ภาษาอังกฤษเพื่อการสื่อสารสากล Full-1

Exercise: Read the article again and do the tasks that follow. 1. What does \"getting your money's worth\" mean? (A) buying any product cheaply (B) paying too much money for a product (C) buying a product of good quality for a fair price 2. Why is there a problem when people buy furniture? (A) Customers can't tell whether the quality of furniture is good. (B) It is difficult to find good quality products at a fair price. (C) Good quality is always expensive. 3. To whom would you recommend shopping at Quality Bargains? (A) Cara and Pierre want the most fashionable imported furniture and are willing to pay the highest price. (B) Joe is an artist. He loves old furniture that he fixes up and paints himself. (C) Barney and Dana are a young couple. They want new furniture but have a limited budget. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรยี นฝก ทกั ษะดา นการอาน (Reading) จากแบบฝก หดั และแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 2 (Get Your Money's Worth) ของ Unit 6 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 91

Listening Skill Practice: The Raise Preview: Listen to the conversation. Exercise: 1. Listen and select the statement that best describes what you see in the picture. (A) Two people are having a conversation. (B) The man is writing a report. (C) The woman is using her computer. (D) Two people are having coffee. 2. Where does this conversation most likely take place? (A) In an office (B) In a classroom (C) In a library (D) In a doctor's office 3. Why did the woman speak to her boss? (A) To tell her she needs more help (B) To tell her she is leaving (C) To ask for a vacation (D) To ask for more money 92

4. Why is the man surprised by the woman? (A) He expected her to wait until after the big meeting. (B) He wanted to talk to the boss first. (C) He had no idea that was how she felt. (D) He felt exactly the same way. 5. What will the woman most likely do next? (A) Decide whether or not to take the offer (B) Complain to her boss about the offer (C) Tell her boss that she's quitting (D) Ask the man to talk to her boss 6. What is the best response to the question: \"Is that what you had in mind?\" (A) What I wanted was twenty percent. (B) No. I don't mind. (C) Do you intend to accept the offer? 7. What is the best response to the question: \"Do you intend to accept the offer?\" (A) I haven't decided yet. (B) I don't think she'll attend. (C) She offered me a ten percent raise. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการฟง (Listening) และการพูด (Speaking) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบ ใน Lesson 3 (The Raise) ของ Unit 6 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 93

Grammar Focus: Reported Speech – Time Aspects Reported speech: indirect speech Backshift ‘Backshift’ refers to the changes we make to the original verbs in indirect speech because time has passed between the moment of speaking and the time of the report. Compare direct speech indirect speech I said, ‘I’m not very happy at work.’ I told her I was not very happy at work. They said: ‘We’re going home.’ They told us they were going home. He said, ‘Jan will be late.’ He said that Jan would be late. ‘I’ve been working,’ she said. She said she had been working. ‘What happened to make her so He asked what had happened to angry?’ he asked. make her so angry. In these examples, the present (am) has become the past (was), the future (will) has become the future-in-the-past (would) and the past (happened) has become the past perfect (had happened). The tenses have ‘shifted’ or ‘moved back’ in time. Backshift changes indirect direct  past simple present simple  past continuous present continuous  past perfect simple present perfect simple 94

present perfect continuous  past perfect continuous past simple  past perfect simple past continuous  past perfect continuous future (will)  future-in-the-past (would) past perfect  past perfect (no change) The past perfect does not shift back; it stays the same: direct speech indirect speech He asked: ‘Had the girls already left?’ He asked if the girls had already left. Modal verbs Some, but not all, modal verbs ‘shift back’ in time and change in indirect speech. direct speech indirect speech change will ‘We will be there,’ he He promised they would will becomes promised be there. would She said, ‘I shall need She said she would need shall usually more money.’ more money. becomes would shall ‘Shall I open it?’ she She asked if she should in reported asked. open it questions, shall becomes should can ‘I can see you at 2.30,’ He added that he could can becomes he added. see me at 2.30. could may ‘I may be back later,’ She said she might be may (possibility) she said. back later. becomes might 95

may ‘You may wait in the He said we could wait in may (permission) must hallway,’ he said. the hallway. becomes could could should She said, ‘You must pay She said we had to pay must (obligation) by 30th April.’ by 30th April. usually becomes ‘It must be awful to live She said it must be had to in such a noisy place,’ awful to live in such a must she said. noisy place. (speculation) ‘We could sell it for does not change about 2,000 euros,’ he said. He said they could sell it no change ‘You should go there for about 2,000 euros. immediately,’ she said. She said I should go no change there immediately. would ‘I would buy it if I had He said he would buy it no change the money,’ he said. if he had the money. might ‘It might snow tonight,’ He warned that it might no change he warned. snow that night. need ‘You needn’t come till He said we needn’t no change six o’clock,’ he said. come till six o’clock. We can use a perfect form with have + -ed form after modal verbs, especially where the report looks back to a hypothetical event in the past: He said the noise might have been the postman delivering letters. (original statement: ‘The noise might be the postman delivering letters.’) He said he would have helped us if we’d needed a volunteer. (original statement: ‘I’ll help you if you need a volunteer’ or ‘I’d help you if you needed a volunteer.’) 96

