How It Works Illustrated: History of the World

51 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

52 Fish Pin Throwing stick House Ox head The amount of the world’s population uses an alphabet based on the early Latin 70% 1100 BC The Phoenician alphabet followed in the same region 1700 BC The Middle East gave birth to the Proto- Canaanite alphabet How did the alphabet start? In around 1,700 BC, workers in Egypt started to use a script to communicate. Over thousands of years this developed into the fi rst alphabet A man calling Arm WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

53 The following word is written with Phoenician letters from more than 3,000 years ago. Can you fi gure out what it is? Sometimes more than one letter can come from the same symbol Try this challenge and you could win a free issue Email us with your answer See page 9 Today The alphabet we use today evolved from Latin WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

A man’s head Snake Palm Eye Plant Try writing your name out in the different alphabets. What does it look like? Water The name given to the Ancient Egyptian symbols that were used for writing Hieroglyphs 54 1100 BC 1700 BC Bow Weapon WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

55 Today WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

When did we start using money? Money was fi rst used by humans more than 4,000 years ago , but it wasn’t money like we know it. Iron rods, barley and even shells were used to buy everyday goods Peng China 1500 BC Cowrie shells were believed to be valuable in Ancient China. Ten cowries were called one ‘peng’. Wu Zhu money China 100 AD The ancient Chinese people also used coins with square holes in them. This meant they could hang the coins on a necklace for safe keeping. Knossos drachma Greece 400 BC The Greeks told each other many fantastic stories. This coin shows their famous tale of a mythical maze. Spade coin China 800-700 BC Some ancient Chinese coins were shaped like knives or spades. Salt Italy 2200 BC The Romans paid soldiers’ wages in salt packs – that’s where the word ‘salary’ comes from. 56 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Solidus Byzantine Empire 900 AD The Byzantines ruled the Mediterranean for a thousand years after the Romans. Key coin China 9 AD Chinese money took many different forms, including keys. Imagine trying to open your door with this! Stater Asia Minor 700 BC Most of our coins are perfect circles. But before machines were invented, coins were hammered by hand. Knife money China 600 BC Bronze knife coins were invented in Ancient China. A prince was running out of money, so he used knives to pay his soldiers instead. Dolphin teeth Solomon Islands Date unknown To the tribes of Malaita island, dolphin teeth are more valuable than the dollar. The size of the discs of stone used by the people of Micronesia as money 3 metres 57 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Sports of the ancient Olympics The Ancient Greeks invented the Olympic Games over 2,500 years ago . Only Greek-speaking free men could enter the games and they often competed naked! To win an Olympic wrestling match in Ancient Greece, a competitor had to throw his opponent successfully to the ground three times. Wrestlers weren’t allowed to bite each other, although breaking fi ngers was allowed. Greek vases like this show us what the sports were like. This one portrays a race called the Hoplitodromos. In this race, the athletes would run wearing heavy armour and carrying shields and weapons. 58 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The discus was another throwing event that still exists in today’s Olympic Games. Competitors in the discus would throw a plate-like disc of stone or metal by spinning around on the spot and releasing it at just the right moment. The Ancient Greeks had four running events in the Olympic Games, with distances that ranged from 192 metres to over 4,000 metres. For one of these races, the competitors wore full battle armour! The ‘javelin’ was a length of wood nearly two metres long with a sharpened end. Those who took part in this event clasped the javelin at its base and threw it like a spear as far as they could until it stuck in the ground. The furthest javelin-thrower won. Like today’s Olympic Games, long-jumpers in the ancient Olympics ran up to a line in the sand and tried to jump as far as they could. Unlike today, they also had weights called ‘halteres’ in their hands, which they used to increase the distance of their jump. 59 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Gods of the Ancient Greeks The Ancient Greeks worshipped lots of gods and goddesses . There was a god or a goddess for almost everything , including love, war and wisdom 60 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

