InterculturalDialogueTextbook ChangeHighlights

Intercultural DialogueInteractive E-learning Textbook for 5-7 Grades ofComprehensive Schools, Lyceums, Gymnasiums (Group Learning Version) Almaty, 2017

UDCLBC The interactive textbook was initiated and funded by the UNESCO Bureau in Almaty for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan and the Kazakhstan-Indian Foundation (KIF, Almaty) in support of the International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022) . Author: Тatyana V. Yurchenko, teacher of the highest category Research Consultant and Editor: Dr. Laura G. Yerekesheva, (History), Assoc. ProfessorReviewers: Prof.Karl M. Baipakov, (Archaeology), Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Prof. Risalyat U. Karimova, (History).I Intercultural Dialogue. Interactive e-Learning Textbook for Schoolchildren of 5-7 grades. – Almaty, 2017. – 100 p. ISBN ……… The textbookis intended as an elective course for schoolchildren of 5-7 grades (11-14 years old). The purpose of the textbook is to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue; interculturalcommunication skills among students. These issues are examined through understanding the worldcultural achievements and religions; as well as cultural and historical heritage and specificity ofKazakhstan and the Central Asian region in general. The textbook consists of 17 lessons focusing on various aspects of tangible and intangible culture,intercultural dialogue, tolerance, history of interaction among cultures and religions, and a lot more. Significant attention is paid to the activities of the UN and UNESCO, in particular, in the field ofdiversity of forms of cultural expressions and human rights, protection of the world natural and culturalheritage, tangible and intangible culture. The textbook provides a number of UNESCO internationaldocuments. It also contains UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites List in Central Asia. The interactive textbook is an integral part of a more broad Online Platform for Intercultural andInterreligious Dialogue, which is an innovative project, on creating a depository, a data bank of multi-unitinformation on e-education, resource development, research, forums, etc., targeted for pupils, students,youth of Central Asia and other regions of the globe. The projectis developed in support of UNESCO›s initiatives on implementation of the InternationalDecade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022). ISBN ………

CONTENTSForeword..................................................................................................................................4Symbols, Icons........................................................................................................................5Lesson 1. Introduction............................................................................................................6Lesson 2. UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Forms of Cultural Expressions.........................................................................................10Lesson 3. UNESCO International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022):Declaration and Roadmap......................................................................................................14Lesson 4. Cultural Diversity is Available for Everyone.....................................................18Lesson 5. Dialogue of Cultures...........................................................................................22Lesson 6. A Little Bit of History............................................................................................30Lesson 7. Journey on the Great Silk Road............................................................................37Lesson 8. Journey Along UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites.................44Lesson 9. Cultural Heritage is the Source of Creativity.....................................................48Lesson 10. Alphabet of Ancient Beliefs............................................................................52Lesson 11. Judaism ............................................................................................................59Lesson 12. Buddhism............................................................................................................62Lesson 13. Christianity..........................................................................................................66Lesson 14. Islam...................................................................................................................71Lesson 15. From the Dialogue of Religions to the Rapprochement of Civilizations............76Lesson 16. Learning to Live Together ...........................................................................82Lesson 17. «Parade of Cultures» Conference-Game.......................................................88Appendix. UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites List (Central Asia)..........93List of References Used.....................................................................................................96

4 Intercultural Dialogue Foreword Dear friend, welcome! Welcome to the world of knowledge, where you will get acquainted with the diversity ofcultures of Central Asian peoples, make your first steps in intercultural dialogue. We live in the unique and versatile world. Shall we manage to preserve our lovely planet,live together without wars and conflicts? It depends on you also in many ways. The well-known pedagogue V.A. Sukhomlinsky said: “A good child does not fall from thesky. He should be educated”. I hope that the interactive e-learning textbook «InterculturalDialogue», the lessons of which you will discover for yourself, and which is posted on theOnline Platform for Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue, will become for you a guidingthread in the process of your becoming a tolerant personality who understands and acceptsuniversal values - cultural, moral, social. During the training you will learn a lot of new things - the culture of the peoples of CentralAsia, interesting moments from the world history and interesting facts about familiar and newthings. In your journey to discover the world and to learn about the intercultural dialogue, youwill be accompanied by Planetaric - a cheerful character who is looking forward to meetingyou. During lessons you will not only learn new things, but also play games, draw, watchmovies and much more. But we shall not get ahead of events. Now we could only say thatyou can do all this by reading the textbook to the end. The textbook itself you could find on aspecial online platform under the same title - «Intercultural Dialogue».. The online platform, as the textbook, is a completely new, i.e. an innovative project thathas not yet been implemented in the world. Therefore, you can also become a discoverer!Here you can find everything about intercultural and interreligious dialogue - the mostdiverse information that will help you and your friends to use and apply it in future. These arepublications, texts and articles, video, audio, drawings, a library, various projects and events,and much more. You will be able to find new friends and share your ideas and thoughts withthem. Together you can change our world for the better! We hope that the lessons will awaken in you the desire to explore more deeply the cultureof the peoples of Central Asia, the mechanisms of the intercultural dialogue. It does not matterhow old you are. All that you learn from this textbook will be useful for you in your life. Learn yourself, share knowledge with others, apply the obtained knowledge in practice! Good luck!

Intercultural Dialogue 5 Symbols, Icons Dictionary Task Document Game Creative Work Work with a Text Online/Log Journal Audio /Video File

6 Intercultural Dialogue Lesson 1. IntroductionHello! During this lesson we shall learn: 1. What is Culture 2.Tangible and Intangible Culture 3. About UNESCO Creative Work Dear friend! From your early childhood you hear the words: culture, cultural person, culture of ancient civilizations. Now we will dive into the wonderful world named “culture”. Do you know the meaning of this word? What are the components of this term? Like all children you probably like to play and draw. Let us do some creative work. Let us think about it together and draw a house named “culture”. I think when you were small you made a house from bright colorful bricks. At first you built the foundation, then built the walls, and decorated the house with a beautiful roof. In a similar way we shall start our work. The only difference is that each brick is a particle of culture. What will become the foundation, i.e. the basis of the building? How will you build the walls? It’s up to you. Here you have bricks to build the house. So, let’s begin. Good luck! I am sure you have successfully completed the task. Most probably, your house consists of lots of lovely phenomena of culture, such as ballet, painting, etc. Work with a Text The concept of culture originated in ancient times, and it is inseparable from the history of human development. The word «cultural» at the dawn of history meant something cultivated and processed. It was attributed to objects, phenomena, actions, made by people. It is natural that the people were also included in the field of culture, because he created himself and he was the result of processing natural substance.

Intercultural Dialogue 7 Task Would you like to check your memory? Answer the question: What did the word “cultural” mean at the dawn of the human civilization? Epochs, people and cultures are unique. Each has its own specificfeatures. Now we will have an opportunity to justify it. Be attentive. There are some objects displayed on the screen. You have to find out what refers to tangible and intangible culture. Task Let us generalize everything we have learned today and make a cluster. Culture Try to think and formulate the meanings of: Tangible culture is___________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Intangible culture is _________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Now let’s check what is written about this in Article 2 of the “UNESCO Convention on the Preservation of Intangible Cultural Heritage”, where we can find the following definition of intangible cultural heritage: Intangible culture – customs, forms of imagination and expression, knowledge, skills. Intangible cultural heritage is manifested in the following areas: oral traditions; performing arts; customs, rituals, festivals; knowledge and traditions related to nature and the universe; knowledge and skills associated with traditional crafts.

