How It Works - Book of Amazing Technology, Volume 01-11

Early cannons were crude affairs with barrels made from wooden or wrought-iron staves held together by iron hoops. If the explosive mixture was too powerful it was likely to destroy the weapon rather than actually fi re a projectile towards the enemy.Barrel-making techniques were replaced by bell-making technology, with the production of cast brass cannons. Improvements in the casting of bronze cannons in the mid-14th Century meant that more powerful gunpowder mixtures – of sulphur, charcoal and saltpetre – could be employed with more deadly results.In the mid-16th Century, the development of cast iron cannons brought down the cost of production and enabled an even wider deployment of this weapon. The use of cannons meant that castles and fortifi ed buildings were no longer able to withstand long sieges. Large and complex star-shaped fortifi cations were introduced to cope with this danger; this had the effect of centralising power as only the richest could afford them. The weapon that changed the nature of warfareThecannonGunpowderIn the late-15th Century water was added to gunpowder to form granules or mill cakes, making it easier to store and more efficient.CannonballSpherical, solid cannonballs were made from dressed stone, lead or iron.Torch-holeGunpowder or a fuse is placed in the torch hole and ignited to fire the cannon.Looms, while appearing rather complex, are actually fundamentally simple machines that work by holding two sets of parallel threads within a frame that alternate with each other as a cross thread is fi ltered through them carried by a shuttle (a wooden block in which thread can be stored pre-weave). By doing this cloths and fabrics can be weaved on a large scale quickly and in far greater numbers than if undertaken freeform by hand. Since their initial construction in the 5th Century BC, the basic mechanics of looms have remained unchanged, with only a long succession of improvements introduced to the system. The most notable addition was the introduction of a drive-shaft power source, allowing for mechanised looms to be mass-produced and slowly evolved to the point of complete automation. Indeed, today it is argued by historians that the power loom was central to the development of the Industrial Revolution and has contributed greatly to the proliferation of large and high-quality fabrics worldwide. Integral to the art of weaving, the loom is an ancient but highly refi ned machineHeddleA heddle is a cord or wire divider used to separate the warp threads for the passage of the weft.ShedThe temporary separation between the upper and lower warp yarn through which the weft is woven.ShuttleA small tool that stores weft yarn while weaving. Shuttles are passed back and forth through the shed and between the threads of the warp.TreadleOperated by foot to produce a reciprocating motion in the heddle.WaddingHemp oakum wadding rammed into the barrel either side of the cannonball keeps it firmly in position.RamrodWhen loaded, the ramrod is used to pack the wadding and cannonball firmly against the gunpowder. If not packed properly, the powder will burn instead of exploding.The development of the cannon continued through the centuriesMOST CLASSICALReady, aim, fi re!WarpThe set of lengthwise yarns through which the weft is woven.YarnThis is a continuous length of interlocked fibres suitable for weaving.WeftThe weft is the yarn that is drawn through the warp to create a fabric.2011. Power loom Edmund Cartwright created the fi rst power loom in England way back in 1785.Head to Head2. Hand loomThe loom of choice before the industrial revolution, the hand loom allowed cloth and fabrics to be woven on a large scale.3. Warp-weightedSimilar in mechanics to the back strap loom, apart from the fact that it is arranged vertically and uses physical weights to keep the thread taut.Howdoesaloomwork?MOST MECHANICALMOST BASICEarly cannons were crude affairs with barrels made from wooden or wrought-iron staves held together by iron hoops. If the explosive mixture was too powerful it was likely to destroy the weapon rather than actually fi re a projectile towards the enemy.Barrel-making techniques were replaced by bell-making technology, with the production of cast brass cannons. Improvements in the casting of bronze cannons in the mid-14th Century meant that more powerful gunpowder mixtures – of sulphur, charcoal and saltpetre – could be employed with more deadly results.In the mid-16th Century, the development of cast iron cannons brought down the cost of production and enabled an even wider deployment of this weapon. The use of cannons meant that castles and fortifi ed buildings were no longer able to withstand long sieges. Large and complex star-shaped fortifi cations were introduced to cope with this danger; this had the effect of centralising power as only the richest could afford them. The weapon that changed the nature of warfareThe cannon GunpowderIn the late-15th Century water was added to gunpowder to form granules or mill cakes, making it