61 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How fast was a Roman chariot? These horse-drawn carriages were used by the Romans for war and racing over 2,000 years ago . Racing chariots were super fast ! Experts have guessed that these racing carriages would speed around a Roman stadium at up to 50 kilometres per hour. That’s the speed that modern cars travel around town at! They were able to work this out because they know how fast horses are, how heavy the chariots were and how long the racetracks were. The chariots soldiers used were strong and heavy. Racing chariots were built from wood and woven sticks, so they were much lighter and faster. Charioteers had to be skilled drivers, as the tracks were sandy and had tight corners. This meant that deadly crashes between contestants could happen easily. The Roman name for chariot pulled by two horses. Quadrigae had four horses Bigae 62 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The riders were protected by leather helmets and shin pads. They wore coloured team tunics and held a whip and a knife. Chariots were made as lightweight and agile as possible to help cornering and speed. They were built out of wood. Horses were bred especially for the races. There were two-horse chariots, like this one, and four-horse chariots, which were even faster! 63 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

01 The Romans used sea sponges on long sticks called ‘spongia’ to wipe their bottoms after going to the toilet. If it was being used or there wasn’t one available, you could always use a piece of moss or a leaf instead. 02 The Romans attempted to carry out medical operations to cure and prevent illness and disease. Unfortunately, anaesthetics hadn’t been invented so these operations were done while the poor patient was still awake. 04 Some gruesome ingredients were used to keep their teeth clean. Toothpaste could be made out of anything from mouse brains to the hooves and shells of animals. If that wasn’t enough, you could wash your mouth with wee, another Roman tradition. 05 The rich would lie down and eat until they were stuffed. It was common practice to then throw A dormouse was a snack A popular snack was dormice, which were often served roasted in honey. They accidentally poisoned themselves A toxic metal called lead was used as make-up. 16 gross things about the Romans The Romans are famous for their amazing army and astounding architecture , but they could be a pretty disgusting bunch too… 03 06 66 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

up the food and start eating again. However, a ‘vomitorium’ was a name for an exit and not, in fact, a place to be sick. 08 The Roman dinner would include snails fattened on milk, peacocks’ brains, fl amingos’ tongues, hares and pigeons. The fl our that made the bread sometimes picked up dust and dirt, which made it wear down people’s teeth. 10 Gladiators were the celebrities of Ancient Rome and many stories have been told about them. One of the oddest must be the belief that gladiator blood could cure diseases such as epilepsy. 11 If blood wasn’t bad enough, women wore the sweat of gladiators as a fragrance. They believed that it improved their skin and made them prettier and healthier. 12 Not only did they wash their mouths out with it, but the Romans also cleaned their clothes with urine. They thought the ammonia that’s in wee cleaned all the muck and grime really well. They then dried out the A haircut was a painful experience Roman hairdressers pulled beard hairs out one by one! They didn’t wash much Romans, especially the poor, would visit the baths once every nine days. Romans used metal to clean themselves Romans scraped their bodies clean with a small metal tool called a ‘strigil’. wet, stinking clothes in the heat of the Mediterranean sun. 14 The Romans knew a lot about medicine for the time. But they would treat headaches by cutting a hole in the middle of the patient’s skull to release evil spirits. If that wasn’t bad enough, remember it was done without painkillers. 16 Far from being private like today, toilets in Ancient Rome were an open public place where citizens came to socialise as they did their business. Even more gruesomely, boys used large pottery jars on the corners of city streets. Goat fat was a hair colouring Goat fat was used to dye your hair red and blonde. 07 09 13 15 67 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How long is the Great Wall China? of The Great Wall of China was built to defend the country from invasion . It is 21,196 kilometres long – the longest structure ever built! The Great Wall of China started being built in 200 BC. It’s now so long that it could go around the Moon twice! The earliest part of the wall was constructed from earth and wood. As soon as stone bricks became available, they were added to the wall to make it even stronger. Some people say that the wall is so big you can see it from Space. But astronaut crews that have orbited the Earth found this simply isn’t true. The Great Wall of China is really made up of lots of smaller walls. The section in this picture is in a place called Badaling In the 1300s, a Chinese royal family called the Ming dynasty made the battlements higher and built watchtowers to protect China from invaders called the Mongols. One million soldiers would defend the wall against the raiders from the north. Some parts of the wall were so wide that chariots could be driven across it! 68 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The wall was so long that the only way to communicate along it was to send smoke signals. These signals were used when the wall was under attack. More smoke meant more enemies! It took over 300,000 soldiers and 500,000 workers to build the wall. That’s nearly 1 million people! It was very dangerous work, and many died doing it The Great Wall is built along what used to be China’s northern border 69 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The first fireworks 1,200 years ago , the Chinese discovered that a substance called sulphur could be used to create huge explosions . These fi reworks were used in battle The fi reworks we watch today are still based on the same science Ancient China Sulphur is a natural element that burns a bright blue when - .?)(?‡?, Sulphur 70 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Fireworks were a weapon of war The fi rst fi reworks were used to shoot arrows in battle Putting fi reworks on sticks made them shoot outward T he explosions were terrifying to enemies )(?.\" ? ..& ‡ ? & 71 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How did Vikings raid? Around 1,200 years ago , the Vikings launched surprise attacks from the sea. They stole animals , gold and even people in savage raids 72 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Who were the richest people in the world ever? All through history, there are some people who made massive piles of treasure or money. Here’s a list of the richest people who ever lived! Mansa Musa I Lived 700 years ago How much money would he have today? £240 billion / $400 billion Mansa Musa I was the ruler of the West African Malian Empire. He got his money from the empire’s huge salt and gold trade. Cleopatra Lived: 2,000 years ago How much money would she have today? £62 billion / $106 billion Cleopatra was the Queen of Egypt. Ancient stories say that she once dissolved precious pearls into vinegar and drank them with her dinner. Now that’s rich! Henry, Duke of Lancaster Lived 700 years ago How much money would he have today? £50 billion / $85 billion Henry inherited valuable farm land from his father. He then made loads more money by helping the king, and was rewarded with more land! 74 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

