MODUL PRO-X KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 2022

Exercise 18 : Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya Melalui Proses Elektrolisis Extraction Using a More Reactive Metal Rajah menunjukkan proses pengekstrakan aluminium daripada aluminium oksida menggunakan elektrolisis. Diagram shows extraction of aluminium from molten aluminium oxide by electrolysis. Anod daripada karbon Carbon anode Lapisan keluli Steel layer Katod daripada karbon Carbon cathode Campuran leburan Al2O3 dan Na3AlF6 Mixture of molten Al2O3 and Na3AlF6 Leburan aluminium dikeluarkan Molten aluminium flows out (a) Nyatakan semua ion yang hadir dalam leburan aluminium oksida. State all the ions present in the molten aluminium oxide. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Elektrod ion aluminium bertindak sebagai katod. Aluminium ion electrode acts as cathode. (i) Nyatakan pemerhatian pada katod. State the observation at cathode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Tulis setengah persamaan pada katod. Write the half equation at cathode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Elektrod ion oksida bertindak sebagai anod. Oxide ion electrode acts as anode. (i) Tulis setengah persamaan pada anod. Write the half equation at anode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Nyatakan pemerhatian pada anod. State the observation at anode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) Berdasarkan pemerhatian di (c)(ii), beri alasan anda. Based on observation in (c)(ii), give your reason. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 51

Exercise 19 : Pengekstrakan Logam daripada Bijihnya Melalui Proses Penurunan oleh Karbon Extraction of Metal from Its Ore Through the Process of Carbon Reduction Rajah menunjukkan sebuah relau bagas. Diagram shows a blast furnace. Bijih besi, arang kok dan kalsium karbonat Iron ore, coke and calcium carbonate Gas buangan Gas buangan Waste gas Waste gas Udara panas Udara panas Hot air Hot air Leburan besi Sanga Molten iron Slag Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Complete the table below. Tindak balas Penerangan Explanation Reaction Tindak balas ini ialah Zon 1 (a) …………………………… dan merupakan tindak balas …………………… yang Arang kok, C bertindak balas dengan oksigen, menjadikan suhu relau bagas mencecah …………… °C. O2 daripada udara panas untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida, CO2. This is a …………………………. and the reaction of ……………………. that makes the Zone 1 temperature of the blast furnace reach Coke, C reacts with oxygen, O2 from the hot air ……………… °C. to form carbon dioxide, CO2. Persamaan kimia yang terlibat: Chemical equation involved: Zon 2 (b) Karbon monoksida, CO merupakan agen Karbon dioksida, CO2 yang terhasil bertindak ……………… untuk tindak balas berikutnya. balas dengan arang kok yang masih berbaki. Tindak balas ini merupakan tindak balas ……………………. dan menurunkan suhu Zone 2 pada Zon 2. The produced carbon dioxide, CO2 reacts with Carbon monoxide, CO is the ……………….. the remaining coal. Persamaan kimia yang terlibat: agent for the subsequent reaction. This is …………………… reaction that lowers Chemical equation involved: the temperature in Zone 2. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 52

Zon 3 (c) Ferum(III) oksida, Fe2O3 diturunkan oleh ……………………... Enapan besi terbentuk di Arang kok, C dan karbon monoksida, CO dasar relau bagas. berfungsi sebagai agen penurunan dan Iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 is reduced by ……………………… Iron deposits are formed menurunkan ferum(III) oksida, Fe2O3 atau at the bottom of the blast furnace. bijih besi kepada leburan besi. Zone 3 Coke, C and carbon monoxide, CO function as reducing agents and reduce iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3 or iron ore to molten iron. Persamaan kimia yang terlibat: Chemical equation involved: Pada suhu yang tinggi, kalsium karbonat, Kalsium oksida, CaO bersifat ……………. dan CaCO3 terurai untuk membentuk kalsium dapat meneutralkan silikon(IV) oksida, SiO2 yang oksida, CaO (kapur tohor) dan karbon bersifat …………... dioksida, CO2. Tindak balas ini penting untuk Persamaan kimia yang terlibat: …………………………………………………….. Perbezaan ketumpatan menyebabkan sanga berada Bendasing dalam bijih besi seperti silikon(IV) di lapisan atas leburan besi dan memudahkan oksida, SiO2 bertindak balas dengan kalsium proses pengasingan. oksida, CaO untuk membentuk sanga atau kalsium silikat, CaSiO3. Calcium oxide, CaO is a ………….. and can Persamaan kimia yang terlibat: neutralise the ……………. silicone(IV) oxide, SiO2. At high temperature, calcium carbonate, This reaction is important CaCO3 decomposes to form calcium oxide, ……………………………………………………….. CaO (quicklime) and carbon dioxide, CO2. The difference in density causes the slag to be at Chemical equation involved: the top layer of the molten iron, which makes the separation process easier. Impurities in the iron ore like silicon(IV) oxide, SiO2 react with calcium oxide to form slag or calcium silicate, CaSiO3. Chemical equation involved: Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 53

Exercise 20 : Pengekstrakan Menggunakan Logam yang Lebih Reaktif Extraction Using a More Reactive Metal Persamaan tindak balas termit ini adalah seperti yang berikut: The following is the equation for the thermite reaction: Fe2O3(p) + 2Al(p) → Al2O3(p) + 2Fe(ce) (a) Tafsirkan persamaan kimia ini dari segi kualitatif. Interpret the chemical equation in qualitative terms. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Tulis persamaan ion yang terlibat. Write the ionic equation involved. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) 5.4 g serbuk aluminium dipanaskan bersama-sama dengan serbuk ferum(III) oksida. Apakah jisim leburan besi? [Jisim atom relatif : O = 16, Al = 27, Fe = 56] 5.4 g of aluminium powder is heated together with iron(III) oxide powder. What is the mass of molten iron? [Relative atomic mass: O = 16, Al = 27, Fe = 56] (d) Terangkan sebab aluminium digunakan dalam tindak balas ini. Explain why aluminium is used in this reaction. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (e)(i) Dalam eksperimen lain, namakan logam yang dapat digunakan untuk mengekstrak kuprum daripada kuprum(II) oksida. In another experiment, name the metal that can be used to extract copper from copper(II) oxide. ………………………………………………………………………………………………... (ii) Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat. Write a chemical equation involved. ………………………………………………………………………………………………... Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 54

