PhD thesis urdu

Urgent 209 ]:SCGé5šG3E4ƒÅsZ¤â¯ (ii) (Physical Properties of Phonograph) The phonograph, record player, or gramophone, is a device introduced in 1877 that has had continued common use for reproducing (playing) sound recordings; although when first developed, the phonograph was used to both record and reproduce sounds. The recordings played on such a device generally consist of wavy lines that are either scratched, engraved, or grooved onto a rotating cylinder or disc. As the cylinder or disc rotates, a stylus or needle traces the wavy lines and vibrates to reproduce the recorded sound waves. C1 ÌZÅsZ¤⯠(Z ðÃk0 }gøì CYƒÌbZi b§kZì CYƒ ýG3½G5!~*zb§TiZzWÅ{àiZzW Dâ•Û y{Ÿg£Z*Ññ~}g!ÆTZƒŠXZ!WqZÐÞZ!ÂÔnYHÈÃiZzWÐTå:!W X• é[ M'înÏZìwZzi®u_gñ•-ìwgZªœ¯ !\"îgzÄ®b§TLL Ðá)~T•! M (ZÞZ ïGG4hI.E'[Zå:k0}gø=gfðûDÆwDZ]ÝyZÂìg• gzZƒoЕßzBwwDZyZÅ`˜ñZƒb§Å˜zG9ñZƒžðƒZa]¸t oF Ö^Ãø iø äô ×#Ö] áô ƒû ^ô ³eô C2XÇgpô¹ZJ:âiqZ:Æ\"&záLZ ]:SÅsZ¤â¯ X•D™-V-Ã]:SÅsZ¤â¯y{Ÿg£Z*Ññ ÅZƒ`×{g!zŠnÆkZC M7~GÐ`×ñ•Zìyz&zpôiZz MgzZZƒ»Zƒ`×LL''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1. Rutgers University,\"Tinfoil Phonograph\"from:http://edison.rutgers. edu/tinfoil.htm Acessed on July 14,2012. 429mÔ23`ÔtçgòzëÔxâZÔŸg£Z X2

Urgent 210 6V.ª! MkZì;gÍÐZÌ[ZìÇ\"žVz³[g:gzì=gf»¸G}gøžì`Z cîÆâн» b§T•DYƒbZipÖZ{zжŠëZåE<XÅzì@xzx¥wDZx™gZ 1CX•MÉ{g!zŠ™ðŠ1ðƒèb§T•M½pÖZ}uzŠÆ™à{ÐyZgzZ•DY ?]ߊ‰cì@ƒq•Š‰ÐsZ¤â¯H \WìYY‹{g!zŠÃiZzWÐ!Wq’•Dƒ¹!BwwDZ~V.ÅsZ¤â¯JZ •˜ 6)Î%wDZyZV)RZƒŽÐ! Mq’•¹!BwwDZ{z~V.V-hayZJZ LL b§ÏZ™ƒ`˜¯!Æq’]¸gzZýG3½G5!Ð]ÝyZg2$¯ !ÆÄ®z\"îgLZCg¦ Æ`×zŠ‰tìC™¢qg—ÆÑuœbß=g&‚™áÃwDZyZZƒÅVŒgzZBJy» 2C óó]ߊ‰ž:Zƒq•Š‰: x£ì‡Æôáñ;Zƒâ¯ Jì‚lÍÐ=ž<nÛ••x£ì‡ÆZƒqZÐ~ôáñ;ZƒsÜVchaÅ⯠(Z00),ΞJVŒ~ŠÐkZ~uzŠÐkZgzZ Zƒ«ÐägâB;6=ž å‰Â»Vƒ ZƒÎ~Ö Ð| ZâkZžÉV-VŒZƒµZzq•gzZHoÃlÍsŽñZƒ™ƒoÐ=]ßwDZäZƒ ÐkZ[ZZƒ(ÅJz{ºñZƒtHoÃ! MkZäíZñZƒ™ƒoäVƒ Zƒk•}vŠˆP VâzŠ GÂZƒÝq q•gzZ HýG3½G5!ÃlÍñZƒg2$ä ,ΙƒoxgXQxÎQxzŠ {º ñZƒ _‚zƒ ~]gßqZp¤Z BJy»Ð VTZz100ÎwVZŠåECG-#Ežì=]ß„z~VÂgß ìYZJ»VâzŠ*7B;6=„zì@ M `Ÿ„z~VâzŠ! MtôZzqZ» Ö~~uzŠgzZ•NZƒ ÅkZƒ)»kZ{zŠ ‹ŽˆÆVTZzÎyZgzZƒ=]ß„zÂ{zŠ‹ŽÐVTZzÎyZžzzH  C3Xìp\"e¡tƒwVÅkZk¦ t•Û ~sZ¤I¯gzZy¯ñZ¤ ÔìCƒÅ{àiZzWîE0G4›E$àZzåÐy¯ñZ¤²ìCƒCzwVÅÝZKZk¦ÅsZ¤I¯''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 429mÔ23`ÔtçgòzëÔxâZÔŸg£ZX1 X éM}EG$ ZX2 430-429m23`Ô éM}EG$ ZX3