World of Wealth Bill Gates 58 years old How much money does he have today? £81 billion / $136 billion Bill Gates started up Microsoft in 1975. He made billions of dollars by making computers, computer programs and lots of other cool technology. John D Rockefeller Lived 80 years ago How much money would he have today? £200 billion / $340 billion USA’s fi rst billionaire was John D Rockefeller. He made his money from a massive oil empire, but gave over $530 million to charity too! William the Conqueror Lived 1,000 years ago How much money would he have today? £137 billion / $230 billion Will became King of England when he won the Battle of Hastings. He made everyone pay him lots of money in tax. $10000 , The largest US bank note ever to be used. It was issued in 1939 25OO , YEARS That’s how long !)?* )*& ?‡?,-.? started using coins Half full If Mansa Musa’s gold was put in an Olympic-sized swimming pool, it would be half full 22 blue whales The same weight as all of the gold stored at Fort Knox Bullion Depository in the United States 75 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What’s inside a medieval castle? Medieval castles were built around 1,000 years ago . They were designed for defence , which made them perfect homes for the nobles and royals to rule from The drawbridge could be raised by ropes or chains to stop attackers getting in. Without the bridge, enemies were not able to cross the moat. Moats were ditches that surrounded the castle. Most of them were full of water, but some were dry and could be fi lled with sharp spikes. Lead-coated roofs were waterproof and fi reproof. Stone walls Round tower The toilets in a castle were often just pipes that led down to the moat below. Now that’s somewhere you wouldn’t want to go for a swim! 76 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

