Important Announcement
PubHTML5 Scheduled Server Maintenance on (GMT) Sunday, June 26th, 2:00 am - 8:00 am.
PubHTML5 site will be inoperative during the times indicated!

Home Explore SCERT Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science I Textbooks Malayalam Medium Part 1

SCERT Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science I Textbooks Malayalam Medium Part 1

Published by shiyasahmad184, 2023-06-05 13:05:51

Description: SCERT Kerala State Syllabus 10th Standard Social Science I Textbooks Malayalam Medium Part 1

Search

Read the Text Version

["\\\\oe-\u00d8ns\u201a Id \\\"\\\"N\u00bam-c\u2265 F\u2202 t]tcm B {]tZiw C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac FhnsS \u00ffnXnsN\u00f8p-\u2202p-sh- t\u2202m, \\\\oew-Irjn sN\u00f8p\u2202 tXm\u00b4\u00df-sf-\u00b0p-dnt\u00aem F\\\\n\u00b0v bmsXmcp [mc-W-bp-an- \u221amb- nc- p\u2202- p. \\\\oe\u00d8- ns\u201a henb Nm\u00b0psI\u00b4pI- \u0192 Rm\u2265 I\u2260n\u00b4- p\u2260- mb- nc- ps- \u2202\u00b6- nepw N\u00bam-c-\\\\nse km[m-cW I\u00bfj-I\u00bf hf-sc-tbsd IjvS-X-I\u0192 A\\\\p-`-hn-\u00aemWv \\\\oew D\u00ac\u220fm-Zn-\u00aen-\u220fn-\u00aen-cp-\u2202-sX\u2202 hkvXp-Xbpw F\\\\n-\u00b0-dn-bn-\u221am-bn-cp-\u2202p. cmPvIp-am\u00bf ip\u00a2 F\u2202 km[m-c-W-\u00b0m-c-\\\\mb \\\\oewI\u00bfj-I\u2265 Xm\u2265 D\u0192s\u220f-Sp\u2202 \\\\oew-I\u00bfj- I-cpsS Zpcn-Xhpw IjvS-\u220fmSpw Ah-km-\\\\n-\u220fn-\u00b0p-hm\u2265 ]cn-{i-an-\u00ae-Xns\u201a `mK-am- bn-\u00b4mWv 1916\u02db\u00ac eIvt\\\\m-hn\u00ac h\u00aev Fs\u201a Acn-In\u00ac h\u2202-Xv. Fs\u201a \\\\n\u00bftZ-i-{]- Imcw 1916 se tIm\u00a8{K-\u00a0ns\u201a emtlm\u00bf kt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac {_nPv _m_p Intjm\u00bf {]kmZv \\\\oewI- \u00bfjI- t- cmSv klX- m]w {]IS- n\u220f- n\u00ae- ps- Im\u2260- p\u2248 {]tabw Ah-X-cn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sFI-I-WvtTy\\\\ ]mkm-\u00b0p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im\u00a8]qc- nepw B{ia- \u00d8- nepw cmPvIpa- m\u00bf Fs\u2202 ]n\u00a5pS- \u00bf\u2202p. Ah- km\\\\w Rm\u2265 I\u00ac\u00b0\u00d8 k\u03bc\u00bfin\u00b0- p\u2202 Ahk- c- \u00d8- n\u00ac N\u00bamc- \\\\- n\u00ac F\u00d8mw F\u2202p hm\u00b0p sImSp\u00d8p''. Fs\u201a kXym-t\\\\z-jW ]co-\u00a3-W-\u00df\u0192 \u02db alm-\ufb02m-Km\u2018n _nlm-dnse N\u00bam-c-\\\\n\u00ac 1917 \u00ac \\\\S\u2202 \\\\oew-I\u00bfj-I-cpsS ka-c-\u00d8n\u00ac ]s\u00b6-Sp-\u00b0m\u2265 CS- bmb kml-N-cy-amWv Km\u2018nPn B\ufb02-I-Y-bn\u00ac hnh-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202Xv. Cu {]iv\\\\-\u00df-fn\u00ac CS-s]-\u00b4p-sIm-\u2260mWv Km\u2018nPn C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac s]mXp-{]-h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\w Bcw- `n\u00b0- p\u2202- X- v. hfsc s]s\u00b4\u2202- pX- s\u2202 km[mc- W\u00b0mcpsS hnizmk- hpw AwKoI- mc- hpw t\\\\Sm\u2265 At\u00b1-l-\u00d8n\\\\v Ign-\u2122Xns\u201a Imc-W-\u00df\u0192 $ Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0-bn\u00ac Km\u2018nPn \\\\S-\u00d8nb ka-c-\u00df\u0192 $ km[mcW\u00b0msc-t]m-ep\u2248 PohnX coXn (`\u00a3-Ww, hkv{Xw, `mj) $ Alnw-k-bn\u00ac A[n-jvTn-X-amb kaccoXn. $ X\u00df-fpsS {]iv\\\\-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-l-cn-\u00b0m\u2265 Ign-bp\u2202 c\u00a3-I-\\\\mbn Km\u2018n-Pnsb hne-bn-cp\u00d8n","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I Km\u2018n-Pnbpw Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0bpw ZmZm A_vZp\u221a F\u2202 KpPd- m\u00d8nhym]mc- nb- psS tIkpI- \u0192 hmZn\u00b0- p\u2202- X- n\\\\- mbmWv Km\u2018nPn Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0-bn\u00ac F\u00d8n-b-Xv. Z\u00bf_-\\\\n\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v {]nt\u00b4m-dn-bbn-te-\u00b0p\u2248 s{Sbn\u2265 bm{X- bn\u00ac C\u00a5y-\u00b0m-c-\\\\m-b-Xp-sIm\u2260v sh\u2248-\u00b0m\u00bfs\u00b0m\u220fw H\u2202mw \u00a2mkn\u00ac bm{X sN\u00f8m\u2265 Ah-Im-i-an\u221a F\u2202p ]d-\u2122p-sIm\u2260v At\u00b1-ls\u00d8 Cd-\u00b0n-hn-\u00b4p. Npcp-\u00dfnb ka-bw-sIm- \u2260p-Xs\u2202 Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0-bnse C\u00a5y-\u00b0m\u00bf A\\\\p-`-hn-\u00b0p\u2202 h\u00bfW-hn-th-N-\\\\-\u00d8ns\u201a Xo{hX At\u00b1lw a\\\\-\u00a0n-em-\u00b0n. AhnsS D\u2260m-bn-cp\u2202 Ccp-]-s\u00d8m\u2202v h\u00bfj-\u00b0m-ehpw Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0-bnse sh\u2248-\u00b0m-c-\u221am-\u00d8-h-cpsS {]iv\\\\-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-l-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn-\\\\mWv At\u00b1lw {ian-\u00ae-Xv. Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-\u00df\u0192 Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0-bn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac Xncn-s\u00ae-\u00d8nb Km\u2018nPn CS-s]\u00b4 Nne {]mtZ-inI ka-c-\u00dffmWv NphsS \\\\\u00acIn-bn-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xv. ka-c-w {]tZiw h\u00bfjw $ N\u00bam-c\\\\nse \\\\oewI\u00bfj-I-cpsS kacw $ _nlm\u00bf $ 1917 $ Al-\u03a9-Zm-_mZnse XpWn-an\u00ac kacw $ KpPd- m\u00d8v $ 1918 $ tJUbnse I\u00bfj-I-k-acw $ KpPd- m\u00d8v $ 1918 Km\u2018nPn P\\\\\u00df- t- fmSp N\u00bam-c-\\\\nse \\\\oewI\u00bfj-I-cpsS {]iv\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac kwkmc- n\u00b0p\u2202p CS-s]\u00b4 Km\u2018nPn \\\\nb-a-ew-L-\\\\hpw kl-\\\\- k-a-chpw t]me-p\u2248 ka-c-co-Xn-I-fmWv kzoI- cn-\u00ae-Xv. Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-S\u00ac \\\\oew-I\u00bfj- I\u00bf\u00b0v A\\\\p-Iq-e-amb \\\\nbaw ]mkm-\u00b0m\u2265 A[n-Im-cn-Isf \\\\n\u00bf_-\u2018n-X-cm-\u00b0n. ka-c-\u00d8n- \\\\ptijw Km\u2018nPn N\u00bamc- s\u201a ]ptcmK- X- n\u00b0- m- bp\u2248 {]h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\- \u00df- f- n\u00ac G\u00bfs\u220f\u00b4- p. {]mYa- nI hnZym-e-b-\u00df\u0192 Bcw-`n-\u00b0pIbpw ipNo-I-cW {]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00dffpw sshZy-k-lmb {]h\u00bf\u00d8- \\\\-\u00dffpw Gs\u2030-Sp-\u00b0pIbpw sNbvXp. t\u03c0Kv t_mW-kn-s\\\\-s\u00aem-\u221an-bp\u2248 1918 se Al-\u03a9-Zm-_mZv XpWn-an\u00ac ka-c-\u00d8nepw N\u00bam-c-\\\\nse ka-c-co-Xn-I-fmWv At\u00b1lw kzoI-cn-\u00aeXv. Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS D]-hm-ks\u00d8\u00d8p-S\u00bf\u2202v A[n-Im-cn- I\u0192 i\u00baf- h- \u00bf[\\\\- h- n\\\\v k\u03a9X- n\u00b0- pI- bpw kacw Ahk- m\\\\- n\u00b0- pI- bpw sNbvXp. hc\u0192\u00aebpw Irjn-\\\\m-ihpwaqew Zpcn-X-\u00d8n-em-bn-cp\u2202 KpP-dm-\u00d8nse tJU- bnse I\u00bfj-I-cn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202p \\\\nIpXn ]ncn-\u00b0m\u2265 Xocp-am-\\\\n\u00ae A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS (1918\u02db\u00ac) \\\\b-\u00d8n-s\\\\-Xn-sc Km\u2018nPn \\\\nIpXn\\\\ntj-[hpw kXy-{K-lhpw 102","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X ka-cm-bp-[-\u00df-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-\u00aep. AXns\u201a t\u03c0Kv t_mWkv ^e-ambn k\u00bf\u00b0m\u00bf \\\\nIp-Xn-bn-f-hp-I\u0192 1917 \u00ac Al-\u03a9-Zm-_m-Zn\u00ac s]m\u00b4n-\u220fp-ds-\u220f\u00b4 \\\\\u00acIm\u2265 Xbm-dm-bn. kXy-{K-l-\u00d8nepw t\u03c0Kv tcmKw Ahn-Ss\u00d8 P\\\\-kw-Jy-bpsS Alnw-k-bnepw A[n-jvTn-X-amb BZy-Ime GXm\u2260v 10% t]sc sIms\u2202m-Sp-\u00b0n. Cu ka-c-\u00df\u0192 Km\u2018n-Pnsb P\\\\-kaq-l-\u00d8ns\u201a t\\\\- Imeb- f- h- n\u00ac sXmgne- mf- nI- \u0192\u00b0v Ahc- psS Xm-hm\u00b0n-\u00d8o\u00bf\u00d8p. i\u00ba-f-\u00d8ns\u201a 80% hsc t_mW-kmbn Km\u2018nPnbpsS BZy-Im-ek- a- c- w, \\\\\u00acIn-bn-cp-\u2202p. tcmK-`oXn aqew sXmgn-em- {]tZ-iw, h\u00bfjw, ka-c-Im-cWw fn-I\u0192 sXmgn-ep-t]-\u00a3n\u00aev t]mIm-Xn-cn-\u00b0m- F\u2202nh D\u0192s\u220f-Sp\u00d8n ]\u00b4nI \\\\mbn G\u00bfs\u220f-Sp-\u00d8nb Cu kwhn-[m\\\\w Xbm-dm-\u00b0pI H\u2202mw -temIbp\u2264w sIm\u2260p-\u2260mb hne- \u00b0-b-\u2030s\u00d8 {]Xn-tcm-[n-\u00b0m\u2265 sXmgn-em-fn- Km\u2018nPn C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac \\\\S\u00d8nb BZy-Ime ka- I\u0192\u00b0v klmb- I- a- mb- n. tcmK`- oXn Hgn\u2122- - c-\u00df-fpsS ^e\u00dfsf-s\u00a5-\u221am-am-bn-cp-\u2202p-sh\u2202v tXmS- pI- qSn Cu B\\\\pI- qeyw \\\\n\u00bf\u00d8e- m\u00b0- n- t\\\\m\u00b0mw. bX- mWv sXmgne- mf- nI- sf kac- \u00d8- n\\\\v t{]cn- $ Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS ka-c-co-Xnbpw Bi-b-\u00dffpw \u220fn\u00ae- X- v. km[m-c-W-\u00b0m-cmb P\\\\-\u00df\u0192\u00b0v ]cn-N-b- s\u220f-Sm\u2265 Ah-kcw e`n-\u00aep. Km\u2018nPn Ne-\u00aen-{X-\u00d8n\u00ac $ hnZymk- \u00ba- \u2202- c- mb BfpI- \u0192\u00b0nSb- n\u00ac am{X- ambn HXp\u00dfn \\\\n\u2202n-cp\u2202 tZiob{]\u00ffm- dn\u00aem\u00bfUv A\u2030\u2265_tdm kwhn-[m\\\\w \\\\\u00d8nte\u00b0v km[m-c-W-\u00b0m-cmb P\\\\-\u00dffpw sNbvXv F\u00b4v HmkvIm\u00bf Ahm\u00bfUp- BI\u00bfjn-\u00b0-s\u220f-\u00b4p. I\u0192 t\\\\Snb \\\"Km\u2018n' F\u2202 Ne-\u00aen- {Xw C\u00a5y-bpsS kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c-N-cn- $ ]\u00b4-W-\u00df-fn\u00ac am{Xw HXp-\u00dfn-\\\\n-\u2202n-cp\u2202 {X-\u00d8nse Km\u2018n-b\u2265 Ime-L-\u00b4- \u00d8ns\u201a Zriym-hn-jvIm-c-amWv. iymw tZiob{]\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00d8n\\\\v {Kma{]tZ-i-\u00df-fnepw s_\\\\-K-ens\u201a \\\"ta\u00b0nMv Hm^v thtcm\u00b4ap\u2260m-bn. alm\ufb02m' Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS Z\u00a3n-Wm- $ F\u221am-hn`m-Kw P\\\\\u00df\u0192\u00b0pw kzoIm-cy-\\\\mb {^n-\u00b0-bnse Pohn-Xm-\\\\p-`-h-\u00df-fmWv tZiobt\\\\Xmhmbn Km\u2018nPn amdn. Nn{XoI- c- n\u00b0- p\u2202- X- v. Ch IqSmsX \\\\nc- h[n Ne-\u00aen-{X-\u00dffpw tUmIyp-sa\u201a- Km\u2018nPnbpsS kac- c- oX- nI\u0192, C\u00a5y\u2265 dnI- fpw Km\u2018nP- nb- pa- mbn _\u2018s- \u220f\u00b4v P\\\\k-aq-l-\u00d8ns\u201a t\\\\Xm-hmbn D\u2260m-bn-\u00b4p-\u2260v. At\u00b1ls\u00d8 am\u2030n-b-sX-\u00dfs\\\\? Km\u2018nPnbpsS BZy- Ime kac- \u00df- s- fbpw tZiobka-c-\u00d8n-te\u00b0v PohnX- c- oX- nI- s- fbpw Bkv]-Z-am\u00b0n Hcp {_n\u00b4ojv k\u00bf\u00b0m\u00bf ]mkm-\u00b0nb due\u2030v \\\\nb-a-\u00d8n-s\\\\-Xn-sc- {]Xn-tj- [n\u00aep-sIm-\u2260mWv Km\u2018nPn C\u00a5y\u2265 tZiob ka- tUmIyqs- a\u201adn Xbmd- m\u00b0- pI- . cX-\u00d8nt-te\u00b0v IS-\u2202-Xv. `oI-c-hm-Z-{]-h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00df\u0192 XS- bms- \\\\\u2202 t]cn\u00ac ]ucmh- I- mi- \u00df- \u0192\u00b0v \\\\nb{- \u00a5W- t- a\u00bfs\u220f- Sp-\u00d8n-s\u00b0m-\u2260v 1919 \u00ac {_n\u00b4ojv -]m\u00bfe-sa\u201a v ]mkm-\u00b0nb \\\\nbaamWnXv. Cu \\\\nba- {- ]I- mcw GsXmc- ms- fbpw Ad\u00c3v sNbvXv hnNm-c-W-Iq-SmsX XS-\u00b6-en\u00ac hbv\u00b0m-am-bn-cp-\u2202p. 103","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I Pmen- b\u2265 hmem_- mKv Iq\u00b4s- \u00b0me due\u2030v\\\\nbahncp\u2264 kac\u00df- \u0192\u00b0v ]\u00a9m_- n\u00ac t\\\\XrXzw \\\\\u00acInb skbv^p\u00b1o\u2265 In\u00aevep, kXy]- m\u00ac F\u2202nh- sc Ad\u00c3v sNbvX-Xn\u00ac {]Xn-tj-[n-\u00b0m-\\\\mbn 1919 G{]n\u00ac 13 \\\\v P\\\\-\u00df\u0192 Aar-X-k-dnse Pmen-b\u2265 hmem-_m- Kn\u00ac H\u00d8p-Iq-Sn. Aar-Xk\u00bf ]\u00b4-W-\u00d8ns\u201a \\\\nb-{\u00a5Ww Cu kabw ]\u00b4mfw Gs\u2030-Sp-\u00d8n-cp-\u2202p. ]\u00b4m-f-ta-[m-hn- bmb P\\\\-d\u00ac Ub\u00bf Xs\u201a D\u00d8-chp ewLn\u00aep F\u2202v hymJym-\\\\n-\u00aep-sIm\u2260v bmsXmcp ap\u2202-dn-bn-\u220fp-an-\u221amsX aq\u2202ph- i- hpw sI\u00b4nS- \u00df- f- m\u00ac Np\u2030s- \u220f\u00b4 ssaXm\\\\- \u00d8- ns\u201a {]th-i-\\\\-I-hm-S-\u00d8n\u00ac ]\u00b4m-f-\u00b0msc \\\\nc\u00d8n \\\\ncm-bp-[- cmb P\\\\-\u00df\u0192\u00b0p t\\\\sc shSn-h-bv\u00b0m\u2265 D\u00d8-c-hn-\u00b4p. ]\u00d8p an\\\\n\u2030v \\\\o\u2260p \\\\n\u2202 shSn-h-bv]n\u00ac 379 t]\u00bf acn- \u00aep F\u2202m-bn-cp\u2202p HutZym-KnI IW-s\u00b0-\u00b6nepw ac-W- kwJy CXns\u201a Cc-\u00b4n-bm-bn-cp-\u2202p. Pmenb- \u2265hmem_- mKv Iq\u00b4- C\u00a5y-bn-se-\u00bamSpw i\u2021-amb {]Xn- s\u00b0me Nn{XI- mc- s\u201a tj[w cq]-s\u220f-Sp-\u2202-Xn\\\\v Pmen- `mh\\\\- b- n\u00ac b\u2265hmem_mKv kw`hw Imc-W-am-bn. \\\"\\\"\u03c0mkn-bp-\u2264w {_n\u00b4ojv `c-W-\u00d8n\\\\v ASn- \u00d8-d-bn-s\u00b4-\u00b6n\u00ac Pmen-b\u2265hm-em-_mKv kw`hw {_n\u00b4ojv `c-W-\u00d8ns\u201a ASn-\u00d8- db- nf- \u00b0- n'' F\u2202mWv Pmenb- \u2265hmem_- mKv kw`-h-s\u00d8-\u00b0p-dn\u00aev Km\u2018n-Pn- {]Xn- Icn\u00aeXv. Pmenb- \u2265hmem_- mKv kw`hw C\u00a5ybpsS tZiob{]\u00ffm\\\\- s\u00d8 kzm[o- \\\\n-\u00ae-sX-\u00df-s\\\\-sb\u2202v N\u00bf\u00aesN\u00f8p-I. \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cWka-chpw Jnem-^\u00d8v {]\u00ffm- \\\\hpw Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac tIm\u00a8{Kkv \\\\S-\u00d8nb BZys\u00d8 tZiob {]t\u00a3m`amWv \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cWka-c-w. due\u2030v hncp\u2264 kacw \\\\\u00acInb B\ufb02-hn-izmkw {_n\u00b4ojv `c-W- t\u00d8mSv \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cWw {]Jym-]n-\u00b0m\u2265 Km\u2018n-Pnsb t{]cn\u220f- n\u00aep. \\\\n\u00a0l- I- c- W- \u00d8- ns\u201a khnt- ij- X- I- \u0192 F\u00a5m- 104","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X bn-cp-\u2202psh\u2202v ]cn-tim-[n-\u00b0q. C\u00a5y-bnse P\\\\-\u00df\u0192 Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS Blzm-\\\\w kzoI-cn-\u00aeXn\\\\v Nne DZm- l-c-W-\u00df\u0192: $ Ah-[n-se I\u00bfj-I\u00bf \\\\nIpXn \\\\\u00acIm\u2265 hnk-\u03a9-Xn-\u00aep. $ hS-\u00b0\u2265 B{\u2018-bnse Kncn-h\u00bfK-\u00b0m\u00bf h\\\\-\\\\n-baw ewLn-\u00aev h\\\\-\u00d8n- \\\\p-\u2248n\u00ac {]th-in-\u00b0p-Ibpw DXv]-\u2202-\u00df\u0192 