Urgent 211 •D™ãZztÛ•~sZ¤I¯gzZy¯ñZ¤y{Ÿg£Z*ÑñXìCƒ7CgzZwVkZžÆ! MkZsgìCƒCzwVqZ¡mZgzZ+IÐ{ghZ~fKZk¦ÅsZ¤I¯LLÅ~g‡ÏZw{zñY‹ŽÐkZgzZZƒ<Šz„xy M ŒÛ îGSªGG3G©8~kZˆ~½]zˆÅ~g‡Ë¤Z~tgzZƒk¦ze©ðÃÅiZz MÅkZq$žt:J7äkZŽÇƒxy M ÛŒ„zZƒZŠZŽÐkZgzZσiZz M:ìiZz M„z îGSªGG3G©8Ì{zÂìiZz MÅ ;)zs§]Ñ M¤Z•-ÔƒnzwVÅkZƒ:~ˆy M ÛŒZƒZŠZŽ C1óXó iZŠ6zy¶»kZž '''''''''''''''''''''''''' 412mÔ23`ÔtçgòzëÔxâZÔŸg£ZX1

212 Ññgûá&ƒ ‚ZßZ(iii)(Formuala of Ultra Sound Machine)(Ultrasound) 7ÎZßZ/]ßÑ!(Crystal of {Š% • `ZñZ +Z • `ZñZ àî àZz Š® {Šci Ð ®•u 7ÎZßZ X•Ë$YÅÝqÆ™Za]ᕬgZ)gfÆzg¹'~Quartz) á&î‚ZßZŸ,Ø&î‚ZßZųr•Û ð;ŽìCƒwEZnÆ8ZÁgzZø pzá&î‚ZßZ Xì@¯k¦Åž%GwEZÃVúÃu*çÅ}goZgzZì3s§Å{ÆÅTìCƒiZzW{zŠZ%ÐkZÂì@YÑ1&î‚ZßZÌZ Ô6zZÐïg*ì@ƒp» ZßZYÍy» ã¨ZiZzWųrÛ•TªìCƒ{ZZiÐuCÙ 20000Ð20éME5G\" ½³rÛ•ÅiZzWïg*³rÛ• ìCƒ{ŠciÐkZ³rÛ•Å&î‚ZßZìUrgentIn physics, the term \"ultrasound\" applies to all sound waves witha frequency above the audible range of normal human hearing, about20 kHz. The frequencies used in diagnostic ultrasound are typicallybetween 2 and 18 MHz.1CHistory of UltrasoundThe roots of sonography can be traced as far back as the ancientGreeks, according to Baker. Pythagoras, famous for his theorem aboutright-angled triangles, invented the Sonometer, which was used to studymusical sounds. Boethius (c. 480-c. 525) was the first to compare soundwaves to waves produced by dropping a pebble''''''''''''''''''''''''''1. Novelline, Robert (1997).\"Squire's Fundamentals of Radiology\",Harvard University Press. pp. 34–35.