easier to store and more efficient.CannonballSpherical, solid cannonballs were made from dressed stone, lead or iron.Torch-holeGunpowder or a fuse is placed in the torch hole and ignited to fire the cannon.Looms, while appearing rather complex, are actually fundamentally simple machines that work by holding two sets of parallel threads within a frame that alternate with each other as a cross thread is fi ltered through them carried by a shuttle (a wooden block in which thread can be stored pre-weave). By doing this cloths and fabrics can be weaved on a large scale quickly and in far greater numbers than if undertaken freeform by hand. Since their initial construction in the 5th Century BC, the basic mechanics of looms have remained unchanged, with only a long succession of improvements introduced to the system. The most notable addition was the introduction of a drive-shaft power source, allowing for mechanised looms to be mass-produced and slowly evolved to the point of complete automation. Indeed, today it is argued by historians that the power loom was central to the development of the Industrial Revolution and has contributed greatly to the proliferation of large and high-quality fabrics worldwide. Integral to the art of weaving, the loom is an ancient but highly refi ned machineHeddleA heddle is a cord or wire divider used to separate the warp threads for the passage of the weft.ShedThe temporary separation between the upper and lower warp yarn through which the weft is woven.ShuttleA small tool that stores weft yarn while weaving. Shuttles are passed back and forth through the shed and between the threads of the warp.TreadleOperated by foot to produce a reciprocating motion in the heddle.WaddingHemp oakum wadding rammed into the barrel either side of the cannonball keeps it firmly in position.RamrodWhen loaded, the ramrod is used to pack the wadding and cannonball firmly against the gunpowder. If not packed properly, the powder will burn instead of exploding.The development of the cannon continued through the centuriesMOST CLASSICALReady, aim, fi re!WarpThe set of lengthwise yarns through which the weft is woven.YarnThis is a continuous length of interlocked fibres suitable for weaving.WeftThe weft is the yarn that is drawn through the warp to create a fabric.2011. Power loom Edmund Cartwright created the fi rst power loom in England way back in 1785.Head to Head2. Hand loomThe loom of choice before the industrial revolution, the hand loom allowed cloth and fabrics to be woven on a large scale.3. Warp-weightedSimilar in mechanics to the back strap loom, apart from the fact that it is arranged vertically and uses physical weights to keep the thread taut.How does a loom work?MOST MECHANICALMOST BASIC

How do they work and what do you need to do to make them detonate?Naval mines are a contact-initiated type of explosive that can either be moored to the ocean floor by steel cables or left free to drift around unimpeded. Modern contact mines work by encasing a large quantity of an explosive substance – such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) – in a spherical metal shell covered with hollow lead protuberances, each containing a glass vial filled with sulphuric acid. When crushed by the hull of a ship or submarine, these protuberances, known as Hertz Horns, cause the vial inside to break and the acid to run down into a lead-acid battery stripped of acid electrolyte. The mixing of the freed acid with the battery energises it, triggering the electronic detonator and causing the mine’s substance to ignite and explode.Damage rendered to vessels by contact mines is three-fold. First, the explosive substance will cause direct damage – ie a hole in the hull will be blown open. This will cause severe damage to multiple watertight compartments and expose nearby crew to severe shrapnel debris. If the vessel is of small dimensions, an explosion of this type will likely sink it; if of large dimensions, it will cause it to become immobile. Second, when the mine explodes it will cause a bubble within the water, which – due to the difference in localised pressure – will collapse from the bottom. If this collapse occurs onto the ship’s hull its force can puncture a metre-wide hole straight through the ship, killing all crew in its path instantly. Finally, contact mine explosions produce a shock wave that can cause any nearby vessel to resonate violently, causing engines to rip from their housing cases of large ships and breaking smaller ones apart entirely. NavalminesBringing automatic music to the massesThe music or musical box consists of a cylinder that is rotated by a small clockwork mechanism. Pins placed on the cylinder pluck the teeth of a stationary steel comb to create a tune (or ‘air’ as it is sometimes called). The movement works best in a wooden box as it acts as an ideal medium for transmitting and amplifying the sound. Music boxes quickly came into vogue in the 19th Century when they were first made by watchmakers in Switzerland. These devices could become quite elaborate and employed multiple