This open space within the castle walls was full of activity. Soldiers’ rooms, animal stables and workshops for making swords and armour were found here. Bedrooms A well was used to provide everyone in the castle with water. This was essential to survival if they were ever surrounded in a siege. Prisoners were held in one of the tower rooms or in an underground jail. These places made it very diffi cult to escape without being seen. Supplies and equipment were stored here. Guests were entertained in this room. Kitchen Chimney High up on the walls, soldiers kept watch for attacks 77 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Medieval knights vs Knights of medieval Europe were talented and fearless. They trained for years and were loyal to the lords they fought for. Knights were trained to ride and fi ght on horseback. Although they never actually fought each other, knights and samurai were both heroic warriors of their time who followed strict rules A helmet protected a knight’s head but limited their vision. Wood or metal shields were used to defend against direct hits from spears. These colours, symbols and designs were unique to each knight. Metal armour protected against many deadly weapons, but was incredibly heavy. Medieval knights would compete in dangerous jousting tournaments for entertainment. 78 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Japanese samurai The samurai of Japan had legendary sword skills and were masters of martial arts. They served important landowners called ‘daimyo’. Samurai soldiers wore soft, loose clothes beneath their heavy metal armour. Large helmets were often decorated with symbols to show status. Samurai armour was made from lots of overlapping metal scales. Sharp swords called ‘katana’ could slice a man in half! Samurai would carry two swords, one long and one short. Iron plates tied around the lower legs protected their shins. Armour was fl exible so samurai could move easily while fi ghting. Simple, light shoes allowed samurai to be quick on their feet. 79 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The life of a Medieval princess Being a princess in the Middle Ages wasn’t as exciting as it looks in movies . They had complicated lives controlled by the king’s decisions 80 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The youngest age that some princesses were forced to marry at 6 81 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

What was the Renaissance ? The Renaissance was a time when there were big changes in European culture . People had lots of new ideas and were much more creative 82 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

83 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Leonardo da Vinci lived 500 years ago . He was a talented artist inventor , and scientist . His ideas are still impressive even in the modern day. Born in Italy in 1452, Leonardo da Vinci lived in what is known as the Renaissance period – a time that led to important changes in art and science. Leonardo had a lonely childhood. It is perhaps due to spending so much time alone, reading books and discovering nature, that he became so smart. He is best known for producing world- famous paintings like the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper . But Leonardo da Vinci achieved so much more in many other areas, including science, technology, mathematics, music and writing. Many of his inventions were so advanced that they were impossible to actually make at the time they were designed. The world’s The Ornithopter Why was it so clever? A human- powered fl ying device based on birds and bats Leonardo designed, and some believe built, a fl ying machine. It had wings that fl apped like those of a bird. personsmartest 84 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

facts about Leonardo Da Vinci 5 Leonardo never went to school Leonardo’s parents were never married The inventor really loved water! Leonardo was a vegetarian The genius wrote backward 85 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Who discovered the world ? Explorers crossed continents and oceans to learn more about the world around them. They would travel for weeks, months and even years to discover new lands Explorers The Pinta This is Spanish for ‘pint’. The ship was the fastest of the three. The ships of Christopher Columbus These three ships were used by Columbus on his fi rst voyage. The Niña This was Columbus’s favourite ship. It was also the smallest. 86 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The Santa Maria This was the largest of Columbus’s ships, but also the slowest. It was shipwrecked when it hit a coral reef. 87 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