Urgent 213 into calm water.C1 In 1880, Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie from France discovered the piezo-electric effect. Ultrasound was then found to be possiblygenerated and received in megahertz. Sonar detection systems were first created for underwater explorations and navigation. The invention of the Diode and Triode in the 1900s also boosted developments in ultrasound. C2 {Æá&î‚ZßZ XìŒ6YZbZsf`gŠá&ƒ ‚ZßZ [z6u-&ZRX1 ì@™wßzgzZì&ÃVŽñÅiZzW -X8XÏX2 Xì@™wzNÃYZbZxÓÆá&î‚ZßZ wzNøÒFu& -&ZRX3 ì@™wzNórÛ•gzZ6ZgzŠêÆq õÑF5_eX4 ì@™ÙCª)gfÆk¦ÃðeáZz䃪z6)gfÆ-8Ï eg1ÅX5 Xì@™g:~‹eeg;Xì@™ÝzÃöeÐ õÑF5_egzZì@™4ZŠÃðe Ú6X6 Xìꊙ.66½»ÃðeáZzäƒCÙ ª''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1. Beth W. Orenstein,\"Ultrasound History\",p(9) P- 28 2. ibid

Urgent 214How is Ultrasound machine work? Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging techniquethat uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The techniqueis similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as wellas SONAR used by submarines. In ultrasound, the following eventshappen: / The ultrasound machine transmits high-frequency (1 to 5megahertz) sound pulses into your body using a probe. / The sound waves travel into your body and hit a boundarybetween tissues (e.g. between fluid and soft tissue, soft tissue andbone). / Some of the sound waves get reflected back to the probe, whilesome travel on further until they reach another boundary and getreflected. / The reflected waves are picked up by the probe and relayed tothe machine. / The machine calculates the distance from the probe to thetissue or organ (boundaries) using the speed of sound in tissue (5,005ft/s or1,540 m/s) and the time of the each echo's return (usually on theorder of millionths of a second). / The machine displays the distances and intensities of the echoes on the screen, forming a two dimensional image like the oneshown below.1CTransducer Probe The transducer probe is the main part of the ultrasound machine.The transducer probe makes the sound waves and receives the echoes.It is, so to speak, the mouth and ears of the ultrasound machine. The

215transducer probe generates and receives sound waves using a principlecalled the piezoelectric (pressure electricity) effect, which wasdiscovered by Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880. In the probe, there areone or more quartz crystals called piezoelectric crystals. When anelectric current is applied to these crystals, they change shape rapidly.The rapid shape changes, or vibrations, of the crystals produce soundwaves that travel outward. Conversely, when sound or pressure waveshit the crystals, they emit electrical currents. Therefore, the samecrystals can be used to send and receive sound waves. The probe alsohas a sound absorbing substance to eliminate back reflections from the probe itself, and an acoustic lens to help focus the emitted soundUrgent waves.2C Xðâ•Û ï„Š'i~}g!ÆxEÆ\¬vZ~!‚gsfzgqäy{Ÿg£Z*Ññ Ýô ^uø …û Ÿø û] Ýô çû ×ö Âö kô mø• oÊô Ôô Óù Žø Úö o×ø Âø Ýö ^’ø Ûû ’$ Ö]ø þ ~yzu0RæOE%á&ƒ ‚ZßZZ H7‰Ü zkZ~Yâ1910Ññgûá&ƒ ‚ZßZ~!‚gkZ X•DƒiZBgŠp\WÔ¶ðƒ7g• <ž7x]gß+ZCÙ ªÔ‹wq»kZÐË:ÔZƒ:i6kZMÔõJ/G4ÓF7s§ÅXö!W[ZLL ÐV\W5!Ÿ»kZñYƒŠ•!W=g&gzZìg~V-ƒ0Z& &×F$ø kô ÛF ×ö ¾ö oû ³Êô æø wb~3g C3óìó @YƒšJ3g-tEžñWà y{Ÿg£Z*ÑñgzZÑñgûá&ƒ ‚ZßZ XìsfzgqH7ÑñgÃŽ»á&ƒ ‚ZßZäy{Ÿg£Z*Ññ 6„q{@ŸxzZ<+ZÐjX¼ƒ™ðàâÛ•ÝYØzg™ZÛ}ZDŠ+ôZž¸zìW\"¼Ì~tÐqgîG”*À7~ïGÒVOE7Þ1sZÅVv0TuZ¸Ú=gzgZL&L ÕäMI5!ƒ@Yƒ'''''''''''''''''''''''''''1. Craig Freudenrich,\"How Ultrasound Works\"þ ,from:http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/ultrasound.htm.Acessed on May 5,2012.2. Ibid 475m23`ÔtçgòzëÔxâZÔŸg£ZX3