1.6 Pengaratan Rusting SHORT NOTE 1. Pengaratan besi ialah proses kimia yang berlaku apabila besi yang terdedah kepada oksigen dan air mengalami tindak balas redoks. Rusting of iron is a chemical process that occurs when iron is exposed to oxygen and water, and undergoes a redox reaction. 2. Pengaratan besi ialah kakisan logam yang berlaku pada besi. Rusting of iron is a metal corrosion that occurs to iron. 3. Kakisan logam ialah tindak balas redoks, iaitu logam dioksidakan secara spontan apabila atom logam membebaskan elektron membentuk ion logam. Corrosion of metal is a redox reaction where the metal is oxidised spontaneously when the metal atoms release electrons to form metal ions. Pengaratan Besi Sebagai Tindak Balas Redoks Iron Rusting as a Redox Reaction Mekanisme pengaratan besi Mechanism of rusting Cara Pencegahan Pengaratan Besi 1. Penggunaan Permukaan Perlindungan Kaedah ini menghalang besi daripada bersentuh dengan air dan oksigen.  Cat, gris dan lapisan plastik  Menggunakan logam lain 2. Perlindungan Logam Korban Besi disambung pada logam yang lebih elektropositif seperti magnesium dan zink. 3. Pengaloian Dalam keluli nirkarat, besi dialoikan dengan karbon, kromium dan nikel. Ways to Prevent Rusting 1. Use of Protective Surface Thismethod prevents iron from coming into contact with water and oxygen.  Paint, grease and plastic wrappings  Using other metals 2. Sacrificial Protection Iron is attached to a more electropositive metal, such as magnesium and zinc. 3. Alloying In stainless steel, iron is alloyed with carbon, chromium and nickel. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 55

Exercise 21 : Pengaratan Besi dan Cara Pencegahan Pengaratan Besi Rusting and Ways to Prevent Rusting Rajah menunjukkan mekanisme pengaratan besi. Diagram shows mechanism of rusting. (a) Nyatakan syarat bagaimana pengaratan besi berlaku. State the conditions under which the rusting of iron occurs. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (b) Berdasarkan rajah mekanisme pengaratan besi, huraikan secara ringkas bagaimana pengaratan besi berlaku. Based on diagram of mechanism of rusting, describe briefly how iron rusting occurs. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. (c) Nyatakan cara untuk menghalang pengaratan besi berlaku. State ways to prevent rusting of iron. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 56

Chapter Review 1 Paper 1 Questions 1 Apakah nombor pengoksidaan X dalam 4 Antara logam berikut, yang manakah ion X2O82-? diekstrak dari bijihnya melalui tindak What is the oxidation number of X in balas penurunan oleh karbon? X2O82-? which of the following metals is extracted from its ore through reduction A -2 reaction by carbon? B +2 C +7 A Plumbum D +8 Lead 2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakah B Natrium berlaku kepada suatu bahan yang Sodium mengalami tindak balas penurunan? C Merkuri Which of the following happens to a Mercury substance that undergoes a reduction reaction? D Argentum Silver A Kehilangan hidrogen Loses of hydrogen 5 Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas suatu eksperimen untuk mengkaji B Kehilangan elektron pertukaran ion ferum(II), Fe2+ kepada Loses of electron ion ferum(III), Fe3+. Diagram 1 shows an apparatus set-up of C Menerima oksigen an experiment to study the conversion of Gains of oxygen iron(II) ion, Fe2+ to iron(III) ion, Fe3+. D Menerima elektron Rajah 1 Gains of electron Diagram 1 Bahan manakah yang boleh digunakan 3 Bahan yang manakah bertindak sebagai sebagai bahan X? agen pengoksidaan? Which substance can be used as Which of the following substance acts as substance X? oxidising agents? A Larutan kalium iodida, KI Potassium chloride, KI solution A Air klorin B Air klorin, Cl2 Chlorine water Chlorine water, Cl2 C Larutan kalium nitrat, KNO3 B Larutan natrium sulfat Potassium nitrate, KNO3 solution Sodium sulphate solution D Larutan natrium klorida, NaCl Sodium chloride, NaCl solution C Serbuk magnesium Magnesium powder D Larutan kalium bromida Potassium bromine solution Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 57

6 Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0 bagi 7 Pasangan manakah yang betul tindak balas sel setengah diberikan menunjukkan perbezaan antara sel seperti di bawah. elektrolisis dengan sel kimia? The standard electrode potential, E0 for Which of the correctly shows the half-cell equations are given below. differences between an electrolytic cell and a chemical cell? Zn2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Zn(p/s) E0 = –0.76 V Sel elektrolisis Sel kimia Fe3+(ak/aq) + e ⇌ Fe2+(ak/aq) Electrolytic cell Chemical cell E0 = +0.77 V A Menukarkan Menukarkan tenaga Apakah yang dapat disimpulkan daripada maklumat yang diberikan? tenaga elektrik kimia kepada tenaga What can be deduced from the given information? kepada tenaga elektrik A Ion zink, Zn2+ lebih mudah menerima elektron kimia Converts chemical Zinc ion, Zn2+ is easier to receive electron Converts energy to electrical B Ion ferum(III), Fe3+ bertindak sebagai agen penurunan electrical energy energy Iron(III) ion, Fe3+ act as reducing agent C Nombor pengoksidaan bagi ferum, Fe to chemical meningkat dari +2 kepada +3 The oxidation for ferum, Fe increases energy from +2 to +3 D Atom zink, Zn mengalami pengoksidaan B Elektron Elektron mengalir Zinc atom, Zn undergoes oxidation mengalir dari dari terminal positif 7 Ali masukkan paku besi ke dalam air selama beberapa hari. Apakah jenis terminal negatif ke terminal negatif tindak balas yang berlaku? Ali put the iron nails in water for several ke terminal Electrons flow from days. What type of reaction occurs? positif positive terminal to A Penguraian ganda dua Double decomposition Electrons flow negative terminal B Penyesaran from negative Displacement terminal to C Peneutralan Neutralisation positive terminal D Redoks C Dua jenis logam Logam yang sama Redox berbeza jenis digunakan digunakan The same type of Two different metals used type of metals used D Mengandungi Tidak mengandungi elektrolit elektrolit Contains Does not contain electrolyte electrolyte Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 58

9 Antara berikut, yang manakah aplikasi dalam industri menggunakan elektrolisis? Which of the following are the industrial application using electrolysis? I Pengekstrakan logam reaktif A I dan II Extraction of reactive metals I and II II Penyaduran logam B I, II dan III Electroplating of metals I, II and III III Penulenan elektrolit C I dan IV Purification of electrolytes I and IV IV Penjanaan tenaga elektrik D I, II, III dan IV Generation of electrical energy I, II, III and IV 10 Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu sel kimia. Diagram 2 shows an apparatus set-up of a voltaic cell. Aluminium Argentum Aluminium Silver Larutan aluminium nitrat Larutan argentum nitrat Aluminium nitrate solution Silver nitrate solution Titian garam Salt bridge Rajah 2 Diagram 2 Jadual 1 menunjukkan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai, E0 bagi beberapa sel setengah. Table 1 shows the standard electrode potential values, E0 for some half-cells Sel setengah Nilai, E0 (V) Half-cell E0 value (V) Al3+ + 3e- Al -1.66 Ag+ + e- Ag +0.80 Jadual 1 Table 1 Apakah notasi sel bagi sel tersebut? What is the cell notation for the cell? A Al3+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) │Al (p) ║ Ag+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) │ Ag(p) B Al(p) │Al3+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) ║ Ag+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) │ Ag(p) C Ag+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) │ Ag(p) ║ Al3+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) │Al(ak) D Ag(p) │Ag+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) ║ Al(p) │Al3+(ak, 1.0 mol dm-3) Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 59