8 Intercultural Dialogue Tangible culture is the surrounding environment, which includes buildings and historic places, monuments, artifacts, i.e., everything what is worthy of preservation and transfer to future generations. As a rule, these are objects related to archaeology, architecture, science or technology created by this or that culture. In your opinion, who takes care of the preservation of culture, its development? Maybe you have already heard of such an international organization as UNESCO? Let us learn more about it. As the United Nations Organization, UNESCO was created as a result of severe hardships of the World War II. On November 1-16, 1945, in London there was held the United Nations conference on the establishment of an organization dealing with issues of culture and education. About 40 states took part in the conference. At the final stage of the conference, 37 States signed the Charter proclaiming the birth of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Charter came into force in 1946 after its ratification by 20 states. The first session of the General Conference was held in Paris on October 9-10, 1946. The goal of the organization is defined as follows: Document “To contribute to the strengthening of peace and security byenhancing the cooperation of peoples in the field of educationand science in order to provide universal respect, justice, law andhuman rights, as well as the fundamental freedoms proclaimed inthe Charter of the United Nations Organization for all peoples,without distinction regarding race, gender, language or religion.”(UNESCO Charter). The supreme body is the General Conference. The headquarters isin Paris (France). Today, UNESCO promotes cooperation between195 valid and 10 associated Member States in field of education,culture and communication.TaskLet us write what we have learnt in a table:I know / I have learnt New information I’d like to know / I do not agree

Intercultural Dialogue 9 So, what is the result? Is there anything else to think about? Write down in your dictionary Dictionary UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Can you imagine that 20-30 years ago there was no Internet, no e-mail, no Skype, and to tell something important people sent telegrams to each other. In the telegram everything was written very briefly, and only the most important things. Now we shall also write a telegram. Remember what was important on the lesson and write it down. Send a telegram to one of your friends. I think they will learn a lot of new information. Good-bye!See you next time!

10 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u eLesson 2. UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Forms of Cultural ExpressionsHello! Today at the lesson we shall learn: 1. What is the “UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Forms of Cultural Expressions” 2. Is cultural diversity the heritage of mankind 3. About the role of cultural diversity on the way to development Hello, dear friend. I am glad to see you. How are you? How are you feeling? Here you see fruits: an orange, a green pear and a lemon. An orange – wonderful mood, A green pear – calm, balanced mood, A lemon – … hmmm, you understand what mood it is. Choose a fruit and define your mood. So, what is your result? Task Do you remember what we learned during the previous lesson? Let us check. Do the anagram. Anagram is a word in which all the letters are mixed up. Put them in the right order and you will learn the answer. U L EC R T U Let us check? Now you see bright pictures. Divide them into two groups, relating to tangible culture and intangible culture.

Intercultural Dialogue 11 Have you managed? Well done! Here is a new task: Remember what you know about UNESCO. How does its logo look like? Try to draw it on your online copybook. UNESCO is a serious international organization and like every organization it has its documents. Have you ever heard the word “convention”? Dictionary The word “convention” (from Latin conventio) means agreement, treaty. Carefully read the text: Agreements between states are called conventions. Such conventions, as a rule, are elaborated and adopted in the frameworks of international organizations, such as the UNO. Here are several samples of these agreements. The General Conference of UNESCO in Paris in October- November 1972 adopted the Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The Convention gives definitions of cultural and natural heritage. On 17 October 2003, UNESCO adopted another Convention. The Convention objective is safeguarding the intangible cultural heritage. At present, 139 states have joined this Convention. The “UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Forms of Cultural Expressions” was adopted on 20 October 2005, during the 33rd session of the UNESCO General Conference held in Paris. What is the document about? The convention says that cultural diversity is the common of humankind heritage of humankind and should be preserved for the common good, cultural diversity creates a rich and diverse world, and is the driving force for the sustainable development of peoples and nations. Cultural diversity contributes to preservation of peace and security and respect for human rights. Cultural diversity contributes to preservation of peace and security and respect for human rights. Convention main goal is to create equal conditions and possibilities for the flourishing and free interaction of and dialogue among different cultures. It is important that each state protects and develops its unique culture. The convention states that it is necessary to respect equal dignity of all cultures, including those belonging to minorities and indigenous peoples. (Article 3).

12 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Now close your eyes and try to remember what you have justread. Let us check what you remember. Here you can see three pictures:1. Agra and Taj Mahal2. Giza and Pyramids3. Paris and Eiffel Tower Choose the city where the «UNESCO Convention on theProtection and Promotion of the Diversity of Forms of CulturalExpressions” was adopted. Now, let us check. As usually, you have succeeded! Tell me, do you like animals? Animal world is so rich andversatile. Choose the animal you like most of all from thosesuggested below.Penguin Dog GiraffeFor each animal, there is a task. Document Now you will act as a head of imaginary state. You willhave to read an extract from the “UNESCO Convention on theProtection and Promotion of the Diversity of Forms of CulturalExpressions”. After reading, you need to think of the measuresto implement the Convention in your state. How can you do it? Write down all your ideas in your onlinejournal. Task for Article 4. - Definitionthe Group 1. Cultural diversity“Penguin” “Cultural diversity” means the variety of forms through which different groups and societies express their culture. Cultural diversity is manifested through various types of artistic creativity, their production, distribution, etc.

Intercultural Dialogue 13Task for Article 4. – Definition Good-bye!the Group 7. Protection“Dog” «Protection» means taking measures to protect, preserve and increase the diversity of cultural expressions. «To protect,» means to take such measures.Task for Article 4. – Definitionthe Group 8. Intercultural interaction“Giraffe” «Intercultural communication/interaction» means the existence and equal interaction of different cultures. When the interaction of cultures takes place based on dialogue and mutual respect, then as a result, common forms of self-expression can be created. Tell us about your achievements. Now it’s time to share our impressions. - Was the lesson interesting? - What did you like most of all? - Let us again choose a fruit of mood and see what has happenedto our mood? - Has it improved? Why? Share your mood with your friends. And see you next time!

14 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Lesson 3. UNESCO International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022): Declaration and RoadmapHello! Today at the lesson we shall learn: 1. Aims and tasks of the UNESCO International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022) 2. Main spheres of activity and implementation strategies of the UNESCO International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022) Hello again, dear friend. How are you? Are you ready to continue your way to knowledge? Wonderful! Task «Take your stand» It is very important to have your own opinion. Even more important is to be able to defend your point of view, justifying your opinion. It is equally important to have the courage to speak publicly. Statement A b s o l u t e l y A b s o l u te l y Difficult to Argument agree disagree answer Parents should love and take care of their children People of the planet should live in peace A woman must do the housework, a man must earn money

Intercultural Dialogue 15 Boys should not play with dolls Children should have the same rights as adults Here you see different statements. Choose and justify your view Suggest to your friend to do this task. Does his opinion always coincide with yours? I am sure you have learned from your own experience that there can be a lot of opinions on any issue. It is important to respect other views, even if they are radically different from yours. Carefully read the text: Issues of respect, diversity of cultures, tolerance and cooperation become more and more important for humanity. Many international and public organizations take efforts to strengthen peace and accord. UNESCO is entrusted the role of a leading UNO organization to conduct the “Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures” (2013-2022)on a global scale, involving all member-states, the most influential international governmental and non-governmental organizations, outstanding cultural, educational and scholarly figures. A question comes up: Why to conduct the International Decade? Today a large number of conflicts shakes the world and, of course, urgent steps must be taken. The whole world community should unite its efforts to develop a new, universal planetary consciousness, free from stereotypes and prejudices. In order to conduct this International Decade, UNESCO has developed a special plan of action for 2013-2022. Very well aware that a world based only on economic and political agreements of governments cannot win the unanimous support of people, the plan of the International UNESCO Decade is based on the principles of intellectual and moral solidarity of humankind, on the idea of the rapprochement of cultures. What particular steps need to be taken? A special “roadmap” or, simply speaking, action plan, was elaborated for this purpose. Like every map, it shows the route, directions for movement. Forexample, itisnecessaryto:

16 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e - create new partnerships at the national and international levels; - exchange knowledge on cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; - conduct numerous activities that stimulate the process of rapprochement of cultures. A huge role in the implementation of the plan belongs to today’s schoolchildren and students, and to you. Make every effort to ensure that intercultural dialogue and understanding work successfully in your classroom, in the yard, in everyday life. Today you have got acquainted with the tasks of UNESCO International Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013- 2022 г.)Is everything clear, do you remember the major strategy of the Decade? Let us check? Task “Put the missing words into the sentence” exercise UNESCO is entrusted the role of a leading UNO organization to conduct ______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ In order to conduct this International Decade, UNESCO has developed _____________________________________________ UNESCO International Decade is based on _______________ _____________________________________________________ To implement the plan of the “Decade for the Rapprochement of Cultures” (2013-2022) it is necessary to conduct _______________ _____________________________________________________ I suggest one more interesting task. In a huge number of letters there have been hidden some familiar words. Quickly find them. Time has started.

