IJAMPS PDF VOL 1

["INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com activities in 2009. He came to the conclusion that \u201cTwitter is a useful marketing and research tool for newspaper websites-one that supplements the traditional role of journalist as investigators and producers of timely news\u201d. Consequently, it can be seen that the social media offers opportunities for creating friendship and social connection globally. People can now make friends in other countries around the world, share pictures and videos, meet their life partners or even their friends for life. With the successes of the major social networking sites (Facebook, twitter, MySpace, Youtube, etc), there arose the need to create more networking sites by individuals who want to attract people of like minds to discuss and relate with their peers. Anybody can launch a social networking site anywhere around the world without much stress. All you need is a computer and internet access. Causes of Newspaper Declined The newspaper industry has always been cyclical, and the industry has weathered previous troughs. But while television's arrival in the 1950s presaged the decline of newspapers' importance as most people's source of daily news, the explosion of the internet in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century increased the panoply of media choices available to the average reader while further cutting into newspapers' hegemony as the source of news. Both television and the Internet bring news to the consumer faster and in a more visual style than newspapers, which are constrained by their physical form and the need to be physically manufactured and distributed. The competing mediums also offer advertisers the opportunity to use moving images and sound. And the internet search function allows advertisers to tailor their pitch to readers who have revealed what information they are seeking\u2014an enormous advantage. The Internet has also gone a step further than television in eroding the advertising income of newspapers, as \u2013 unlike broadcast media \u2013 it proves a convenient vehicle for classified advertising, particularly in categories such as jobs, vehicles, and real estate","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Press Baron Rupert Murdoch once described the profits flowing from his stable of newspapers as \\\"rivers of gold.\\\" But, said Murdoch several years later, \\\"sometimes rivers dry up\\\". Plunkett J. (November 24, 2005). \\\"Simply put,\\\" wrote Buffalo News owner Warren Buffett, \\\"if cable and satellite broadcasting, as well as the internet, had come along first, newspapers as we know them probably would never have existed.\\\" Morton J. (October\u2013November 2017) As their revenues have been squeezed, newspapers have also been increasingly assailed by other media taking away not only their readers, but their principal sources of profit. Many of these 'new media' are not saddled with expensive union contracts, printing presses, delivery fleets and overhead built over decades. Many of these competitors are simply 'aggregators' of news, often derived from print sources, but without print media's capital-intensive overhead. One estimate put the percentage of online news derived from newspapers at 80%Baker R. (August 16, 2007). \\\"Newspapers are doing the reporting in this country,\\\" observed John S. Carroll, former editor of The Los Angeles Times for five years. \\\"Google and Yahoo aren't those people putting reporters on the street in any number. Blogs cannot afford it.\\\"Baker R. (August 16, 2017) Many newspapers also suffer from the broad trend toward \\\"fragmentation\\\" of all media \u2013 in which small numbers of large media outlets attempting to serve substantial portions of the population are replaced by an abundance of smaller and more specialized organizations, often aiming only to serve specific interest groups. So-called narrowcasting has splintered audiences into smaller and smaller slivers. But newspapers have not been alone in this: the rise of cable television and satellite television at the expense of network television in countries such as the United States and United Kingdom is another example of this fragmentation.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com With social network sites overtaking TV as a source for news for young people, news organisations have become increasingly reliant on social network platforms for generating traffic. A report by Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism described how a 'second wave of disruption' had hit news organizations, Richard Campbell, Christopher R. Martin, Bettina G. Fabos (2018) with publishers such as The Economist having to employ large social network teams to optimize their posts and maximize traffic. Influence of Internet on Newspaper Business With the invention of the telegraph, radio and television, print newspapers have faced challenges over the decades, yet publishers have always adapted and persevered. However, the Internet is proving to be a far more dangerous foe to the traditional newspaper model. Faced with such an adversary, small and large newspapers alike may have no choice but to abandon their traditional methods for a more innovative approach. Advertising Revenues: According to the Congressional Research Service, advertising revenue accounts for 80 percent of newspaper income. Unfortunately for newspapers, corporate advertisers are relying more heavily on cheaper and more dynamic online advertising space. Likewise, print classified ad sections are being out-competed by websites specializing in classified ads, social networking and help-wanted listings. As a result of this trend and a weakening economy, revenues from daily newspaper advertising dropped 44 percent from 2005 to 2009. In fact, the only advertising medium to experience an increase in advertising revenue during 2009 was the Internet. Newspaper Staffing: With such dramatic decreases in advertising revenue, newspapers have been forced to cut costs. With labor costs constituting 50 percent of newspaper expenses, staffing was the first to go. Between 2001 and 2009, daily newspapers reduced overall newsroom staff by 25 percent. Although undesirable from an economic position, this has also restricted the newspapers' breadth of coverage, potentially leading","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com to an under-reporting of important news. With radio and television news broadcasts piggybacking on newspaper reporting, this affects nonprint news media as well. News Sources: Until recently, major newspaper sources constituted the strong right arm of the news world, but with a reduction of staffing, the resulting slack must be made up elsewhere. Both commercial and nonprofit investigative news agencies, such as The Nation and Tell, have arisen. Likewise, local news reporting agencies, such as Sensor and Akwapoly Express have contributed to the mix. Coupling those organized agencies with numerous reporters now working on a freelance basis, and news coverage has expanded beyond that of traditional newspaper media. However, none of these supplemental contributors can match big newspapers for their previously available resources. Therefore, even if coverage is broadened, the comprehensiveness of the coverage may still be lacking. Adaptation: Faced with such challenges, newspapers have no choice but to adapt. Readers demand instant access to news, so newspapers have created online editions. Some of these editions are free, whereas others are offered at a reduced rate or licensed through digital media, such as the Kindle, Nook or iPhone. Such formats virtually eliminate print and distribution costs, so the newspaper feeds the news more quickly and efficiently. At the present time, these formats only supplement the traditional print format, but given time, they may prevail as the only available option. Small Newspaper Opportunities: The lower costs associated with an online-only format creates opportunities for small news businesses. No longer are these publishers drowned in a sea of printing equipment, paper and distribution routes. For a modest investment, start-up news sites have the opportunity to emerge and have their voices heard. Even a single reporter operating by himself has a viable medium to publish internationally. This opportunity was virtually unheard of before the Internet.