Paper 2 Questions Bahagian A Section A 1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk elektrolisis larutan natrium klorida dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up for the electrolysis of sodium chloride solution using carbon electrode. Gas tidak berwarna Gas kuning kehijauan Colourless gas Greenish yellow gas Elektrod karbon X Larutan natrium klorida 1.0 mol Carbon electrode X dm-3 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution Elektrod karbon Y Carbon electrode Y Rajah 1 Diagram 1 Berdasarkan Rajah 1, Based on Diagram 1, (a) Namakan semua anion yang ada di dalam larutan natrium klorida. Name all the anions present in the sodium chloride. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Di elektrod X : At electrode X : (i) Nyatakan faktor yang menentukan hasil yang terbentuk. State the factors that determine the products formed. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas. State the ion that is selectively discharged. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii)Terangkan jawapan anda di 1(b)(ii). Explain your answer in 1(b)(ii). …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 60

(iv) Tulis persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas itu. Write the half-equation for the reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Di elektrod Y : At electrode Y : (i) Nyatakan faktor yang menentukan hasil yang terbentuk. State the factors that determine the products formed. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Nyatakan ion yang dipilih untuk dinyahcas. State the ion that is selectively discharged. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii)Terangkan jawapan anda di 1(c)(ii). Explain your answer in 1(c)(ii). …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iv) Tulis persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas itu. Write the half-equation for the reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (v) Terangkan satu ujian kimia untuk mengenal pasti gas yang terhasil di 1(c)(ii). Explain a chemical test to confirm the gas produced in 1(c)(ii). …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 61

2 Jadual 1 menunjukkan susunan radas dan pemerhatian bagi eksperimen I dan II. Table 1 shows the apparatus set-up and observation for experiment I and II. Eksperimen I II Experiment Susunan radas Logam X Apparatus set-up Metal X Karbon Kuprum Carbon Copper Leburan Larutan kuprum(II) plumbum(II) sulfat bromida Copper(II) sulphate Molten lead(II) solution bromide Pemerhatian Pepejal kelabu terenap di katod Logam X menjadi semakin nipis Observation Grey solid is formed at the cathode Metal X becomes thinner Jadual 1 Table 1 Senarai nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai: List of standard electrode potential values: Tindak balas sel setengah E0 / V (298 K) Half-cell equations +2.01 S2O82−(aq) + 2e− ⇌ 2SO42−(aq) +1.77 H2O2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ 2H2O(l) +1.07 Br2(l) + 2e− ⇌ 2Br−(aq) +0.40 O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e− ⇌ 4OH−(aq) +0.34 Cu2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Cu(s) 0.00 2H+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ H2(g) -0.13 Pb2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ Pb(s) -0.76 X2+(aq) + 2e− ⇌ X(s) (a) Merujuk kepada Eksperimen I, Referring to experiment I, (i) Namakan pepejal kelabu yang terhasil. Name the grey solid produced. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 62

(ii) Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi pembentukan pepejal kelabu. Write the half equation for the formation of grey solid. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii)Nyatakan pemerhatian di anod. State the observation at anode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (iv) Nama satu larutan lain yang akan memberikan hasil elektrolisis yang sama di anod. Name another solution that will give the same products of electrolysis at anode. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Merujuk kepada Eksperimen II, Referring to experiment II, (i) Nyatakan logam yang bertindak sebagai terminal positif. Terangkan jawapan anda. State the metal that acts as positive terminal. Explain your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Tulis persamaan ion bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam sel itu. Write the ionic equation for the reaction that occurs in the cell. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) Hitung voltan bagi sel, E0sel. Calculate the voltage of cell, E0cell. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 63

3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas eksperimen bagi menyiasat tindak balas redoks antara larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid dan larutan ferum(II) sulfat. Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to investigate the redox reaction between acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution and iron(II) sulphate solution. Karbon X Karbon Y Carbon X Carbon Y Larutan ferum(II) sulfat Larutan kalium manganat(VII) Iron(II) sulphate solution berasid Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Asid sulfurik cair Dilute sulphuric acid Rajah 2 Diagram 2 (a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tindak balas redoks? What is meant by redox reaction? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Tunjukkan arah pengaliran elektron pada Rajah 2. Show the direction of the flow of electrons in Diagram 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Hitungkan nombor pengoksidaan bagi mangan dalam ion MnO4-. Calculate the oxidation number of manganese in MnO4- ion. (d) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku di karbon Y. State the type of reaction that occurs at carbon Y. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 64

(e) Merujuk kepada tindak balas yang berlaku di karbon X, Based on the reaction that takes place at carbon X, (i) Tuliskan formula kimia bagi ferum(II) sulfat. Write the chemical formula of iron(II) sulphate. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Nyatakan perubahan warna larutan selepas 30 minit. State the colour change of the solution after 30 minutes. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) Tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas. Write the half equation for the reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iv) Huraikan ujian kimia bagi mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk di karbon X. Describe a chemical test to confirm the product formed at carbon X. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4 Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk menentukan siri kereaktifan logam terhadap oksigen. Diagram 3.1 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to determine the reactivity series of metals towards oxygen. Wul kaca Serbuk logam Glass wool Metal powder Kalium manganat(VII) Potassium manganate(VII) Panaskan Panaskan Heat Heat Rajah 3.1 Diagram 3.1 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 65

Jadual 2 menunjukkan pemerhatian bagi logam berbeza yang bertindak balas dengan gas oksigen. P, Q dan R mewakili tiga logam yang tidak diketahui. Table 2 shows the observation when different metals react with oxygen. P, Q and R represent three unknown metals. Eksperimen Serbuk logam Pemerhatian Experiment Metal powder Observation I P Menyala terang Burn brightly II Q Membara malap Glow faintly III R Membara terang Glow brightly IV Zink Menyala perlahan Zinc Burn slowly Jadual 2 Table 2 Berdasarkan eksperimen, Based on the experiment, (a) Nyatakan fungsi kalium manganat(VII). State the function of potassium manganate(VII). ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Berdasarkan Eksperimen IV, Based on Experiment IV, (i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu. Write a balanced chemical equation of the reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii)Nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan bagi zink. State the change in oxidation number of zinc. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) Berdasarkan kepada pemerhatian di Jadual 2, susunkan P, Q, R dan zink mengikut tertib menaik dalam kereaktifan terhadap oksigen. Based on the observations in Table 2, arrange P, Q, R and zinc in ascending order of the reactivity towards oxygen. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 66

