT-01143 Vilnius 1655-1661. After that it decayed slowly and World War II 1940–1945 Lithuania when a Russian fortress was built there German occupation 1940–1941 after 1831 parts of it were demolished. Part of the Soviet Union 1941–1990 Tel. + 370 526 174 53, During the interwar years in the 20th The Republic of Lithuania since 1990 Tel. + 370 526 294 26 century conservation work was carried out. In World War II the tower was damaged, [email protected] but rebuilt and since 1960 it has housed www.lnm.lt/en/exposition-locations/ a museum. In 1995 it was totally renovated gediminas-castle-tower.html and along with the Lithuanian fl ag, the tower has become a symbol of the Repub- lic of Lithuania.

lithuania Palace of 32 the Grand duKes VILNIUS 43 View of the arches from the inner courtyard Photos: Vytautas Abramauskas and Mindaugas Kaminskas View of the palace from Renaissance style throne room the Upper Castle (Gediminas Hill) Grand Dukes’ Palace in Vilnius was built an important venue for state ceremonial during the 13th and 14th century. events and the spreading of tourist infor- At the end of the 15th and the beginning mation about Lithuania and its historic of the 16th century the Gothic style castle sites. contact was transformed into a luxurious Renais- sance style residence. During the 17th century it was reconstructed in early The Grand Duchy of Lithuania Palace of Baroque style. In 1655 the Russians plun- 11th–12th century–1569 dered and devastated the palace and in The Gediminid and Jegillonian the Grand Dukes the late 18th and early 19th century all Dynasty around 1300–1572 wings of the palace except for the eastern The Polish-Lithuanian Nacionalinis muziejus Lietuvos wing were demolished. Commonwealth 1569–1795 Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės After the Lithuanian state was re-estab- The Vasa Dynasty 1587–1668 valdovų rūmai lished in 1990 there was a discussion about The Polish-Swedish wars 1621–1625, Katedros a. 4 the reconstruction of the palace and 1626–1629, 1655–1661 LT-01143 Vilnius in 2001 it was fi nally decided that work The Russian Empire 1772, 1793, Lithuania should be done. 1795–1914 It has been in progress since 2002 and Independent Lithuania 1918–1940 Tel. +370 5 212 7476 the reconstructed historical residence of Part of the Soviet Union 1941–1990 the Grand Dukes of Lithuania is expected The Republic of Lithuania from 1990 [email protected] to open by the end of 2013 as a branch www.valdovurumai.lt of the National Museum. It will also be

33 lithuania traKai island VILNIUS and Peninsular castles 44 The Great Hall of the Island Castle Photos: Viktoras Neliubinas Exposition hall of the Trakai History Aerial view of Trakai Island Castle Museum in the Island Castle Trakai Peninsular Castle was built by The restoration of the Island Castle to its the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Kęstutis 15th century appearance started in 1953. (1342–1383), and while the building works The Central Palace was rebuilt in 1962 were still continuing the construction and in 1987 the restoration was completed. contact of the Trakai Island Castle on one of Since 1962 the Island Castle has been the largest isles of Lake Galvė began. a museum. The complex was probably fi nished in the early 15th century by Kęstutis son, Grand The Trakai Island Duke Vytautas (1392–1430). The Grand Duchy of Lithuania After the Teutonic Order was defeated at 11th–12th century–1569 and Peninsular Castles the Battle of Žalgiris (Grunewald) in 1410 The Polish-Lithuanian the Island Castle became the residence Commonwealth 1569–1795 Trakų istorijos muziejus of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, but in The Polish-Swedish war 1655–1661 Kęstučio 4 the 16th century the castle lost its military The Russian Empire 1795–1914 Trakai function. The Grand Duke moved to Vilnius Part of the Soviet Union 1941–1990 LT-21104 and the Island Castle became a prison for The Republic of Lithuania since 1990 Lithuania the nobility. In 1655 a Russian army plundered and Tel. + 370 528 539 45 burned the town of Trakai and the castles were destroyed and never rebuilt. [email protected] www.trakaimuziejus.lt