tiJ-cn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sNbvXp. $ D\u00d8\u00bf{]-tZinse I\u00bfj-I\u00bf tImf\\\\n DtZym-K-\u00ff-cpsS Npa-Sp-I\u0192 FSp-\u00b0m\u2265 hnk-\u03a9-Xn-\u00aep. $ sXmgn-em-fn-I\u0192 ]Wn-ap-S-\u00b0n. $ h\u00b0o-e-\u2211m\u00bf tImSXnbn\u00ac t]mIm\u2265 hnk-\u03a9-Xn-\u00aep. $ hnZym\u00bfYn-I\u0192 {_n\u00b4ojv k\u00bf\u00b0m-cns\u201a kvIqfp-Ifpw tImtf-Pp-Ifpw Dt]-\u00a3n-\u00aep. $ kv{XoIfS-\u00b0-ap\u2248 P\\\\-\u00df\u0192 hntZ-i-h-kv{X-\u00df\u0192 s]mXp-\\\\n-c- \u00d8p-I-fn\u00ac Iq\u00b4n-bn\u00b4v I\u00d8n-\u00aep. _ln-jvI-c-W-t\u00d8m-sSm\u220fw \\\\n\u00bfamW{]h\u00bf-\u00d8-\\\\-\u00df\u0192\u00b0pw (Constructive Programme) Km\u2018nPn Blzm\\\\w \\\\\u00acIn. CXns- \\\\\u00d8- pS- \u00bf\u2202v P\\\\- \u00df\u0192 Xt\u00b1-io-b-amb D\u00ac\u220f-\u2202-\u00df\u0192 \\\\n\u00bfan- \u00b0p-Ibpw N\u00bf\u00b0-bn\u00ac \\\\q\u00ac \\\\q\u2030v JmZnhkv{X\u00df\u0192 s\\\\\u00f8p-Ibpw tZiob- hnZym-e-b-\u00df\u0192 Bcw-`n-\u00b0p-Ibpw ln\u03bcn Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS N\u00bf\u00b0 \u02db k_\u00bfaXn B{i-a-\u00d8nse {]N-cn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Abn-t\u00d8m- tiJ-c-\u00d8n\u00ac \\\\n\u2202v \u00aem-S\\\\{]h\u00bf\u00d8-\\\\-\u00dffpw CXns\u201a `mK-am- bn-cp-\u2202p. A\u00b0m-e\u00d8v \u00ffm]n-\u00b0-s\u220f\u00b4 tZiob hnZym-e-b-\u00df\u0192\u00b0v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv Imin hnZym- ]o-Tw, KpP-dm\u00d8v hnZym-]o-Tw, Pmanb an\u221anb XpS- \u00dfn-b-h. Cw\u2022ojv hnZym-e-b-\u00df\u0192 _ln-jvI-cn- \u00aen-d-\u00dfnb hnZym\u00bfYn-I\u0192 tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\u00d8n- te\u00b0v BI\u00bfjn-\u00b0-s\u220f-\u00b4p. \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cWkacw \\\\S-\u00b0p\u2202 AtX Ime-L-\u00b4- Aen ktlm-Z-c-\u2211m\u00bf \u02db \u00d8n\u00ac C\u00a5y-bnse Jnem-^\u00d8v t\\\\Xm-\u00b0-fmb apl-\u03a9Zen, ju\u00b0\u00d8en auem\\\\m apl-\u03a9-Z-en, auem\\\\m ju\u00b0-\u00d8en F\u2202n-h-cpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac Jnem-^\u00d8v {]\u00ffm\\\\w i\u2021n-{]m]n-\u00aep. Jnem^\u00d8v {]\u00ffm- \\\\s\u00d8 C\u00a5y\u2265 tZiob{]\u00ffm-\\\\-t\u00d8m-Sp tN\u00bf\u00d8p \\\\n\u00bf\u00d8nbXn-eqsS kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c- 105","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I \u00d8n\u00ac apkven\u00dffpsS kPohkm\u2202n[yw Dd-\u220fm-\u00b0m\u2265 Km\u2018n-Pn\u00b0v Ign-\u2122p. Km\u2018nPn Jnem^- \u00d8v t\\\\Xm\u00b0- t- fms- Sm\u220fw C\u00a5yb- ne- pS- \\\\- ofw k\u00a9c- n\u00aev Xs\u201a Bi-b-\u00df\u0192 {]N-cn-\u220fn-\u00aep. X\u00ac^-e-ambn: $ {_n\u00b4ojv hncp\u2264 hnImcw C\u00a5y-bpsS ap\u00b0nepw aqe-bnepw F\u00d8n-. $ ln\u03bcp-\u02db-apkvenw sFIyw i\u2021n-s\u220f-\u00b4p. Jnem-^\u00d8v {]\u00ffm\\\\w Km\u2018nPn Jnem-^\u00d8v {]\u00ffm-\\\\s\u00d8 ]n\u00a5p-Wbv\u00b0m\\\\p-\u2260mb kml-N-cy-\u00df\u0192 hni-Z-am-\u00b0pI. H\u2202mw- temIbp\u2264-\u00d8n-\\\\p-tijw D\u00d8\u00bf{]-tZ-inse Nucn-Nucm F\u2202 {Kma-\u00d8n\u00ac P\\\\- Xp\u00bf\u00b0n-bnse `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw temI-ap-kvenwIfpsS B\ufb02ob \u00df\u0192\u00b0p-t\\\\sc t]meokv shSn-h-\u00ae-Xn\u00ac tcmjm-Ip-e- t\\\\Xm-hp-am-bn-cp\u2202 Jeo-^-bpsS cmb P\\\\-\u00df\u0192 t]meokv t\u00c3j\u2265 B{I-an\u00aep Xobn- A[n-Im-c-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-an-X-s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8m- \u00b4p. Ccp-]-\u00d8n-c\u2260v t]meo-kp-Im\u00bf sIm\u221as\u220f\u00b4 Cu \\\\p\u2248 {_n\u00b4s\u201a {ia-\u00df\u0192s\u00b0-Xnsc kw`hw Km\u2018n-Pnsb thZ-\\\\n-\u220fn-\u00aep. \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cW temI-\u00d8ns\u201a hnhn[ `mK-\u00df-fn\u00ac {]\u00ffm\\\\w \\\\n\u00bf\u00d8n-h-bv\u00b0m\u2265 Km\u2018nPn Blzm\\\\w Db\u00bf\u2202p-h-\u2202-XmWv Jnem-^\u00d8v {]\u00ffm\\\\- w. sNbvXp. ]q\u00bfW-kz-cmPpw knhn\u00ac \\\\nb-a-ew-L-\\\\hpw C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c-\u00d8nse hgn-\u00d8n-cn-hm-bn-cp\u2202p 1929 \u00ac emtlm-dn\u00ac h\u00aev Ph-l\u00bfem\u00ac s\\\\lvdp-hns\u201a A[y-\u00a3-X-bn\u00ac \\\\S\u2202 C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac tIm\u00a8{K-kns\u201a kt\u03a9-f\\\\w. {]kvXpX kt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac Xmsg-\u220f-d-bp\u2202 Xocp- am-\\\\-\u00df\u0192 ssIs\u00b0m-\u2260p. $ C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c-\u00d8ns\u201a A\u00a5n-a-e\u00a3yw ]q\u00bfW-kz-cmPv (k\u00baq\u00bfW-kzm-X{\u00a5yw) BsW\u2202v Cu kt\u03a9-f\\\\w {]Jym-]n-\u00aep. $ Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac knhn\u00ac \\\\nba ewL\\\\w Bcw-`n- \u00b0m\u2265 Xocp-am-\\\\n\u00aep. {_n\u00b4oj- pI- mc- psS P\\\\h- n- cp\u2264- a- mb knhn\u00ac \\\\nb- a-\u00dfsf ewLn-\u00b0pI F\u2202-Xm-bn-cp\u2202p CXp- sIm\u2260v Dt\u00b1i- n\u00ae- X- .v Cu Km\u2018nPn D\u220fp-\\\\n-baw ka-c-\u00d8ns\u201a `mK-ambn ewLn-\u00b0p\u2202p \u02db Nn{X-Im- Km\u2018nPn apt\u2202m\u00b4psh\u00ae Bhi- y\u00df- f- mWv NphsS cs\u201a `mh-\\\\-bn\u00ac \\\\\u00acInb- nc- n\u00b0- p\u2202- Xv. 106","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X Km\u2018n-Pn- apt\u2202m\u00b4p h\u00ae D\u220fp-\\\\n-IpXn FSp\u00d8p If-bp-I. Bh-iy-\u00df\u0192 Irjn-\u00b0m\u00bf\u00b0v 50% \\\\nIpXnbnfhv \\\\\u00acIpI. hntZ-i-h-kv{X-\u00df-fpsS Cd-\u00b0p-a-Xn\u00b0v Npa-\u00d8p\u2202 \\\\nIpXn h\u00bf[n-\u220fn-\u00b0p-I. cmjv{Sob\u00d8S-hp-Imsc hn\u00b4-b-\u00b0p-I. ssk\\\\n-I-s\u00ae-ehpw Db\u00bf\u2202 DtZym-K-\u00ff-cpsS i\u00ba-fhpw sh\u00b4n-\u00b0p-d-bv\u00b0p-I. C\u00a5y-\u00b0msc \\\\nco-\u00a3n-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn-\\\\mbn \\\\ntbm-Kn-\u00aen-\u00b4p\u2248 cl-kym-t\\\\z-jW hn`m-Ks\u00d8 ]ncn-\u00aep-hn-Sp-I. Xoc-tZi I\u220f\u00ac KXm-KXw Bcw-`n-\u00b0p-I. k\u00baq\u00bfW aZy-\\\\n-tcm-[\\\\w \\\\S-\u220fm-\u00b0pI. C\u00a5y-bpsS kzmX{\u00a5yw t\\\\Sn-sb-Sp-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn\u00ac Km\u2018nPn apt\u2202m\u00b4p h\u00ae Bh-iy-\u00df\u0192 F{X-am{Xw A\\\\p-tbm-P y-am-bn-cp-\u2202p? N\u00bf\u00aesN\u00f8p-I. D\u220fv ka-cmbp-[-ambn Xnc-s\u2122-Sp-\u00b0m\u2265 Km\u2018n-Pnsb t{]cn-\u220fn\u00ae LS-I-\u00df\u0192 F\u00a5m-bn-cp-\u2202p-sh\u2202v ]cn-tim-[n-\u00b0mw. $ {_n\u00b4ojv k\u00bf\u00b0m-cns\u201a \\\\nIpXnhcp-am-\\\\-\u00d8ns\u201a A\u00a9n\u00ac c\u2260p `mKhpw D\u220fn-\\\\p-ta\u00ac Npa-\u00d8p\u2202 \\\\nIp-Xn-bm-bn-cp-\u2202p. $ Zcn-{Z\u00bf\u00b0v Cu \\\\nIpXn henb `mc-am-bn-cp-\u2202p. $ Xt\u00b1-io-b-cmb sNdp-InS D\u220fp\u00ac\u220fm-Z-I\u00bf\u00b0p-ta\u00ac D\u220fp-\u2260m-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn\\\\v \\\\ntcm-[\\\\w