(d) Logam Q menjadi hitam selepas tindak balas. Namakan logam Q Metal Q turns black after the reaction. Name metal Q. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (e) Karbon berada di antara logam P dan zink dalam siri kereaktifan logam. Logam manakah dapat diekstrakkan daripada oksida logamnya dengan menggunakan karbon apabila dipanaskan bersama? Carbon is placed between metal P and zinc in the reactivity series of metals. Which metal can be extracted from their oxides by using carbon when heated together? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (f) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji penyesaran halogen daripada larutan halidanya. Air klorin ditambah ke dalam tabung uji yang mengandungi larutan Y dan pelarut organik 1,1,1-trikloroetana. Diagram 3.2 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the displacement of halogen from its halide solution. Chlorine water was added to a test tube containing a solution Y and organic solvent, 1,1,1- trichloroethane. Air klorin Chlorine water Larutan Y Goncang Larutan perang Solution Y Shake Brown solution 1,1,1-trikloroetana 1,1,1-trichloroethane Rajah 3.2 Lapisan Diagram 3.2 organik Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2 berwarna ungu Based on Diagram 3.2 Purple organic layer (i) Namakan larutan Y. Name the solution Y. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii)Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas itu. Write the ionic equation for the reaction. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) Nyatakan nama satu larutan lain yang boleh menggantikan air klorin. State the name of another solution that can replace chlorine water. …………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 67

5 Rajah 4 menunjukkan dialog antara Ali dengan ayahnya. Diagram 4 shows a dialogue between Ali and his father. Ayah : Ali, pastikan kamu mengambil tin makanan yang Dad tidak kemik. Ali, make sure that you take the undented food can. Ali : Baiklah ayah, tetapi kenapa saya perlu ambil tin makanan yang tidak kemik? All right dad, but why should I take the undented food can? Rajah 4 Diagram 4 Berdasarkan Rajah 4, Based on Diagram 4, (a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan pengaratan besi? What is meant by rusting of iron? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Lukis mekanisme pengaratan besi. Draw the mechanism of rusting. (c) Berdasarkan lukiskan di 5(b), tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di Based on the drawing in 5(b), write the half equations for the reactions occurred at terminal negatif : ………………………………………………………. negative terminal terminal positif : ………………………………………………………. positive terminal Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 68

(d) Nyatakan jenis tindak balas di State the type of reaction at terminal negatif : ………………………………………………………. negative terminal terminal positif : ………………………………………………………. positive terminal (e) Tulis persamaan ion yang terlibat dalam tindak balas ini. Write the ionic equation involved in this reaction. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (f) Tin makanan diperbuat daripada ferum yang disaluti dengan stanum. Mengapa makanan dalam tin yang kemik tidak selamat dimakan? Terangkan. A food can is made from iron that is coated with tin. Why food in a dented can is not safe to be consumed? Explain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… (g) Cadangkan satu logam yang boleh disalut oleh tin makanan dan selamat digunakan untuk makanan dalam tin. Wajarkan jawapan anda. Suggest a metal that can be coated by food cans and it is safe to use for canned food. Justify your answer. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 69

Bahagian B Section B 1(a) Pengekstrakan iodin daripada rumpai laut dengan menggunakan larutan hidrogen peroksida berasid SPM 19’ ditunjukkan dalam persamaan ion yang berikut. The extraction of iodine from seaweed by using acidified hydrogen peroxide solution is shown in the following ionic equation. 2I- + H2O2 + H+ I2 + 2H2O Berdasarkan persamaan ion di atas,  nyatakan perubahan nombor pengoksidaan iodin.  tulis setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas pengoksidaan.  nyatakan agen pengoksidaan dan agen penurunan. Based on the above ionic equation,  state the change in the oxidation number of iodine.  write the half equation for the oxidation reaction.  state the oxidising agent and reducing agent. [4 markah] [4 marks] (b) Peneutralan bukan tindak balas redoks Neutralisation is not a redox reaction JPN 18’ Dengan menggunakan satu persamaan kimia yang sesuai, buktikan pernyataan di atas. Using a suitable chemical equation, prove the statement above. [4 markah] [4 marks] (c) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menentukan kedudukan logam- logam X, Y dan Z dalam siri kereaktifan. Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up used to determine the positions of metals X, Y and Z in reactivity series. Mangkuk pijar Campuran oksida logam dan karbon Crucible Mixture of oxide of metal and carbon Tungku kaki tiga Segi tiga tanah liat Tripod stand Pipe clay triangle Rajah 1.1 70 Diagram 1.1 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen Table 1 shows the results of the experiment. Campuran Pemerhatian Mixture Observation Oksida logam X + karbon Campuran menyala dengan terang. Pepejal perang terhasil. Oxide of metal X + carbon Mixture burns brightly. Brown solid is produced. Oksida logam Y + karbon Tiada perubahan. Oxide of metal Y + carbon No change. Oksida logam Z + karbon Campuran berbara dengan terang. Pepejal kelabu terhasil. Oxide of metal Z + carbon Mixture glows brightly. Grey solid is produced. Jadual 1 Table 1 (i) Cadangkan nama bagi logam X, Y dan Z. Suggest the name of metals X, Y and Z. (ii) Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam pemerhatian. Kemudian, susun logam-logam dan karbon dalam tertib menaik kereaktifan terhadap oksigen. Explain why there are differences in the observations. Then, arrange the metals and carbon in ascending order of reactivity towards oxygen. [6 markah] [6 marks] (d) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas eksperimen untuk mengkaji pemindahan elektron pada suatu jarak. Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up of an experiment to investigate the transfer of electrons at a distance. Karbon X Karbon Y Carbon X Carbon Y Larutan ferum(II) sulfat Larutan kalium manganat(VII) Iron(II) sulphate solution berasid Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution Asid sulfurik cair Dilute sulphuric acid Rajah 1.2 Diagram 1.2 Berdasarkan Rajah,  nama agen pengoksidaan  tulis setengah persamaan di karbon X  pemerhatian yang berlaku di karbon X  fungsi asid sulfurik cair Based on Diagram,  name of the oxidising agent  write the half equation at carbon X  observation that occurred at carbon X  function of dilute sulphuric acid [4 markah] [4 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 71

Bahagian C Section C 1 Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu sel kimia. SBP 21’ Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for a chemical cell. Magnesium Argentum Magnesium Silver 1.0 mol dm-3 larutan magnesium Titian garam 1.0 mol dm-3 larutan argentum Salt bridge nitrat nitrat 1.0 mol dm-3 of silver nitrate 1.0 mol dm-3 of magnesium Rajah 1.1 solution Diagram 1.1 nitrate solution [1 markah] [1 mark] (a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan tindak balas redoks? What is meant by redox reaction? (b) Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, Based on Diagram 1.1, (i) Kenal pasti terminal negatif dan terminal positif bagi sel itu. Identify the negative terminal and positive terminal of the cell. (ii) Tuliskan persamaan ion keseluruhan bagi tindak balas itu. Write the overall ionic equation for the reaction. (iii) Tuliskan notasi sel bagi sel itu. E0 = -2.38 V Write the cell notation of the cell. E0 = +0.80 V Nilai E0 bagi dua sel setengah itu adalah: The E0 value for the two half-cells are: Mg2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Mg(p/s) Ag+(ak/aq) + e ⇌Ag(p/s) [6 markah] [6 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 72