cylinders or discs to play complex tunes. Today, they are still popular as jewellery boxes and as novelties, and can be highly sought-after by collectors. © Simon A Eugster, 2010Inside the boxCylinderPins are set in the cylinder to create the tune. One rotation of the cylinder plays the whole tune. Steel combThe pins of the cylinder pluck the teeth of the comb as it rotates. Each tooth plays a different musical note.Spring housing and speed governorA key is used to wind up the spring mechanism. When the mechanism is released the speed governor controls how fast the spring unwinds ensuring the correct rotation speed of the cylinder.Weighted stopperThis brass cylinder stops the movement from playing. When this is tilted to the right or attached to a box lid, it releases the speed governor, allowing the movement to play.Early music boxesBase or bedplateThe whole mechanism is usually mounted on a brass base plate and fitted inside a wooden box.ExplosiveThe innards of the mine are stocked with an explosive substance, such as TNT, minol or amatol.A contact mine exploding during World War II© AshikHertz HornThese lead protuberances contain a glass vial filled with sulphuric acid that, when crushed, release their contents to energise the battery.DetonatorOnce powered by the energised battery, the detonator ignites its primary material causing the explosive substance to detonate.CasingThe shell of the mine is made from a buoyant metal or plastic composite. They have a typical mass of 200kg.INVENTIONS202 Naval mines / Music boxesHow do they work and what do you need to do to make them detonate?Naval mines are a contact-initiated type of explosive that can either be moored to the ocean floor by steel cables or left free to drift around unimpeded. Modern contact mines work by encasing a large quantity of an explosive substance – such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) – in a spherical metal shell covered with hollow lead protuberances, each containing a glass vial filled with sulphuric acid. When crushed by the hull of a ship or submarine, these protuberances, known as Hertz Horns, cause the vial inside to break and the acid to run down into a lead-acid battery stripped of acid electrolyte. The mixing of the freed acid with the battery energises it, triggering the electronic detonator and causing the mine’s substance to ignite and explode.Damage rendered to vessels by contact mines is three-fold. First, the explosive substance will cause direct damage – ie a hole in the hull will be blown open. This will cause severe damage to multiple watertight compartments and expose nearby crew to severe shrapnel debris. If the vessel is of small dimensions, an explosion of this type will likely sink it; if of large dimensions, it will cause it to become immobile. Second, when the mine explodes it will cause a bubble within the water, which – due to the difference in localised pressure – will collapse from the bottom. If this collapse occurs onto the ship’s hull its force can puncture a metre-wide hole straight through the ship, killing all crew in its path instantly. Finally, contact mine explosions produce a shock wave that can cause any nearby vessel to resonate violently, causing engines to rip from their housing cases of large ships and breaking smaller ones apart entirely. Naval minesBringing automatic music to the massesThe music or musical box consists of a cylinder that is rotated by a small clockwork mechanism. Pins placed on the cylinder pluck the teeth of a stationary steel comb to create a tune (or ‘air’ as it is sometimes called). The movement works best in a wooden box as it acts as an ideal medium for transmitting and amplifying the sound. Music boxes quickly came into vogue in the 19th Century when they were first made by watchmakers in Switzerland. These devices could become quite elaborate and employed multiple cylinders or discs to play complex tunes. Today, they are still popular as jewellery boxes and as novelties, and can be highly sought-after by collectors. © Simon A Eugster, 2010Inside the boxCylinderPins are set in the cylinder to create the tune. One rotation of the cylinder plays the whole tune. Steel combThe pins of the cylinder pluck the teeth of the comb as it rotates. Each tooth plays a different musical note.Spring housing and speed governorA key is used to wind up the spring mechanism. When the mechanism is released the speed governor controls how fast the spring unwinds ensuring the correct rotation speed of the cylinder.Weighted stopperThis brass cylinder stops the movement from playing. When this is tilted to the right or attached to a box lid, it releases the speed governor, allowing the movement to play.Early music boxesBase or bedplateThe whole mechanism is usually mounted on a brass base plate and fitted inside a wooden box.ExplosiveThe innards of the mine are stocked with an explosive substance, such as TNT, minol or amatol.A contact mine exploding during World War II© AshikHertz HornThese lead protuberances contain a glass vial filled with sulphuric acid that, when crushed, release their contents to energise the battery.DetonatorOnce powered by the energised battery, the detonator ignites its primary material causing the explosive substance to detonate.CasingThe shell of the mine is made from a buoyant metal or plastic composite. They have a typical mass of 200kg.INVENTIONS202 Naval mines / Music boxes