G\u00bfs\u220f-Sp-\u00d8n. $ D\u220fns\u201a hne aq\u2202p aS\u00dfv h\u00bf[n-\u00aep. Km\u2018nPn e\u2260-\\\\n\u00ac $ km[mcW\u00b0msc DW\u00bf\u00d8m\u2265 DX-Ip\u2202 Hcp ap{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn-cp\u2202p D\u220fv \\\\nIpXn FSp\u00d8pIfbpI F\u2202Xv. \\\\nb-a-ew-L-\\\\kac-\u00d8ns\u201a i\u2021n hni-Zo-I-cn-\u00aep-sIm\u2260v At\u00b1lw ]d\u2122p: \\\"\\\"Ggpe- \u00a3w {Kma\u00df- f- nse ]\u00d8pt- ]\u00bf hoXw D\u220fp Ipdp\u00b0- m\u2265 XpS\u00df- pI- b- m- sW-\u00b6n\u00ac Cu k\u00bf\u00b0m-cn\\\\v F\u00a5p sN\u00f8p-hm\u2265 Ign-bpw? \\\\n\u00df\u0192\u00b0v Duln- \u00b0m-hp-\u2202-Xn\u00ac G\u2030hpw \\\\oN-\\\\mb tkz\u2014m-[n-]-Xn-t]mepw kam-[m-\\\\-]-c-ambn \\\\nbaw ewLn-\u00b0p\u2202 P\\\\-Xsb ]oc-\u00b6n-sIm\u2260v t\\\\cn-Sm\u2265 Du\u2030w ImWn-\u00b0-bn- \u221a. \\\\n\u00df\u0192 Hc\u00ac\u220fw kzbw amdm\u2265 Xbm-dm-bm\u00ac \\\\ap\u00b0v Cu k\u00bf\u00b0m-cns\\\\ Ipd\u2122 kab- ws- Im\u2260v \u00a3oWn\u220f- n\u00b0- ph- m\u2265 Ignb- ps- a\u2202v Rm\u2265 \\\\n\u00df\u0192\u00b0v Dd-\u220fp-\\\\\u00acIp\u2202p.'' Km\u2018nPn 107","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I h\u00b4-taikt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00df\u0192 C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac \\\\S-\u220fn\u00ac hcp-t\u00d8\u2260 `c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c-\u00df-sf-\u00b0p-dn\u00aev N\u00bf\u00ae sN\u00f8m-\\\\mbn {_n\u00b4ojv Kh\u00a8sa\u201a v e\u2260-\\\\nse Pbnwkv ]me-kn\u00ac 1930, 1931, 1932 F\u2202o h\u00bfj\u00df- f- n\u00ac aq\u2202v h\u00b4t- ai kt\u03a9f- \\\\- \u00df- \u0192 hnfn- \u00aep-tN\u00bf\u00d8p. c\u2260mw h\u00b4-taikt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac tIm\u00a8{K-kns\\\\ {]Xn-\\\\n-[o-I-cn\u00aev Km\u2018nPn ]s\u00b6-Sp-\u00d8p. ktcmP- n\\\\n \\\\mbnUp Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS Blzm\\\\w Gs\u2030-Sp\u00d8 P\\\\-\u00df\u0192 C\u00a5y-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-\u00df-fn\u00ac D\u220fp-Ip-dp\u00b0n \\\\nb-a-ew-L-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac ]\u00b6m-fn- If- mb- n. tIcf- \u00d8- n\u00ac ]\u00f8\u2202- q\u00bf, Xang- v\\\\m\u00b4- n\u00ac thZmc- W- yw, alm- cmj- v{Sb- n\u00ac t_mws_, _wKmf- n\u00ac \\\\hJ- men, hS\u00b0p]Sn\u2122- m- d\u2265 AXn\u00bf\u00d8n{]tZiw XpS\u00df- nbh \\\\nba- e- wL- \\\\kac- \u00d8- ns\u201a {][m\\\\ tI-{\u03bc-\u00df-fm-bn-. Chn-S-\u00df-fn\u00ac ka-c-thm-f\u201an-b\u00bfam\u00bf D\u220fp\u2260- m\u00b0n P\\\\\u00df- \u0192\u00b0v hnXc- Ww sN\u00f8pI- bpw tZiob- ]- X- mI Db\u00bf\u00d8p-Ibpw {_n\u00b4ojv hncp\u2264 ap{Zm-hmIyw hnfn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sNbvXp. KpP-dm-\u00d8nse [cm-k\\\\ D\u220fp-\\\\n\u00bfam-W-im-e-bn-te\u00b0v ktcm-Pn\\\\n \\\\mbn-Up-hns\u201a t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac ]pds\u220f\u00b4 kXy- {Kln-Isf hfsc \\\\njvTp-c-amb coXn-bn\u00ac {_n\u00b4ojv t]meokv t\\\\cn-\u00b4p. D\u220fp-k-Xy-{K-l-s\u00d8-\u00d8p-S\u00bf\u2202v {_n\u00b4ojv Kh\u00a8sa\u201a v Km\u2018n- Pnsb Ad\u00c3v sN\u00f8p-Ibpw kacw {Iqc-ambn ASn-\u00ae-a\u00bf\u00d8p- Ibpw sNbvXp. \\\"tZio-b-{]-\u00ffm\\\\w P\\\\-Io-b-h\u00ac\u00b0-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn\\\\v D\u220fp-k-Xym- {Klw henb ]\u00b6v hln\u00aep'. ka\u00bfYn-\u00b0p-I. {_n\u00b4o-jp-Im\u00bf C\u00a5y hnSpI \\\"\\\"CXm Hcp a{\u00a5w, Hcp sIm\u00aep a{\u00a5w Rm\u2265 \\\\n\u00df\u0192\u00b0v Xcp-\u2202p. \\\\n\u00df-fpsS Hmtcm izmkhpw AXn\\\\v Bhn-jvImcw \\\\\u00acI-Ww \u02db {]h\u00bf\u00d8n\u00b0pI, As\u221a- \u00b6n\u00ac acn-\u00b0pI. \\\\mw H\u2202p-In\u00ac C\u00a5ysb kzX-{\u00a5-am\u00b0pw. As\u221a-\u00b6n\u00ac B {i-a-\u00d8n\u00ac acn-\u00b0pw. \\\\mw \\\\\u03a9psS ASn-a\u00d8w XpS-cp-\u2202-Xp -Im-Wm\u2265 Pohn- \u00aen-cn-\u00b0p-I-bn-\u221a.'' Km\u2018nPn 1942 BK\u00c3v 8 \\\\v t_mws_-bn\u00ac tN\u00bf\u2202 tIm\u00a8{Kkv kt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac Km\u2018nPn P\\\\-\u00df-tfmSp ]d\u2122 hm\u00b0p-I-fmWn-Xv. C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac tIm\u00a8{Kkv Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac \\\\S\u00d8nb Ah-km-\\\\s\u00d8 _lp-P-\\\\-k-a-c-amb Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym ka-c-\u00d8n-\\\\p\u2248 Blzm-\\\\-am-bn-cp\u2202p CXv. 108","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X knhn\u00ac \\\\n-b-a-ew-L\\\\ kacw t]mse- \u00d8s\u2202 P\\\\I- ob- a- mb as\u2030mcp kac- a- mb- nc- p\u2202p Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym kacw. F\u221am A[n-Im-c-\u00dffpw C\u00a5y\u00b0p ssIamdn C\u00a5y hnSm\u2265 {_n\u00b4o-jp- Imsc \\\\n\u00bf_-\u2018n-\u00b0p\u2202 Alnw-k-bn-eq-\u2202n- bp\u2248 Hcp ka-c-amWv CXn-eqsS C\u00a5y\u2265 auem\\\\m A_p\u00acIemw Bkm-Zv, sP._n. \\\\mj-W\u00ac tIm\u00a8{Kkv hn`m-h\\\\w sNbvX- Ir]-em\\\\n F\u2202n-h\u00bfs\u00b0m\u220fw Km\u2018nPn Izn\u2030v Xv. Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym kac- \u00d8- n\\\\- v ImcW- a- mb Nne LS-I-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-tim-[n-\u00b0mw. C\u00a5ym kt\u03a9f- \\\\thZnb- n\u00ac $ C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac `c-WLS\\\\m ]cn-jvIm-c-\u00df\u0192 \\\\S-\u220fn-em-\u00b0m\u2265 {_n\u00b4\u00a8 ImWn\u00ae ssha-\\\\kyw. $ hne-\u00b0-b-\u2030hpw -\u00a3m-ahpw aqe-ap\u2248 P\\\\-\u00df-fpsS AXr-]vXn. $ c\u2260mw -tem-I-bp-\u2264-\u00d8n\u00ac {_n\u00b4\u2265 ]cm-P-b-s\u220fSpsa\u2202 tXm\u2202\u00ac. Cu ka-c-\u00d8ns\u201a `mK-ambn Km\u2018nPn P\\\\-\u00df\u0192\u00b0v \\\\\u00acInb \\\\n\u00bftZ-i-\u00df-fm- bn-cp-\u2202p: $ \\\\m\u00b4p-cm-Pm-\u00b0-\u2211m\u00bf kz\u00a5w P\\\\-\u00df-fpsS ]c-am-[n-Imcw AwKo- Icn-\u00b0Ww. $ I\u00bfj-I\u00bf `q\\\\n-IpXn sImSp-\u00b0m\u2265 Iq\u00b4m-\u00b0-cp-Xv. C\u00a5yb- n\u00ac Km\u2018nPn $ k\u00bf\u00b0m\u00bf Poh-\\\\-\u00b0m\u00bf cmPn-h-bv\u00b0msX tZio-b-{]-\u00ffm- \\\\S-\u00d8nb hnhn[ \\\\-t\u00d8m-Sp\u2248 Iqdv ]c-ky-am-\u00b0-Ww. kac- \u00df- f- psS Nn{X\u00df- \u0192 D\u0192s\u220f-Sp\u00d8n UnPn-\u2030\u00ac $ ]\u00b4m-f-\u00b0m\u00bf \u00ffm\\\\-\u00df\u0192 shSnbmsX kz\u00a5w B\u00ac_w Xbmd- m\u00b0- pI- . B\u0192\u00b0m\u00bf\u00b0p-t\\\\sc shSn-h-bv\u00b0m\u2265 hnk-\u03a9-Xn-\u00b0-Ww. $ kzmX-{\u00a5y-{]m]vXn hsc ]nSn-\u00aep-\\\\n\u00ac\u00b0m\u2265 Ign-bp-sa-\u00b6n\u00ac hnZym\u00bfYn-I\u0192 ]T\\\\w Dt]-\u00a3n-\u00b0-Ww. $ C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX{- \u00a5yk- a- c- \u00d8nse kp{][- m\\\\ hgn\u00d8- nc- nh- mb- nc- p\u2202p Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym kacw\u02dbN\u00bf\u00aesN\u00f8p-I. $ \\\"\\\"Km\u2018nP- nbpw C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX{- \u00a5yk- a- chpw''F\u2202 