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Theoretical Framework This study is guided by the Technological Determinism Theory. This theory was propounded by Marshal McLuhan in 1964. Chandler, (2000) explained this theory as; \u2026the idea that technology shapes and alters basic things about behavior and society like the way we think and act, the way we conduct our interpersonal relationships, our values, and the way we learn. \\\"Technology\\\" includes such things as basic tools, codes and structures for interpersonal behaviors and social institutions, and modern computer and Internet technologies. In essence, it \\\"includes the whole of our material culture. The theory sees media technology as having the power to influence how individuals in a society think, feel, act and how society operates as we transit from one technological age to another. It argues that characteristics inherent in a new technology govern the direction of its development and set the conditions for social change and that technology such as writing or print or television or the computer changes society. The rise in social networking sites is a technological invention and as such, has changed how society communicates and receives information. Since the launching of the first networking site, people\u2019s need to interact and make new friends has caused more sites to spring up. This change has also affected the newspaper industry as they are struggling to cope with this particular innovation. This theory is seen as a cause-and-effect relationship between technology and its effect on society. Research Design This work was designed in accordance with the aim and objectives of the study. The researcher adopted the survey method in collecting information needed for the study. In line with the survey method, questionnaires were designed and sent to about 385 respondents which is the sample size used in this study selected through the adoption of","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com a systematic sampling technique. The information obtained were analyzed using simple percentages. Based on the results, conclusion was drawn and recommendation made. Population of the Study This work seeks to examine the Influence of Social Networks on the sales of Sensor Newspaper in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area. Therefore, the population of this study consists of the resisdents of Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area. Records from Nigeria Population commission (N.P.C.) showed that the projected population of Ikot Ekpene residents as at July 2020 was 383,000. This Number therefore forms the population of this study. Sample and Sampling Procedure A sample of 385 was drawn from the population of study, through a systematic sampling procedure. In using the sampling procedure for the study, subjects were selected at an interval of 5 houses from 10 major roads and adjoining streets in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area. Consequently, in using this procedure the subjects were drawn for the study as follows Roads No of houses\/shops Percent Aba road 330 66 Abak road 292 53 Dibue\/ Ikono road 170 34 Uyo road 300 60 Market road\/Abiakpo 168 34 Essien\/Aya road 130 26 Old Itam road 70 14 Aldertor\/umohobot road90 18","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Vanalia road\/ lutherer 266 53 Ibong road 110 22 Total 1926 385 Thereafter, 385 copies of questionnaires were administered. Out of this number, 365 copies were retrieved and found suitable for analysis. 3.4 Instrument of Data Collection The major instrument used for data collection in this study was the questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed such that the question asked was inline with the research questions. The close ended questions style was adopted to enable the respondents choose from the available options. 3.5 Validity and Reliability of Instrument The validity of the research instrument was determined through the design of questions. The questionnaire being the Instrument for the data collection was design through the research question and was carefully examined by the supervisor to ensure the correctness of the items. The validity was further determined by scrutinizing the instrument based on its relevance to the research questions and the objectives of the study. For reliability, the researcher conducted a pre-test of 50 copies of questionnaire on some respondents outside the study group, the result obtained from the pre-test helped to ensure that the instrument was reliable, simple, clear and appropriate in eliciting right response form the respondents. 3.6 Method of Data Presentation and Analysis To ensure accurate presentation and analysis of data gathered from the field, the method of data presentation and analysis was the use of a frequency distribution table formed by","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com obtaining the percentage of options that said \u201cYES\u201d or \u201cNO\u201d. In calculating the percentages, the formular used was; C\/N Where C= number of respondents in each category N=Total number of respondents. Findings were discussed and interpreted based on the research questions of the study Data Presentation and Analysis Table 1: Responses on Sex Distribution Responses No. of Respondents Percentage % Male235 65% Female 130 35% Total 365 100% Source: Field Survey, 2021 The table above shows that 235 respondents were male representing 65% and 130 (35%) respondents were female. It shows that male do read newspaper more their female counterpart. Table 2: Distribution of Respondents by Age Age Group No of respondents Percentage (%) 18-24 70 19 25-34 60 16 35-44 105 29 45+ 130 36 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 The table 2 above shows that 70 respondents representing 19% of the total respondents are in the age group 18 \u2013 24, 60 0f them representing 16% are in the age groups of 25- 34. 105 respondents or 29% of the respondents and 130 respondents or 36% of the respondents are of the age groups 35-44 and 45 or above age group respectively.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Table 3: Distribution of Respondents level of Education Level of Education No of respondents Percentage (%) SSCE 10 3 ND\/NCE 60 16 HND\/B.SC 105 29 M.SC and above 190 52 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From the table above, It is seen that 10 respondents representing 3% were within the level of primary school, 60 respondents representing 16 % were within secondary level, 105 respondents representing 29% are HND\/B.SC holder while 190 respondents out of the total of 365 are M.SC degree holder. Table4: Distribution of Responses on Awareness of the Existence of Sensor Newspaper Category Respondents Percentage (%) Yes 365 100 No 0 0 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From the table above, it is seen that all respondents agreed to the question on whether they are aware of the existence of Sensor Newspaper. This shows that every respondents, who responded to this question on the questionnaire are aware of the existence of Sensor Newspaper.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Table 5: Distribution of responses on Form of News respondents are exposed to. Category Respondents Percentage (%) Newspaper 190 52 Social Media 100 27 All of the above 75 21 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From table 5 above, it is seen that 52% representing 190 respondents are exposed to newspaper form of news, 27% representing 100 respondent are exposed to social media form of news whereas only 21% representing 75 respondents said they are exposed to newspaper and social media form of news. Table 6: Distribution of responses on medium respondent do read Sensor news from. Category Respondents Percentage (%) Print Media 190 52 Social Media 100 27 Both 75 21 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From table 6 above, it is seen that 52% representing 190 respondents do read newspaper from Print Media, 27% representing 100 respondent do read news from social media, whereas only 21% representing 75 respondents said they do read newspaper from both print media and social media.