Used to and ought to do not change in indirect speech: She said she used to live in Oxford. (original statement: ‘I used to live in Oxford.’) The guard warned us that we ought to leave immediately. (original statement: ‘You ought to leave immediately.’) No backshift We don’t need to change the tense in indirect speech if what a person said is still true or relevant or has not happened yet. This often happens when someone talks about the future, or when someone uses the present simple, present continuous or present perfect in their original words: He told me his brother works for an Italian company. (It is still true that his brother works for an Italian company.) She said she’s getting married next year. (For the speakers, the time at the moment of speaking is ‘this year’.) He said he’s finished painting the door. (He probably said it just a short time ago.) She promised she’ll help us. (The promise applies to the future.) Indirect speech: changes to adverbs and demonstrative We often change demonstratives (this, that) and adverbs of time and place (now, here, today, etc.) because indirect speech happens at a later time than the original speech, and perhaps in a different place. Compare direct speech indirect speech I said, ‘I’ll meet you here tomorrow.’ I told her I would meet her there the next/following day. She said, ‘I do not wish to discuss it at She said she did not wish to discuss it this moment in time.’ at that moment in time. 97

He said, “I want it now.” He said he wanted it then/at that ‘I finished the job three weeks ago,’ moment. the boy protested. The boy protested that he had finished the job three weeks before. Typical changes to demonstratives, adverbs and adverbial expressions direct indirect this  that these  those now  then yesterday  the day before tomorrow  the next/following day two weeks ago  two weeks before here  there (Source: Cambridge Dictionary; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british- grammar/reported-speech-indirect-speech) Preview: Listen to the examples of the grammar point. (Photo by Sebastian Herrmann on Unsplash; https://unsplash.com/photos/NbtIDoFKGO8) 98

Exercise: A: Choose the best answer. 1. Mick: Did you call about ski conditions on Magic Mountain? Jerry: Yes. They said they ____________ new snow for two weeks. (A) didn't have (B) don’t have (C) hadn’t had (D) haven’t (E) weren’t having 2. Tammy: Tina’s grandmother died last week. Nancy: That’s too bad. I _____________ well. (A) knew she hadn’t been (B) know she wasn’t (C) knew she’s not (D) know she hasn’t been 3. Hugo: Did you hear they finally found the missing hikers? Tom: Great! Some people believed they __________ never be found. (A) can (B) were (C) will (D) are (E) would Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานไวยากรณ (Grammar) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 4 (Reported Speech: Time Aspects) ของ Unit 6 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 99

Vocabulary: Finance Read and listen to each item in the vocabulary list. affordable adj. not too expensive to buy bargain n. My small car was very affordable. brand-new adj. something that is sold at a reduced price down payment n. I got a bargain when I bought my house. completely new get your money's Jan bought a brand-new car. worth the first payment on an expensive purchase that is being expression bought using several payments, for example, a house or a car guarantee n. The down payment was 20 percent of the value of the house. get a lot of value for the money you spent Installments n. When you buy things that are good quality, you get your money's worth. limited budget a promise to do something, a promise made by a company to expression fix or replace a product if it breaks (also a verb) purchase v. This computer comes with a two-year guarantee. satisfied adj. a series of payments that a customer makes over time, usually short of cash for an expensive item or items expression I bought the car in eight installments. wealthy adj. a small amount of money that you plan to spend over a time People with limited budgets should check prices carefully. to buy I purchased four items at the supermarket. happy about how something turned out They have many satisfied customers. not having enough money I would've bought the shirt, but I was short of cash. rich She worked very hard and became a wealthy woman. 100

Exercise: wealthy Choose the correct answer/s to complete the text. guarantee purchase a bargain brand-new short of cash installments down payment limited budget How to Be a Smart Shopper by Lucy Stone A smart shopper always stays within his or her budget. Of course, this is easier if you're __________________, but it can also be done if you're on a __________________. One way to be a smart shopper is to ________________ used items. Sure, it's nice getting something that is ___________________, but many items are just as good when they are bought second-hand and they usually cost much less. The only disadvantage is that these goods don't come with a __________________ so you can't send them back to the company if there are problems. Many people buy things in installments when they are ___________________. This is a good idea if you need to buy an expensive item, like a refrigerator, right away. But don’t get into the habit of paying for things in ___________________. You may be tempted to buy more than you can really afford! Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานคําศัพท (Vocabulary) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 5 (Finance) ของ Unit 6 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 101

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Unit 7 Politics (Photo by Cottonbro on Pexels) This unit is about politics. In this unit you will... • Listen to a radio report on the results of an election. • Read an article about a fire at the election headquarters of a local politician. • Listen to and take part in a dialogue in which two colleagues are exchanging opinions on the hiring of a new manager. • Review and practice reported speech. • Identify and practice words and phrases on the topic of politics.