5 TOP GAMESATARI 26001Pac-Man was adapted from an arcade game. It involves using the joystick to move Pac-Man through a maze. The object is to eat as many pac-dots as possible while avoiding ghosts. Pac-Man2 Created by David Crane, a former employee of Atari who cofounded Activision. You have to make Harry run and jump through jungles to grab gold and diamonds.Pitfall!3 Another arcade game ported to the 2600, here you command missiles and protect yourself from attacks in the war between the planets Zardon and Krytol.Missile Command4 Programmed for the 2600 by Rob Fulop – who cofounded Imagic and PF Magic – fl ying demons come from the sides of the screen to attack you on the planet Krybor.Demon Attack5 The aim of the game is to get ET to collect parts of an interplanetary telephone, so that he can phone home. You then have to race to catch a spaceship.ET: The Extra-TerrestrialAtari2600For millions of people this was their fi rst ever home computerA new version of the 2600 was released in 1985, dubbed the ‘2600 Jr’ DID YOU KNOW?© AtariThe Atari 2600 was launched in October 1977 as the Atari VCS (Video Computing System). The 2600 microprocessor-based games console used read-only memory (ROM) cartridges. Before its demise at the end of 1991, 40 million 2600s were sold worldwide and 900 games titles were created for it.The console was supplied with an AC adaptor that plugged into the mains socket, and an aerial cable that connected the machine to the aerial socket of a domestic television set. It was controlled using the supplied joystick with a firing button on its side, and by switches on the console that could alter the difficulty level for each player and select games on the cartridge.At the core of the machine are three computer chips, the 6532 RAM-I/O Timer (RIOT), MOS Technology 6507 central processing unit (CPU) and Atari’s 6505 television interface adapter (TIA). All together, the system had 128 bytes of random access memory (RAM) and the games had a maximum memory of four kilobytes.Although not as powerful as other machines of the period, its on-screen graphics were able to feature animated characters or objects that you could control in colourful settings and situations. This allowed greater flexibility for games programmers and more involvement and fun for all 2600 players. For more info and images of the exposed Atari 2600, visit the gadget surgeons at ifi xit.comwho kindly contributed the photos and fi ndings for this article.Learn moreThe 2600 was originally bundled with Combat and then with Pac-Man in 1982, and as its popularity grew many independent software companies cropped up to develop games for it. Combat featured 27 videogames involving battles between tanks or biplanes with various options for one or two players. However, sales of the 2600 were disappointing until they adapted the Space Invaders arcade game in 1980. It was ideal for the system, as it involved fast action, colourful invaders who continually rained shots down onto you. Using the joystick, you dodged and shot at the invaders to get the highest score possible. People bought the 2600 just to play this game alone.Atari was overly optimistic about sales of Pac-Man, and the film inspired ET: The Extra-Terrestrial adventure game. They sold well (7 million and 1.5 million respectively) but over-production and returns prompted a crash in the games industry in 1983 and with it came the end of the golden age of videogame production.Game playerCoverCover of four-switch model built between 1980 and 1982, with ‘wood’ veneer.Inside an Atari2600,Four-Switch ModelBaseMotherboard is screwed on to the base at a 30-degree angle.Aerial cableConnects the 2600 to a domestic TV set.Metal shieldThis metal casing protects the electronic circuitry from electromagnetic interference (EMI).MotherboardThree microprocessor chipsTop to bottom:6532 RIOT chip6507 CPU chip6505 TIA chipRF modulatorVoltage regulatorGame cartridge slotFour control switches© iFixit.com© iFixit.com© iFixit.com2035 TOP GAMESATARI 26001Pac-Man was adapted from an arcade game. It involves using the joystick to move Pac-Man through a maze. The object is to eat as many pac-dots as possible while avoiding ghosts. Pac-Man2 Created by David Crane, a former employee of Atari who cofounded Activision. You have to make Harry run and jump through jungles to grab gold and diamonds.Pitfall!3 Another arcade game ported to the 2600, here you command missiles and protect yourself from attacks in the war between the planets Zardon and Krytol.Missile Command4 Programmed for the 2600 by Rob Fulop – who cofounded Imagic and PF Magic – fl ying demons come from the sides of the screen to attack you on the planet Krybor.Demon Attack5 The aim of the game is to get ET to collect parts of an interplanetary telephone, so that he can phone home. You then have to race to catch a spaceship.ET: The Extra-TerrestrialAtari 2600For millions of people this was their fi rst ever home computerA new version of the 2600 was released in 1985, dubbed the ‘2600 Jr’ DID YOU KNOW?