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Table 7: Respondents Frequency of Exposure to Newspaper Reading Variable No of RespondentsPercentage (%) Often 220 60.27 Very often 120 32.88 Not often 20 5.48 Not Very often 5 1.37 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey, 2021 From the table above, 220 respondents (60.27%) read Newspaper often, 120 respondents (32.88%) read Newspaper very often, 20 respondents (5.48%) respondents do read Newspaper but not often while 5 respondents (1.37%) said that they read Newspaper but not very often. Table 8: Respondents Frequency of Exposure to Sensor News Reading on social media Variable No of RespondentsPercentage (%) Often 220 60.27 Very often 120 32.88 Not often 20 5.48 Not Very often 5 1.37 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey, 2021 From the table above, 220 respondents (60.27%) read social media Sensor News often, 120 respondents (32.88%) read social media Sensor News very often, 20 respondents (5.48%) respondents do read social media Sensor News but not often while 5 respondents (1.37%) said that they read social media Sensor News but not very often. Table 9: Distribution of respondents on whether reading the Sensor News online is cheaper than reading the newspaper. Category Respondents Percentage (%)","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Yes 288 79 No 77 21 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From table 9 above, 288 respondents representing 79% of the total respondents believed that Sensor online news is cheaper than offline news (newspaper) whereas 77 respondents representing 21% of the total respondents believed otherwise. Table 10: Distribution of responses on method of Sensor News medium the respondents would advice Sensor to really invest on Category Respondents Percentage (%) Social Network 290 79 Newspaper 75 21 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From the table above 290 out of 365 respondents representing 76% of the respondents say that Sensor newspaper Management should really invest on Social Network news medium, while only 21% representing 75 respondents say they would advice sensor newspaper Management to really invest on Newspaper news medium. Table 11: Distribution of responses on whether social media affect the Sales of Sensor newspaper. Category Respondents Percentage (%) Yes 303 83 No 62 17 Total 365 100","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Source: Field Survey 2021 From the table above, it is seen that 303 respondents out of the total of 365 agreed that Social Media affect the sales of Sensor newspaper whereas 62 respondents only say that the interest in social media do not affect the sales of sensor newspaper. Table 8: Response on the effect(s) of social networks on sensor newspaper. Variable No of RespondentsPercentage (%) Makes sensor newspaper an incredible source of information 73 20 Decrease the rate of reading the paper 51 14 Decrease the rate of buying the papers 21 6 Can makes sensor newspaper go into extinction. 15 4 All of the above 205 56 Total 365 100 Source: Field Survey 2021 From the table above, 73 respondents (20%) said that the effect of social network on sensor newspaper is that it can makes sensor newspaper an incredible source of information, 51 respondents (14%) were of opinion that the effect of social network on sensor newspaper is that it decrease the rate of reading the paper, 21 respondents (6%) believed that the effect of social network on sensor newspaper is that it can decrease the rate of buying the papers, 15 respondents (4%) said that the effect of social network on sensor newspaper is that it can makes sensor newspaper go into extinction, while overwhelming 205 respondents (56%) said that the effect of social network on sensor newspaper is that it can makes sensor newspaper an incredible source of information, decrease the rate of reading the paper, decrease the rate of buying the papers and can make sensor newspaper go into extinction.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com 4.2 Discussion of Findings Research Question 1: Do the people of Ikot Ekpene read Sensor Newspaper? The aim of this research question was to find out whether the Ikot Ekpene read Sensor Newspaper. The data on table 4,5 and 6 was used to answer this research question. From the analysis of respondent\u2019s responses in table 4 it was observed that 100% of the respondents agreed that they read the sensor newspaper. This shows that the people of Ikot Ekpene have interest in reading the sensor newspaper. However, in table 5, responses to the question on form of news respondent are exposed to shows that only 27% of the respondents prefer reading the new from Newspaper whereas 52% said they do not prefer sensor news on newspaper. This is because of the better alternative they have in reading these news from the social networks such as Twitter, Facebook etc. Table 6 further prove that the people of Ikot Ikpene prefer reading sensor News from social media to the newspaper as only 27% of the respondents prefer reading the new from Print madia whereas 52% said they do prefer sensor news on social media. The above scenario agrees with the Technological Determinism theory, which states in part that; Media Technology has the power to influence how individuals in the society think, act, and how the society operates as we transit from one technological age to another. Research Question 2: To what extent do the residents of Ikot Ekpene read the online Sensor News?","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com The aim of this research question was to find out whether the residents of Ikot Ekpene read the online Sensor News. The data on table 7 and 8 was used to answer this research question. The respondent\u2019s responses to the question on frequency of their exposure to newspaper reading and social network news reading answered on table 7 and 8 showed that, 60.27% of the respondents do read sensor newspaper and social network news often, 32.88% read very often, 5.48% read but not often while only 1.37% read but not very often. The finding show that the extent residents of Ikot Ekpene do read the online Sensor News is great. This is in accordance with the ideology behind the Technological Determinism theory. This theory posits that the rise in social networking sites as a technological invention has changed how the society communicates and receives information. This change as it is evidenced in people\u2019s increasing desire to interact and make new (online) friends has caused more social networking sites to spring up. Research Question 3: What are the readers perception about sensor newspaper? The aim of this research question was to find out the readers perception about sensor newspaper. The data on table 9 and 10 was used to answer this research question. The responses gathered from the question on whether on whether reading the sensor news online is cheaper than reading the newspaper presented on table 9, revealed that only 79% of the respondents said reading the sensor news online is cheaper than reading the newspaper. Findings revealed the reason we have more newspaper readers particularly in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area shifting their attention toward the online news is because the online sensor copy is cheaper than the newspaper and that","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com sensor news medium that Sensor management should invest more on social network news than the newspaper. Research Question 4: What are the effects of social networks on the sales of sensor newspaper in Ikot Ekpene? The aim of this research question was to find out the effects of social networks on the sales of sensor newspaper in Ikot Ekpene. The data on table 11 and 12 was used to answer this research question. On table 11, the respondents responses on whether the social media affects the sales of sensor newspaper showed that about 303 respondents out of the total of 365, representing 83% of the respondent agreed that social network affect the sales of Sensor newspaper. On table 12, response shows that effect of social network on sensor newspaper are that it can makes sensor newspaper an incredible source of information, decrease the rate of reading the paper, decrease the rate of buying the papers and can make sensor newspaper go into extinction. The Technology Determinism theory argues that the characteristics inherent in the new technology governs the direction of its development. This means that the composition of the new media technology is attractive and has the power to change reader\u2019s perception towards its patronage and subsequent development. This is evidenced in the percentage of Ikot Ekpene readers in particular, that believed that social media has effect on the sale of