Urgent 216 Ãty î0œ^IZžN0èG4›rzE+ZŸZGîªEÅK]YYicN Wá[+`YiñƒD™k𽑛Š@ë!žNÎ C1ó óN YáïŠJ<ñƒïŠs YZøoD£zcÒ°‡ø •D™Ð{@xLZG@Å{°‡Ñ!zgq ôz5s%Zz1ì @ƒg˜z[’ÐÃî0ÏE&£gzZgzŠÐ ¬Zi~{g) »[ëWb§TL L [z¾+Y„V-ì@ƒ¸ìqÕZ°pÅ„zžð%qƒgzZ@Y MĬÐy]Zfõ…²Ý¬ Ôì@ƒˆÆÇ[z¾qÕZ°xð%[z¾gzZêŠð3ŠJkŠ¼~[sq¸zz]ZfõwZziˆ å ì c 5Ð ~y {@xÐZgzZ H'õÐ îG0BE+Gi]Z%ZñLZ ä! \¬vZ]MZ®z wÖ#`¾zÁ‡xÐqÓ·ÒggzŠZ‡m4ŒÛ¦žÙCÇì~z{Ò@-xzoö»MЃEoZ]zn%zè·Ï~ÑZq2ì[ìzC¾özMÃq|DG3ƒG©~!»@œ[%§fzŽ~zìiqc‘y0ZxZÌiÝÌÐÃÌ¢6k4äZ6åƒògæ·•gz.ã¬Ã¨°ZZñ!²5gÑ.! nÛ•]g߸ëƒÌ¼íX(7ÌJ¢•gZlžì ~ºe¸[ë M©s%ZgzZ7 Š•¸z]!sª zVO!Fñ¡Z! M=g&É7„kª6¯Åzg{]gâZËŠêž•D™ C2óXó •DYƒ Uses of Ultrasound Machine ]ÑEZÆá&î‚ZßZ ‰ìwEZM~pz cä™x¥ÃËZ6øÃu¤X1 cä™)Å%k{ŠiãX2 3C nÆä™x¥ci7Å éH5E4hG4ÓF&X3''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 475m23`ÔtçgòzëÔxâZÔŸg£ZX1 X éM}EG$ ZX2 2. Valma J Robertson, Kerry G Baker (2001). \"A Review of Therapeutic Ultrasound\". (7): p-1342.