Intercultural Dialogue 17 Game Do the rebus UC А Р К G М ZCYB С U N Р JH О BRQ К LI О N E W C U L T U R E АРР O S Т У FHVY С О FDUM C У Н XZ В LDRE М BI OСCОNVЕNTIONM Let us check. What words have you found? What do they mean? Was it interesting to study this topic? Share your impressions. What did you like most of all in the lesson? What was difficult? Write a short essay (short composition) in which you can express your opinion on the International Decade of UNESCO for the Rapprochement of Cultures (2013-2022). Offer your ideas for the implementation of the decade. See you soon! Good-bye!

18 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u eLesson 4. Cultural Diversity is Available for EveryoneHello! Today at the lesson, we shall learn: 1. What is «human rights» 2. What is the «Universal Declaration of Human Rights» about? Hello, dear friend! “Hello” is the most popular and useful word for a traveler. Yes, and the simplest, so it will not be out of place to know how to say hello in different languages of the world. There are about 6000 different languages in the world, but today we shall take as sample only some of them. Task “HELLO IN VARIOUS LANGUAGES OF THE WORLD” Exercise Language How it sounds Azerbaijani Salamaleikum English Hello, Hi Arabic (Egypt) Ahlanwasahlan Hungarian Jonapot Vietnamese Chao Hawaiian Aloha Dutch Hallo Greek Geiasou Hebrew Shalom Indonesian Selamat Icelandic Godandaginn Spanish Buenasdias Italian Buongiorno Kazakh Salem Kyrgyz Salam Chinese 你好！[nǐ hǎo] Ни хао! German GutenTag Norwegian Goddag Polish Dziendobry

Intercultural Dialogue 19Portuguese OlaRomanian BunaSerbian ZdravoSwahili HujamboTajik SalomThai SawatdiTurkish MerhabaTurkmen SalamUzbek SalamaleikumJapanese KonnitivaFrench Bonjour/SalutHindi Namaste Chose the greeting you like and greet your friends. I hope that a greeting in different languages has created yourpositive mood, and besides we have just taken a step towards therapprochement of cultures. A good example for the governmentsof different states around the world. Perhaps someday it is goingto be children's diplomacy that will MAKE ITS NOTABLECONTRIBUTION IN THE ISSUE OF MAINTAINING PEACEAND HARMONY ON THE WHOLE PLANET. Very often in our life, we come across such terms as “rights”,“human rights”, “violation of rights”. Task Think of and write down ten associations (words) which cometo your mind when you come across the term “human rights” ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Probably, after writing down your thoughts you will concludethat human rights are the rights inherent to a human life, withoutwhich he /she cannot exist. Many thinkers and philosophers, public figures and politiciansreflected on human rights. Rights are mentioned in all worldreligions. The protection of cultural diversity is inseparable from respectfor the human. Cultural diversity implies an obligation to respecthuman rights. The «Universal Declaration of Human Rights» isthe major international document proclaiming the inalienabilityand inviolability of the rights of all members of human society. The declaration was proclaimed in the resolution of the UNGeneral Assembly on December 10, 1948.

20 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Dictionary Resolution – a decree adopted as a result of the discussion of some question. It lists numerous rights: civil, political, social and cultural, - with which all the people in the world are endowed with. This document is based on the most important principles of equality and freedom. Thanks to human rights, a human being retains his personality, uniqueness, originality. Document I suggest that you get acquainted with some articles of the «Universal Declaration of Human Rights». I suggest that we do one interesting task. All articles of the Declaration are equal by their contents. Here there are some random articles. You can see a table. On the right side of the table write down your comments as to when in the history of humanity these rights were observed or violated. Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 3 Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person. Article 5 No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment Article 14 1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution. 2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non- political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.

Intercultural Dialogue 21 Let us discuss the results of your work, children. Read out the Good-bye! articles of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” and your comments. Remember and tell the names (or write down in your online copybook) of films, cartoons, books, fairy tales in which the articles of the “Universal Declaration of Human Rights” were violated. Draw an illustration for the fairy tale from your list. There is always a danger of one group feeling the superiority of its own culture, or treating with contempt or disrespect other groups or cultures. This phenomenon is called “ethnocentrism”. Dictionary Ethnocentrism (from Greek ethnos - people + kentron - center) – is a conviction of the superiority of one's own ethnic or cultural group (race, people, class) over others. On this basis develops the disregard for representatives of other social groups. Such a view often leads to a tragedy, creates conditions for violence and conflict. This is where the «Universal Declaration of Human Rights» acts as a kind of guarantor, ensuring our protection from infringements from outside, providing us with basic freedoms. Of particular importance is the protection of the rights of individuals belonging to minorities, indigenous peoples. “Put a question»” Game Remember what we talked about during the lesson. Pose 5 questions related to the topic of the lesson. Email the questions to your friend and ask her/him to answer the questions and make a question for you. As usually, share your impressions. What did you particularly like in the lesson? What was difficult? You did your best! Well-done! See you next time.

22 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Lesson 5. Dialogue of CulturesHello! During this lesson, we shall learn about: 1. Central Asian states 2. Diversity of cultures of the peoples of Central Asia Good morning, dear friend! Indeed, it is good. I hope it is going to bring you the joy of meeting friends and new knowledge. What would you wish your day to be like? Write down your wishes and send around to your parents, friends, mates with the help of the gadget. No doubt, after getting this present they will feel a wave of cheerfulness and good mood. In order to start the day with joy I suggest that we watch a cartoon. What do you think we shall talk of today? Indeed, we are going to discuss the cultural diversity of the peoples of Central Asia, tolerant attitude, unity, diversity and uniqueness of the cultures of this region. Central Asia is one of the most interesting and specific regions of the once unified country – the Soviet Union (USSR). Its native peoples have a lot in common in culture, lifestyle and traditions, which can be explained by the shared historical destinies. Work with the text Central Asia today consists of five republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The territory of Central Asia is 3,994,300 sq. km. The whole population of Central Asia - 51 million people, consists of representatives of more than 100 nationalities. Here live: the Kazakhs, Kyrghizs, Tajiks, Turkmens, Uzbeks, Tatars, Uyghur, Kara kalpaks, as well as Russians, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Germans, Armenians, etc. Of these, Kazakhs, Turkmens, Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Kara kalpaks and Uzbeks have their statehood.

Intercultural Dialogue 23 IT’S INTERESTING! The Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (at first the Kara-KalpakAutonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) – was an autonomous republic in the USSR, which existed in the RSFSR in 1932–1936 and was part of the Uzbek SSR in 1936-1992. In 1992 it was transformed into the Republic of Karakalpakstan as part of Uzbekistan. Uzbeks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Turkmens, Kara kalpaks, Tatars and Uyghurs speak Turkic group languages of the Altai family. Tajiks, Kurds, Baluchis, Iranians speak the languages of the Iranian group of the Indo-European family. The main professed religions are Islam and Christianity (Orthodox Christianity). On the territory of contemporary Central Asia at different times dwelled people of various religions - Tengrianism, Shamanism, Nestorianism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, etc. (we will study this in more detail in Lesson 10). By the way, what do you know about a Zoroastrian festival, preserved until our days – Nauryz? Islam has also become a centrifugal force in the dissemination of humanistic ideas in Central Asia. Accumulated in the ancient and early Middle Ages, creative experience and traditions of original culture provided the necessary prerequisites for the revival and development of science, literature and culture of the peoples of Central Asia in a new historical epoch. The urgent task of the cultural development of the countries of the region at the present stage is to preserve the value system which was developed over the centuries by our ancestors. In these conditions, cultural ties and spiritual contacts with each other, namely, the dialogue of cultures, which is the basis of peaceful coexistence of peoples, are acquiring ever greater importance for the development of culture of each country of the region. It is the spiritual and cultural heritage of the past that should contribute to the implementation of a fruitful dialogue between the peoples of Central Asia and promote regional integration.