sensor news. Conclusion This work aimed at examining the influence of social networks on the sales of sensor newspapers. The findings revealed that Ikot Ekpene readership are aware of the social networking sites and also use them. From the survey conducted, it was discovered that the majority of the respondents prefer reading the sensor news on social networks like","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Twitter, Facebook and so on. Their preference of the social networking sites are due to their lower costs, wider coverage, feedback capabilities and ability to interact and read the views of others about the news contents among others. Based on this findings, it was concluded that, reading the sensor news on social networks (online) causes decline in the sales of the sensor newspaper in Ikot Ekpene Local Government Area. Recommendations Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations were made: - The Sensor Newspaper Industry should invest more on Social media news than the newspaper. - The Sensor Newspaper Industry should review the price for the newspaper sales. - The Sensor newspaper Industry should endeavor to supply their newspapers to Ikot Ekpene stands on time. References Barthelemy, S., M. Bethell, T. Christiansen, A. Jarsvall and K. Koinis, (2011). The Future of Print Media, Capstone Report. Retrieved 9 December, 2011 from Study- apstoneWorkshopSpring. Baker, Russell (August 16, 2017). \\\"Goodbye to Newspapers?\\\". The New York Review of Books. Kusj C. J and Griffiths, D. (2011). The impact of Social Network Sites on the Print Media. A conference Paper Presented to the Department of Mass Communication of the Havard Universities Retrieve from http\\\\www.compaperline.com. Michael Opgenhaffen and Leen d\u2019Haenens (2011). The Impact of Online News Features on Learning from News:A Knowledge Experiment, http:\/\/www.ijis.net\/ijis6_1\/ijis6_1_opgenhaffen_and_dhaenens.pdf, International Journal of Internet Science, 6(1): 8-28.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Mahmud, S. (2019). Is the newspaper industry at death's door? Retrieved October 30, 2009 from: www.mysinchew.com\/node\/24415?tid=14. Straits Times. 22 October, 2018. Morton, John (October\u2013November 2017). \\\"Buffeted: Newspapers Are Paying the Price for Shortsighted Thinking\\\". American Journalism Review. Nobil, A.(2010). Is Twitter a useful tool for Journalists? Journal of Media Practice. Vol. 11(12). Pp. 145-155. Okeke, I. D. (2013). The Impact of Online Media Technology.An Unpublished BSC Project, Presented to the Department of Mass Communication, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Okunna, C. S. and Omenugha, K. A. (2012). Introduction to Mass Communication 3rd Edition. Enugu. NewGenerations Books. Olagbe, R. (2013). Social network Leverage. The Nation, February 8. Plunkett, John (November 24, 2005). \\\"Murdoch Predicts Gloomy Future for Press\\\". London: The Guardian. Retrieved May 3, 2010. Poeli, T. and Borra, E. (2010). Twitter, Youtube, and Flickr as alternative journalism: The Social Media account of the 2010 Toronto G20 protest. Sage Journals. An abstract retrieved from http:\/\/www.sagejournal.1741-3001.html Richard Campbell, Christopher R. Martin, Bettina G. Fabos (2018). Media and Culture with 2009 Update. Macmillan. p. 307. ISBN 978-0-312-47824-7. Retrieved March 27,2009. Rosenstiel, T., (2015). Political Polling and the New Media Culture. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Oxford University. Taylor, C. (2016). How internet Affect the Newspaper Business. Retrieved from http\\\\www.smallbusiness-chron.com Yap, B., (2019). Time running out for newspapers, The Malaysian Insider. Retrieved October 31, 2010 from www.themalaysianinsider.com \/index.php\/opinion\/brianyap\/28538-time-running-out-for newspapers.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com The Nigerian Constitution And 21stcentury Realities Eze Chidi Nwauba Director, School of Part-time Studies, Legacy University, Okija, Nigeria [email protected] Abstract The paper focused on the Nigerian Constitution and 21stCentury Realities. It aimed at taking an overview on the relevance of the Nigerian constitution in the 21st century with many emerging concepts in focus. The paper highlighted some notable issues the Nigerian constitution has found difficult to address in this era and how this can be rectified through the recommendations it proffered. Source of data for the paper were basically secondary in form of books, journals and the Internet. The paper recommended that constitutional review should be at least four years interval in order to address pressing issues and present day realities as the arise. Introduction Ideally, whenever the word-constitution is mentioned, what comes to mind is government and law. However, the constitution being a background for legal rulings does not just revolve round the law but governance as a holistic concept. Defining constitution, George (1990) defines it as a collection of essential principles or established guide by which a state or other organization is administered. These regulations put together make up, or better put, constitute, what the body is. When penned down in a single document or set of legal documents, those documents are termed a written constitution; when not penned down in a single document, it can be said to be a codified constitution or unwritten constitution. Constitutions are regularly reviewed at intervals to ensure that it meets present day realities. This helps to make governance easier at all levels and protect the citizens","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com against issues such as new age crimes. An example of a new age crime in Nigeria is cybercrime. This is unconnected with the proliferation of information technology in the country. This explosion of computer technology has also come with its challenge one of which is internet fraud amongst others. Henry (2004) However, the Nigerian constitution amendment is always an issue of national discourse that keeps dragging over long periods. The Nigerian constitution, for example, was last reviewed in 1999 which as at today stands at 16 years. This is a long time when compared to issues arising that the constitution does not cover. Such issues amongst others include social media misuse, internet fraud, death of candidate in the course of an election, etc. This paper takes an overview on the Nigerian constitution and 21st century realities. It centres on the reliability of the constitution to tackle issues emanating in this era. It also examines how the challenges uncovered can be tackled. Nigerian Constitution: Challenges Of 21st Century Realities From the inception of Nigeria\u2019s independence, the nation has been confronted with the test of crafting a constitutional understanding that has the support of a significant majority of Nigerians. This challenge did not start in our generation as in the 1940s and 1950s; our founding fathers also encountered the same challenge. However, they finally concluded with the principle of federalism as a basic structure for our nation. But federalism has encountered rigid issues for years from those who want a unitary form of government, and from those who want a confederal arrangement. In fact, in the words of Adedoyin (2007),\u201d the worst enemies of Nigerian federalism are those who speak of federalism, but act in a unitary fashion by brushing aside all the divisions of powers between different levels of our federation\u201d. In relation to the challenge of federalism in our constitution is the question of fiscal federalism. Questions begging for answers include: What is the suitable basis for","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com revenue sharing? Is the federal government obliged to deduct monies due to states without their (states) permission? Should state governments continually oversee local government allotments? These are all basic principles that have no clear consensus constitutionally and have dragged into the 21st century with agitations from all sections of the country. Other challenges include: i. Nature of Democracy: 21st century reality Nigeria is yet to meet up with is the nature of our democracy. Though most citizens maintain that the fundamentals of democracy which includes the forming of government which is founded on the determination of the majority, respect for the rule of law, and respect for basic freedoms of citizens, the fact