Creative Essay 2021_Tomailla_Juan

Creative Essay 2021: Wrestling A Global Pandemic for More Than a Year, What are the consequences for the global economy and the environment? Positive Impact Negative Impact Environment Environment Vaccines Global Economy Potential / Effectiveness Implications Master: International Natural Resources Management Mary and James are Course: Economics of Agricultural and Rural Development friends and now they are Instructor: PD Dr. Khalid Siddig at the bus stop. Student: Juan Tomailla Matriculation N°: 616936

Covid-19: Negative Impact - Environment Hello Mary, Hello, I am going to the Are you going to cover Yes. I have identified changes in where are you library, I have to write the negative impacts on an essay on Covid-19. quantity, composition, going? the envionment? frequency, distribution, and risks of waste (Fan et al., 2021) Fan, 2021 Some cities had an increase while others had a reduction of domestic Another impact is deforestation, or industrial waste generation. supervising and monitoring However, all cities have had an absence by the authorities due to increase in hospital waste (Fan et mobilization restrictions, seems to al., 2021). have encouraged illegal logging (López- Feldam et al., 2020). Some types of food containers that were previously considered I read that, in Colombia, such recyclable are now considered as activities had been reported. dangerous, because they can store or help to spread Covid-19 (Irfan et But there is also the risk of taking al., 2021). covid to native communities and reducing their population, in such I have also considered the rise in a way that community forest waste fires. Since there was an governance would be affected in increase of household waste the future (López- Feldam et al., generation, which overwhelmed 2020). the handling capacities in some places, alongside the exposure to solar rays, can generate these kind of fires (Rupani et al., 2020). 2

Covid-19: Positive Impact - Environment What have you found about the NO2 positive impacts? concentration During lockdown there were mobilization restrictions (by land, water, and air) and it was reported different gases and pollutants emission reduction, such as particulate matter (PM 2.5, 10), CO2 and NO2, among others, in several cities (Verma & Prakash, 2020), for example Madrid and Paris (Khan 2021). Khan 2021 Venice lagoons I read that there was less energy and waterways demand for industries, such as use of fossil fuel or conventional energy Mousazadeh sources (Wang & Su, 2020). 2021 Yes, in addition, the skies in several cities were clearer, because of the reduction from factory emissions, and the water in the rivers was cleaner due to the decrease in industrial effluents (Verma & Prakash, 2020), such as Venice (Mousazadeh et al., 2021). Wild animals were also more It should be taken into Yes, but after a year of Covid, often registered in urban account that the positive these positive impacts are a sign places. This as a consequence impacts are short-term and that the environment can recover of greater connectivity were reported while the from the effect of anthropic between ecosystems, since population was in isolation activities, such as if people’s there was a reduction in land as a measure against Covid lifestyles change and there is a transport. (Rupani et al. 2020, (Praveena & Aris, 2021). strengthening of environmental Helm 2020). regulations and public policies. (Praveena & Aris, 2021). Bar 2020 3

Covid-19 Global Economy - Implications I am also covering global economic impacts. The pandemic has harmed and affected the poor the most and is pushing millions into poverty. This is generating a setback in the fight against poverty, since the number of people living on less than $ 1.90/day is increasing (World Bank 2020). World Bank 2020 You should consider the restrictions to stop Another point that I am considering is the money sent by the spread of Covid and relieve pressure on migrants to their countries of origin, since this helps to health systems, which have generated a alleviate poverty. Although with Covid, this was decrease in global economic growth by 2020. negatively affected, falling in all regions and being more evident in Europe and Central Asia (World Bank 2020). This, in turn, has meant countries are not in the conditions to face their external debts Remittance flows (US$) currently and allocate their resources to BILLION) combat covid, but in the future this will be a huge burden. (World Bank 2020). Small and medium-sized companies have been the World Bank 2020 most affected by the slowdown, implementing remote and digital work. High healthcare costs and which regions and countries have pushed many people into poverty; and at least are the most affected? 1.5 billion students were out of schools at the peak of the pandemic, now many of them take online Covid has affected poor and vulnerable countries to a classes. (World Bank 2020). N° students enrolled, March 2020 greater extent (World Bank, 2021). Latin America has World Bank 2020 been the most indebted of the developing regions, above Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Europe (France24, 2021). The five economies most affected at the end of 2020 (considering GDP reduction) were Argentina (11.8%), Peru (13.9%), Spain (12.8%), Mexico (9%) and South Africa (8%) (El Financiero 2020). 4