Listening Skill Practice: News Preview: Listen to the recording on EDO Intermediate 2, Unit 7, Lesson 1. (Photo by Arnaud Jaegers on Unsplash; https://unsplash.com/photos/5CoOYSxILSw) Exercise: Listen to the recording again and choose the correct answer. 1. Which word in \"News\" means a time when people vote? (A) Conservative (B) a crime law (C) to investigate (D) an election 2. A person taking part in an election is called... (A) a local leader. (B) a voter. (C) a king. (D) a candidate. 104

3. In \"News,\" \"in spite of\" means the same as... (A) nevertheless. (B) regardless of. (C) not mentioning. (D) however. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการฟง (Listening) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 1 (News) ของ Unit 7 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 Reading Skill Practice: Brown's Campaign Problems Preview: Read the story. 105

Brown's Campaign Problems by John Sharp Yesterday at two o'clock, a fire was reported in the office of James Brown, the Liberal candidate for Northwood. Fortunately, Mr. Brown was out to lunch when the fire started. Police believe that they are dealing with a serious crime, and arson is suspected. However, an apparently worried Mr. Brown told reporters that he thought that someone had tried to kill him. He said that someone wanted him out of the election campaign. \"If they had murdered me,\" he said, \"the Liberals would have had to elect a new candidate, and they could have been defeated. Somebody definitely tried to murder me.\" Mr. Brown said that personal threats would not make him resign from politics, and he went out to meet voters in the town later in the afternoon. He said that he would continue to campaign to reduce unemployment, and that if elected, he would improve education and fight crime. \"In my opinion, unemployment, education, and crime are the most important issues we have to deal with today. I plan to do something about these issues,\" said Mr. Brown. Despite Mr. Brown's suspicions, local police officers said that there was no evidence to suggest attempted murder. However, they have opened an investigation, and are having the whole building searched for clues. At the moment, Mr. Brown is using another office in a building across the street. Police are keeping a close watch on the building. Photo Credit: by Nico Franz on Pixabay; https://pixabay.com/photos/fire-fighting-helm- firefighters-4495488/ 106

Exercise: Read the article again and do the tasks that follow. 1. What do we do about Mr. Brown? (A) He is going to resign. (B) He is a politician. (C) He wants to improve education. (D) He thinks he is in danger. (E) He is a Liberal. 2. Is the fact true or false: “The police are looking into the possibility of murder.” (A) True (B) False 3. Is the fact true or false: “The Liberals have a good chance of winning.” (A) True (B) False 4. Is the fact true or false: “Mr. Brown is scared and wants to quit politics.” (A) True (B) False 5. Is the fact true or false: “There are many signs that suggest it was attempted murder.” (A) True (B) False Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการอาน (Reading) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 2 (Brown's Campaign Problems) ของ Unit 7 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 107

Listening Skill Practice: New Manager Preview: Listen to the conversation. (Photo by August de Richelieu on Pexels; https://www.pexels.com/th-th/photo/4427957/) Exercise: Choose the correct answer. 1. Who most likely are the speakers? (A) Relatives (B) Students (C) Coworkers (D) Teachers 2. Where does this conversation most likely take place? (A) In an office (B) In a factory (C) In a restaurant (D) In a hospital 108

3. What are the speakers discussing? (A) Their boss has quit. (B) The office is moving to a new location. (C) A new manager has been hired. (D) A colleague has a job interview. 4. Why are the speakers unhappy? (A) There are no qualified people in the office. (B) Their boss is angry with them. (C) They want a raise in salary. (D) They were not consulted. 5. What does the second speaker intend to do? (A) Write a complaint (B) Apply for a new job (C) Speak with their boss (D) Leave the office 6. What is the best response to the question: \"Did you hear that Walker is hiring a new manager?\" (A) Is he? I'm surprised. (B) I think Walker is very qualified. (C) Why is he firing him? 7. What is the best response to the question: \"Do you intend to do something about it?\" (A) Yes, I do. (B) I agree. (C) What is it about? Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการฟง (Listening) และการพูด (Speaking) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบ ใน Lesson 3 (New Manager) ของ Unit 7 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 109