remains that practically, the nation tends to have either military rule or flawed civilian governments. Considering in terms of respect for the rule of law, accountability, or the conducting of elections, our conduct in the recent past has been far from democratic. This goes beyond the fact that our constitution does not just cover key issues but is also weak and silent. ii. Social Media and Cybercrime: Social media control and cybercrime is one 21st century issue the Nigerian constitution has failed to have a grip on. The challenge is actually a challenge borne out of the proliferation of internet technology and might easier be addressed by a constitutional review. Attempts to enact bills to address the issue might spark up protest from the citizens who see the social media as the only medium of airing their views freely. iii. Electoral Laws: the constitutional backing of politics in the Nigerian constitution is not strong enough or not all encompassing as it were. For example, the constitution does not make provision for what happens if a candidate of a political party dies in the course","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com of an election as was the case in Kogi state governorship elections. This lapse further show that the Nigerian constitution does not meet present day challenges and a quick review is imperative. Recommendations From the finding of the study, it is noteworthy that constitution plays a vital role in the wheel of progress of any nation hence its importance. In fact, without a good constitution, a nation remains torpid. Based on the above, the researcher strongly recommends that constitution review should be carried out at least four years interval to abolish and enact new laws that meets the need of the moment. The rule of law which is the tenet on which a constitution is built should be upheld at every point in time without fear or favour. Conclusion In conclusion, the constitution in Nigeria has long overstretched its effectiveness. Though most of the laws are still relevant but a large chunk also has to be abolished. For example, the getting of police approval before an accident victim is treated has led to the loss of a lot of lives. Also, the non-inclusion of cyber-related laws has made many scammers get away with various financial-wrecking crimes. In a nutshell, the Nigerian constitution needs to be reviewed promptly and the judiciary should ensure that they interpret and force the law enforcement agencies to act when due.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com References Adedoyin, A. (2007). Constitutional Review and Matter Arising, Ibadan: University Press George, D. (1990). Constitutional Conflict and Peace Building in Africa. In Shedrack Gaya Best (ed.) Introduction to Peace and Conflict Studies in West Africa. Ibadan: SpectrumHenry, O. (2004). Nigeria: Search for Equity and Social Justice, Ebonyi: Snaap Press www.wikipedia.org\/constitution (visited 3\/12\/2015 4:34 PM)","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Counseling Psychology In Education And Entrepreneurship In Academic Achievement Of Students In Tertiary Institutions Ogunbiyi Rebecca Adetutu Researcher, Institute of Arts Management & Professional Studies, Lagos, Nigeria [email protected] And Atapia O. Atapia Department of Religious Education, Tennessee Christian University, Tennessee, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT The study on counseling psychology in education and entrepreneurship aimed at evaluating the roles of counseling psychology in education and entrepreneurship, to examine whether counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship, to investigate on the factors affecting counseling psychology in education and entrepreneurship and to determine the effect of counseling psychology on education and entrepreneurship. The study made use of primary data which are gotten from the distribution of the research questionnaires; the sample size for the study is 200. The study made use of the Pearson correlation method for the analysis. The study therefore concluded that there is a statistically significantly (0.00) strong relationship (0.849) between the responses of the respondents that said that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship and those that said that the Nigeria education system will improve with the inception of counseling psychology in tertiary institutions. The study also made useful recommendation to assist the federal government in decision making.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com INTRODUCTION Counseling psychology is an interactive process, co-joining the counsellor who is trained and educated to give assistance to the counsellee. The goal of this Counseling psychology intervention is to help the one being guided and counselled to learn to deal more effectively with him\/herself on the reality of his\/her environment (Makinde 1987). Counseling psychology is a programme that assists in understanding the biological, sociological, philosophical and psychological needs of students in particular being in their adolescent, stage congregating in our secondary schools. The quality of education is reflected through academic achievement resulting from the student\u2019s performance at various levels, which is a function of behavior in their study habits and attitude. Thus, to enhance the quality of education, it\u2019s necessary to improve the students study habits and attitudes. This can be done by identifying those factors that affect study behavior negatively, hence remedial measures and strategies applied for the development of good study habits and attitudes. This calls for schools to organize for effective Counseling psychology services. Behavior modification could be attained by resolving the physical, emotional, social and academic difficulties of the students by helping the students understand their learning strengths and weakness as a factor that will improve their study habits. In this case the greatest challenge of an educator is to maintain order in the classroom so as to achieve academic objectives, thus creating an optimal work environment (Shechtman& Lie chtentritt, 2004). What is required in school today, is not only discipline that ensures safety of educators, learners and creation of an environment conducive to teaching and learning, but also improving academic performance. In the school context, career choice in Kenyan Secondary Schools has been a challenge particularly in the selection of subjects based on their future careers. The task has been","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com entrusted with the Director of Studies who actually performs the Counseling psychology roles as advisors to both students and parents. Education guidance is important in assisting the learners to make informed decisions about their educational path on issues of choices that need to be made between subjects, curriculum and institutions of learning. It also provides them with information on subject combinations or options. Discipline in institutions of learning plays a very important role towards the academic achievement of the students. The style of discipline management strategy focuses not only on stopping an inward behavior but also modifying it without using punishments by following roles or rewards of any sort. Classroom Management is a term used by teachers to describe the process of ensuring that classroom lessons run smoothly despite disruptive behavior of students as implied by Barbetta, Patricia, Norona, Kathleen Leong, Bicard and David (2005), as a prevention of disruptive behavior. Learner Behavior Management is a broader concept of Classroom Management that involves management of learner\u2019s behavior within classroom and outside classroom. OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER The main aim of the paper is to examine counseling psychology and the academic achievement of students in tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The objectives of the paper are: 1. to examine critically the robust health of counseling psychology 2. to investigate the factors affecting the evolution of counseling psychology","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that facilitates personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span with a focus on emotional, social, vocational, educational, health-related, developmental, and organizational concerns. Through the integration of theory, research, and