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Urgent 218JV˜ X ì @ƒwEZ~ Ï0i ñ; %x Ót:Z »] Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZDÆäƒDWzqZ ¨ñƒGgHÄZnÆä™öegzZyiz»VzgZlZ~] Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZDÂìm»öezyZizZS7:Ðs§ÅèÔtÆ»{izg‰Çg:Ðs§Å ãÕԡ‘œ~wjâòsZªz$ÅyZ• XìCYÅx¥öeÅ,.ÔÄ)¦ÑgzZ•DYGx¥{)z>ÃigzZ{gñ»{izgÔtÆ»VziúˆðMXìÝqÌZ~(à (Mathematical Physics)] Gé5šG3E4ƒCMcg~öezyZizZVzg(ZÔ`gÎÔ}iQ•gHV×» ZKZKZÅyizgzZb6Ô]¸XìC7]gz¢Å{)z¦Ô¢~eªz$Å] Gé5šG3E4ƒCMcgƒ*™x¥{)z ~gzŠÐ }i ÅyZÔAÃyxgŠÆyZÔSÅVzg*Ô X•CYÅyÒxlZÅyZgzZmZp8ÔˆâÅ]OâvŠgzZã0~kZìm»] Gé5šG3E4ƒ!WJV˜»]OâX•XÐ}uzŠqZ6Y¯Å¤S¾~:W]OâÔìH~k5fÓÅ]O≕ X {)z{)zì @ƒ¨¸8g » ùâ ¾~]gßÅY~:WXì @ƒH8gσ܉z¾ò¤ǃ÷“Ìñž•DYGx¥]ÑqÆVÈñëªz$Å] Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZDx¥Ðã‚W]‡zZÆVziúªz$ÅÏZgzZǃs™‰Ü z¾iσ܉z¾lg!σ‰Ü z¾~ŠuÆVziú~wgzZèâXǃH‰Ü z»×» `Wǃ»““gzZǃqzÑ“܉z»òž•M™~wÑ‚cWžìYYH绂™ƒ}96x£Ë~*Šªz$ÅÏZ•DYGx¥ù]‡zZÂì gÇŠæz yzç~ˆCÙ Æ Ï0i ]Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZ DnºZÔ~ [f cì ~ tæÔ~ [† cìwVKZ~ {)z *¾zEÂÔ] Gé5šG3E4ƒ!WÔ öezyZizZ‰yZyÙCÆ] Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZDÌy{ Ÿg£Z*Ññ X¸\W

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Urgent 237 In Physics, fluid dynamics is a sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that deals with fluid flow—the natural science of fluids (liquids and gases) in motion. It has several subdisciplines itself, including aerodynamics (the study of air and other gases in motion) and hydrodynamics (the study of liquids in motion).C1 ‰ìWz¹t:Z»]éG5šG3E4ƒCGé5šJ$ â / Including calculating forces and moments on aircraft, / Determining the mass flow rate of petroleum through pipelines, / Predicting weather patterns, / Understanding nebulae in interstellar space, / Reportedly modeling fission weapon detonation, / Some of its principles are even used in traffic engineering, where traffic is treated as a continuous fluid. Å]Gé5šG3E4ŒÅZDäy{Ÿg£Z*ÑñXì@YHyÒÌ8gÔxlZÔoÅ ã0•Æ]Gé5šG3E4ƒCGé5šJ$ â X‘á‚gsfzgq6]Gé5šG3E4ƒCGé5šJ$ âc•á |MOOP á¡ønû Š$ Ö]æø èô Î$†( Ö] Üô ×û Ãô Öô áö ^nø fû j(Ö]æø èö Î$‚( Ö]øLL / Ð×_û Ûö Öû] ðô ^Ûø Öû] …ô ^Ëø ‰û Ÿø ô Ñö …ô çû ß%Ö]æø …ö çû ß%Ö]øLL / X•ŠŽñÌgzZb‚g:zŠ~!‚gkZ XXo( fô ’$ Ö] ðô ^Úø Ýô ^Óø uû ]ø èô •ø ^Êø Ÿø ô o% fôß$Ö] ðö ^_ø Âø LL / XX áô ¡nø û Š$ Ö] Üô ×û Ãô Öô áô ^nø fû j(Ö]æø èö Î$‚( Ö]øLL / з_ÆX•hŠ.Þ ‡_bZÅÙYâgzZycz‰Ü gÔÈzÇYâm<!~!‚g™¯ZwzZ h]z*Š™¯Zy¸Xì¸ØãZz»d]g'gzZ„\"™ZÔÃ‰Ü ŠÔ·_ÝzÆy{Ÿg£Z*Ññ Xì@™sŸzåÅÇY⎷ù(Z»]⥠X•ŠŽñ~xÎgzZxzŠ¢Åtçg~ óWëá‚gÑ!zgq:^â''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 1. English Wikipedia,\"fluid_dynamics:\"from:htt//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Fluid_dynamics, Acecessed on July 25 2012.

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