©The Atari 2600 was launched in October 1977 as the Atari VCS (Video Computing System). The 2600 microprocessor-based games console used read-only memory (ROM) cartridges. Before its demise at the end of 1991, 40 million 2600s were sold worldwide and 900 games titles were created for it.The console was supplied with an AC adaptor that plugged into the mains socket, and an aerial cable that connected the machine to the aerial socket of a domestic television set. It was controlled using the supplied joystick with a firing button on its side, and by switches on the console that could alter the difficulty level for each player and select games on the cartridge.At the core of the machine are three computer chips, the 6532 RAM-I/O Timer (RIOT), MOS Technology 6507 central processing unit (CPU) and Atari’s 6505 television interface adapter (TIA). All together, the system had 128 bytes of random access memory (RAM) and the games had a maximum memory of four kilobytes.Although not as powerful as other machines of the period, its on-screen graphics were able to feature animated characters or objects that you could control in colourful settings and situations. This allowed greater flexibility for games programmers and more involvement and fun for all 2600 players. For more info and images of the exposed Atari 2600, visit the gadget surgeons at ifi xit.comwho kindly contributed the photos and fi ndings for this article.Learn moreThe 2600 was originally bundled with Combat and then with Pac-Man in 1982, and as its popularity grew many independent software companies cropped up to develop games for it. Combat featured 27 videogames involving battles between tanks or biplanes with various options for one or two players. However, sales of the 2600 were disappointing until they adapted the Space Invaders arcade game in 1980. It was ideal for the system, as it involved fast action, colourful invaders who continually rained shots down onto you. Using the joystick, you dodged and shot at the invaders to get the highest score possible. People bought the 2600 just to play this game alone.Atari was overly optimistic about sales of Pac-Man, and the film inspired ET: The Extra-Terrestrial adventure game. They sold well (7 million and 1.5 million respectively) but over-production and returns prompted a crash in the games industry in 1983 and with it came the end of the golden age of videogame production.Game playerCoverCover of four-switch model built between 1980 and 1982, with ‘wood’ veneer.Inside an Atari 2600, Four-Switch ModelBaseMotherboard is screwed on to the base at a 30-degree angle.Aerial cableConnects the 2600 to a domestic TV set.Metal shieldThis metal casing protects the electronic circuitry from electromagnetic interference (EMI).MotherboardThree microprocessor chipsTop to bottom:6532 RIOT chip6507 CPU chip6505 TIA chipRF modulatorVoltage regulatorGame cartridge slotFour control switches© iFixit.com© iFixit.com© iFixit.com203

Man of warManofwarSpanning a variety of ship designs from the 1500s to 1850, but typifi ed by the galleon and ship of the line class of vessels, man of war ships were exemplars of ship-building expertise, delivering high manoeuvrability, storage capacity and fi repower. They worked by taking the roundship and cog ship designs that had been the staple for European trade, transport and warfare since medieval times – both were powered by oars instead of sails – and added multiple masts, decks and cannons as well as more advanced rudder systems. These additions meant that long-scale voyages were now possible, opening up the largely uncharted world to nations and merchants looking to exploit the Earth’s natural resources – events that lead to the great Age of Discovery.One of the most notable man of war ship designs was that devised by Sir John Hawkins, treasurer and controller of the British Royal Navy for Elizabeth the 1st, and a key player in defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588. Hawkins’ man of war – a name chosen by Henry VIII – was adapted from the Spanish galleon and Portuguese carrack and had three masts, was 60 metres long and sported a maximum of 124 cannons, four at the front, eight at the back and 56 on each side. Powered by sail and with a high (for the time) top speed of nine knots, Hawkins’ man of war proved to be incredibly successful through the 17th and 18th Centuries. It was chosen and adapted by Sir Francis Drake on numerous expeditions.The last man of war ships to be designed were the grade-1 listed ships of the line in the late 18th and 19th Centuries. These were colossal warships designed to be used in line of battle warfare, a naval tactic where two columns of opposing ships would try to out-manoeuvre each other to bring their largest cannons into range