34 Poland malBorK castle WARSAW 45 The Chapter Hall at the High Castle Photos: B.L. Okonscy Panoramic view of Malbork Castle from the south-west Malbork Castle (Marienburg) was founded and restoration work has been carried out in 1274 by the Teutonic Knights. From 1309 ever since. In 1997 the castle was inscribed it was the seat of the Grand Master and in the UNESCO World Heritage List. the capital of the monastic state in Prussia. contact During the 14th century it became the largest and most impressive of all castles of The castle as the Teutonic the Order. Malbork consisted of three main Knights’ monastery 1274–1457 sections. The High Castle was a monas- (the Grand Master’s seat since 1309) Malbork Castle tery with the Church of St. Mary and the The castle as a temporary seat knights’ and priests’ quarters. of the Kings of Poland, and the Royal Muzeum Zamkowe w Malborku The Middle Castle housed the Grand Military base 1457–1772 Starościńska 1 Master’s Palace, the Great Refectory and The castle within the borders PL-82-200 Malbork the infi rmary. In the Outer Bailey were the of German Prussia and Germany Poland workshops, stables, granaries, armoury, 1772–1945 river port and a chapel for servants. In 1457 World War II 1939–1945 Tel. +48 55 64 70 800 the Teutonic Knights lost Malbork Castle Polish again since 1945 to the Polish King Casimir IV Jagiellonian. [email protected] After the partition of Poland in 1772 it be- [email protected] (Bookings) came Prussian barracks and military stores. www.zamek.malbork.pl During the 19th century extensive resto- rations re-Gothicized the castle. Malbork Castle suff ered terrible damage in 1945

Poland the Pomeranian 35 duKes´ castle WARSAW 46 The Gothic gallery Photos: 1,2 - Beata Bogusławska, 3 - Marek Kowalczyk The castle seen from south-west. Sometime during the fi rst half of the 12th In 1720 it became the residence of Duke View of the castle century Duke Wartislaw l built a timber Christian August of Anhalt-Zerbst, castle on the site of a temple dedicated to commander of the Prussian garrison. the three-headed Slavic god Triglav. In 1944 carpet bombing by the allied contact The castle was enlarged during the 13th forces destroyed nearly 70% of the castle. century and in 1346 Barnim III added a so- The rebuilding in Renaissance style began called stone house. Today the oldest pre- in 1958 and continued until the 1980s. The Pomeranian served part of the castle is the south wing Today, the rooms of the castle are used built by Duke Boguslav X around 1490. for exhibitions and other cultural activities. Dukes’ Castle After 1530 Duke Barnim XI extended the castle, and from 1573 until 1582 it was Zamek Książąt Pomorskich rebuilt by Duke Jan Frederic in Renaissance The Duchy of Pomerania, ul. Korsarzy 34 style. The Gri n Dynasty PL-70-540 Szczecin After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 12th century–1637 Poland the Swedish Governor General of Pome- Swedish occupation 1630–1648 rania resided here and from 1705 onwards Swedish Pomerania 1648–1720 Tel. + 48 91 43 38 841 the castle was the home of the Polish Prussia 1720–1945 Queen Catherine Leszczynska and her Poland since 1945 [email protected] daughters for some years. www.zamek.szczecin.pl

MOSCOW russia KalininGrad 47 36 Photos: Kaliningrad‘s Museum of History and Art View of the castle Excavation of the south-eastern part of the castle. In 1255 King Ottokar II of Bohemia founded ruins were pulled down, but during the a castle by the river Prege on Prussian fi rst decade of this century a joint Russian- territory conquered by the Teutonic German excavation project uncovered Knights. It was named Königsberg after the cellars. The ruin is now protected contact him and at the beginning of the 14th cen- as an ancient monument in the care tury it was a rectangular castle with eight of the Kaliningrad Museum of History defensive towers but also a convent with and Art. all the necessary facilities. Kaliningrad In 1525 the last Grand Master of the Order, Albrecht of Brandenburg, converted to The Teutonic Knights 1255–1525 Kaliningrad Museum of Lutheranism and became the fi rst Duke The Duchy of Prussia 1525–1701 History and Art of Prussia. Königsberg Castle became his The Kingdom of Prussia 1701–1871 Klinicheskaya ulitsa 21 residence and the city was the capital of The German Empire 1871–1918 Kaliningrad Prussia until 1701 when the Duke became The German Republic 1918–1945 RU-236016 King Friedrich I of Prussia and moved to The Second World War 1939–1945 Russian Federation Berlin. The Union of Soviet Socialist After the Second World War the castle Republics 1945–1991 [email protected] was a blackened ruin. Königsberg became Russian Federation since 1991 http://westrussia.org part of the Soviet Union and its name was changed to Kaliningrad. In the 1960s the