practice, and with sensitivity to multicultural issues, this specialty encompasses a broad range of practices that help people improve their well-being, alleviate distress and maladjustment, resolve crises, and increase their ability to live more highly functioning lives. Counseling psychology is unique in its attention both to normal developmental issues and to problems associated with physical, emotional, and mental disorders. Populations served by Counseling Psychologists include persons of all ages and cultural backgrounds. Counselling psychology is officially defined in New Zealand in the following terms: \u201cCounselling Psychologist\u201d - Counselling Psychologists apply psychological knowledge and theory derived from research to the area of client empowerment and enhancement, to assist children, young persons, adults and their families with personal, social, educational, and vocational functioning by using psychological assessments and interventions, and preventative approaches that acknowledge ecological, developmental and phenomenological dimensions (New Zealand Psychologists Board, 2013). This definition is essentially the same as the definition of the discipline that was originally written for the Institute of Counselling Psychology (Cooper, Frewin, Gardiner, O\u2019Connell, & Stanley, 2002); and it is identical to the definition that was subsequently put out for consultation (Stanley, Gibson, &Manthei, 2005), and that was ultimately contained in the application that was submitted to the Defining Counselling Psychology: What do all the Words Mean? New Zealand Psychologists Board for a vocational scope of practice for counselling psychology (Stanley, 2005). On the website of the Psychologists Board there are also definitions for clinical psychology and for","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com educational psychology, and probably in the future there will be definitions for other psychological specialties. Each of the existing definitions has a common structure and common components. All three specialties \u201capply psychological knowledge and theory derived from research\u201d, \u201cto assist children, young persons, adults and their families\u201d, through assessment and interventions. The definition for counselling psychology is different from the other two definitions in its explicit acknowledgement of phenomenology, its emphasis on empowerment and enhancement, its reference to a breadth of typical functioning (and specifically, vocational concerns), and in the recognition that problems of living can and should be prevented. The definition is also special because of what it does not contain. For instance, there is no mention of mental health or diagnosis as is found in the clinical psychology scope. What the words say in the definition of counselling psychology is that the practitioners of this discipline give a special priority to understanding the client\u2019s world, and to assisting the client to attain for him or herself increased functioning and opportunities. This fundamental person- centered commitment has some conditions, however, as counselling psychologists acknowledge the impact of developmental state and of environmental influences on human behavior and autonomy. The consequence of this acknowledgement is the preventative emphasis of the discipline, as there is an understanding that circumstances that have adverse effects can be changed. Counselling psychology is a specialty area of psychology and the methods that are used to facilitate client change will typically be supported by research. What follows is an analysis of the implications, and the challenges, of the dimensions and commitments of the officially accepted definition of counselling psychology. As a corollary, it is also argued that counselling psychology\u2019s composite view of the client and of the helping process is more widely applicable to the delivery of human services in this country.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com THE HEALTH OF COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY To discuss counseling psychology\u2019s future assumes its continued viability. Fortunately, the indicators for this are quite strong. One is the number of accredited counseling psychology training programs. During the first half of counseling psychology\u2019s history, the number of training programs was relatively stable so that by 1978, there still were only 21 American Psychological Association (APA)\u2013accredited programs (APA, 1978). Given that stability, Fretz (1980) implied then that it would be optimistic to project as many as 50 accredited counseling psychology programs by the year 2000. However, the number of counseling psychology programs then grew rapidly during the 1980s and early 1990s so that by 1998, there were more than three times as many accredited programs (i.e., 69) (APA, 1998) as there had been 20 years earlier. Demand for entry to those programs remains strong, for the typical counseling psychology program admits only 8% of those who apply for admission (Norcross, Sayette, Mayne, Karg, &Turkson, 1998). One of the most important indicators of counseling psychology\u2019s viability is the APA\u2019s Council of Representatives approval in 1998 of counseling psychology\u2019s petition for continuing recognition as a specialty. This complements the specialty recognition already given by APA\u2019s Committee on Accreditation (CoA); not only have counseling psychology programs been accredited since 1952 but also the CoA is structured so that two of its members are from the Council of Counseling Psychology Training Programs (CCPTP). Still another indicator is the increasing numbers of counseling psychologists who are visible in the governance of APA and other psychology related organizations such as the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers. The robustness of counseling psychology\u2019s two primary journals is yet another indicator of the specialty\u2019s viability. Articles published in The Counseling Psychologist have a strong citation rate (Flores, Rooney, Heppner, Browne, & Wei, 1999). The Journal of Counseling Psychology is one of the three APA journals with the greatest number of","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com subscriptions (see http:\/\/ www.apa.org\/journals\/1998_summary.html). The quality of these and other of counseling psychology\u2019s \u201cvital signs\u201d probably has some relationship to the breadth of the specialty\u2019s scope of practice. This scope has expanded over time, as is suggested by Morrill, Oetting, and Hurst\u2019s (1974) report that in 1957, the Journal of Counseling Psychology rejected a group counseling manuscript because the editor deemed the topic inappropriate. Yet, two decades later, circumstances had changed so substantially that Ivey (1979) was able to claim that the scope of counseling psychology practice was the broadest of the psychology specialties. This breadth is evident in the most current official statement of counseling psychology\u2019s identity (APA, 1999). As counseling psychology\u2019s scope of practice has expanded, so has its degree of overlap with clinical psychology, and vice versa (cf., Fitzgerald &Osipow, 1986; Watkins, Lopez, Campbell, &Himmell, 1986). Graduates of clinical and counseling programs now compete for the same positions (cf., Gaddy, Charlot-Swilley, Nelson, & Reich, 1995). Nevertheless, counseling psychologists still retain core distinctiveness. For example, Super\u2019s (1955) injunction to address \u201chygiology\u201d rather than pathology has been reflected in a long-standing emphasis on developmentally focused interventions and conceptions. This distinctiveness is reflected in counseling psychologists\u2019 research and training emphases. For example, Norcross et al. (1998) found that counseling psychology programs were more likely than clinical programs to report that faculty were engaged in research on diversity-related issues and career counseling (respectively, 69% and 62% of counseling psychology programs versus 32% and 1% of clinical psychology program). Counseling psychologists also have been the dominant theorists and researchers in the areas of counselor training and supervision. The model counseling psychology training program, developed as a joint project of Division 17 and CCPTP (Murdock, Alcorn, Heesacker, & Stoltenberg, 1998), reflects these and other