24 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Dictionary Dialogue of cultures - interaction (interexchange) of various cultures, mutual creation of cultural space. Task «Logbook»: Tell me, did you ever want to become a captain of the ship at least once in your life? Do you know that the captain of the ship is supposed to keep a «Logbook»? Today you have a great chance to feel yourself like a sea wolf and fill in the logbook of the ship that floats on the ocean of knowledge. You have already your online notebook/journal. Just imagine how it will be transformed into the “Logbook”! Once again, read the text and fill out your «Logbook» (keywords, figures, diagrams). Then read your notes. Creative work The celebration of Nauryz under various names is widespread in many cultures of Central Asia. Here is an incomplete list of variations of the name of this festival in different languages: Pers. Now ruz, Pushtu Nawwraz, Taj. Наврӯз, Uzb. Наврўз, Navroʻz, Turkm. Новруз, Nowruz, Kaz. Наурыз, Uygh. Норуз, Kyrgh. Но- оруз. It is also celebrated under local names in other languages. Let us discuss it in detail. Let us learn how this holiday is celebrated in Central Asian countries. Choose one of the topics suggested below, read the text, paint a national costume. Make a cluster on the topic in your copybook. Topic № 1 Kazakhstan Kazakhstan is the largest and economically most developed country in the Central Asian region. National traditions and culture of the Kazakhs are explained by the nomadic past of their ancestors, which moved in whole tribes from one place to another along the boundless Kazakh steppes. The Great Steppe (Uly Dala) became a symbol of the country, a link between East and West, connecting various cultures and ways of life. In Kazakhstan one can find variety of geo-climatic and geological zones, it is rich in mineral resources and beautiful landscapes. In

Intercultural Dialogue 25 modern Kazakhstan there is cross-cultural interaction of more than 120 nationalities and ethnic groups of Eurasia.The capital of the country - Astana, built in the years of independence - is located at the centre of Eurasia. This unique by its architecture city is a modern symbol of Kazakhstan. Kazakh traditional festivalNauryz The origin of this festivalis rooted in the pre-written era of human history. It acquired its official status in the Achaemenid Empire as a religious festival of Zoroastrianism. It continued to be celebrated everywhere after the Islamic conquests, up to the present time. In modern times, it is celebrated in the days of spring equinox. The main Traditional dish is «Nauryzkozhe» How to prepare Nauryzkozhe? 7 obligatory components of «Nauryzkozhe» are water, meat, salt, fat, flour, cereals and milk. These components symbolize happiness, luck, wisdom, health, wealth, rapid growth, patronage of the sky. Paint the Kazakh national costume. Topic № 2 Kyrgyzstan Probably no country in Central Asia can boast with such an abundance of unusually picturesque natural spots like Kyrgyzstan. More than three quarters of its territory is occupied by the majestic Tyan Shan mountains and Pamir-Alai, framing the country, like silent, mighty titans. The juicy green plains, which for centuries served the local nomads as pastures for cattle, delight the eye, offering picturesque lakes and mountain rivers to the weary traveler, fascinating with mysterious gorges and caves. In Kyrgyzstan, the national traditions and customs of nomads, which have been formed for centuries, are still strong. Sumolok: a dish that fulfills wishes Traditionally on the eve of Nooruz the Kyrgyz prepare sumolok - a special dish made from wheat germs. According to the legend, a mother wanted to feed her hungry children. But she had nothing except wheat. Therefore, she put a handful of wheat grains in the kazan, added stones to make an impression of abundance of food, filled it all with water and asked the children

26 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e to wait. The children fell asleep... The next morning they found a sweet brownish gruel in the kazan, which not only saved the family from hunger, but also gave them strength. Since then, the sumolokis cooked every year for thousands of years now. Each family has its own recipe for cooking this dish, which is passed over from generation to generation. «Sumolok has its own natural taste. We cook it in seven kazans. They say that sumolokis cooked in silence. Sumolok has special properties. The Kyrgyz believe in an ancient tradition that if you try a sumolok from seven kazans (that is, cooked in seven different houses), you will obtain happiness. The most important thing is making a wish. It is necessary to think only of good desires, and then they all will come true. This ritual has a special meaning. It means that you are ready to share your happiness. To rejoice Nooroz and the new spring. Paint the Kyrgyz national costume. Topic № 3 Tajikistan Tajikistan is the only Persian-speaking country in Central Asia with a unique culture and traditions. It is a beautiful country with a harsh climate, located in the picturesque foothills of the Pamirs. In Tajikistan there was influence of the ancient Iranian and Turkic customs, various religious beliefs and traditions. The greater part of the population occupied the northern plain territories of TajikistanA lot of attention is paid to the preparation of the festive table. Meat dishes and other animal products excluding milk are not put on the table. The symbol of Navruz and New Year is sumanak (sumalak). How to prepare sumanak? About a week before the festival starts, wheat grains are soaked in a dish with a shallow bottom (it can be a plate). By the time of the festival wheat grains are germinated. It is believed that the longer the sprouts of wheat, the bigger and better will be the harvest in the new year. Sprouted grains are pounded in a metal mortar, put in a kazan, poured with water, flour and boiled for 10-12 hours, stirred all the time. It is very sweet, although there is no sugar at all. Sumanak should be ready before sunrise of the main day of the festival. According to traditions, during the preparation of sumanak, women, men and children sing festive songs, read poems. Sumanak is not just a dish, it is something sacred. Therefore, before preparing it, the main cook reads the surah from the Koran,

Intercultural Dialogue 27 namely «Ikhlos». Sumanak is distributed among all neighbors, relatives, friends. Before you try, you need to make three wishes, they may be fulfilled within a year. Paint the Tajik national costume. Topic № 4 Uzbekistan http://www.advantour.com/img/uzbekistan/bukhara/lyabi- khauz1.jpg Uzbekistan is a country of historical and cultural sites. It is here that the cities, the precious pearls of the East are located: Samarkand, Bukhara, Khiva, Tashkent, Kokand, Shakhrisabz, with the magnificent and unique monuments of Central Asian medieval architecture. Since ancient times in the agricultural oases of Uzbekistan large folk festivities, festive bazaars, horse races, dog and cockfights were held on Navruz. Perhaps one of the main customs of Navruz celebration in Uzbekistan is New Year's dish «sumalyak» - a dish cooked from flour and sprouted wheat grains on a wood fire, sometimes with the addition of spices. Sprouted wheat grain is a symbol of life, warmth, abundance and health. It is a holiday of awakening of nature and the beginning of sowing works, which has preserved in its ritual the features of Zoroastrianism. It is believed that sumalyak should be prepared with songs and playful, funny chants, telling funny stories and different legends. To prevent sumalyak from burning, a few pebbles and walnuts are thrown into the kazan. And the lucky owner of a pebble or a nut in the bowl will necessarily fulfill all his cherished dreams. In addition to sumalyak, they also prepare halisa. Halisa is a dish made of meat and wheat, and it is boiled in a kazan all night until it turns into porridge. After cooling, the dish is served to the table. For Navruz holiday, the table must include sprouted wheat, halva, bichaks (traditional patties with spinach), samsa, raisins, dried apricots and other sweets. By tradition, firstly people congratulate parents, then other family members, relatives, friends, neighbors. Then everyone goes to the square, where folk festivities are held. On this day, everyone should forget offences and ask forgiveness from those who are offended. Paint the Uzbek national costume.