russia militarY- MOSCOW MOSCOW historical museum 37 48 Photos: Military-Historical Museum View of the museum area In 1703 Peter the Great founded an arse- The Military-Historical Museum of Artillery, nal inside the Peter and Paul fortress in Engineers and Signal Corps is the oldest of St. Petersburg with the purpose to store its kind in Russia. The Museum’s collec- and preserve old guns and cannons as well tion includes artillery armaments and contact as both Russian and captured guns and ammunition, rifl es, military-engineering cannons considered to be of historical equipment, signal means, banners, mili- value. tary uniforms and insignia from the 14th Military-Historical By the late 18th century the collection century onwards. There is also a selection was moved to a new arsenal on the Liteinyi of modern armaments including missile Museum Prospekt, but later it was returned to the systems. The museum is open to the public Peter and Paul fortress. Today it is located all year round. Military-Historical Museum on the territory of Kronwerk, once a part of Artillery, Engineer of the St. Petersburg fortress, built 1705– and Signal Corps 1708 and continually renewed throughout Tsar Peter the Great reign 1682–1725 7 Aleksandrovskii Park the century. Peter and Paul Fortress 1703 St. Petersburg, RU-197022 After 1848 a new Kronwerk was built Foundation of Military-Historical Russian Federation of stone and the new arsenal, built in Museum 29.8.1703 Pseudo-Gothic Style, was fi nished in 1860. Tel. + 7 812 610 330 [email protected] www.artillery-museum.ru

russia MOSCOW old 38 MOSCOW ladoGa 37 49 A 16th century guntower. Photos: Museum Old Ladoga The Church of St. John the Baptist, 17th century. The Assumption Temple, *3 The legendary Varagian Prince Rurik built Old Ladoga lost its status as a town a wooden fortress at the shore of Lake and the fortress was gradually destroyed. Ladoga in 862. The fi rst stone fortress was Today only picturesque ruins remind us built in the late 9th and early 10th century of its former grandeur. Restoration works contact by Saint Oleg. In 997 it was destroyed by have been carried out since the mid-20th the Norwegian Earl Eirik. Prince Mstislav century. Old Ladoga (Staraya Ladoga the Great of Novgorod erected the second in Russian) is a museum today. stone fortress in 1114. Old Ladoga Fortress Through centuries the stone fortress protected the northern frontier of Russia. Old Ladoga was already well known Museum Staraya Ladoga In the early 17th century Ladoga was in the 9th and 10th centuries 19 Volkhovsky pr. the only fortress in the northern part of Part of Kievan Rus 1019–1132 Staraya Ladoga the Moscow State and it was the object Part of Novgorod Rus 1132–1478 Volkhovsky district of constant struggle between diff erent Russian since 1478 Leningrad region, RU-187412 political sides. New Ladoga (Novaya Ladoga Russian Federation In the beginning of the Great Northern in Russian) was founded in 1704 War (1700-1721) Peter the Great’s troops Tel. +7 813 637 35 24 were concentrated in Ladoga. In 1702 14 regiments under the leadership of Field *3 12th century – the northernmost monument [email protected] Marshal Sheremetev left Ladoga to con- of pre-Mongoli and Old Russian architecture. www.oldladoga.spb.ru quer Nöteburg fortress (Russian: Oreshek), It is one of the six (and of two preserved) stone which had been held by the Swedes churches built in Ladoga in the 12th century. The wall was brightly decorated with fresco painting, the most since 1612. In the late 18th century famous image – St. Kirik.

russia MOSCOW oresheK 39 fortress 50 *1 Photos: State Museum of the History of St Petersburg Golovin Tower and stairs to the roofed passage on the parapet The fi rst Shlisselburg Fortress Oreshek German attacks during the Second World Gosudareva (Tsar’s) Tower was built of timber in 1323 by the Nov- War severely damaged the fortress. gorodians on an island at the head of the Restoration work has been carried out River Neva on Lake Ladoga. During a battle since 1965. Today Oreshek Fortress is contact between the Russians and the Swedes in under the authority of the St. Petersburg 1349 it was destroyed by fi re and in 1352 Museum of History. the Russians built a new stone fortress consisting of three low rectangular towers Oreshek Fortress connected by walls. In the late 15th and Novgorodians built early 16th century it was again replaced Oreshek Fortress 1323 Oreshek Fortress by a new powerful fortifi cation with seven Novgorodian lands were taken over Shlisselburg massive towers of which only fi ve by Moscow 1471–1478 Leningrad Region have survived to the present day. Part of Sweden 1612–1702 RU-18869 When the Swedes captured Oreshek in Russian since 1702 Russian Federation May 1612 they named it Nöteborg and when the Russians recaptured it in 1702 Tel. + 7 921 951 91 32, it was named Shlisselburg, which is derived Tel. + 7 812 230 64 31 from the German word Schlüsselburg meaning “key-castle” = the key to the [email protected] Baltic Sea (Gulf of Finland). From the end www.spbmuseum.ru of the 18th century until the October Revolution of 1917 the fortress was used *1 Memorial complex dedicated to the defenders of as a political prison. Oreshek Fortress during the Second World War and the ruins of St. John’s Cathedral