of the enemy. They were built primarily for combat and, as demonstrated on Lord Nelson’s fl agship HMS Victory – which sported a massive array of 32, 24 and 12-pounder cannons – were incredibly well-armed. For these fi rst-rate ships of the line, trade was merely an afterthought, coming behind transport, diplomacy and combat in both functionally and priority. HMS Victory: one of the fi nest man of war examplesHighly versatile and powerful ships capable of trade, diplomacy and combat, the man of war was the most prominent of armed ships from the 16th to 19th CenturyThe galleon became a major fi ghting shipINVENTIONS204 Man of warMan of warSpanning a variety of ship designs from the 1500s to 1850, but typifi ed by the galleon and ship of the line class of vessels, man of war ships were exemplars of ship-building expertise, delivering high manoeuvrability, storage capacity and fi repower. They worked by taking the roundship and cog ship designs that had been the staple for European trade, transport and warfare since medieval times – both were powered by oars instead of sails – and added multiple masts, decks and cannons as well as more advanced rudder systems. These additions meant that long-scale voyages were now possible, opening up the largely uncharted world to nations and merchants looking to exploit the Earth’s natural resources – events that lead to the great Age of Discovery.One of the most notable man of war ship designs was that devised by Sir John Hawkins, treasurer and controller of the British Royal Navy for Elizabeth the 1st, and a key player in defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588. Hawkins’ man of war – a name chosen by Henry VIII – was adapted from the Spanish galleon and Portuguese carrack and had three masts, was 60 metres long and sported a maximum of 124 cannons, four at the front, eight at the back and 56 on each side. Powered by sail and with a high (for the time) top speed of nine knots, Hawkins’ man of war proved to be incredibly successful through the 17th and 18th Centuries. It was chosen and adapted by Sir Francis Drake on numerous expeditions.The last man of war ships to be designed were the grade-1 listed ships of the line in the late 18th and 19th Centuries. These were colossal warships designed to be used in line of battle warfare, a naval tactic where two columns of opposing ships would try to out-manoeuvre each other to bring their largest cannons into range of the enemy. They were built primarily for combat and, as demonstrated on Lord Nelson’s fl agship HMS Victory – which sported a massive array of 32, 24 and 12-pounder cannons – were incredibly well-armed. For these fi rst-rate ships of the line, trade was merely an afterthought, coming behind transport, diplomacy and combat in both functionally and priority. HMS Victory: one of the fi nest man of war examplesHighly versatile and powerful ships capable of trade, diplomacy and combat, the man of war was the most prominent of armed ships from the 16th to 19th CenturyThe galleon became a major fi ghting shipINVENTIONS204

5 TOP FACTSMAN OF WAR SHIPS1 The man of war developed from the earlier Portuguese trading ship the caravel, which was designed by Prince Henry the Navigator for exploration and to expand trade routes.Caravel2 During the 15th Century the caravel was adapted by the Spanish into the larger galleon-type ship. These ships were more heavily armed than their predecessors.Galleon3 The fi rst English man of war was named by Henry VIII in the 16th Century, who used the ships to travel while performing diplomatic missions abroad.Henry VIII 4 Heading up Henry VIII’s naval development was John Hawkins, the ship builder and slave trader who went on to be knighted after the Spanish navy was destroyed in 1588. 15885 The versatility of the man of war didn’t go unnoticed, with explorer Sir Francis Drake adapting its design to develop a smaller more agile ship referred to as the frigate.DrakeThe man of war replaced the European cog as the main trading vessel in the 16th and 17th Centuries DID YOU KNOW?Man of war evolutionFollow the chronological development of the man of war15th-16th Century (caravel)A small, highly manoeuvrable sailing ship developed in the 15th Century by the Portuguese, the caravel was the predominant exploration and trading vessel at the time operating in Europe and Africa. It was also used in naval warfare.15th-16th Century (carrack)A three or four-masted ship used in Europe, the carrack is considered the forerunner of the great ships of the age of sail. Slightly larger than the caravel it could undertake longer trading journeys. It was armed with few cannons.16th-18th Century (galleon)Used for both trade and warfare, the galleon evolved from the carrack, and included a lowered forecastle and elongated hull for improved stability and manoeuvrability. It had multiple cannons on multiple decks and became a major fi ghting ship.17th-19th Century (frigate)Smaller than galleons, frigates were similar to ships of the line but were faster and lightly armed. They were often used for patrolling and escort missions as well as protecting trade ships and trade routes with their cannons and crew.17th-19th Century (ship of the line)The largest ships built in the great age of sail were ships of the line, massive warships designed to engage with each other in line warfare. These were primarily combat vehicles and sported monumental firepower.