28 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Topic № 5 Turkmenistan http://www.advantour.com/img/turkmenistan/mary/mary6. jpg Turkmenistan is a country, which has inherited unique monuments of great dynasties of past epochs, which have global significance. Novruz organically combines ancient aspects and novelty of modern aspirations and, of course, elegantly served, hospitable sachak - the center of abundance of the sunny Turkmen region. Everything here is filled with special symbolism, an almost sacral meaning: the seed attaches the soul to earthly grace, the burning candle is the man's eternal desire for light, flour and salt are the symbols of abundance and prosperity. The variety and sophistication of culinary dishes is able to satisfy the most delicate gourmet tastes: reeky hot «chekdirme» and appetizing fried kebab, dishes from cereals and greens, sweet and flour products, delicious oriental sorbet and dessert delicacies delight the eye and fill the soul with infinite love and respect for this hard-working people who have carried through the centuries an indestructible will to life, to creation, enriching the universal spiritual human treasury with such a wonderful, surprisingly tenacious in the centuries tradition of Novruz. Paint the Turkmen national costume. Did you manage it? Great.You can offer these tasks to your friends. It will be great if you share them with a friend by correspondence from another country. And you can arrange a tele bridge and tell lots of friends about your country. In return, they will tell you about their homeland. Now we will check your attentiveness. Answer the following questions. For each correct answer, write down 1 point in your copybook. 1. How many republics comprise the Central Asian region? 2. How many ethnic groups make the population of Central Asia? 3. What language groups form the basis of the languages of Central Asia?

Intercultural Dialogue 29 How many points did you score? Congratulations! Good-bye! Now share your feelings and continue the sentence. Today I learned ... it was interesting… it was difficult… I carried out tasks ... I realized that ... Now I can… I felt that ... I obtained ... I learned… I managed … I could ... I'll try… I was surprised ... Great. I wish you a good day and see you soon!

30 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Lesson 6. A Little Bit of HistoryHello! During this lesson we shall learn: 1. Ways of spread of discoveries, inventions and cultural achievements of the humanity Hello! Each day will bring you a lot of joy if you start it with a warm-up. Let us not break the tradition and get a charge of cheerfulness. On every lesson, we learn more and more new things. Choose the most interesting topic from all the learnt material, justify your choice. Thank you. Are you curious about what we will talk today? I will be happy to tell you, but in an unusual way. How good are you at mathematics? Do you remember the multiplication table? Here you see math tasks. Do the tasks. Check the results with the key. Each number corresponds to a letter. Put the letters into the code map. If you do everything right, you will be able to read the topic of the new lesson. Choose one variant and as usually share the task with a friend via the gadget. Who will be the first to know the topic of the lesson? I GROUP, II GROUP, III GROUP 7 х 7= С 2х2=С 3х3=С 2х2=П 2х3=П 3х5=П 3х6=О 3х3=О 15 х 3 = О 4х4=Ы 3х4=Ы 15 :3 = Ы 2 х4 = Б 4х4=Б 6х6=Б 6х6=Р 4х5=Р 3х9=Р 2х5=Т 5х5=Т 5х5=Т 4х3=А 5х6=А 72 :9 = А 3х3=Н 6х6=Н 12 : 3 = Н 50 : 2 = И 6х7=И 36 : 6 = И 3х7=Я 7х7=Я 55 : 5 = Я 25: 5 = К 7х 8=К 6х7=К 11 х 2 = У 8х8=У 6х8=У

Intercultural Dialogue 3142 :7 = Л 8х9=Л 100 : 2 = Л6х4=Ь 5 х 10 = Ь 50 : 5 = Ь3х1=Е 1х1=Е 20 : 20 = ЕI GROUP 8 1649 4 18 49 1836 12 49 4 36 18 49 10 36 12 9 3 9 25 215 22 6 24 10 22 36 16II GROUP 4 6 9 4 9 8 1220 30 4 6 20 9 4 25 20 30 36 1 36 42 4956 64 72 50 25 64 20 12III GROUP 9 15 45 9 45 36 527 8 9 15 27 45 9 25 27 8 4 1 4 6 1142 48 50 10 25 48 27 5So, what is the answer? Absolutely right!

32 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Topic of the lesson: «Ways of spread of culture» Work with the text Read the text carefully: Humanity is moving towards progress very rapidly, breaking the path from the stone ax to the space rocket. How the peoples managed to spread their knowledge around the world. Researchers talk about several ways of spreading discoveries, inventions and cultural achievements. We will learn about them now. Cultural borrowing is an intended imitation, a way of transferring the values of one culture to another. Cultural borrowing is considered by scholars the most widespread source of cultural change. One people borrows from another only what is most acceptable, useful, what helps to achieve progress and meets the needs of the people. Spontaneous spread of culture is the mutual penetration of cultural traits from one society into another during contact, during the so-called cultural contact. It can leave no trace in both cultures, and on the other hand, can end with their equal and strong influence on each other or with equally strong but one-sided influence. The ways of such mutual penetration of cultures are: ideology and missionary activities, trade, literature and art, songs, food and cooking, tourism, etc. Dictionary http://tolkslovar.ru/ A missionary is a person sent by a religious organization to preach religion and do enlightenment activities among people with a different faith. Independent discoveries are discoveries in which the same invention has been made independently in different countries. Independent inventions are the discovery of the same cultural traits because of the needs of humanity. Task You have just read about the ways of culture distribution. Systematize, identify the key words and make a cluster. Share your result, what did you write? Well done!

Intercultural Dialogue 33 We use the achievements and inventions of the humankind, sometimes without thinking about how they reached us. Ice cream, mirror, fork, trousers and many other things, seemingly banal - turned out to be the product of human genius. Task «The most important discoveries of humanity» Write down or draw 10 most important in your opinion discoveries of humanity. How do you think these discoveries came to your country? How have they been preserved till the present day? Work in groups Join your classmates and prepare one of the proposed reports on the «Great Trade Routes», which have become threads, linking the civilizations and cultures of the peoples of the world. Great Trade Routes Group 1. The Great Tea Route Tea has been known in China for almost 5000 years. For a long time it was believed that China was the only homeland of tea bush and tea culture. Documentary evidence of tea as a consumer product is found in sources dated 770 BC. For a long time tea was a kind of curing drink, as well as a drink accompanying the cult rituals in Buddhism. Only by the 9th century tea had became a national drink of the Chinese. To Europe tea came in two ways - from the west by the sea route and from the east by continental route through Eurasia. Since 1637, the Dutch East India Company began to regularly bring tea to Europe from China and Japan. From this moment, the growth of popularity of tea begins. Trade with China continued to develop rapidly in subsequent years, and tea gradually became one of the favorite drinks in England and many other European countries. Only in the early 18th century tea ceased to be a court drink and began to spread among the people. From the middle of the 18th