Grammar Focus: Reported Speech – Review Reported speech Reported speech is when we tell someone what another person said. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech. Direct speech: ‘I work in a bank,’ said Daniel. Indirect speech: Daniel said that he worked in a bank. In indirect speech, we often use a tense which is ‘further back’ in the past (e.g. worked) that the tense originally used (e.g. work). This is called ‘backshift’. We also may need to change other words that were used, for example pronouns. Present simple, present continuous and present perfect When we backshift, present simple changes to past simple, present continuous changes to past continuous and present perfect changes to past perfect. ‘I travel a lot in my job.’ • Jamila said that she travelled a lot in her job. ‘The baby’s sleeping!’ • He told me the baby was sleeping. ‘I’ve hurt my leg.’ • She said she’d hurt her leg. Past simple and past continuous When we backshift, past simple usually changes to past perfect simple, and past continuous usually changes to past perfect continuous. ‘We lived in China for five years.’ • She told me they’d lived in China for five years. ‘It was raining all day.’ • He told me it had been raining all day. 110

Past perfect The past perfect doesn’t change. ‘I’d tried everything without success, but this new medicine is great.’ • He said he’d tried everything without success, but the new medicine was great. No backshift If what the speaker has said is still true or relevant, it’s not always necessary to change the tense. This might happen when the speaker has used a present tense. ‘I go to the gym next to your house.’ • Jenny told me that she goes to the gym next to my house. I’m thinking about going with her. ‘I’m working in Italy for the next six months.’ • He told me he’s working in Italy for the next six months. Maybe I should visit him! ‘I’ve broken my arm!’ • She said she’s broken her arm, so she won’t be at work this week. Pronouns, demonstratives and adverbs of time and place Pronouns also usually change in indirect speech. ‘I enjoy working in my garden,’ said Bob. • Bob said that he enjoyed working in his garden. ‘We played tennis for our school,’ said Alina. • Alina told me they’d played tennis for their school. However, if you are the person or one of the people who spoke, then the pronouns don’t change. 111

‘I’m working on my thesis,’ I said. • I told her that I was working on my thesis. ‘We want our jobs back!’ we said. • We said that we wanted our jobs back. We also change demonstratives and adverbs of time and place if they are no longer accurate. ‘This is my house.’ • He said that this was his house. [You are currently in front of the house.] • He said that was his house. [You are not currently in front of the house.] ‘We like it here.’ • She told me they like it here. [You are currently in the place they like.] • She told me they like it there. [You are not in the place they like.] ‘I’m planning to do it today.’ • She told me she’s planning to do it today. [It is currently still the same day.] • She told me she was planning to do it that day. [It is not the same day any more.] In the same way, these changes to those, now changes to then, yesterday changes to the day before, tomorrow changes to the next/following day and ago changes to before. (Source: British Council, Reported speech 1 – statement, https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/ grammar/intermediate-to-upper-intermediate/reported-speech-1-statements) 112

Preview: Listen to the examples of the grammar point. Exercise: Fill in the blank/s with the correct answer/s. 1. I hear that Larry's in town. Did he say where ___________? (A) does he stay (B) he stays (C) he’s staying (D) is he staying 2. He told me ___________ staying at the Olympic Hotel, but I haven't talked to him. (A) what he was (B) that he was (C) there he was (D) if he was 3. I wonder how much money ___________. (A) does a professor make (B) is a professor making (C) a professor makes (D) makes a professor 113

4. My grandfather was a professor. He said he ___________ at $7,000 a year, which was a lot of money in those days. (A) did start (B) starts (C) was starting (D) started Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานไวยากรณ (Grammar) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 4 (Reported Speech: Review) ของ Unit 7 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 Vocabulary: Politics Read and listen to each item in the vocabulary list. campaign n. activities done to get a candidate elected (also a verb) We had a very successful election campaign. candidate n. a person trying to be elected to a position, for instance, for president There are four candidates for the position. chances n. the possibility of something happening Coming late to the interview hurt your chances of getting the job. defeat v. to win over another candidate in an election I hope I will defeat all the other candidates. elect v. to choose someone to be your representative by voting We have to elect a new class president. election n. a vote to choose someone for a leadership role After the election, we'll know who the new prime minister is. election results n. the outcome, or who won, the elections The election results were surprising, because everyone expected James Byrd to win. 114

party n. a political group made of people with similar beliefs press conference Which political party do you belong to? n. a gathering of reporters to listen to an announcement from a person or group, and where they can ask questions about the the vote is in announcement expression He'll make his announcement at the press conference. vote v. the voting has been completed, people have finished voting We'll know the result of the election after the vote is in. voters n. to show your preference for a candidate or an issue (also a noun) It is important to vote in elections. people who vote The voters are lined up, waiting to choose who they'd like to be their next president. (Photo by Cottonbro on Pexels; https://www.pexels.com/th-th/photo/4669113/) 115