(c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menukarkan logam kuprum. Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up to purify copper metal. Kuprum Zink Copper Zinc Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Sel P Copper(II) sulphate Cell P solution Kuprum tak tulen Kuprum tulen Impure copper Pure copper Sel Q Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat Cell Q Copper(II) sulphate Rajah 1.2 solution Diagram 1.2 Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, bandingkan pemerhatian pada warna elektrolit dalam Set P dan Sel Q selepas 30 minit. Terangkan jawapan anda. Based on Diagram 1.2, compare the observation on the colour of electrolytes in cell P and cell Q after 30 minutes. Explain your answer. Nilai E0 bagi beberapa sel setengah itu adalah: E0 = -0.76 V The E0 value for a few half-cells are: E0 = +0.00 V E0 = +0.40 V Zn2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Zn(p/s) E0 = +2.01 V 2H+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌H2(g) O2(g) + 2H2O(ce/l) + 4e ⇌ 4OH-(ak/aq) S2O82-(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ 2SO42-(ak/aq) [5 markah] [5 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 73

(d) Jadual 1 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada siri keupayaan elektrod piawai. Table 1 shows part of the standard electrode potential series. Persamaan sel setengah E0 / V (298 K) Half-cell equation -2.38 -0.76 Mg2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Mg(p/s) -0.44 Zn2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Zn(p/s) 0.00 +0.34 Fe2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Fe(p/s) 2H+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ H2(g) Cu2+(ak/aq) + 2e ⇌ Cu(p/s) Jadual 1 Table 1 Rajah 1.3 menunjukkan senarai bahan dan radas yang dibekalkan untuk membina satu sel kimia. Diagram 1.3 shows the list of materials and apparatus provided to construct a voltaic cell. Tomato Wayar penyambung Mentol LED Tomato Connecting wire LED bulb Paku besi Kepingan zink Wayar kuprum Iron nail Zinc strip Copper wire Sudu plastik Kepingan magnesium Rod karbon Plastic spoon Magnesium strip Carbon rod Kertas pasir Sandpaper Rajah 1.3 Diagram 1.3 Dengan menggunakan pengetahuan kimia anda, lukis susunan radas sel kimia yang dapat menyalakan mentol LED. Susunan radas yang dibina perlulah menggunakan bahan dan radas yang sesuai daripada senarai dalam Rajah 1.3. Huraikan secara ringkas langkah pembinaan sel kimia itu dan terangkan tindak balas redoks yang berlaku. Kemudian, tentukan nilai bacaan voltan yang diperoleh. By using your chemistry knowledge, draw the apparatus set-up of a voltaic cell that can light up an LED bulb. The apparatus set-up constructed should use suitable materials and apparatus given in Diagram 1.3. Describe briefly the steps of constructing the voltaic cell and explain the redox reaction that takes place. Then, determine the value of the voltage reading obtained. [8 markah] [8 marks] Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 74

Bab 2 Sebatian Karbon Chapter 2 Carbon Compound 2.1 Jenis-jenis Sebatian Karbon Types of Carbon Compounds SHORT NOTE 1. Sebatian karbon ialah sebatian yang mengandungi karbon sebagai unsur juzuknya. Carbon compounds are compounds that contain carbon as their constituent element. 2. Terdapat dua jenis sebatian karbon: There are two types of carbon compounds: (a) Sebatian organik / Organic compounds (b) Sebatian tak organik / Inorganic compounds 3. Hidrokarbon ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi hidrogen dan karbon sahaja. Hydrocarbon is organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon. 4. Bukan hidrokarbon ialah sebatian organik yang mengandungi karbon dan hidrogen serta unsur lain seperti oksigen, nitrogen, fosforus atau halogen. Non hydrocarbon is organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen and other elements, such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens. 5. Hidrokarbon tepu ialah hidrokarbon yang mempunyai hanya ikatan tunggal antara atom karbon. Saturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbons containing only single bonds between carbon atoms. 6. Hidrokarbon tak tepu ialah hidrokarbon yang mempunyai sekurang-kurangnya satu ikatan ganda dua atau ganda tiga antara atom karbon. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbons containing at least one double bond or triple bond between carbon atoms. 7. Sumber utama hidrokarbon ialah petroleum atau minyak mentah. The main source of hydrocarbons is petroleum or crude oil. 8. Dua peringkat dalam penapisan minyak, iaitu penyulingan berperingkat dan peretakan. The two stages of oil refining are fractional distillation and cracking.  Penyulingan berperingkat ialah pecahan hidrokarbon dalam petroleum diasingkan pada suhu berlainan mengikut saiz hidrokarbon. Fractional distillation is the fractions of hydrocarbons in petroleum are separated at different temperatures according to the size of the hydrocarbons.  Peretakan ialah hidrokarbon berantai panjang dipecahkan kepada molekul yang lebih kecil pada suhu tinggi dan bermangkin. Cracking is long chain hydrocarbons are cracked into smaller molecules at a high temperature using a catalyst. 9. Contoh sumber tenaga alternatif Examples of alternative energy sources Biojisim Biomass Biodiesel Bioetanol Biodiesel Bioethanol Biogas 75 Biogas Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5

Exercise 1 : Sebatian Karbon Carbon Compounds 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) sebatian karbon, carbon compound, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) sebatian organik, organic compound, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) sebatian tak organik. inorganic compound. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Rajah menunjukkan kitar karbon. Diagram shows the carbon cycle. Karbon dioksida dalam atmosfera Carbon dioxide in atmosphere Z : …………….. X: ………………. Y : …………….. Bahan api Fuel Pengeluar Pengguna Producer Consumer Namakan proses X, Y dan Z berikut. Name the following process X, Y and Z. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 76

3 (a) Keseimbangan alam sangat penting kepada benda hidup. Huraikan bagaimana kitar karbon dapat mengekalkan keseimbangan alam. Environmental equilibrium is very important to living things. Explain how carbon cycle can maintain environmental equilibrium. ……………………………………………………………………………………………..... ……………………………………………………………………………………………..... ……………………………………………………………………………………………..... ……………………………………………………………………………………………..... ……………………………………………………………………………………………..... ……………………………………………………………………………………………..... (b) Tumbuhan hijau tidak dapat menyerap cahaya dan menjalankan aktiviti dengan normal apabila udara tercemar oleh asap tebal. Terangkan fenomena ini. Green plants are not able to absorb light and carry out their normal activities when the air is polluted with heavy smoke. Explain this phenomenon. Persamaan kimia bagi proses fotosintesis adalah seperti berikut. A chemical equation for the process of photosynthesis as follow. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 Cadangkan anda hendaklah merangkumi kriteria berikut: Your suggestions should include the following criteria: (i) Mengenal pasti masalah. Identify the problem. ………………………………………………………………………………………... (ii) Terangkan dua kaedah penyelesaian masalah tersebut. Explain two methods to solve the problem. ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... (iii) Pilih kaedah terbaik dan jelaskan pilihan anda. Choose the best method and explain your choice. ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 77