Covid-19 Vaccines - Potential / Effectiveness Regarding vaccines, Effectiveness do they all protect people against the Statista 2021 covid equally? Vaccines against covid-19 have No, the effectiveness different degrees of efficacy, but varies among vaccines. all those authorized to be used can reduce the spread of the virus. In Newly reported cases in last 7 days (18.06.2021) addition, the potential of vaccines to stop the pandemic will depend . on different factors, such as the worldwide vaccine distribution Persons vaccinated with at least dose per 100 population (18.06.2021) speed, in such a way that mutations or variants appear, Who, 2021b where the vaccines are not as Also, vaccines are showing to be effective, since the daily effective. number of covid-19 cases has a decreasing trend, in places where the number of vaccines applied increases. Vaccines by themselves will not eliminate the virus since hygiene Oh, this is my bus stop. It and social distancing measures was a nice talk. See you. must continue to be applied (WHO. 2021a). Yes, it was, 5 see you.

Covid-19 Sources • Bar, Harekrishna. “COVID-19 lockdown: animal life, ecosystem and atmospheric environment.” Environment, development and sustainability, 1-18. 1 Oct. 2020, doi:10.1007/s10668-020-01002-7 • Fan YV, Jiang P, Hemzal M, Klemeš JJ. An update of COVID-19 influence on waste management. Sci Total Environ. 2021 Feb 1;754:142014. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142014. Epub 2020 Aug 26. PMID: 32920389; PMCID: PMC7448788. • France24. 2021. América Latina: la más afectada y la más endeudada tras la pandemia de Covid-19. https://www.france24.com/es/programas/econom%C3%ADa/20210316-pandemia-covid19-america-latina- endeudamiento • ElFinanciero. 2020. Las 5 economías más afectadas a nivel mundial por la pandemia de COVID-19. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/economia/las-5-economias-mas-afectadas-a-nivel-mundial-por-la-pandemia-de- covid-19/ • Helm, D. The Environmental Impacts of the Coronavirus. Environ Resource Econ 76, 21–38 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z • Irfan M, Ahmad M, Fareed Z, Iqbal N, Sharif A, Wu H. On the indirect environmental outcomes of COVID-19: short- term revival with futuristic long-term implications. Int J Environ Health Res. 2021 Jan 15:1-11. doi: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1874888. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33448868. • Khan, Y.A. The COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on environment: the case of the major cities in Pakistan. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13851-4 • López-Feldman, Alejandro et al. “Environmental Impacts and Policy Responses to Covid-19: A View from Latin America.” Environmental & resource economics, 1-6. 13 Jul. 2020, doi:10.1007/s10640-020-00460-x • Mousazadeh, M., Paital, B., Naghdali, Z. et al. Positive environmental effects of the coronavirus 2020 episode: a review. Environ Dev Sustain (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01240-3 • Praveena SM, Aris AZ. The impacts of COVID-19 on the environmental sustainability: a perspective from the Southeast Asian region. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2021 Jan 6:1–8. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-11774-0. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33410033; PMCID: PMC7787621. • Rupani, P F et al. “Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) and its natural environmental impacts.” International journal of environmental science and technology : IJEST, 1-12. 1 Sep. 2020, doi:10.1007/s13762-020-02910-x • Verma, Ashok and Prakash, Sadguru, Impact of COVID-19 on Environment and Society (May 31, 2020). Journal of Global Biosciences, Volume 9, Number 5, 2020, pp. 7352-7363, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3644567 • Wang Q, Su M. A preliminary assessment of the impact of COVID-19 on environment - A case study of China. Sci Total Environ. 2020 Aug 1;728:138915. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138915. Epub 2020 Apr 22. PMID: 32348946; PMCID: PMC7195154. • WHO. 2021a. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel- coronavirus-2019 • WHO. 2021B. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/ • World Bank. 2020. 2020 Year in Review: The Impact of Covid-19 in 12 charts. https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/2020-year-review-impact-covid-19-12-charts • World Bank. 2021. Los países pobres son los más afectados por la pandemia de COVID-19; la AIF del Banco Mundial aumenta su apoyo. https://blogs.worldbank.org/es/voices/los-paises-pobres-son-los-mas-afectados-por-la-pandemia- de-covid-19-la-aif-del-banco-mundial 1.5