hnjb- s\u00d8 Bkv]- Z-am\u00b0n Hcp {]ivt\\\\m-\u00d8cn Ah-X-cn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-I. Km\u2018nPn AS-\u00b0-ap\u2248 t\\\\Xm-\u00b0sf Ad\u00c3v sNbvX {_n\u00b4ojv k\u00bf\u00b0m\u00bf {]t\u00a3m-`s\u00d8 AXn-{Iq-c-ambn t\\\\cn-\u00b4p. A{I-am-k-\u2021-cmb P\\\\-\u00df\u0192 ]e- bn-S-\u00df-fnepw Kh\u00a8sa\u201a v sI\u00b4n-S-\u00df\u0192, Ce-Iv{SnIv sse-\\\\p-I\u0192, KXm-KX am\u00bfK\u00df\u0192 XpS-\u00dfn-bh XI\u00bf\u00d8p. 1942 Ah-km-\\\\n-\u00b0p-t\u00bam\u0192 C\u00a5y-bmsI ka-c-\u00d8ns\u201a Xo\u00aeq-f-bn-em-bn-cp-\u2202p. kzmX{\u00a5yw t\\\\Sm-\\\\p\u2248 C\u00a5y\u2265 P\\\\-X- bpsS \\\\n\u203a-b-Zm\u00bfVy\u00d8n\\\\p\u2248 sXfn-hm-bn-cp\u2202p Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym {]\u00ffm\\\\w. 109","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I thdn\u00b4 hgn-I\u0192 \\\"\\\"s]mXpP- \\\\- h- nI- mcw AXns\u201a ]mca- y\u00d8n\u00ac F\u00d8n\\\\n\u00ac\u00b0pt- \u00bam\u0192 ]n\u2265am\u2030- \u00d8- ns\u201a Imlfw ]pds- \u220fS- ph- n\u00b0- p\u2202- Xv Hcp tZiobZpc\u00a5- \u00d8- n\u00ac Ipd\u2122v as\u2030m\u2202- pa- \u221a- . alm- \ufb02b- ps- S {][m\\\\ Iq\u00b4mf- nI- f- mb tZi_- \u2018p kn.B\u00bf. Zmkv, tam\u00d8ne- m\u00ac s\\\\lvdp, emem ePv]Xv dmbv , ]ns\u2202 Rm\\\\pw Pbn-en\u00ac h\u00aev s]mXp-P-\\\\-\u00df-fpsS {]Xn-tj- [t- \u00d8ms- Sm\u220fw tN\u00bf\u2202p. alm\ufb02mKm\u2018nb- psS Cu ]n\u2265am\u2030- \u00d8- n\u00ac ZpxJnX- \\\\pw tcmjm- Ip-e-\\\\p-amb tZi-_-\u2018p-hn-s\\\\-bm-bn-cp\u2202p Rm\u2265 Pbn-en\u00ac h\u00aep I\u2260-Xv.'' kp`mjv N{\u03bc-t_mkv Nucn-Nuc kw`-h-s\u00d8-\u00d8p-S\u00bf\u2202v Km\u2018nPn \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cWkacw ]n\u2265h- en-\u00ae-Xn-s\\\\-Xncmb kp`mjv N{\u03bc-t_m-kns\u201a hm\u00b0p-I-fm-Wnh. C\u00d8-c- \u00d8n\u00ac Km\u2018nb- \u2265 kac- c- oX- nI- f- n\u00ac\\\\n\u2202pw Bib- \u00df- f- n\u00ac\\\\n\u2202pw hyXy- kvX-amb ImgvN-\u220fm-Sp-\u2260m-bn-cp\u2202 {]\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00dffpw hy\u2021n-Ifpw C\u00a5y- bpsS tZiobka-c-\u00d8n\u00ac \\\\n\u00bfWm-bI ]\u00b6phln-\u00aen-cp-\u2202p. C\u00a5y-bp-sS kzmX{\u00a5yw Xs\u2202-bm-bn-cp\u2202p Ah-cpsSbpw e\u00a3yw. Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS _ln-jvI-cW ka-c-co-Xnsb FXn\u00bf\u00d8 kn.B\u00bf. Zmkv, tam\u00d8n-em\u00ac s\\\\lvdp F\u2202n-h\u00bf 1923 \u00ac kzcmPv ]m\u00bf\u00b4n\u00b0v cq]w \\\\\u00acIn. \\\\nb-a-\\\\n\u00bfam-W-k-`-Isf \\\\\u03a9\u0192 _ln-jvI-cn-\u00b0-pIb\u221a, adn\u00aev, t]mcm-\u00b4- \u00d8n\\\\pw _Z\u00ac A`n-{]m-b-\u00d8n\\\\pap\u2248 thZn-Ifm\u00b0Ww F\u2202v Ah\u00bf Bh-iy-s\u220f-Sp-Ibpw \\\\nb-a-\\\\n\u00bfamWk`-I-fn-te\u00b0v a\u00ack-cn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sNbvXp. {ItaW Km\u2018n-b\u2265 ka-c-co-Xn-I-tfm-Sp\u2248 hntbm-Pn\u220fv IqSp- X\u00ac i\u2021-amb coXn-bn\u00ac {]I-S-am-Im\u2265 XpS-\u00dfn. ]\u00a9m-_v, cmP-\u00ffm\u2265, D\u00d8\u00bf{]-tZiv, _nlm\u00bf F\u2202n- hn-S-\u00df-fnse hn\u03c0-h-Im-cn-I\u0192 U\u00acln-bn\u00ac h\u00aev 1928 \u00ac \\\"ln\u03bcp-\u00ffm\u2265 tkmjy-en\u00c3v dn\u220f-\u00aan-\u00b0\u2265 Atkm-kn-tb- j\u2265' F\u2202 kwL-S-\\\\bv\u00b0p cq]w \\\\\u00acIn. `KXvknM- v, N{\u03bc- k- pJ- vtZhv ti-J\u00bf Bkm-Zv, cmPvKp-cp, `K-XvknMpw Iq\u00b4cpw h[n-\u00b0-s\u220f\u00b4 cmPKv pcp kpJvtZhv XpS-\u00dfn-b-hcmbn- hm\u00bf\u00d8b- S- \u00df- nb ]{Xw cp\u2202p CXn\\\\p t\\\\XrXzw \\\\\u00acIn-b-Xv. kmbp[hn\u03c0-h-\u00d8n-\\\\mbn Ch\u00bf Bcw-`n\u00ae tk\\\\m-hn-`m-K- amWv \\\"dn\u220f-\u00aan-\u00b0\u2265 B\u00bfan'. tImf\\\\n`cWw A\u00b4n-a-dn-\u00b0pIbpw C\u00a5y\u2265 kw\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00df-fpsS s^U-d\u00ac dn\u220f-\u00aanIv \u00ffm]n-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn\\\\v kmbp-[- hn-\u03c0hw kwL-Sn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-Ibpambn-cp\u2202p Ch-cpsS e\u00a3yw. tZiobt\\\\Xm- \u00b0f- n\u00ac Hcmf- mb- nc- p\u2202 ememe- P- v]Xvdmbnb- psS acW- \u00d8- nt- e\u00b0p \\\\bn\u00ae em\u00d8n-\u00aem\u00bfPn-\\\\p-\u00d8-c-hm-Zn-bmb km\u2265tUgvkv F\u2202 t]meokv DtZym- 110","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X K-\u00ffs\\\\ `K-Xvkn-Mv, cmPvKp- cp, kpJvtZhv F\u2202n-h\u00bf tN\u00bf\u2202v emtlm-dn\u00ac h\u00aev shSn-h-\u00aep-sIm-\u2202p. ]ucm-h- Im-i-\u00df\u0192 ]cn-an-X-s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8m- \\\\p\u2248 Icn-\\\\n-b-a-\u00df\u0192 ]mkm- \u00b0p-\u2202-Xn\u00ac {]Xn-tj-[n-\u00aep- sIm\u2260v `K-Xvkn\u00dfpw _Zp- tI-iz\u00bf Z\u00d8pw tN\u00bf\u2202v sk\u2265{S\u00ac ePn-t\u00c3-\u2030ohv Akw-\u00aan-bn\u00ac t_mws_-dn- \u2122p. XpS\u00bf\u2202v Ad\u00c3v hcn- \u00aep. 1931 am\u00bf\u00aev 23 \\\\v `K-Xvkn- Mn-s\\\\bpw kpJvtZhn-s\\\\bpw cmPvKp-cp-hn-s\\\\bpw {_n\u00b4ojv k\u00bf\u00b0m\u00bf Xq\u00b0n-te-\u2030n. C\u00a5y-bpsS kzmX-{\u00a5y-\u00d8n- \\\\mbn cq]o-I-cn-\u00b0-s\u220f\u00b4 Nne hn\u03c0-h-{]-\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00df-sfbpw Ah-bpsS t\\\\Xm-\u00b0-sf-bp- amWv NphsS X\u2202n-\u00b4p-\u2248Xv. A`n-\\\\hv `mcXv skmssk\u2030n djy\u2265 hn\u03c0-h-\u00d8n\u00ac \\\\n\u2202p hn.Un. kh\u00bf\u00b0\u00bf {]tNmZ- \\\\w D\u0192s\u00b0m\u2260v 1930 ItfmsS tkmjy-en\u00c3mi-b- A\\\\p-io-e\u2265 kanXn \u00df\u0192 C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac {]N-cn- _co-\u03bc\u00bf Ipam\u00bf tLmjv, ]pen\u2265 \u00b0m\u2265 XpS-\u00dfn. B Bi-b- _nlmcn Zmkv KZ\u00bf]m\u00bf\u00b4n \u00df\u0192 tIm\u00a8{K\u00a0- n\\\\- p\u2248- nse AcpWm Bk-^ensb emem l\u00bfZb- m\u00ac Hcp hn`m-K-s\u00d8bpw kzm[o- BZc- n\u00ae- ps- Im\u2260v \\\\n\u00ae- p. Phl- \u00bfem\u00ac s\\\\ldv p, C\u00a5y\u2265 dn\u220f-\u00aan-\u00b0\u2265 B\u00bfan kp`mj- vN{- \u03bct- _mk- v, Pb{- ]- C\u00a5ym Kh\u00a8sa\u201a v kqcys- k\u2265 Imiv \\\\mcm-b-\u00a8, AcpWm ]pd-\u00d8n-d-\u00b0nb \u00c3m\u00bav Bk^en F\u2202n-h\u00bf tN\u00bf\u2202v tIm\u00a8{Kkv ]m\u00bf\u00b4n-\u00b0p-\u2248n\u00ac tIm\u00a8{Kkv tkmjy-en\u00c3v hn`m-K-\u00d8n\\\\p t\\\\XrXzw \\\\\u00acIn. 1934 \u00ac t_mws_-bn\u00ac tN\u00bf\u2202 kt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ac Pb-{]-Imiv \\\\mcm-b-Wns\u201a t\\\\XrX- z\u00d8- n\u00ac tIm\u00a8{Kkv tkmjye- n\u00c3v ]m\u00bf\u00b4n cq]ws- Im\u2260- p. Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym ka-c-Im-e-L-\u00b4-\u00d8n\u00ac tIm\u00a8{Kkv tkmjy-en\u00c3v ]m\u00bf\u00b4n {]h\u00bf\u00d8-I\u00bf hfsc kPo-h-am-bn-cp-\u2202p. Km\u2018nPn AS-\u00b0-ap\u2248 tIm\u00a8{K-kns\u201a ap\u2265\\\\nc t\\\\Xm- 111","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I \u00b0-sf\u221amw Ad-\u00c3n-em-b-t\u220fm\u0192 Hfn-hn\u00ac \\\\n\u2202p-sIm\u2260v ka-c-\u00d8n\\\\v i\u2021a- mb ]n\u00a5pW \\\\\u00acInb- Xv Pb{- ]I- miv \\\\mcmb- \u00a8, AcpWm Bk-^en XpS-\u00dfn-b-h-cm-Wv. Km\u2018n-b\u2265 ka-c-co-Xn-I-tfmSv ]e-L-\u00b4-\u00df-fnepw hntbm-Pn\u220fv {]I- Sn-\u220fn\u00ae Bfm-bn-cp\u2202p kp`mjv N{\u03bc-t_mkv. tIm\u00a8{Kkv hn\u00b4 At\u00b1lw \\\"t^m\u00bfthUv t\u00aam\u00b0v' F\u2202 cmjv{Sob ]m\u00bf\u00b4n\u00b0v cq]w Pb{- ]I- miv \\\\mcmb- \u00a8- \\\\\u00acIn. ]n\u2202oSv C\u00a5y-bpsS kzmX-{\u00a5y-\u00d8n-\\\\mbn dmjv _nlmcn t_mkv cq]o-I-cn\u00ae \\\"C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac B\u00bfan' (INA) bpsS t\\\\XrXzw At\u00b1lw Gs\u2030S- p\u00d8- p. knwK\u220f- qc- n\u00ac h\u00aev kzX{\u00a5`mc-X-\u00d8n\\\\v Hcp Xm\u00ac\u00b0m-enI Kh\u00a8sa\u201a v At\u00b1-l-\u00d8ns\u201a t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac cq]o- I-cn\u00aep. {_n\u00b4o-jp-Imsc C\u00a5y\u2265 a\u00c6n\u00ac\\\\n\u2202v Xqs\u00d8dn-bm-\\\\p\u2248 kacw \\\\S-\u00d8pI F\u2202-Xm-bn- cp\u2202p Xm\u00ac\u00b0m-enI Kh\u00a8sa\u201ans\u201a {][m\\\\ Npa- X-e. C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac B\u00bfan-bpsS h\\\\nXm hn`m-K-ambn Qm\u2265kn dmWn sdPn-sa\u201a v cq]o-I- knwK-\u220fq\u00bf tI{\u03bc-am\u00b0n kp`mjv cn-\u00aep. CXns\u201a Npa-Xe ae-bm-fn-bmb Iym]v\u2030\u2265 N{\u03bc-t_mkpw a{\u00a5n-k`m AwK-\u00dffpw e\u00a3van-\u00b0m-bn-cp-\u2202p. P\u220fms\u201a klm-b-t\u00d8msS kp`mjv N{\u03bc-t_m-kns\u201a t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n-ep\u2248 C\u00a5y\u2265 \\\\mj-W\u00ac B\u00bfan C\u00a5y-bpsS hS-\u00b0p-Ing-\u00b0\u2265 AXn\u00bf\u00d8n hsc F\u00d8p-Ibpw Cw^m-en\u00ac tZiob]XmI Db\u00bf\u00d8p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C\u00a5y-bpsS kzmX-{\u00a5y-\u00d8n-\\\\mbn Km\u2018n-b\u2265 ka-c-co-Xn-I- fn\u00ac\\\\n\u2202p hyXyk- vXa- mbn cq]ws- Im\u2260 {]\u00ffm\\\\- \u00df- s- fbpw Ah- bpsS Bi-b-\u00df-sf-bpw Ipdn\u00aev Hcp skan-\\\\m\u00bf kwL-Sn-\u220fn-\u00b0p-I. hm\u00a9n A\u00f8\u00bf -sXm-gn-emfn \u02db I\u00bfj-I{]\u00ffm- \\\\-\u00df\u0192 C-\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c-\u00d8nse Z\u00a3n-tW-\u00a5y-bnse BZys\u00d8 c\u2021-km-\u00a3nbmWv hm\u00a9n A\u00f8\u00bf. P\\\\- djy\u2265 hn\u03c0-hs\u00d8 XpS\u00bf\u2202v tkmjy- Iob {]t\u00a3m-`-\u00df\u0192 \\\\njvTp-c-ambn ASn-\u00ae-a\u00bf\u00d8n-bn- en\u00c3v Bi-b-\u00dffpsS kzm[o\\\\w cp\u2202 Xncp-s\\\\\u00acthen Pn\u221am-I-f-IvS\u00bf Bbn-cp\u2202 C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac sXmgn-emfn{]\u00ffm-\\\\- tdm_\u00bf\u00b4v hneyw sUkvtIm\u00bf\u00b4v Btjsb 1911 \u00df\u0192 cq]o-I-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn-\\\\n-S-bm-\u00b0n. Pqsse 17 \\\\v Xan-gv-\\\\m-\u00b4nse a\\\\nbm\u00aen (Maniachi) BZy-Im-e\u00d8v C\u00a5ybn\u00ac cq]o-I-cn- sdbn\u00acth t\u00c3j\\\\- n\u00ac h\u00aev shSnh\u00ae- ps- Im\u2202- p. {_n\u00b4o- \u00b0-s\u220f\u00b4 sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\\\\-I\u0192 jp-Im\u00bf\u00b0v ]nSn-sIm-Sp-\u00b0msX B ^vfm\u2030vt^m- NphsS ]d-bp-\u2202-XmWv: an\u00ac\u00d8s\u2202 At\u00b1-lhpw B\ufb02-mlpXn sNbvXp. hm\u00a9n A\u00f8c- psS {]hr\u00d8ns- b\u220f- \u2030n amUw Ima Xs\u201a $ Al-\u03a9-Zm-_mZv sSIvss\u00c3\u00ac ht\u03bc-am-Xcw {]kn-\u2264o-I-c-W-\u00d8n\u00ac C\u00dfs\\\\ Fgp-Xn: Atkm-kn-tb-j\u2265 \\\"\\\"hm\u00a9n DXn\u00bf\u00d8 shSn-bp-\u2260-I\u0192 \\\\q\u2030m-\u2260p-I-fmbn ASn-a-\u00d8-\u00d8n-em-bn-cp\u2202 Hcp cmPys\u00d8 KmV-\\\\n{Z- $ a{Zmkv te_\u00bf bqWn-b\u2265 bn\u00ac \\\\n\u2202pw DW\u00bf\u00d8n.'' 112","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X 1920 \u00ac F\u2265.-Fw. tPmjn, emem- e-Pv]Xv dmbn F\u2202n-h\u00bf ap\u2265ssI FSp\u00d8v AJn-te\u00a5y t{SUv bqWn-b\u2265 tIm\u00a8{Kkv (AITUC) cq]o-I-cn-\u00aep. Cu kwL-S-\\\\-bpsS aq\u2202p {][m\\\\ e\u00a3y-\u00df-fm-bn-cp-\u2202p: $ sXmgn-emfnh\u00bfKsa\u2202 \\\\ne-bn\u00ac kwL-Sn-\u00b0p-Ibpw {]h\u00bf\u00d8n-\u00b0p- Ibpw sN\u00f8pI. $ C\u00a5y\u2265 sXmgn-em-fn-h\u00bfKw cmPy-\u00d8n\\\\p ]pd-\u00d8p\u2248 sXmgn-emfnh\u00bfK- hp-ambn tN\u00bf\u2202p {]h\u00bf\u00d8n-\u00b0p-I. $ kzmX{- \u00a5y\u00d8- n\\\\pt- h\u2260- nb- p\u2248 t]mcm\u00b4- \u00d8- n\u00ac kPoh ]\u00b6phln\u00b0- pI. {_n\u00b4oj- pI- mc- psS \\\\nIpXn\\\\b\u00df- fpw skao\u03bc- m\u00bfamc- psS NqjW- hpw Im\u00bfjnI D\u00ac\u220f-\u2202-\u00df\u0192\u00b0p-\u2260mb hne-bn-Snhpw I\u00bfj-IcpsS CS-bn\u00ac Iq\u00b4m-bva-bpsS Bh-iy-IX t_m[y-s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8n. CXv I\u00bfjI{]\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00df-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W- \u00d8n\\\\v Imc-W-am-bn. F\u2265.-Pn. cwK AS-\u00b0-ap\u2248 I\u00bfjIt\\\\Xm-\u00b0-fpsS {ia- ^-e-ambn emtlm-dn\u00ac h\u00aev AJn-te\u00a5ym Inkm\u2265 tIm\u00a8{Kkv \u00ffm]n-X- am-bn. ]n\u00ac\u00b0m-e\u00d8v CXv AJn-te\u00a5y Inkm\u2265k` F\u2202 t]cp kzoI-cn- \u00aep. t_mws_-bnse AJn-te\u00a5ym Inkm\u2265 kanXn kt\u03a9-f-\\\\-\u00d8n\u00ach\u00aev I\u00bfj-I-cpsS Bh-iy-\u00df\u0192 D\u0192s\u00b0m-\u2248n-\u00aep-sIm\u2260v Hcp Inkm\u2265 am\\\\n- s^t\u00c3mbv\u00b0v cq]w -\\\\\u00acIn. CXn\u00ac D\u0192s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8n-bn-cp\u2202 Nne Bh-iy- \u00df\u0192. $ `q\\\\n-Ip-Xnbpw ]m\u00b4hpw 50% Ipd-bv\u00b0p-I. $ IS-\u00df\u0192 ac-hn-\u220fn-\u00b0pI. $ ^yqU\u00ac \\\\nIp-Xn-I\u0192 d\u00b1m-\u00b0p-I. $ I\u00bfj-I-s\u00d8m-gn-em-fn-I\u0192\u00b0v an\\\\naw -th-X\\\\w Dd-\u220fm-\u00b0p-I. $ I\u00bfjI bqWn-b-\\\\p-Isf AwKo-I-cn-\u00b0p-I. I\u00bfjI- c- ps- Sbpw sXmgne- mf- nI- f- ps- Sbpw H\u00d8pt- Nc- epw {]Xnt- j[- hpw C\u00a5y\u2265 tZiob{]\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00d8n\\\\v DW\u00bfth-In. {_n\u00b4o-jp-Im-cpsS km{amPyXz\\\\b-\u00df- sfbpw C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac \\\\ne-\\\\n\u2202 ^yqU\u00ac hyh-\u00ff-sbbpw Hcp-t]mse FXn\u00bf\u00d8 sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw I\u00bfj-I-cp-sSbpw \\\\ne-]m-Sp-I\u0192 C\u00a5y-bpsS hnhn[ \u00ffe\u00df-fn\u00ac Iem-]-\u00df\u0192\u00b0pw ka-c-\u00df\u0192\u00b0pw hgn-sX-fn-\u00aep. ka-c-\u00df\u0192 \\\\S\u2202 \u00ffe-\u00df\u0192 $ tX`m-K-k-acw $_wKm\u0192 $ sXe\u00b6m\\\\-k-acw $B{\u2018-{]-tZiv $ \\\\mhn-I-I-em]w $t_mws_ C\u00a5y-bpsS tZio-b-k-a-c-\u00d8n\u00ac sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw I\u00bfj-Icpw hln\u00ae ]\u00b6v hni-Z-am-\u00b0p-I. 113","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I kzmX-{\u00a5y-\u00d8n-te\u00b0v AXn\u00bf\u00d8nKm\u2018n c\u2260mw- tem-I-bp\u2264w temI-\u00d8m-I-am\\\\w km{am- Py-Xz-\u00d8ns\u201a XI\u00bf\u00aebv\u00b0v Imc-W-am-bn. {_n\u00b4\u2265 km\u00ba-\u00d8nIambn