4 Kelaskan sebatian-sebatian karbon yang berikut kepada sebatian organik dan tak organik. Classify the carbon compounds into organic and inorganic compounds. Kalium sianida, kanji, karbon dioksida, urea, kuprum(II) karbonat, getah asli, protein, glukosa, selulosa, kalsium karbida, etanol, karbon monoksida. Potassium cyanide, starch, carbon dioxide, urea, copper(II) carbonate, natural rubber, protein, glucose, cellulose, calcium carbide, ethanol, carbon monoxide. Sebatian organik Sebatian tak organik Organic compounds Inorganic compounds Exercise 2 : Hidrokarbon dan Bukan Hidrokarbon Hydrocarbon and Non Hydrocarbon 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) hidrokarbon, hydrocarbon, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) bukan hidrokarbon, non hydrocarbon, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) hidrokarbon tepu, saturated hydrocarbon, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (d) hidrokarbon tak tepu. unsaturated hydrocarbon. ……………………………………………………………………………………………... 2 Senaraikan tiga sumber utama hidrokarbon. List three main sources of hydrocarbon. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 78

3 Kelaskan sebatian-sebatian organik yang berikut kepada hidrokarbon dan bukan hidrokarbon. Classify the organic compounds into hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon. Protein, petrol, kanji, lemak, gas asli, alkohol Protein, petrol, starch, fat, natural gas, alcohol Hidrokarbon Bukan hidrokarbon Hydrocarbon Non-hydrocarbon 4 Nyatakan istilah bagi setiap penyataan yang berikut: State the term for each of the following statements: (a) Sebatian yang mengandungi unsur karbon. :………………………… Compounds containing the carbon element. (b) Hidrokarbon yang mempunyai ikatan tunggal sahaja. :………………………… Hydrocarbons possessing only single bonds. (c) Sebatian organik yang mengandungi unsur karbon dan hidrogen sahaja. :………………………… Organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. (d) Sebatian karbon yang dihasilkan daripada benda hidup. :………………………… Carbon compounds derived from living things. (e) Hidrokarbon mengandungi ikatan ganda dua atau ganda tiga antara atom karbon. :………………………… Hydrocarbons possessing double or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 79

Exercise 3 : Penyulingan Berperingkat Petroleum Fractional Distillation of Petroleum 1 (a) Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan susunan radas penyulingan berperingkat petroleum. Diagram 1.1 shows the apparatus set-up for the fractional distillation of petroleum. Q:……………….. P:……………….. Petroleum R:……………….. Petroleum Serpihan porselin Porcelain chips Panaskan Hasil Bongkah kayu Heat sulingan Wooden block Distillate Rajah 1.1 Diagram 1.1 (i) Namakan radas P, Q dan R pada ruang yang disediakan di atas. Name the apparatus P, Q and R in the space provided above. (ii) Tandakan arah (→) bagi menunjukkan air masuk dan air keluar. Mark the direction (→) to show enter and out water. (iii) Mengapakah serpihan porselin dimasukkan ke dalam kelalang dasar bulat? Why are porcelain chips added into the round bottom flask? …………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi pembakaran etanol. Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up for the combustion of ethanol. Ke pam turas To filter pump Corong turas Tabung didih X Tabung didih Y Filter funnel Boiling tube X Boiling tube Y Lampu spirit Air sejuk Air kapur Spirit lamp Cold water Limewater Etanol, Ethanol, Rajah 1.2 C2H5OH Diagram 1.2 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 80

(i) Nyatakan takat didih bagi cecair X. State the boiling point of liquid X. ……………………………………………………………………………………... (ii) Mengapakah tabung didih X diletakkan di dalam air sejuk? Why is boiling tube X placed in the cold water? ……………………………………………………………………………………... (iii) Apakah yang berlaku kepada air kapur? What happens to the limewater? ……………………………………………………………………………………... (iv) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran etanol. Write the chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol. ……………………………………………………………………………………... (c) Dalam eksperimen lain, 34.2 g petrol terbakar lengkap untuk menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. In another experiment, 34.2 g of gasoline burns completely to produce carbon dioxide and water. (i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi pembakaran petrol, (C8H18). Write a chemical equation for the combustion of gasoline, (C8H18). ……………………………………………………………………………………... (ii) Tentukan isi padu karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan. Determine the volume of carbon dioxide released. [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12 ; 1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik] [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12 ; 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room conditions] (d) Diesel (C12H23) atau petrol (C8H18) terbakar menghasilkan karbon dioksida dan air. Tentukan pembakaran yang manakah menghasilkan kurang berjelaga? Beri sebab alasan anda. Diesel (C12H23) or gasoline (C8H18) burns to produce carbon dioxide and water. Which combustion produces less soot? Give your reasons. …………………………………………………………………………………………….. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 81

2.2 Siri Homolog Homologous Series SHORT NOTE 1. Siri homolog adalah untuk mengkaji sifat fizik dan tindak balas kimia, sebatian organik dikelaskan kepada kumpulan sebatian-sebatian Homologous series are in order to study the physical properties and chemical reactions of organic compounds, they are classified into groups of compounds. 2. Kumpulan berfungsi ialah kumpulan atom yang terikat kepada sebatian molekul organik. A functional group is a group of atoms bonded to an organic molecular compound. Siri homolog Formula am Kumpulan berfungsi Nama kumpulan Jenis sebatian Homologous General formula Functional berfungsi organik group Name of Type of series CnH2n+2 , n = 1, 2, 3, … organic functional group Alkana CnH2n, n = 2, 3, …… compound Alkane Ikatan tunggal antara CnH2n-2 , n = 2, 3, …… atom karbon Hidrokarbon tepu Alkena CnH2n+1OH, n = 1, 2, … Saturated Alkene Single bond between carbon atoms hydrocarbon Alkuna Alkyne Ikatan ganda dua antara Hidrokarbon tak atom karbon tepu Alkohol Alcohol Double bond between Unsaturated Asid karboksilik carbon atoms hydrocarbon Carboxylic Ikatan ganda tiga antara Hidrokarbon tak acid atom karbon tepu Ester Ester Triple bond between Unsaturated carbon atoms hydrocarbon Hidroksil Bukan Hydroxyl hidrokarbon Non hydrocarbon CnH2n+1COOH, n = 0, 1, 2.. Karboksil Carboxyl Bukan hidrokarbon CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1 Karboksilat Non hydrocarbon m = 0,1,2, ... n = 1,2,3... Carboxylate Bukan hidrokarbon Non hydrocarbon Jadual 1 : Siri homolog yang akan dipelajari Table 1 : The homologous series that will be learned in this topic Bilangan karbon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Nama Induk Met Et Prop But Pent Heks Hept Okt Non Dek Jadual 2 : Nama induk ahli siri homolog Number of 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 carbon atom Root name Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec Table 2 : The root name of the members of homologous series Siri homolog Alkana Alkena Alkuna Alkohol Asid karboksilik Ester Akhiran “oik” “oat” “ana” “ena” “una” “ol” Homologous Ester series Jadual 3 : Nama akhiran ahli siri homolog “oate” Suffix Alkane Alkene Alkyne Alcohol Carboxylic acid “ane” “ene” “yne” “ol” “oic” Table 3 : Suffix of homologous series members Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 82