unique","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com characteristics of counseling psychology as a specialty. In short, counseling psychology remains a robust specialty. Its viability has been maintained by evolving in adaptation to an ever-changing environment while still retaining core elements of its distinctive identity. This environment has included many factors internal and external to the specialty. To acknowledge those factors and the role they have had in shaping our specialty is an important step in considering the likely future directions of the specialty. FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVOLUTION OF COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY Many events and issues have affected counseling psychology\u2019s evolution during the past half century (see, e.g., Heppner, Casas, Carter, & Stone, 2000). We found it useful to cluster these into six categories: (a) market forces, (b) dialogues between practitioners and faculty, (c) expectations and directives by the profession, (d) social and political forces; (e) technological innovations, and (f) the cultural context of counseling psychology. Because these same forces are likely to continue to affect counseling psychology training, we review them here. Market Forces Job opportunities and demands have played a major role in shaping counseling psychology. Several practice settings employed most counseling psychologists in the early years of the specialty (i.e., university counseling centers, the Veterans Administration (VA), and university academic departments). But during the 1960s, two particular market changes significantly altered employment patterns of counseling psychologists. One occurred with the passage of the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963, which provided for substantial increases in opportunities for psychologists. The other occurred when insurance companies began to provide third party reimbursement for psychotherapy that psychologists provided. Graduate training","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com subsequently changed to address these new practice contexts. A number of other marketplace changes have helped to shape counseling psychology training but probably none more so than managed care. Although managed care\u2019s effects on training are yet to be fully known, it already is clear that these effects will be profound. Some are direct changes as programs adjust training emphases to prepare students with new skills (see, e.g., Spruill, Kohout, &Gehlmann, 1998). But managed care also is creating many ripple effects that are affecting training. Some of those are addressed in this collection of articles. For example, managed care market changes are exerting economic pressures that are helping to drive the push to obtain prescriptive authority; although the discussion of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) is driven by science-minded psychologists, the managed care industry encourages ESTs for its own economic reasons (Fox, 2000). Furthermore, hiring and reimbursement practices have exacerbated long-standing tensions between master\u2019s- and doctoral-level practitioners. Social and Political Forces All professions are shaped by historical events that transform their philosophy, personality, and practice. Certainly this has been true in counseling psychology. For example, each of the two world wars affected professional psychology in important ways. World War I provided the impetus for developing the first group personality and intelligence tests. World War II and its aftermath had even greater effects. For example: (a) person-power shortages caused by the war facilitated a movement of psychologists into the provision of counseling or psychotherapy, which previously was the province of psychiatrists; (b) many university counseling centers were developed in response to the many returning military personnel after World War II (Laughlin & Worley, 1991); and (c) the development of the VA\u2019s funded training program immediately after the war shaped the development of psychologists and psychology training in important, although sometimes unintended, ways (see, e.g., Albee, 1970). The availability of","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com federal funding for student support has affected counseling psychology training in important ways. For example, the alarm caused by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics\u2019 launching of Sputnik was responsible for the 1958 National Defense Education Act, which supported training of many counselors and counseling psychologists (Wrenn, 1977). It is quite likely that the next renewal of the Medical Professions Education Act will include psychologists for the first time. Also, the 1998 amendments to the Higher Education Act provide for federal loan forgiveness for students who take jobs working with special education students. Psychology narrowly missed loan forgiveness for graduates who take employment in underserved areas; that is likely to occur in future versions of the bill. The availability and manner of funding of professional services also has affected counseling psychology practice and training. We already have acknowledged the effects of the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963. A more recent example is the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA, which determines who is reimbursed and at what rates for Medicare) rulings that have (a) included counseling psychologists as approved providers (ruling that they are clinical psychologists, which is the term that appears in federal legislation) but also (b) substantially limited what is reimbursed for testing services. Technological Innovations Technological developments have changed counseling psychology training in many ways over the years. For example, audio and video recording each affected professional training; microcomputers have become ubiquitous professional tools within the past 20 years, with a myriad of training related applications; fax and answering machines within the past 15 years; currently, the Internet is affecting professional training in significant ways, including the uses of electronic mail and the possibilities of the World Wide Web (e.g., the offering of web-supported and web-based courses). To review the numerous ways technology has affected training would require a journal issue devoted to the topic.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com The important point is that technology is ever evolving, and there always will be some new aspect of it affecting practice and training. Research Methodology The design employed in the study was a descriptive survey. According to Gall, Gall and Borg (2007), a survey research is a method of data collection in which questionnaires or interview is utilized in collecting data from a sample that has been selected to represent a population to which the findings of the data analysis can be generalized. The study was carried out in Lagos State. A total of 520 questionnaires were distributed. Although only 400 were returned and completed. This will serve as the Population of the study. A sample size of 200 respondents was calculated from taro Yamane formular. The hypothesis was tested using Pearson correlation method. Data Presentation, Data Analysis And Interpretation This section is devoted to the presentation, analysis and interpretation of the data gathered in the course of this study. The data are based on the number of copies of the questionnaire completed and returned by the respondents. The data are presented in tables and the analysis is done using the chi-square test and Pearson correlation 1 Bio-Data Of The Respondents Table 1 gender of the respondents Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Male\u2019s 144 72.0 72.0 72.0 Valid Female\u2019s 56 28.0 28.0 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Table 1 above shows the gender of the respondents 144 of the respondents which represent 72% of the population are male. 56 of the respondents which represent 28% of the population are female. Note: based on the data above, we found out that the male participated more than the female in the exercise. Table 2 ages of the respondents Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 15-20 years 59 29.5 29.5 29.5 Valid 21-30 years 77 38.5 38.5 68.0 Valid 31-40 years 43 21.5 21.5 89.5 Valid 41-50 years 14 7.0 7.0 96.5 Valid above 50 years 7 3.5 3.5 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 2 above shows the age distribution of the respondents 59 of the respondents which represent 29.5% of the population are between 15 to 20 years of age. 77 of the respondents which represent 38.5% of the population are between 21 to 30 years of age. 43 of the respondents which represent 21.5% of the population are between 31 to 40 years of age. 14 of the respondents which represent 7% of the population are between 41 to 50 years of age. 7 of the respondents which represent 3.5% of the population are above 50 years of age. Table 3 marital status of the respondents","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid Single71 35.5 35.5 35.5 Valid married 114 57.0 57.0 92.5 Valid divorced 7 3.5 3.5 96.0 Valid widowed 8 4.0 4.0 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 3 shows the marital status of the respondents 71 of the respondents which represent 35.5% of the population are single. 