Exercise: Choose the correct answer/s to complete the text. party elections after the vote was in defeated campaigns voters candidates elect Johnson Elected Mayor of Kent City by Alice Smith Yesterday, ___________________ turned out to ___________________ a new mayor for Kent City. It was a close race; candidates from both parties had run strong ___________________. However, ___________________, it was clear that the candidates from the Republican Party had ___________________ their opponents. Members of the losing ___________________ will hold a press conference at 4:00 PM. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานคําศัพท (Vocabulary) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 5 (Politics) ของ Unit 7 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 116

Unit 8 Instructions (Photo by Athena from Pexels) This unit deals with instructions of various kinds. In this unit you will... • Listen to a radio program with instructions on preparing your home for stormy winter weather. • Read instructions about clearing customs and claiming baggage after a flight. • Listen to and take part in a dialogue in which a worker gives instructions to a colleague. • Identify and practice the active form of causatives and permissives. • Identify and practice the passive form of causatives and permissives. • Identify and practice words and phrases on the topic of crime.

Listening Skill Practice: Forecast Listen to the recording on EDO Intermediate 2, Unit 8, Lesson 1. (Photo by Pavel Danilyuk from Pexels) Exercise: Listen to the radio show, and answer the questions. 1. Why is Hank \"the Handyman\" on the weather show? (A) to tell people how to get their houses ready for winter (B) to give the forecast for the winter weather (C) to explain how to repair damage to the ceilings in a house 2. According to Hank, what is the first thing you should do when preparing your house for the winter? (A) make sure that the furnace is working properly (B) check whether there are water marks on the ceiling (C) have the house redecorated 118

3. Why is it important to have the furnace working? (A) It protects the roof. (B) In the area where Hank lives, the weather gets very cold. (C) It helps prevent water from leaking on the walls. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผ ูเรยี นฝกทักษะดา นการฟง (Listening) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 1 (Forecast) ของ Unit 8 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 Reading Skill Practice: Flight Information Preview: Read the instructions about what to do when you land. 119

Flight Information We've had this information card printed to help make your flight arrival quick and easy. It would be helpful if you read these instructions before landing. Remain in your seat until the plane stops moving. To avoid delays, have your passport and other necessary documents available for customs inspection upon leaving the plane. All duty-free items must be declared. It is illegal to hide these items. Although we always make an attempt to be efficient, unexpected complications do happen. So, if your suitcase doesn't appear at the baggage claim, be patient and try not to get frustrated. Photo Credit: by Danilo Bueno on Pixabay; https://pixabay.com/photos/night-flight-plane- airport-2307018/ Exercise: Read the arrival instructions, and then choose the best words to complete this summary. passport delays arrival claim declare Passenger Instructions Upon _________________, please make your way to the passport inspection area. Have your _________________ ready. After that, please _________________ your baggage. 120

We hope there will be no _________________. Finally, when you are ready to leave the airport, _________________all your duty-free items. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการอาน (Reading) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 2 (Flight Information) ของ Unit 8 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 Listening Skill Practice: Would You Mind Preview: Listen to the conversation. Exercise: Choose the correct answer. 1. Listen and select the statement that best describes what you see in the picture. (A) They are looking at a computer screen. (B) The woman is taking notes. (C) The woman is wearing glasses. (D) They are sitting down to eat. 121

2. What are the speakers doing? (A) Giving a lecture (B) Cleaning the office (C) Working together (D) Interviewing for a job 3. How does the man respond to the woman's request? (A) He apologizes. (B) He doesn't hear her. (C) He gets angry. (D) He makes some changes. 4. Which word best describes how the woman feels at the end of the conversation? (A) Satisfied (B) Sad (C) Curious (D) Angry 5. How does the conversation end? (A) The woman gets what she wanted. (B) The speakers decide to keep working. (C) The man leaves for a meeting. (D) The speakers go for lunch. 6. What is the best response to the question: \"Would you mind making the picture a little larger?\" (A) Thank you. (B) Could you remind me? (C) Is this what you had in mind? 7. What is the best response to the question: \"Is this what you had in mind?\" (A) No. That isn't what I meant. (B) No. I don't mind at all. (C) No problem. 122

Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการฟง (Listening) และการพูด (Speaking) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบ ใน Lesson 3 (Would You Mind) ของ Unit 8 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 Grammar Focus: Causatives/Permissives – Active Causative verbs Causative verbs are used to show that a person causes, makes or enables another person to do something or make something happen. The structure of these types of sentences can be confusing as the verb after the causative verb may be in either the infinitive without ‘to’, the ‘to-infinitive’ or the past participle depending on the causative verb used. On the TOEIC, you will need to understand these differences. Causative verb + The director made John install the new infinitive without “to” will have computers. could have let Causative verb + “to- The director got John to install the infinitive” wants new computers. will allow could permit Causative verb + past The director had the new computers participle got installed (by John). (Source: Global Exam Blog; https://global-exam.com/blog/en/grammar-passive-versus-active- causative-verbs/) Allow, permit or let? Allow, permit and let are verbs that all have similar meaning: ‘give permission or make it possible for somebody to do or have something’. Permit is more formal than allow. Allow is more formal than let. 123

Permit/allow someone + to do something We use a direct object + to-infinitive after permit and allow: [from a newspaper report about rugby player] He has not decided yet whether his leg injury will permit him to play this weekend. I would not allow a child to have a TV or a computer in their room. Let someone + do something We use an infinitive without to after let: We don’t let employees use the office telephone for personal calls. Make meaning ‘force to do’ We can use make meaning ‘force someone (to do something)’. In the active voice, we use it with an infinitive without to: The boss made me work an extra day. Not: The boss made me to work … Have something done What someone does for us We use have + object + -ed form when we talk about someone doing something for us which we ask or instruct them to do. It emphasises the process/action rather than who performs it: We’re having the house painted next week. (We are not going to paint the house ourselves. Someone else will paint it. The emphasis is on the fact that the house is being painted rather than who is doing it.) Warning: This pattern is not the same as the present perfect or past perfect. 124

Compare Someone cut my hair. I cut my own hair. I had my hair cut. I’ve cut my hair. I’d cut my hair. We can also use have + object + -ed form when something bad happens, especially when someone is affected by an action which they did not cause: They’ve had their car stolen. (‘They’ are affected by the action of the car being stolen but they did not cause this to happen.) Hundreds of people had their homes destroyed by the hurricane. (Hundreds of people were affected by the hurricane, which they did not cause.) Asking or instructing We use the pattern have + object + infinitive without to when we talk about instructing someone (underlined) to do something. We use it to emphasise who performed the action: I’ll have Harry book you a taxi. (I will instruct Harry to book a taxi for you. Emphasis is on who will do the action more than on the action.) He had Kay make us all some tea. Get meaning ‘cause something to happen’ When we use get + object (o) + -ed form, we say that we cause something to happen or to be done. It is a less formal way of saying have something done: I’m getting the computer repaired on Monday. I’m going to the supermarket so I’ll get your jacket cleaned if you like. We also use get + noun phrase object (o) + object complement (oc) to mean that we cause something to happen: 125

[at a hotel reception desk] [O] [OC] Sorry to keep you waiting. We’re just getting the bill ready for you now. Get + object + infinitive with to, and get + object + -ing form have similar meanings of ‘cause or persuade to happen’: They got me to talk to the police, even though I knew it wouldn’t help. (They persuade me to talk to the police … ) Can you help me get this printer working? Help somebody (to) do We use help with or without an object: Let me help you. Can I help? We also use help with an object and an infinitive with or without to: Jack is helping me to tidy my CDs. or Jack is helping me tidy my CDs. I am writing to thank you for helping us find the right hotel for our holiday. or I am writing to thank you for helping us to find the right hotel for our holiday. Warning: We don’t use help with an -ing form: I am trying to help him look for a new bike. Not: I am trying to help him looking … (Source: Cambridge Dictionary; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british- grammar/get?q=Get+meaning+%E2%80%98cause+something+to+happen%E2%80%99; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/have-something- done?q=Have+something+done; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british- grammar/help-somebody-to-do?q=Help+somebody+%28to%29+do) 126

Listen to the examples of the grammar point. Exercise: Review the grammar point and do the tasks that follow. 1. Marcy: The answer is no! I’ll never marry you. Adam: Please Marcy. I beg you _______________. (A) to be thinking it over (B) think it over (C) thinking it over (D) to think it over (E) will think it over 2. The local mayor is on trial for bribery. They say a bank officer bribed her __________ the town’s money in his bank. (A) to put (B) putting (C) put (D) puts 3. You don’t have to worry, Jim. I’ve asked Ed ___________ the report for me. (A) to write (B) writing (C) write (D) will write (E) written 127

Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานไวยากรณ (Grammar) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 4 (Causatives/Permissives: Active) ของ Unit 8 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 Grammar Focus: Causatives/Permissives – Passive Passive with permit and allow We often use the passive with permit and allow. Permit is often used for official public notices: Photography is permitted for non-commercial use only. [from a newspaper report about rugby player] You’re allowed to eat as much fruit as you like. We’re not allowed to put posters on the walls. Warning: We don’t usually use the passive with let: The children were allowed to do whatever they wanted. Not: The children were let do … Make meaning ‘force to do’ In the passive voice, we must use an infinitive with to: The people were made to wait outside while the committee reached its decision. (Source: Cambridge Dictionary; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/make; https://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/allow-permit-or- let?q=Let+someone+%2B+do+something;) 128

Listen to the examples of the grammar point. Exercise: Review the grammar point and do the tasks that follow. 1. The teacher said he wanted the paper ____________ and on his desk by Wednesday. (A) finish (B) has finished (C) to finish (D) finished (E) finishing 2. Let me know when you want dinner _________. It’s ready anytime. (A) serve (B) I’ll serve (C) to serve (D) serving (E) served 3. Would you like your steak _________ rare, medium, or well-done? (A) cooks (B) cook (C) to cook (D) cooking (E) cooked 129

Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานไวยากรณ (Grammar) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 5 (Causatives/Permissives: Passive) ของ Unit 8 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 Vocabulary: Crime Read and listen to each item in the vocabulary list. arson n. the illegal act of setting something on fire on purpose attempted adj. I think the fire was caused by arson. describes things people try do but don't succeed at, especially clue n. if the actions are wrong or against the law commit v. The couple was arrested for attempted robbery of a evidence n. supermarket. something that helps lead you to an answer or solve a mystery illegal adj. This is the clue that helped them solve the crime. inspection n. to do something that is against the law murder v. Have you ever committed a crime? open an signs or facts that help prove something, such as whether or not investigation someone committed a crime expression We'll use his email messages as evidence in the trial, to help suspect v. show that he is guilty. against the law It is illegal to cross the street when the light is red. a close examination What did the police find in their inspection? to kill someone purposely (also a noun) Did he use a gun to murder his victim? to start checking the facts of a certain event, to find out why and how it happened, and who caused it The guards opened an investigation into how the painting was stolen from the museum. to believe that something is likely to be true I suspect that Mr. Simpson stole the money. 130

suspicion n. a feeling that something is probably true, or probably going to threat n. happen I have a suspicion that we will never solve this mystery. when you say you will cause someone harm or problems if he or she doesn't do what you want Don't take his threat seriously; he's not going to fire you for coming late. Exercise: Choose the correct answer/s to complete the text. evidence clue illegal suspect murder opening an investigation committed crimes arson Woman Murdered by Stranger by Harry Leverton A __________________ occurred last night on Oak Street, around 2:00 AM. The victim, a 30-year-old woman, Sally Hinton, was found dead by early-morning joggers. Police discovered that the murder victim had been seen speaking to a man in a bar the night before. There is _________________ that the man tried to convince Ms. Hinton to give him her phone number, but she refused. Police _________________ they know who the man is, and if they are correct, this man has ____________________ in the past, including __________________. They are _______________________ into the matter. 131

Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานคําศัพท (Vocabulary) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 6 (Crime) ของ Unit 8 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดับ Intermediate 2 132

Unit 9 Recycling (Photo by Vlada Karpovich from Pexels) This unit is about recycling. In this unit you will... • Identify words and phrases related to the topic of recycling. Identify prefixes and suffixes and use them to talk about recycling. • Practice the comprehension strategy of identifying cause and effect. Read a leaflet about recycling tips and talk about recycling programs where you live. • Watch a video about swapping things you no longer need and write a dialogue continuing the story of the video. • Watch a video and take part in a conversation, and a branching conversation, about a recycling survey. • Read a poster and an e-mail about an upcycling workshop and persuade a friend to go to one of the workshops you read about. • Watch a slide show about helping the environment and write a summary of the lecture.

Vocabulary: Recycling This step contains a list of words and phrases that you will use in this unit. Read the list and the example sentences. Do you know how to say these words? Listen to the recordings and practice saying the words. container n. something used for storing things donate v. Some teachers use old containers to hold art supplies. give something such as time, money, or items to help someone, downcycle v. without expecting something in return We donated some money to the local art club to help them label v. buy supplies for their art projects. landfill n. take unwanted items and make something new that is of lesser plastic n. quality You are downcycling when you use old clothing as rags to wash recycle v. the floor. recycling bin n. put a word or name on something to describe or identify what reduce v. it is We put all the unwanted paper in the bin labeled 'paper'. large hole in the ground where garbage is buried There is so much garbage in landfills that soon there will not be enough space for all the garbage. light, strong material that can be made into different shapes and that is used for making many common products You should try and use plastic bags many times rather than throwing them out after you've used them once. take existing materials and make something new I recycle paper, cans, glass, and bottles so that these materials can be used to make new products. special container to put used items which will be made into new products Put all of your old newspapers into the recycling bin for paper. make smaller or less in size, amount, or importance Printing on both sides of a piece of paper will reduce the amount of paper you use. 134