Exercise 4 : Siri Homolog Homologous Series (a) Apakah siri homolog? What is homologous series? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) Nyatakan lima ciri-ciri siri homolog. State five characteristics of homologous series. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... (c) Kenal pasti siri homolog dan kumpulan berfungsi bagi setiap sebatian berikut. Identify the homologous series and functional group for each of the following compounds. Sebatian Siri homolog Kumpulan berfungsi Compounds Homologous series Functional group Asid etanoik Ethanoic acid Etil etanoat Ethyl etanoate Propuna Propyne Etanol Ethanol Heksena Sexene Metana Methane (d) Rajah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi suatu sebatian yang digunakan sebagai perisa pisang tiruan. The diagram shows a structural formula of a compound that is used as an artificial banana flavouring. Kenal pasti siri homolog berikut, kemudian, huraikan formula struktur bagi suatu sebatian itu. Identify the following series of homologues, then, describe the structural formula for a compound. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... ……………………………………………………………………………………………………... Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 83

Exercise 5 : Formula Molekul, Formula Struktur dan Penamaan Ahli-ahli Siri Homolog Molecular Formula, Structural Formula, and the Nomenclature of Homologous Series Members 1 Nyatakan maksud bagi State the meaning of (a) formula molekul, molecular formula, ……………………………………………………………………………………………... (b) formula struktur. sformula. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 (a) Namakan setiap formula struktur bagi sebatian berikut mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC. Name each structural formula for the following compounds according to the IUPAC nomenclature. Formula struktur Sistem penamaan IUPAC Structural formula IUPAC nomenclature (i) (ii) (iii) Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 84

2.2.1 Alkana Alkane SHORT NOTE 1. Siri homolog bagi suatu alkana Homologous series for an alkane Siri homolog Formula am Kumpulan berfungsi Nama kumpulan Jenis sebatian Homologous General formula Functional berfungsi organik group Name of Type of series organic functional group Alkana CnH2n+2 , n = 1, 2, 3, … compound Alkane Ikatan tunggal antara atom karbon Hidrokarbon tepu Saturated Single bond between carbon atoms hydrocarbon 2. Sifat-sifat fizik Physical properties  Tidak larut di dalam air Insoluble in water  Takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah Low melting and boiling points  Kurang tumpat daripada air Less dense than water  Tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik Do not conduct electricity 3. Sifat-sifat kimia Chemical properties  Tindak balas pembakaran Combustion reaction  Tindak balas penukargantian Substitution reaction Exercise 6 : Alkana Alkane 1 (a) Apakah alkana? What is an alkane? …………………………………………………………………………………………………. (b) Tulis formula am bagi alkana. Write the general formula of alkane. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. (c) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi alkana. State the functional group of alkane. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 85

2 Berdasarkan formula am bagi alkana dan jisim atom relatif C = 12, H = 1. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Based on the general formula of alkane and relative atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1. Complete the table below. Bilangan Sistem Formula molekul Formula struktur atom penamaan Molecular formula Structural formula karbon IUPAC Number of IUPAC carbon nomenclature atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 86

3 Namakan mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC dan lukiskan formula struktur bagi hidrokarbon yang berikut. Name them according to the IUPAC nomenclature and draw the structural formula for the following hydrocarbons. Hidrokarbon Nama IUPAC Formula struktur Hydrocarbon IUPAC nomenclature Structural formula CH3CH2CH3 CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3CH3 CH3(CH2)3CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 87

4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula molekul bahan X. The diagram below shows the molecular formula of substance X. CH3(CH2)2CH3 (a) Namakan IUPAC sebatian X. IUPAC nomenclature the substance X. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Lukiskan formula struktur itu. Draw the structural formula. (c) Apakah maklumat yang boleh dideduksikan daripada formula molekul ini? What is the information that can be deduced from this molecule formula? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (d) Tulis formula empirik bagi bahan X. Write the empirical formula of substance X. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5 Hitung nilai x. Kemudian, kenal pasti nama IUPAC dan lukiskan formula struktur sebatian itu. Calculate the value of x. Then, identify the IUPAC nomenclature and draw a structural formula of the compound. [Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12][Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12] (a) CxH2x + 2 = 30 Nama IUPAC : ……………………… IUPAC nomenclature (b) CxH2x + 2 = 58 Nama IUPAC : ……………………… IUPAC nomenclature Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 88

6 Huraikan setiap sifat fizik alkana berikut. Describe each of the following physical properties of alkanes. Sifat fizik alkana Alasan Physical properties of alkanes Reasons Takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah Low melting and boiling points Tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik Do not conduct electricity 7 Lengkapkan jadual berikut. Complete the following table Bilangan atom Bilangan atom Nama Formula Keadaan fizik pada Name molekul suhu bilik karbon hidrogen Molecular formula Physical state at Number of Number of room temperature carbon atoms hydrogen atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 89

8 Jadual 1 menunjukkan takat lebur bagi beberapa alkana. Table 1 shows the melting point for some of the alkane. Bilangan atom karbon Takat lebur (oC) Melting point (oC) Alkana per molekul -182 Alkane Number of carbon atom -183 -188 per molecular X Metana 1 -130 Methane -95 Etana 2 Ethane Propana 3 Propane Butana 4 Butane Pentana 5 Pentane Heksana 6 Hexane Jadual 1 Table 1 (a) (i) Plotkan graf takat lebur melawan bilangan atom karbon per molekul. (guna kertas graf pada halaman sebelah) Plot a graph of melting point against the number of carbon atoms per molecule. (use the graph paper on the next page) (ii) Berdasarkan graf anda di 1(a)(i), tentukan nilai X. Based on your graph in 1(a)(i), determine the value of X. (b) Terangkan mengapa takat lebur alkana bertambah apabila bilangan atom karbon per molekul alkana bertambah. Explain why the melting point of alkanes increases as the number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules increases. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (c) (i) Nyatakan keadaan fizik heksana pada suhu bilik. State the physics hexane at room temperature. …………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Mengapakah heksana tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik? Why does hexane not conduct electricity? ………………………………………………………………………………………….. (d) Metana, etana, propana dan butana wujud sebagai gas pada keadaan bilik. Terangkan mengapa. Methane, ethane, propane and butane exit as gases at room condition. Explain why. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 90