Zp\u00bf_-e-am-hp-Ibpw AXp-hgn Zzncmj{v ShmZs- \u00d8bpw C\u00a5y- tImf\\\\nI\u0192 \\\\ne-\\\\n\u00bf\u00d8m-\\\\p\u2248 tijn \\\\jvS- bpsS hn`-P-\\\\-s\u00d8bpw s\u220f-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Gjy-bnepw B{^n-\u00b0- i\u2021-ambn FXn\u00bf\u00d8n-cp\u2202 bnepw kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c-\u00df\u0192 i\u2021n-s\u220f-\u00b4Xpw t\\\\Xmh- mW- v Jm\u2265 A_vZp\u00ac temIs\u00d8 h\u2265i\u2021n-I-fmbn hf\u00bf\u2202p h\u2202 Km^\u00bf Jm\u2265. C\u00a5y-bpsS. hS-\u00b0p-]-Sn-\u2122m-d\u2265 Ata-cn-\u00b0bpw tkmhn-b\u2030v bqWn-b\\\\pw tImf- \\\\n-hm-gvN-bvs\u00b0-Xn-cmbn \\\\ne-]m-sS-Sp-\u00d8Xpw AXn\u00bf\u00d8n {]tZ-i-\u00df-fn\u00ac \\\\nc-h[n ka-c- \u00df\u0192\u00b0p t\\\\XrXzw \\\\\u00acInb At\u00b1-ls\u00d8 C\u00a5y\u00b0p kzmX-{\u00a5yw \\\\\u00acIm\u2265 {_n\u00b4s\\\\ C\u00a5y-bpsS hn`-P\\\\w ZpxJn-\u220fn-\u00aep. ln\u03bcp-\u02db- \\\\n\u00bf_-\u2018n-Xam-\u00b0n. C\u00a5y-tbmSv A\\\\p-`mhw apkvenw sFIy-\u00d8n-\\\\p-th\u2260n \\\\ne-sIm\u2260 ]pe\u00bf\u00d8n-bn-cp\u2202 \u00a2a\u201a v B\u2030ven-bpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz- At\u00b1lw \\\"AXn\u00bf\u00d8n Km\u2018n' F\u2202-dn-b-s\u220f- \u00d8n\u00ac te_\u00bf]m\u00bf\u00b4n {_n\u00b4\\\\- n\u00ac A[nI- mc- \u00d8- n\u00ac Sp-\u2202p. C\u00a5ym Kh\u00a8sa\u201ans\u201a ]c-tam-\u2202X h\u2202Xpw kzmX{\u00a5yk-\u00bam-Z\\\\w Ffp-\u220f-am-\u00b0n. _lpa- X- nb- mb \\\"`mcX- c- Xv\\\\' \\\\\u00acIn cmjv{Sw F\u2202m\u00ac apl-\u03a9-Zen Pn\u2202-bpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac At\u00b1-ls\u00d8 BZ-cn-\u00aep. k\u00bfth\u00a5ym eoKv, ]mIn-\u00ffm\u2265 F\u2202 {]tXyI cmPyw thW-sa\u2202v Bh-iy-s\u220f-\u00b4p. XpS\u00bf\u2202v Cu {]iv\\\\w ]cnl- c- n\u00aev C\u00a5y\u00b0v kzmX{\u00a5yw \\\\\u00acIm\\\\p\u2248 {]h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\- \u00df- \u0192\u00b0mbn au\u2260v _m\u2030\u00a8 {]`p-hns\\\\ C\u00a5y-bpsS ssht{km-bn-bmbn \\\\nb-an-\u00aep. C\u00a5ysb hn`P- n\u00b0- msX A[nI- mc- s- s\u00b0a- m\u2030w km[ya- s- \u221a\u2202p hmZn\u00ae- au\u2260v_m- \u2030\u00a8 AXn-\\\\p-th\u2260n Xbm-dm-\u00b0nbXm-Wv. \\\"au\u2260v _m\u2030\u2265 ]\u2264Xn'. AX-\\\\p-k- cn-\u00aev, $ apkvenwI\u0192\u00b0v `qcn-]-\u00a3-ap\u2248 {]tZ- i\u00d8v Ah\u00bf B{K-ln-\u00b0p-I-bm-sW-\u00b6n\u00ac Hcp {]tXy-I-cmPyw A\\\\p-h-Zn-t\u00b0-\u2260-Xm- Wv. $ ]\u00a9m_pw _wKmfpw c\u2260mbn hn`-Pn- t\u00b0-\u2260-XmWv. Phl- \u00bfem\u00ac s\\\\lvdp $ hS-\u00b0p-]-Sn-\u2122m-d\u2265 AXn\u00bf\u00d8n sNt\u00b6m\u00b4- b- n\u00ac kw\u00ffm\\\\w ]mIn-\u00ffm-\\\\n\u00ac tN\u00bf\u00b0- {]kwK- n\u00b0- p\u2202p. Wtam th\u2260tbm F\u2202p Xocp-am-\\\\n-\u00b0p- \u2202-Xn\\\\v Hcp lnX]cn-tim-[\\\\ \\\\S-\u00d8p- \u2202-Xm-Wv. $ _wKm-fn-sebpw ]\u00a9m-_n-sebpw ln\u03bcp-\u02db-apkvenw kw\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00df-fpsS AXn\u00bf\u00d8n \\\\n\u00bfW-bn-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xn\\\\v Hcp AXn\u00bf\u00d8n\\\\n\u00bfWb I\u03a9o-js\\\\ \\\\n-ban-\u00b0p-\u2202-Xm-Wv. tIm\u00a8{Kkpw k\u00bfth\u00a5ym eoKpw Cu ]\u2264Xn AwKo-I-cn-\u00aep. F\u2202m\u00ac Jm\u2265 A_vZp\u00ac Km^\u00bfJms\\\\t\u220fmep\u2248 tZio-b-hm-Zn-I\u0192 CXns\\\\ 114","ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw \u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X C\u00a5yb- psS kzmX{- \u00a5y- FXn\u00bf\u00d8p. 1947 Pqsse-bn\u00ac {_n\u00b4ojv ]m\u00bfe-sa\u201a v C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX- \u00d8n\\\\v th\u2260n t]mcm-Snb {\u00a5y\\\\nbaw (Indian Independence Act) ]mkm-\u00b0n. C\u00a5y,- ]mIn-\u00ffm\u2265 F\u2202o c\u2260p kzX-{\u00a5-cm-Py-\u00df\u0192 \\\\ne-hn\u00ac h\u2202p. kzX{\u00a5 C\u00a5y- t\\\\Xm\u00b0- f- psSbpw bpsS BZys\u00d8 {][m-\\\\-a-{\u00a5n-bmbn Ph-l\u00bfem\u00ac s\\\\lvdp kXy-{]- {]\u00ffm\\\\- \u00df- f- psSbpw Xn\u2044 sNbvXv A[n-Im-c-ta-\u2030p. hnh-c-\u00df\u0192 D\u0192s\u220f-Sp\u00d8n t{]mPIvSv Xbmd- m\u00b0- pI- . C\u00a5y-bpsS kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-acw Hcp _lp-P\\\\ tZiobka-c-ambn amdn- bsX-\u00df-s\\\\-sb-\u2202mWv \\\\\u03a9\u0192 N\u00bf\u00aesNbvX-Xv. Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS Bi- b-\u00dffpw ka-c-co-Xn-I-fp-am-bn-cp\u2202p CXn\u00ac {][m\\\\ ]\u00b6p hln-\u00aeXv. Km\u2018n- b\u2265 coXn-bn\u00ac \\\\n\u2202v hyXy-kvX-amb ka-c-am\u00bfK-\u00df\u0192\u00b0pw Cu Ime-L\u00b4w km\u00a3yw hln-\u00aep. C\u00d8-c-\u00d8n\u00ac hyXy-kvX-[m-c-I-fn-eqsS i\u2021n-{]m-]n\u00ae tZiob{]\u00ffm-\\\\-\u00d8ns\u201a ^e-am-bn-cp\u2202p 1947 BK\u00c3v 15 \\\\v C\u00a5y\u00b0v e`n\u00ae kzmX-{\u00a5yw. kac- hpw kzmX{- \u00a5yhpw {]mtZ-inI tZiob thdn\u00b4 ka-c-\u00df\u0192 ka-c-\u00df\u0192 hgn-I\u0192 N\u00bam- Al-\u03a9-Zm- tJU \\\\n\u00a0-l- knhn\u00ac tkmjy- hn\u03c0h sXmgn- c\\\\nse _mZv I\u00bfjI I-cW \\\\nb- a Izn\u2030n\u00a5ym kzcmPv en\u00c3v {]\u00ffm emfn\u02db \\\\oew kacw kacw -ew-L\\\\w kacw ]m\u00bf\u00b4n {]\u00ffm\\\\w \\\\\u00df\u0192 I\u00bfjI I\u00bfj-I XpWn-an\u00ac {]\u00ffm-\\\\- kacw kacw \u00df\u0192 D\u220fp- [cmk- \\\\ kX- y{- Klw kacw $ C\u00a5y-bn\u00ac Xncn-s\u00ae-\u00d8n-b-Xn-\\\\p-tijw Km\u2018nPn ]s\u00b6-Sp\u00d8 {]mtZ- inIka-c-\u00df\u0192 GsX\u221amw? $ tJU I\u00bfjIka-c-\u00d8n\u00ac D]-tbm-Kn\u00ae ka-cm-bp-[-\u00df\u0192 Fs\u00a5-\u221am- am-bn-cp\u2202p? $ Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS BZy-Ime ka-c-\u00df-fpsS ^e-\u00df\u0192 hni-I-e\\\\w sN\u00f8pI. 115","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv ka-chpw kzmX-{\u00a5yhpw X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I $ `oI-c-hmZ{]h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\w XS-bm-s\\\\\u2202 t]cn\u00ac {_n\u00b4o-jp-Im\u00bf \\\\S-\u220fn-em-\u00b0nb \\\\nbaw GXm-bn-cp\u2202p? $ Pmen-b\u2265 hmem-_mKv kw`-h-s\u00d8-\u220f\u2030n Ipdn\u220fv Xbm-dm-\u00b0p-I. $ Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS t\\\\Xr-Xz-\u00d8n\u00ac \\\\S\u2202 \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cW{]\u00ffm-\\\\- \u00d8ns\u201a ^e-\u00df\u0192 ]\u00b4n-I-s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8p-I. $ \\\\n\u00a0-l-I-cW{]\u00ffm\\\\w \\\\n\u00bf\u00d8n-h-bv\u00b0m\u2265 Km\u2018n-Pnsb t{]cn- \u220fn\u00ae kw`hw F\u00a5m-bn-cp\u2202p? $ C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX-{\u00a5y-k-a-c-\u00d8ns\u201a A\u00a5n-a-e\u00a3yw ]q\u00bfW-kz-cmPv BsW\u2202v {]Jym-]n\u00ae tIm\u00a8{Kkv kt\u03a9-f\\\\w GXm-bn-cp\u2202p? $ C\u00a5y\u2265 kzmX{- \u00a5yk- a- c- \u00d8- n\u00ac knhn\u00ac \\\\nba- e- wL- \\\\- \u00d8- ns\u201a {]k- \u2021n-sb-\u00b0p-dn\u00aev Hcp skan-\\\\m\u00bf t]\u220f\u00bf Xbm-dm-\u00b0p-I. $ Izn\u2030v