34 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e century tea from England as a new fashion began to penetrate into other European countries. Gradually, tea became one of the most important items of trade, and the trade route that linked East and West was called «The Great Tea Way.» Tea was carried on yaks, camels, horses. The geography of the «Great Tea Way» is very extensive and covers significant areas of China, Mongolia, Russia and other countries. The length of the main land route from Moscow to Beijing was 8332 versts according to some source, to others - 8,839 versts. Part of the tea came to Russia through the Khanates of Central Asia. There it came along the «Great Silk Road», then to Orenburg. Part of the tea came to Semipalatinsk, then to Tobolsk, but most part - through Siberia. Tea trade was of great importance for the peoples of Eurasia. At present, China still holds the position of one of tea production leaders in the tea market. The «Great Tea Way» existed for 260 years and played a huge role in bringing the neighboring peoples closer together, in developing economic and cultural, kinship, friendship, family ties. On the way, cities and towns, postal stations and inns, churches and schools, factories and fairs, and tea-drinking establishments were built. The «Great Tea Route» was the second largest in terms of trade turnover after the «Great Silk Road», but in terms of its extent, as well as the influence it had on the lives of the peoples and countries participating in tea trade, it is comparable to the «Great Silk Road». The national culture of drinking tea brought from China, generated its own original national cultures. Group 2. Incense Route Precious aromatic resin - frankincense - for many millennia was the only source of income for the state of Oman. Even in ancient times, the south-western region of the state of Oman - Dhofar was known as an important center for trading frankincense. According to a legend, one of the three kings who made a pilgrimage to the places where Jesus spent his infancy, and carried frankincense, started its journey from Dhofar. In ancient times, the frankincense obtained in Dhofarwas called «Sakhalit». Because of the large number of fogs in this area, there is a legend that incense is dew falling on trees. In fact, in Dhofar, frankincense is extracted in the following way: notches are made in the incense tree at the end of March (the month «kand»). In the rainy season following this, juice, similar to milk, rises along the trunk and flows out of the notches. Arabs call the frankincense the «tears of gods».

Intercultural Dialogue 35 For three or four weeks it dries on the trunks of trees, then comes the time of harvest. From one tree up to 400 grams of frankincense is collected. Local residents believe that smoking it, drives out the devil. Over the centuries, frankincense was carried by land from Dhofar to South Arabia, from there, turning north and moving along the Red Sea - to the place where the road of incense was divided. One way led to Egypt, and the other to the east, to Babylon and Syria. From here, the merchants carried fragrant resin to Europe. Group 3. Spice Route The spice route is the land route of one of the oldest trade routes on earth, connecting India, Spice Islands (in Southeast Asia) and East Africa with the Mediterranean countries. Starting in the countries of Asia, it reached the ports of the Arabian and Red Seas, from where the goods were loaded onto caravans that passed through the city of Petra to the Mediterranean coast. The spice trade carried prosperity and power to the luxurious Arab cities. Not only spices from the Spice Islands and India (cinnamon, ginger, pepper, etc.) were delivered along this route, but also precious wood and ivory from East Africa, silk from China, gold, silver, precious stones. Depending on the military-political situation, some sections of the spice road, like any other trade route, could move toward safer areas. For example, during the reign of King Herod, Caesarea was the main port for the spice trade on this route on the Mediterranean coast, and during the Crusades the caravans from Petra, going around the conflict area, moved south to the Mediterranean Sea in the El Arish area, but never was this trade interrupted. Muslim domination over the routes of spice trade forced Europeans to seek other ways, which ultimately led to the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. In the MiddleAges spices remained one of the most important elements in the European economy and the basis of culinary alchemy. Brave travelers sought to open new lands with unknown fruits and spices. Famous travelers Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Amerigo Vespucci and Fernand Magellan were so passionate in the pursuit of spices that they became the greatest discoverers and founded the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. Tell me, what was most interesting for you and your friends. Draw up a schematic map of the trade route.

36 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Game You already know how to send a telegram. Briefly write down the most important thing that you have learnt on the lesson and send it to your neighbour. And it's time for us to say goodbye. But not for long. See you soon, dear friend. Good-bye!

Intercultural Dialogue 37 Lesson 7. Journey on the Great Silk Road During this lesson we shall learn: Hello! 1. What is the Great Silk Road 2. What historical significance had the Great Silk Road in thedevelopment of states and peoples, whose territory it crossed Hello! How are you? Game Do you mind if we play a little. Invite your classmates. Stand looking to the back of each other,bend your knees, and sit on the knees of each other. And obey theorders of the teamster. - Caravan goes ahead. - Caravan stops. - Caravan goes back. It was great. Now is another game, this time intellectual. Thegame is called «Find an extra word». I think that I don’t need toexplain the rules. CARAVAN, MERCHANT, TEAMSTER, SACK, SUPERMARKET, CAMEL

38 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e Think and make a conclusion as to what can unite all these concepts. – Did you guess what we will discuss today? As we know, it is the Great Silk Road, where we will meet a caravan, a merchant, a teamster, bundles of goods, and a camel, but instead of a supermarket, there will be an amazing caravanserai. As is known, the Silk Road is a system of caravan roads that in ancient times and the Middle Ages crossed Eurasia from China to the Mediterranean and served as the source of the emergence and development of trade and cultural ties between peoples and regions located in the zone of this path. We are mainly interested in the question of how was realized the early and most well-known in the history of mankind peaceful contact between the peoples of East and West. To answer this question, we will go on an expedition along the routes of the Great Silk Road and watch a film. Task Now let us divide into four groups: Chroniclers, merchants, historians, artists Each group will receive valuable information, make a cluster and tell its topic to classmates. Text for the group Merchants: Goods of the Great Silk Road The goods along the Great Silk Road moved mainly from east to west. As the name implies, silk was the main commodity on this list. Due to its lightness, compactness, huge demand and high cost, it was the ideal subject of trade for transportation over long distances. In the Middle Ages the Venetian merchant Marco Polo called these caravan routes “silk”. And in the research curriculum the term «Great Silk Road» in 1877 was introduced by the German explorer Ferdinand Richthofen in his fundamental work «China». At the initial stage of the development of the Silk Road, the Chinese received in exchange for silk, highly valued horses from Central Asia, as well as alfalfa seeds and the culture of grapes. The ancient world cultivated and produced wines from ancient times. For the Chinese, separated from other civilizations, grapes were a novelty. Moreover, the Chinese envoys were extremely surprised that wine can be made not from rice, but from such unknown

Intercultural Dialogue 39 berries. Later, through caravan trade, the Chinese mastered a few other crops - carrots, onions, cucumbers, carrots, pomegranates, walnuts, figs, etc. From Central Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean a variety of woolen products - carpets, veils, bedspreads, carpets came to China. They made a huge impression on the Chinese, unfamiliar with the techniques of processing wool, linen, carpet production and palas weaving. Parthian tapestry fabrics and carpets were highly valued in Ancient China. From Central Asia, camels, highly valued in China, military equipment, gold and silver, semiprecious stones and glassware were exported. Samarkand glass was especially appreciated for its high quality. It was considered at that time a luxury item. As well as leather and wool, cotton fabrics, gold embroidery fabrics, exotic fruits - watermelons, melons and peaches, sheepskin sheep and hunting dogs, leopards and lions. From China, the caravans brought to the West famous Chinese porcelain dishes - vases, bowls, glasses, dishes, of snowy whiteness and with elegant drawings. Only in China they knew the secret of making the finest porcelain, so it was very expensive in the markets of Europe. Bronze jewelry and other items made from this metal, bronze mirrors with various ornaments, umbrellas, products from the famous Chinese lacquer, medicines, perfumes were also exported. Chinese paper was also highly valued - one of the remarkable inventions of the Chinese technical genius. The items of exportation were gold, leather and many other things. Merchants also brought tea and rice, woolen fabrics and linen, coral, amber, asbestos. In the traveling bags of merchants, one could find elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, tortoise shells, spices, ceramics and iron products, glaze and cinnamon, ginger, bronze weapons and mirrors. From India, fabrics, spices, gems, dyes and ivory were delivered. From Iran, silver products. Spices, incense, precious stones, ivory, sugar were brought to Rome. From Rome, European paintings and luxury goods. To Eastern Europe from Central Asia there were supplied rice, cotton, woolen and silk fabrics. From Eastern Europe, a large number of leather, fur, fur-bearing animals, bark for tanning leather, cattle and slaves were brought to Khorezm. From Northern Europe, besides fur and leather, they brought honey and slaves. Caravan trade along the routes of the Great Silk Road was associated not only with high profits, but also with great risk. That is why merchants tried to do business not alone, but in whole groups, large caravans, consisting of hundreds and thousands of armed people.