reuse v. use again, especially in another way upcycle v. I reuse paper I don't need any more for coloring and art projects. workshop n. take unwanted items and use them to make something that is of better quality If you want to upcycle your old T-shirts, you can cut them up and tie them together to make a new bag! class in which you learn something with a small group of people You can come to my workshop to learn how to make a shopping bag from old T-shirts. Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานคําศัพท (Vocabulary) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 1 (Banking) ของ Unit 9 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 1 Grammar Focus: Prefixes and Suffixes Prefixes A prefix refers to a group of letters or a single letter that comes at the beginning of a word to change the word's meaning. For example, the prefix 're' means again. A word with the prefix 're' is reuse. If we know the meaning of the prefix, we can figure out that the word reuse means to use something again. Teachers can reuse plastic containers for art projects. Here are some common prefixes and their meanings: 135

Prefix Meaning Example auto- self autobiography bi- two bimonthly co- together coworker down- decrease in value downcycle in-, ir-, un-, non- not indestructible, mono- one irresponsible, multi- many unwanted, pre- before non-recyclable re- again monolingual under- below multipurpose up- improve precaution reuse underpaid upcycle Suffixes A suffix refers to a group of letters or a single letter that comes at the end of a word to change the meaning. In many cases it also changes the way a word is used grammatically. For example, the suffix 'less' means without. A word with the suffix 'less' is endless. If we know the meaning of this suffix, we can figure out that the word endless means something that is without end. • There are so many things you can do with old newspapers that the possibilities are endless. Here are some common suffixes and their meanings: Prefix Meaning Example -er/-ist person or object that teacher, artist does something 136

Prefix Meaning Example -ful forms an adjective from a useful -able/-ible noun recycle, accessible -less can be done powerless -ness without brightness -ion forms a noun from an action adjective forms a noun from a verb Understanding the meanings of prefixes and suffixes can help you understand new vocabulary words. Ask yourself the following questions: • Do I recognize the beginning of this word? • Do I recognize the middle of this word? • Do I recognize the end of this word? Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานไวยากรณ (Grammar) เรื่อง Prefixes and Suffixes จากแบบฝกหัดและ แบบทดสอบใน Lesson 1 (Recycling) ของ Unit 9 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 137

Identifying Cause and Effect In a cause and effect relationship, one event or action (the cause) results in another event or action (the effect). Conditions and feelings, as well as events and actions, can be causes and effects. When we write about cause and effect, we don't always mention the cause of an event first. Sometimes the order is reversed. This is where connectors, or marker words, can help to show us the correct order of events. Example 1: As the population increases, so does our waste. Cause: The population is increasing. Effect: There is more waste. The marker as shows us that the first part of the sentence is talking about a cause. The marker so shows us that the second part of the sentence is talking about an effect. Example 2: We were late for the upcycling workshop because we couldn't find anywhere to park. Cause: We couldn't find anywhere to park. Effect: We were late for the upcycling workshop. The marker because shows us that the second part of the sentence is talking about a cause. The first part of the sentence is therefore the effect. Here is a chart of common markers of cause and effect: Cause Effect because thus as therefore since so due to for this reason owing to consequently on account off that’s why thanks to as a result (of) 138

Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานไวยากรณ (Grammar) และการพูด (Speaking) จากแบบฝกหัดและ แบบทดสอบใน Lesson 2 (City of Lakeview Recycling Tips) ของ Unit 9 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 Listening Skill Practice: Trash for Treasure Preview: Watch the video on EDO Intermediate 2, Unit 9: Lesson 3. Exercise: Choose the correct answer. 1. Which word does NOT have the same meaning as ‘swap’? (A) Switch (B) Consume (C) Trade (D) Exchange 139

2. How does Kevin feel about the items that the women are sorting? (A) Calm (B) Frustrated (C) Disappointed (D) Excited 3. What will Kevin learn if he goes to the upcycling workshop? (A) How to make a shopping bag from T-shirts (B) How to make homemade tomato sauce (C) How to recycle glass jars (D) How to make a shirt from old scarves 4. What will Kevin probably do next? (A) Recycle some more glass jars (B) Sign up for a workshop (C) Go back to his own apartment (D) Find a way to use the glass containers Blended Learning with EDO ใหผูเรียนฝกทักษะดานการฟง (Listening) จากแบบฝกหัดและแบบทดสอบใน Lesson 3 (Trash for Treasure) ของ Unit 9 ในโปรแกรมฯ EDO ระดบั Intermediate 2 140