88 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

89 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The king with six wives In the 1500s, rulers married for lots of different reasons. One of the most important reasons was so that the king and queen could have a son to inherit the crown. Marriage was also a way for countries to make friends and alliances, so royal women from other countries were often chosen to be the king’s wife. Henry also married women he fell in love with. But if he fell out with his wife or she didn’t give birth to a son, the marriage could end in divorce. This would have been a huge scandal at the time. In fact, he was so displeased with two of his wives that he had them beheaded! Henry VIII was king of England 500 years ago . He is one of the most famous kings because he married six different wives, and chopped the heads off two of them! Henry used to love jousting with knights until he hurt his leg in a tournament. After that he got quite fat! 90 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Age when she married Henry: 23 From: Spain Henry’s fi rst marriage lasted 24 years, but he divorced Catherine when all of their sons died. They did have one surviving child, though – the future Queen Mary I. Divorced Age when she married Henry: 32 From: England Anne and Henry married in secret just months before the waiting for Anne Boleyn birth of their only child, the future Elizabeth I. Anne was executed in 1542, as Henry said she was unfaithful. Beheaded Age when she married Henry: 28 From: England Jane had been a lady in when Henry fell in love with her. She died while giving birth to a baby boy a year after their marriage. Died Age when she married Henry: 24 From: Germany Henry and Anne didn’t meet before they were married. Henry thought she was ugly and divorced her seven months later. He gave her a castle to live in though. Divorced Age when she married Henry: 19 From: England Henry was almost 30 years older than Kathryn. Like Anne Boleyn, she was accused of being unfaithful and was beheaded at the Tower of London. Beheaded Age when she married Henry: 31 From: England Henry’s sixth and fi nal wife would outlive the king, who died just three years after their marriage. She got on very well with all of Henry’s children. Survived 91 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Who was the youngest king of all time? Alfonso XIII of Spain was the youngest-ever king, but the most famous child ruler was actually France’s Louis XIV who was king at just four years old – and that wasn’t the only reason he was so renowned… As the king of France, Louis had great power over his subjects. The symbol of the Sun showed his importance. At four years old most of us are just starting school. But when his father died, Louis was crowned King of France instead! Though it was unusual for the time, Louis loved to act and dance in plays. He often played the part of the Ancient Greek god, Apollo. During Louis XIV’s reign, France fought many wars with the Netherlands and other neighbours in order to capture territory. 92 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Louis XIV was King of France for nearly his entire life. He died at 76, which was very old for the time. The world of Louis XIV Most other kings ruled through groups of ministers, but Louis XIV decided to control everything himself. He made all the big decisions for the country almost on his own. When Louis XIV was king, France became very powerful and produced many famous artists. Philippe was Louis’s younger brother by two years. He became the Duke of Orléans at the age of 20. 72 years and 110 days 40 Louis hired over 40 wigmakers to make him sets of false hair. It was fashionable for men to wear wigs in the 1600s, but it didn’t help that he started going bald at 17! £1200 000 000 , , , He spent a fortune building the Palace of Versailles. This is one of the grandest buildings in Europe. It would have cost billions of pounds in today’s money. Louisiana, one of the states of the USA, was named after the French king by French explorers. 93 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How Native Americans lived Before the Europeans discovered North America, it was home to the American Indians . Each group, or ‘ tribe ’, had their own way of life, but none needed modern technology to get by 94 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

95 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Real-life outlaws of the Wild West These infamous criminals lived in America in the 1800s . They robbed banks, hijacked trains and had bloody shoot-outs 96 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

The reward that was offered for capturing Jesse James dead or alive! $5,000 97 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Five most pirates Throughout history these fearsome felons have terrorised the world’s oceans. Pirates captured ships and stole the treasure, killing anyone who stood in their way Black Bart Lived from 1682-1722 Born in Wales Black Bart was one of the most successful pirates to sail the seven seas. He was famous for being ‘pistol-proof’, and looted over 400 ships during his lifetime. François l’Olonnais Lived from 1635-1668 Born in France Stories say that this bloodthirsty pirate once ate a man’s heart. But he became dinner himself when he was captured by a tribe of people who wanted to eat him… CANNIBALS! bloodthirsty 98 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

Ching Shih Lived from 1775-1844 Born in China This lady took control of a pirate fl eet when her husband died. With 300 ships and 20,000 men, she terrorised the China Sea and was never defeated. Blackbeard Lived from 1680-1718 Born in England This famous and fearsome pirate would storm onto ships with a sword in each hand, and even tied fl aming fuses to his hat to scare his enemies. Long Ben Lived from 1659-1696 Born in England Long Ben became the richest pirate in the world when he captured an Indian treasure ship that was laden with gold and jewels. This is another word for stealing. Pirates stole gold and guns from other ships Looting 99 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net

How did a pointillist artist paint? Georges Seurat was a French artist who painted with thick dots of oil paint 130 years ago. You can re-create his masterpieces using a packet of felt-tip pens Try to make sure all the dots are about the same size, so that the image looks tidier. Instead of using black for the darker areas, try using a mix of blues, greens and reds. Using dots to paint was given the name pointilism. At fi rst, other artists made fun of it. 100 WorldMags.net WorldMags.net WorldMags.net