40 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e But nothing could protect merchants from the arbitrariness of the rulers and the attacks of nomadic tribes. Therefore, fearing for their lives, merchants rarely crossed the whole Great Silk Road from one side to another. More often they changed their goods in some of the intermediate trading cities. Text for the group Historians: Discovery of the Great Silk Road The Silk Road was found in the II century BC, when a Chinese Ambassador Zhang Qian visited the countries of Central Asia with a diplomatic mission. Until the II century BC the way from Europe to Asia broke off at the borders of China, since the mountain systems of Asia - Tian Shan, Kun-Lun, Karakorum, Hindu Kush, and Himalayas - hid the ancient Chinese civilization from the rest of the world. An accident helped to open the richest western direction. One of the nomadic allied tribes of China was ousted by another tribe, openly hostile to China. The former ally went to the West. The Chinese emperor sent afterwards an embassy mission headed by Zhang Qian. Having passed the severe Takla-Makan desert, the Tien-Shan So the mountains, after a ten-year captivity, Zhang Qian found their former allies in the oases of Central Asia. Zhang Qian was struck by what he saw: only in the Fergana Valley he counted more than 70 large and small urban settlements with developed crafts and agriculture. The inhabitants of the oasis cities conducted extensive trade with India, the Middle East, and the ancient world. Returning to China, Zhang Qian told the emperor about the countries to the west of China, described what they were rich in. He told about the thoroughbred «winged» horses of Davani, which were incomparable to small Chinese horses. The emperor immediately wanted to have such horses, since such possession gave great advantages in the war against the nomads. Soon embassies were sent to Central Asia. Among other gifts, they were carrying Chinese silk. Thus, ancient civilizations of Central Asia and China, and later the Mediterranean countries and India, met. Two great roads converged into one. One, going from the West, from the countries of the Mediterranean to Central Asia, explored and traversed by the Greeks in the process of Alexander the Great's campaigns. Another, leading from the East, from the Han Empire to Central Asia, explored by Zhang Qian, who passed this area from north to south through Davan, Kangyu, Sogd, Bactria.

Intercultural Dialogue 41 However, even earlier there were roads, according to which the East and the West had already been trading. These were separate segments of the future Great road. The emergence of trade ties was supported by the development in the mountains of Central Asia of deposits of semiprecious stones –lapis lazurite, jade, carnelian, and turquoise, valued in the East. Thus, there existed a «lazurite» route, by which this stone was delivered from Central Asia to Iran, Mesopotamia and even to Egypt. At the same time, a «jade» path was formed connecting the Khotan and Yarkand regions with the regions of Northern China. In addition, in the countries of the Near East from Sogdiana and Bactria, a carnelian stone was exported, and from Khorezm it was turquoise. All these routes, after all, joined the route of the Great Silk Road. In the history of this path there were three periods when it was almost completely controlled by one state: the Turkic kaganate in the 6th century, the Genghis Khan Empire in the second quarter of the 13th century and the Timur Empire in the last third of the 14th century. However, due to the high extent of the routes, it was extremely difficult to keep them under unified control. Text for the group Chroniclers: Legends About Silk There are many folk legends telling about the appearance and spread of silk. The most famous of them connects the appearance of sericulture with the name of Lei-tszu, the eldest wife of the mythical emperor Huandi, who ruled the Middle Kingdom from 2698 to 2598 BC. E. Once a young woman was drinking tea in the garden, under a mulberry tree, when several cocoons of a silkworm fell into her cup. She began to take them out, and the cocoons began to unwind in a long thread. Then Lei-tszu ripped off the remaining cocoons that hung on the tree and unwound them. From the threads she weft the fabric and sewed the clothes to her husband. Huandi, having learnt about this discovery, improved methods of breeding silkworms and silk production. This is how sericulture and silk weaving emerged. Thanks to her discovery, Lei-tszuwas also calledSilin-chi - Lady of the silk worm and she was considered a goddess-patroness of sericulture. Up to present day in the beginning of April in Zhejiang Province, celebrations are held in honor of Lei-tszu.

42 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e According to another legend, a more fantastic one, there once lived a father with a daughter, and they had a magic horse which could fly in the sky and understood human language. One day the father disappeared. Then his daughter gave an oath: if a horse can find her father, she will marry this horse. The horse found her father, and they returned home together. However, when the father knew about the oath, he was shocked, and to prevent this marriage, he killed the innocent horse. But when they began to freshen the body, the horse's skin suddenly picked up the girl and carried her away. They flew and flew, and finally landed on a mulberry tree. And the moment the girl touched the branches, she turned into a silkworm. She let out of herself long and thin threads that expressed her sense of grief over her favorite horse. Another legend says that women of Ancient China found silk by chance. They were collecting fruits from trees and came across strange white fruits, too hard to eat. Then they began to boil them to soften, but they were hardly fit for food. In the end, women lost patience and began to beat them with thick sticks. And then silk and silkworms were discovered. It turned out that the white fruit was nothing more than a cocoon of a silkworm! For many centuries, China kept the secret of silk production. And yet it became known abroad. On this account, too, there are several legends. It happened in 440. A Chinese princess was engaged to the prince of Khotan. And her fiancé wished the princess to bring with her the seeds of the mulberry tree and the silkworm larva. According to another version, the princess herself wished to bring them to her new homeland. Anyway, she hid the seeds and larva in her magnificent hairdo and took them outside of China. And from there the secret of the silk production spread over the oecumene. According to another semi-legend, the secret was revealed by two Nestorian monks who, around 550, transferred the silkworm larvae and mulberry seeds in their hollow bamboo sticks to Byzantium. Consequently, China lost its monopoly on silk production. Task for the group Artists: Artists create a map - cluster from pictures, applications. Well, I invite all participants of the expedition along the Great Silk Road to gather in the marketplace and share the news, as it was done many centuries ago.

Intercultural Dialogue 43 Great. And now as usually, finish the sentence Good-bye! Today I learned ... it was interesting… it was difficult… I realized that ... Now I can… I learnt to... I managed ... I could ... I wanted to… Excellent! You and your friends have successfully coped with all the hardships of our scientific expedition. It’s all for today. Bye-bye!

44 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u eLesson 8. Journey Along UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage SitesHello! During this lesson we shall learn: 1. What is natural and cultural heritage 2. UNESCO world cultural and natural heritage sites Hello, dear friend! Creative work Do you know what is origami? I think each of us made some paper figures in childhood. Origami - (or the folding of paper in special ways to make figures) is an art. Initially, this activity was available only to the aristocracy of China, Japan and some European countries. The ability to create miniature paper sculptures was considered a sign of good upbringing and belonging to the chosen layers of society. Where did origami originate? Ancient China is considered to be the birthplace of origami - the craftsmen of this country invented paper. Initially, the folding of figures from paper was of a purely ritual character in the conduct of religious rites. However, over time, rituals turned into secular art, which gradually spread to other countries https://kak-sdelat-vse.com/izdeliya-iz-bumagi/849-kak- poyavilos-origami.html Today we shall learn the art of origami and make a boat. To do this, we need a rectangular sheet of paper (album format). Carefully follow the instructions, so that we make a masterpiece of the ancient Chinese art.