C\u00a5ym ka-c-s\u00d8-\u00b0p-dn\u00aev Hcp N\u00bf\u00ae-\u00b0p-dn\u220fv Xbm-dm-\u00b0p-I. $ Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS Z\u00a3n-Wm-{^n-\u00b0\u2265 Pohn-X-s\u00d8-\u00b0p-dn\u00aev eLp-N-cn{Xw Xbm-dm-\u00b0p-I. $ Km\u2018n-Pn-bpsS kvac-W-bv\u00b0mbn C\u00a5ym Kh\u00a8sa\u201a v ]pd-\u00d8n-d-\u00b0nb hnhn[ \u00c3m\u00bap-I\u0192, hntZ-i-cm-Py-\u00df\u0192 ]pd-\u00d8n-d-\u00b0nb \u00c3m\u00bap-I\u0192, Ah-bpsS Nn{X-\u00df\u0192 XpS-\u00dfn-bh D\u0192s\u220f-Sp\u00d8n sF.kn.Sn. km[yX D]-tbm-Kn\u00aev Hcp UnPn-\u2030\u00ac B\u00ac_w Xbm-dm-\u00b0p-I. 116","ImkdtKmUv ImkdtKmUv I\u00c6q\u00bf I\u00bf\u00c6mSI I\u00c6q\u00bf hb\\\\mSv I\u00ac\u220f\u2030 tImgnt\u00b0mSv tImgnt\u00b0mSv Xangv\\\\mSv ae\u220fpdw ae\u220fpdw ]me\u00b0mSv ]me\u00b0mSv Xr\u00bbq\u00bf Xr\u00bbq\u00bf FdWmIpfw FdWmIpfw CSp\u00b0n tIm\u00b4bw ss]\\\\mhv tIm\u00b4bw Be\u220fpg Be\u220fpg ]\u00d8\\\\wXn\u00b4 ]\u00d8\\\\wXn\u00b4 sIm\u221aw sIm\u221aw Xncph\\\\\u00a5]pcw Xncph\\\\\u00a5]pcw","","","","","","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X Ipdn\u220fpI\u0192 123","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv X kmaqlyimkv{Xw I Ipdn\u220fpI\u0192 124","\u00c3m\u2265tU\u00bfUv kmaqlyimkv{Xw I X Ipdn\u220fpI\u0192 125","`mc-X-\u00d8ns\u201a `c-W-L-S\\\\ `mKw IV I auenI I\u00bf\u00d8-hy-\u00df\u0192 51 I. auenI I\u00bf\u00d8-hy-\u00df\u0192 \u02db Xmsg-\u220f-d-bp-\u2202h `mc-X-\u00d8nse Hmtcm ]uc-s\u201abpw I\u00bf\u00d8hyw Bbn-cn-\u00b0p-\u2202-XmWv: (I) `c-W-L-S-\\\\sb A\\\\p-k-cn-\u00b0p-Ibpw AXns\u201a BZ\u00bfi-\u00df-sfbpw \u00ffm]-\\\\-\u00df-sfbpw tZiob]XmI- s- bbpw tZiobKm\\\\s- \u00d8bpw BZc- n\u00b0- pI- bpw sN\u00f8pI; (J) kzmX{- \u00a5y\u00d8- n\\\\- pt- h\u2260- nb- p\u2248 \\\\\u03a9psS tZiobkac- \u00d8- n\\\\v {]tNmZ- \\\\w \\\\\u00acInb al\\\\- ob- m- Z\u00bfi\u00df- sf ]cnt- ]mj- n\u220f- n\u00b0- pI- bpw ]n\u2265XpS- c- pI- bpw sN\u00f8pI; (K) `mcX- \u00d8- ns\u201a ]ca- m[- nI- mc- hpw sFIyhpw AJ\ufb01- X- bpw \\\\ne\\\\- n\u00bf\u00d8pI- bpw kwc\u00a3- n\u00b0- p- Ibpw sN\u00f8pI; (L) cmPys\u00d8 Im\u00d8pk- q\u00a3- n\u00b0- pI- bpw tZiob tkh\\\\w A\\\\pj- vTn\u00b0- ph- m\u2265 Bhiys- \u220fS- pt- \u00bam\u0192 A\\\\pj- vTn\u00b0- pI- bpw sN\u00f8pI; (M) aX]- c- hpw `mjm]- c- hpw {]mtZi- nI- hpw hn`mK- ob- h- pa- mb sshhn[- y\u00df- \u0192\u00b0XoX- a- mbn `mc- X\u00d8- nse F\u221am P\\\\\u00df- \u0192\u00b0pa- nS- b- n\u00ac, kulm\u00bfZhpw s]mXph- mb kmtlmZ- c- ya- t- \\\\m`- mh- hpw ]pe\u00bf\u00d8pI- . kv{XoIf- psS A\u00a5\u00a0- n\\\\v Ipdhp hcp\u00d8- p\u2202 BNmc- \u00df- \u0192 ]cnX- yP- n\u00b0- pI; (N) \\\\\u03a9psS kwkvImc- ka\\\\- zb\u00d8- ns\u201a k\u00ba\u2202- a- mb ]mc\u00ba- c- ys\u00d8 hnea- X- n\u00b0- pI- bpw \\\\ne\\\\- nd- p- \u00d8pI- bpw sN\u00f8pI; (O) h\\\\\u00df- fpw XSmI- \u00df- fpw \\\\ZnI- fpw h\\\\yPoh- nI- fpw D\u0192s\u220fS- p\u2202 {]IrXym D\u2248 ]cn\u00ff- nXn kwc-\u00a3n-\u00b0p-Ibpw A`n-hr-\u2264n-s\u220f-Sp-\u00d8p-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-\u00b0p-Ibpw sN\u00f8pI; (P) imkv{Xob- a- mb ImgvN\u220f- mSpw am\\\\h- nI- X- bpw, At\\\\zj- W- \u00d8- n\\\\pw ]cnjvIcW\u00d8n\\\\pw D\u2248 at\\\\m`- mh- hpw hnIk- n\u220f- n\u00b0- pI; (Q) s]mXpk- z\u00d8v ]cnc- \u00a3- n\u00b0- pI- bpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]\u00a3- n\u00b0- pI- bpw sN\u00f8pI; (R) cmjv{Sw bXv\\\\\u00d8- ns- \u201abpw e\u00a3y{- ]m]- vXnb- ps- Sbpw D\u2202X- X- e- \u00df- f- nt- e\u00b0v \\\\nc\u00a5cw Dbc- \u00d8- - \u00b0h- \u00c6w hy\u2021n]- c- hpw Iq\u00b4mb- X- pa- mb {]h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\- \u00d8- ns\u201a F\u221am a\ufb01e- \u00df- f- nepw D\u00acIr- jvSX- b- v\u00b0pt- h\u2260n A[zm\\\\- n\u00b0- pI- . (S) Bdn\\\\pw ]Xn-\\\\m-en\\\\pw CSbv\u00b0v {]mb-ap\u2248 Xs\u201a Ip\u00b4nt\u00b0m Xs\u201a kwc-\u00a3-W-bn-ep\u2248 Ip\u00b4nI- \u0192t\u00b0m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm]- nX- m\u00b0- tfm c\u00a3mI\u00bf\u00d8mthm hnZym`- ymk- - \u00d8n\\\\- p\u2248 Ahk- c- \u00df- \u0192 G\u00bfs\u220fS- p\u00d8- pI- .","Ncn{- Xs- s]X- rIw kwc\u00a3- n\u00b0- q... sshhn[- y]- q\u00bfWhpw k\u00ba\u2202- h- pa- mb ss]XrI- a- mWv \\\\\u03a9psS cmPy\u00d8- n\\\\- p\u2248- X- v. Cu ss]XrIw t]dp\u2202 Ncn- {Xk- vamc- I- \u00df- fpw hkvXp\u00b0- fpw \u00ffe\u00df- fpw btYmN- nXw kwc\u00a3- nt- \u00b0\u2260- Xv \\\\\u03a9psS Ghc- ps- Sbpw I\u00bf\u00d8- hya- mW- v. \\\\\u03a9psS \\\\mSn\u201a al\u00d8- mb Ncn{X ]mc\u00ba- c- ys- \u00d8bpw Ncn{X kvamcI- \u00df- s- fbpw hcpwXea- pd- b- v\u00b0mbn ssIamt- d\u2260- Xv \\\\\u03a9psS D\u00d8c- h- mZ- n\u00d8- hpa- mW- v. Ncn{- Xs- s]X- rI kwc\u00a3- W- \u00d8- n\\\\- mbn \\\\ap\u00b0v sN\u00f8mh- p\u2202- X- v $ ]T\\\\- {- ]h- \u00bf\u00d8\\\\- \u00df- f- psS `mKa- mbn Ncn{- Xk- vamc- I- \u00df- fpw ayqknb- \u00df- fpw kwc\u00a3- nX- \u00ff- e- \u00df- fpw k\u03bc\u00bfin-\u00b0m-hp-\u2202-Xm-Wv. $ Chb- psS Nn{X\u00df- fpw hnhc- \u00df- fpw a\u2030p hniZ- mwi- \u00df- fpw tiJc- n\u00b0pIbpw Ahs- b\u00b0- pd- n\u00aev {]Z\u00bfi- \\\\-\u00dffpw N\u00bf\u00ae-Ifpw kwL-Sn-\u220fn\u00b0- mh- p\u2202- -Xp-amW- v. $ ss]XrI kwc\u00a3- W- s- \u00d8\u00b0- pd- n\u00aev a\u2030p\u2248- h- sc t_m[h- m\u2265amc- m\u00b0- p\u2202- X- n\\\\- p\u2248 {]h\u00bf\u00d8\\\\- \u00df- \u0192 Gs\u2030-Sp-\u00b0m-hp-\u2202-Xm-Wv. $ \\\\mSns\u201a ss]XrI kwc\u00a3- Ww kvIqfpI- \u0192\u00b0pw Gs\u2030S- p\u00b0- mh- p\u2202- X- mW- v. IqSmsX \\\\n\u00dff- psS kvIqfns- \u201abpw {]tZi- \u00d8- ns- \u201abpw Ncn{Xw tcJs- \u220fS- p\u00d8n kq\u00a3n\u00b0- mh- p\u2202- X- pa- mW- v. $ kvIqfn\u00ac Hcp Ncn-{X-ss]-XrI ayqknb- hpw kmaq-lyi- m-kv{Xe- m_pw k\u00f7a- m-\u00b0m-hp-\u2202X- m-Wv. $ Ncn{- Xk- vamc- I- \u00df- fpw \u00ffe\u00df- fpw Zpcp]- t- bmKw sN\u00f8p\u2202- Xv {i\u2264b- n\u00acs\u220f\u00b4- m\u00ac bYmk- a- bw A[n- IrX- sc Adnb- nt- \u00b0\u2260- X- mWv. sN\u00f8m\u2265 ]mSn\u221a- m\u00d8- Xv $ Ncn-{Xk- vam-cI- -\u00dff- pw Dd-hnS- \u00df- fpw hnIrX- a- m-\u00b0pI- tbm Ahb- psS ta\u00ac hcb- v\u00b0p-Itbm Fgp-Xp- Itbm t]m\u00c3\u00bf ]Xn\u00b0- pI- tbm sN\u00f8m\u2265 ]mSn\u221a- . $ Ncn{- Xk- vamc- I- \u00df- f- nepw \u00ffe\u00df- f- nepw AXn{- Ia- n\u00aep IS\u00b0- m\\\\pw A[o\\\\- s- \u220fS- p\u00d8- m\\\\pw {ian\u00b0cpXv. $ Ncn{- Xh- k- vXp\u00b0- f- ps- Sbpw kvamcI- \u00df- f- ps- Sbpw \u00ffe\u00df- f- ps- Sbpw \\\\ne\\\\- n\u00ac]n\\\\v tZmjI- c- a- mh- p\u2202 Hcp {]hr\u00d8nbnepw G\u00bfs\u220fS- c- pX- v. k\u00ba\u2202- a- mb Ncn{Xss]XrIw kwc\u00a3- n\u00b0- q... hcpwXea- pd- b- v\u00b0mbn Ah ssIamd- q...",""]


Like this book? You can publish your book online for free in a few minutes!
Create your own flipbook