©Inside the man of warWhat made this ship design so dominant for so long?CargoEarly man of war ships were primarily used for exploration and trading even though they were armed. Their cargo was diverse due to the exotic locations they visited and included foodstuffs, precious metals and slaves. CannonsWhile various types of cannons were used on man of war ships, 2,540kg demi-cannons were popular thanks to their 490-metre range and six-inch calibre. Demi-culverins and sakers were also installed in various quantities.MastsCommon to man of war ships was a two- to four-mast design. These included the rear mizzen mast, central main mast and forward foremast. Not all man of war ships were square rigged, however.QuarterdeckThe quarterdeck was the area of the ship where ceremonial functions took place and, while in port, the central control point for all major activities.AnchorDue to the large size of the ships used Ð with much room needed for their extensive cargo, cannons and crew members Ð the size of the anchor was also massive, requiring many men to winch it up from the ocean floor.© DK ImagesA galleon had plenty of fi repower at its disposal2055 TOP FACTSMAN OF WAR SHIPS1 The man of war developed from the earlier Portuguese trading ship the caravel, which was designed by Prince Henry the Navigator for exploration and to expand trade routes.Caravel2 During the 15th Century the caravel was adapted by the Spanish into the larger galleon-type ship. These ships were more heavily armed than their predecessors.Galleon3 The fi rst English man of war was named by Henry VIII in the 16th Century, who used the ships to travel while performing diplomatic missions abroad.Henry VIII 4 Heading up Henry VIII’s naval development was John Hawkins, the ship builder and slave trader who went on to be knighted after the Spanish navy was destroyed in 1588. 15885 The versatility of the man of war didn’t go unnoticed, with explorer Sir Francis Drake adapting its design to develop a smaller more agile ship referred to as the frigate.DrakeThe man of war replaced the European cog as the main trading vessel in the 16th and 17th Centuries DID YOU KNOW?Man of war evolutionFollow the chronological development of the man of war15th-16th Century (caravel)A small, highly manoeuvrable sailing ship developed in the 15th Century by the Portuguese, the caravel was the predominant exploration and trading vessel at the time operating in Europe and Africa. It was also used in naval warfare.15th-16th Century (carrack)A three or four-masted ship used in Europe, the carrack is considered the forerunner of the great ships of the age of sail. Slightly larger than the caravel it could undertake longer trading journeys. It was armed with few cannons.16th-18th Century (galleon)Used for both trade and warfare, the galleon evolved from the carrack, and included a lowered forecastle and elongated hull for improved stability and manoeuvrability. It had multiple cannons on multiple decks and became a major fi ghting ship.17th-19th Century (frigate)Smaller than galleons, frigates were similar to ships of the line but were faster and lightly armed. They were often used for patrolling and escort missions as well as protecting trade ships and trade routes with their cannons and crew.17th-19th Century (ship of the line)The largest ships built in the great age of sail were ships of the line, massive warships designed to engage with each other in line warfare. These were primarily combat vehicles and sported monumental fi repower.©Inside the man of warWhat made this ship design so dominant for so long?CargoEarly man of war ships were primarily used for exploration and trading even though they were armed. Their cargo was diverse due to the exotic locations they visited and included foodstuffs, precious metals and slaves. CannonsWhile various types of cannons were used on man of war ships, 2,540kg demi-cannons were popular thanks to their 490-metre range and six-inch calibre. Demi-culverins and sakers were also installed in various quantities.MastsCommon to man of war ships was a two- to four-mast design. These included the rear mizzen mast, central main mast and forward foremast. Not all man of war ships were square rigged, however.QuarterdeckThe quarterdeck was the area of the ship where ceremonial functions took place and, while in port, the central control point for all major activities.AnchorDue to the large size of the ships used – with much room needed for their extensive cargo, cannons and crew members – the size of the anchor was also massive, requiring many men to winch it up from the ocean floor.© DK ImagesA galleon had plenty of fi repower at its disposal205

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