(e) (i) Bandingkan takat lebur propana dan takat lebur butana. Compare the melting point of propane and butane. …………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) Terangkan jawapan anda. Explain your answer. …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………… (f) Nyatakan hubungan antara bilangan atom karbon per molekul dan takat lebur. State the relationship between the number of carbon atom per molecular and melting point. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (g) Sebatian yang terdiri daripada empat bilangan karbon per molekul. A compound consists of four carbon numbers per molecule. Lukis susunan zarah dan lukis formula struktur bagi sebatian itu. Draw the arrangement of the particles and draw the structural formula. Susunan zarah Formula struktur Arrangement of particles Structural formula Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 91

Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 92

9 (a) Nyatakan dua tindak balas yang penting bagi alkana. State two important the reactions of alkanes. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Nyatakan hasil tindak balas pembakaran alkana. State the product of combustion of alkane. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi setiap tindak balas yang berikut. Write a balanced chemical equation for each of the following reaction. (a) Pembakaran lengkap bagi etana Complete combustion of ethane (b) Pembakaran lengkap bagi metana Complete combustion of methane (c) Pembakaran lengkap heksana Complete combustion of hexane (d) Tindak balas penukargantian antara metana dan klorin Substitution reaction between methane and chlorine (e) Tindak balas penghalogenan antara metana dan bromin Halogen reaction between methane and bromine Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 93

11 11.6 g butana terbakar lengkap dalam oksigen menghasilkan gas tidak berwarna. 11.6 g of butane burnt completely in oxygen to produce colourless gas. [Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 ; Isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada suhu dan tekanan bilik] [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16 ; Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room temperature and pressure] (a) Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas ini. Write the balanced chemical equation for this reaction. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Hitung isi padu gas tidak berwarna. Calculate the volume of colourless gas. (c) (i) Lukiskan susunan radas bagaimana anda menentukan kehadiran gas tidak berwarna yang terbebas. Draw the apparatus set-up on how you determine the present of colourless gas released. (ii) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian yang anda peroleh. State one observation you obtained. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 12 (a) Nyatakan dua kegunaan metana dalam kehidupan. State two uses of methane in daily life. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Nyatakan kesan metana dalam kehidupan harian. State the effect of methane in daily life. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 94

2.2.2 Alkena Alkene SHORT NOTE 1. Siri homolog bagi suatu alkena Homologous series for an alkene Siri homolog Formula am Kumpulan berfungsi Nama kumpulan Jenis sebatian Homologous General formula Functional berfungsi organik group Name of Type of series organic functional group compound Alkena CnH2n, n = 2, 3, …… Ikatan ganda dua antara Alkene atom karbon Hidrokarbon tak tepu Double bond between carbon atoms Unsaturated hydrocarbon 2. Sifat-sifat fizik Physical properties  Tidak larut di dalam air Insoluble in water  Takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah Low melting and boiling points  Kurang tumpat daripada air Less dense than water  Tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik Do not conduct electricity 3. Sifat-sifat kimia Chemical properties  Tindak balas pembakaran Combustion reaction  Tindak balas penambahan : penghidrogenan, penghalogenan, penghidratan, penambahan hidrogen halida, pengoksidaan, pempolimeran tambahan Addition reaction : hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, addition of hydrogen halides, oxidation, addition polymerisation. Bilangan atom karbon 7 Number of carbon atoms 14 Bilangan atom hidrogen Number of hydrogen atoms C7H14 4,4-dimetilpent-2-ena Formula molekul 4,4-dimetylpent-2-ene Molecule formula Nama IUPAC IUPAC nomenclature Exercise 7 : Alkena Alkene 1 Apakah alkena? What is an alkene? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 95

2 Rajah menunjukkan formula struktur dan model molekul bagi suatu sebatian. The diagram shows the structural formula and molecule model of a compound. Model molekul Molecule model (a) Namakan IUPAC sebatian itu. IUPAC nomenclature the compound. …………………………………………………………………………………………………. (b) Huraikan sebatian itu dari segi Describe the compound in terms of (i) formula am, general formula, ………………………………………………………………………………………… (ii) formula molekul, molecule formula, ………………………………………………………………………………………… (iii) kumpulan berfungsi, functional group, ………………………………………………………………………………………… (iv) jenis sebatian organik. type of organic compound. ………………………………………………………………………………………… Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 96

3 Berdasarkan formula am bagi alkena dan jisim atom relatif C = 12, H = 1. Lengkapkan jadual di bawah. Based on the general formula of alkene and relative atomic mass of C = 12, H = 1. Complete the table below. Bilangan atom Nama IUPAC karbon IUPAC Formula molekul Formula struktur Number of nomenclature Molecular formula Structural formula carbon atoms 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 97

4 Namakan mengikut sistem penamaan IUPAC dan lukiskan formula struktur bagi hidrokarbon yang berikut. Name them according to the IUPAC nomenclature and draw the structural formula for the following hydrocarbons. Hidrokarbon Nama IUPAC Formula struktur Hydrocarbon IUPAC nomenclature Structural formula CH3CHCH2 CH2(CH3/2)2CH3 CHCH3 CH3CH(CH3/2)2CH3 CH3CH(CH5/3)3CH3 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 98

5 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan formula molekul bahan X. The diagram below shows the molecular formula of substance X. CH2(CH3/2)2C3H7 (a) Namakan IUPAC sebatian X. IUPAC nomenclature the substance X. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (b) Lukiskan formula struktur itu. Draw the structural formula. (c) Apakah maklumat yang boleh dideduksikan daripada formula molekul ini? What is the information that can be deduced from this molecule formula? ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… (d) Tulis formula empirik bagi bahan X. Write the empirical formula of substance X. ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6 Hitung nilai x. Kemudian, kenal pasti nama IUPAC dan lukiskan formula struktur sebatian itu. Calculate the value of x. Then, identify the IUPAC nomenclature and draw a structural formula of the compound. [Jisim atom relatif : H = 1, C = 12] [Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12] (a) CxH2x = 126 Nama IUPAC : ……………………… IUPAC nomenclature (b) CxH2x = 84 Nama IUPAC : ……………………… IUPAC nomenclature Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 99

7 Huraikan setiap sifat fizik alkena berikut. Describe each of the following physical properties of alkenes. Sifat fizik alkena Alasan Physical properties of alkenes Reasons Takat lebur dan takat didih yang rendah Low melting and boiling points Tidak mengkonduksikan elektrik Do not conduct electricity 8 Lengkapkan jadual berikut. Complete the following table. Bilangan atom Bilangan atom Nama IUPAC Formula Keadaan fizik pada molekul suhu bilik karbon hidrogen IUPAC Molecular formula Physical state at Number of Number of nomenclature room temperature carbon atoms hydrogen atoms 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Modul KIMIA KSSM TINGKATAN 5 100