Intercultural Dialogue 45 Description and scheme in pictures:  Put a rectangular sheet of paper in front of you and fold it in half.  Bend the upper corners to the center at a right angle.  Bend the free corners of the sheet from the bottom on both sides.  Bend the corners of the edges inward.  Fold the opposite angles of the resulting triangle. You will get a square.  Fix the new fold line.  Bend the bottom corners to the top corner on both sides to make a triangle.  Fold the opposite corners of the triangle to make a square.  Hold the square at its upper corners and dilute them until you get a boat. ISLANDS Well, we became masters of origami. Once there is a boat, we must go on a sea voyage. We have a map with islands: Joy island, Sadness island, Bewilderment island, Anxiety island, Expectation island, Enlightenment island, Enthusiasm island and Pleasure island. I suggest that you sign your ship with a marker and send it to the island, which corresponds to your mood. Come on, Captain! Anything can happen on unknown islands. Let us practice accuracy and shooting. Our next step is the game «Shootout». The main idea of the game is the repetition of the past topics. For the game we need a ball. Preparing for the game Prepare a question related to the theme of UNESCO. By lot, choose the team that will start the game. The student of the first team throws the ball and asks the representative of the second team. The student of the team # 2 answers, if the answer is correct, the team gets 1 point. The teacher or the presenter from the number of students fixes the result on the board. Then the game continues. The ball with the question goes to the team number 3. The game is played until the teacher concludes that all previously acquired knowledge is

46 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e activated. The presenter summarizes the game and announces the winner. After playing «shootout» we come to the conclusion that UNESCO has many areas of its activities, including the preservation of cultural and natural heritage. We have come across a new concept, do not forget to use the dictionary and write down the definition. Dictionary «CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE» (1972) In Article 1, «cultural heritage» means monuments, groups of buildings, sites architectural works, sculpture and painting, inscriptions, cave dwellings, man's works or combined works ofnature and of man, archeological sites that are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or science, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view. Natural heritage are natural features, geological and physiographical formations created by physical and biological processes inside and on the surface of our planet without human participation, which are of outstanding universal value from the point of view of natural beauty, science, conservation. Work with the text Read the text, write out the keywords or make up a cluster. The UNESCO World Heritage List contains the most well- preserved heritage monuments with the greatest scientific, aesthetic and symbolic significance for all mankind. The emblem of world heritage, created by the artist Michel Olyff, and approved at the 2 session of the World Heritage Committee in Washington (1978), looks like this: It embodies the interdependence of cultural and natural wealth: the square is all that was created by the hands of man, and the circle is all that was created by nature around it. They are closely related. This emblem is a symbol of peace and, at the same time, a call to protect and preserve the heritage of mankind and nature.

Intercultural Dialogue 47 And in 1995 appeared this funny little man called «Patrimonito»: Good-bye! It is a symbol of the world youth movement for the study of cultural and natural heritage sites. It was invented by Spanish students at the first youth forum on World Heritage in Norway. In Spanish «patrimonito» means «a small heritage». Strength is in friendship and unity. Call your friends, let's work in a team. Work in small groups Let us divide into five groups. You have the World heritage sites lists for each country of Central Asia. Task: Divide the sites into cultural and natural. Tasks: Name the well-known World Heritage Objects. Tell us about one heritage site. Game: And now let’s play a game! You see the pictures/photos of the famous World Heritage Objects. You have to guess the name of the Object and in which country it is situated. Let’s start! I propose to summarize everything and do an exercise «SUITCASE, GARBAGE CAN, MEAT GRINDER». How to do it? Now I will tell you. You see three large sheets of paper, one with a huge suitcase, the second – with a garbage can and the third - a meat grinder. On a yellow sheet, which is then glued to a poster with a suitcase, it is necessary to draw something important that you received from the lesson (in group, in class), ready to take with you and use it in your activities. On a blue sheet of paper draw something that turned out to be unnecessary, useless, and what can be sent to the «garbage can». Thus, what needs to be rethought, finalized, is sent to the «meat grinder». The leaflets are written anonymously and are stitched by the participants on their own as soon as they are ready. Well, we have summed it up. I look forward to seeing you next time.

48 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u eLesson 9. Cultural Heritage is the Source of Creativity During this lesson we shall learn: 1. Why cultural heritage is the source of creativity 2. Which opportunities are provided by the diversity of culturesHello! Hello, dear friend! Do you like fairy-tales and legends? Today you will hear some legends. I suggest that we watch a film and answer a question – what shall we discuss today. What is the topic of the lesson? Any ideas? Tell us. Today we shall take a glance at the magical, mysterious world of art that occupies a worthy place in the cultural heritage of humankind and is a source of further creativity. Each art takes its strength in cultural traditions, but it flourishes in contact with other cultures. Creative work The first experience created by humankind served as an excellent ground for creativity in all its diversity. Primitive engravings of animals and people, reliefs, drawings of ocher and charcoal led to the appearance of an ornament. Ornaments are a characteristic element of the art of different peoples. It is in these simple contours that one succeeds in preserving the culture, customs and traditions that have survived to this day. They say that art can heal and inspire. Such a technique in medicine is calledart therapy. Do you want to experience the magic power of art? Choose the ornament you like, with the help of pencils give life to Feel the pleasure. And here is the magic, mysterious world of music, folk songs became an emotional expression of thoughts, feelings, hopes of the common people. They told us about the bitter losses, about the

Intercultural Dialogue 49search for happiness, about the battle of good and evil. Throughmusic, people talk about their lives, about traditions, about their art. From ancient times to the present day has come another Kazakhfolk legend of the unearthly, supernatural origin of music. It tellsthat a divine song soaring high in the sky, flying over the greatsteppe of the nomadic Kazakhs, fell very low, so the people whoheard it are naturally endowed with a great musical gift. Let's get acquainted with a fragment of the legend «Korkut»,whom the Kazakh people rightfully consider to be the ancestor ofKazakh music, song art and kyu, a brilliant composer who createdthe first Kazakh melodies. «Korkut’skuys» are still very popularand considered classical. Watch the video, listen carefully to the music, and then read thelegend about the great old man. Work with the text Once upon a time there lived a sage who could predict the future,called Korkut. He traveled a lot, he knew a lot. He saw both badand good, weighing everything, thinking, trying to figure it all out.Particularly, he was occupied with the idea of death. He oftenwondered why people die: some are old, others are young; someare happy, others in misfortune; some after birth, others living to avery old age. Why is it so? Once Korkut saw a dream where people were digging a grave. «For whom is this grave ?” asked Korkut. «For the prophet Korkut», they answered. Korkut shuddered, and without saying anything, quickly left. Hedecided to leave these places and the next day went to the other

50 I n t e r c u l t u r a l D i a l o g u e end of the earth. He traveled, sang about his thoughts, which did not leave him during long journeys. Birds listened to Korcut, stopping their flight, wind listened to him, stopping his movement; the animals of SaryArka came to the banks of the Syr Darya to listen to him. Even the river stopped her flow for a while to listen to the sounds of the kobyz. Korkut was a real historical figure. Korkut is a legendary Turkic songwriter and composer of the IX century, originating from the steppes along the Syr-Darya River. The creator of the kobyz, akyn, narrator, patron of poets and musicians. Legends about Korkutare found among the Turkic peoples of the Kipchak (Kazakhs, Karakalpaks) and particularly the southern Oguz branch: Turkmens, Azerbaijanis and Turks. «Korkytatakitaby» («The Book of Grandfather Korkut») is a written epic monument of the Turkic peoples. Each story has its own plot, and in each of them the main character is Korkut-ata - the sage, the tribal leader, the fortune-teller. Think and answer the question based on the video you watched, who of the creative people was inspired by his works? There is a wonderful connection between music and painting, cinematography. Such a connection exists between all arts. And this is natural: after all, art does not arise from an empty space, not from just the arbitrary imagination of creators. It is born from a shared source and grows on a shared soil. This source and this soil is life, a real life, which feeds equally the art and the writer, the composer, and the artist. That is why we find so much in common between different kinds of arts, although in each of them this common is expressed by different means, in different forms, it affects us in different ways. In this case, the kuys of Korkut have inspired people of many creative professions. Now let’s think together and answer an important question: «What are the ways of interaction of cultures in Central Asia, in the world?» Write down your thoughts. Central Asia is one of the oldest cradles of human civilization, having an extremely rich history, a living cultural heritage. Situated at the crossroads between East and West, the region has for many centuries promoted dialogue and interaction among cultures. Thanks tomodern means of communication and communication between people from different countries and regions of the world,