114 of the respondents which represent 57.0% of the population are married. 7 of the respondents which represent 3.5% of the population are divorced. 8 of the respondents which represent 4% of the population are widow. Table 4 educational qualification of the respondents Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid OND 42 21.0 21.0 21.0 Valid HND\/BSC 136 68.0 68.0 89.0 Valid PGD\/MSC 15 7.5 7.5 96.5 Valid PHD 5 2.5 2.5 99.0 Valid OTHERS 2 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 3 above shows the educational qualification of the respondents 42 of the respondents which represent 21% of the population have OND 136 of the respondents which represent 68% of the population have either HND or BSC 15 of the respondents which represent 7.5% of the population have either PGD or MSC","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com 5 of the respondents which represent 2.5% of the population have PHD 2 of the respondents which represent 1.0% of the population have other academic qualifications. Table 5 years of experience of the respondents Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Valid 0-2 years 80 40.0 40.0 40.0 Valid 3-5 years 108 54.0 54.0 94.0 Valid 6-11 years 9 4.5 4.5 98.5 Valid above 11 years 3 1.5 1.5 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 5 above shows the years of experience of the respondents 80 of the respondents which represent 40% of he population have 0 to 2 years of experience 108 of the respondents which represent 54% of the population have 3 to 5 years of experience 9 of the respondents which represent 4.5% of the population have 6 to 11 years of experience 3 of the respondents which represent 1.5% of the population have above 11 years of experience. 2 Table Based On Research Question Section B: Counseling Psychology In Education And Entrepreneurship Table 6","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com There is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Strongly agree 68 34.0 34.0 34.0 Agreed 114 57.0 57.0 91.0 Undecided 7 3.5 3.5 94.5 Disagree 6 3.0 3.0 97.5 Strongly disagree 5 2.5 2.5 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 6 above shows the responses of the respondents that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship 68 of the respondents which represent 34% of the population strongly agree that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship 114 of the respondents which represent 57% of the population agree that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship 7 of the respondents which represent 3.5% of the population were undecided 6 of the respondents which represent 3.0% of the population disagree that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship 5 of the respondents which represent 2.5% of the population strongly disagree that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship NOTE: from table 6 above, about 182 of the respondents out of 200 agreed that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship. We can now deduce that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Table 7 Counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Strongly agree 85 42.5 42.5 42.5 Agreed 89 44.5 44.5 87.0 Undecided 23 11.5 11.5 98.5 Disagree 2 1.0 1.0 99.5 Strongly disagree 1 .5 .5 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 7 above shows the responses of the respondents that counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship 85 of the respondents which represent 42.5% of the population strongly agree that counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship 89 of the respondents which represent 44.5% of the population agree that counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship 23 of the respondents which represent 11.5% of the population were undecided 2 of the respondents which represent 1% of the population disagree that counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship 1 of the respondents which represent 0.5% of the population strongly disagree that counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship NOTE: From table 7 above, 174 of the respondents agreed that counseling psychology is applicable to education and entrepreneurship. A number that is about 171 times more than the responses that said did not agree.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Table 8 Most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent Strongly agree 38 19.0 19.0 19.0 Agree 147 73.5 73.5 92.5 Undecided 5 2.5 2.5 95.0 Disagree 6 3.0 3.0 98.0 Strongly disagree 4 2.0 2.0 100.0 Total 200 100.0 100.0 Field survey, July 2019 Table 8 above; shows the responses of the respondents that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology 38 of the respondents which represent 19% of the population strongly agree that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology 147 of the respondents which represent 73.5% of the population agree that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology 5 of the respondents which represent 2.5% of the population were undecided 6 of the respondents which represent 3% of the population disagree that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology 4 of the respondents which represent 2% of the population strongly disagree that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology NOTE: From table 8 above a greater number of the respondents agreed that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology; from the data above we can now deduce that most people are not aware of the benefits of counseling psychology.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Conclusion Based On Decision Rule From table 14 above, since the value of \u201cr\u201d tabulated is greater than \u201cr\u201d calculated, accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) and reject the null hypothesis (H0) and conclude that there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship. NOTE: There is a statistically significantly (0.00) strong relationship (0.849) between the responses of the respondents that said that There is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship and those that said that the introduction of counseling psychology in higher institutions will boost entrepreneurship spirit among graduates 11.0 Conclusion In conclusion there is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship. The result of the data analysis shows that there is a statistically significantly (0.00) strong relationship (0.849) between the responses of the respondents that said that There is significant relationship between counseling psychology, education and entrepreneurship and those that said that the introduction of counseling psychology in higher institutions will boost entrepreneurship spirit among graduates REFERENCES Beale, A.V. (2004, November, December). Questioning whether you have a contemporary school counseling program. The Clearing House, 78(2), 73-76. Bhatnagar, A. & Gupta N. (1999).Guidance and Counseling. Vol. II, New Delhi: National Council of Education. Braddock, L. Guidance Program Pages. Retrieve from www.fcps.com. 19-6-2001, Handbook. Brigman, G., & Campbell, C. (2003). Helping students improve academic achievement and school success behavior. Professional School Counseling, 7(2), 91.Retrieved September 28, 2004, from EBSCOHOST.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Burks, Henry M. and Burks Stefllre (1979). Theories of Counselling, 3rd ed. NewYork: McGraw-Hill. Cook, V. (2001). Second Language Learning and Language Teaching, 3rd ed. New York: Arnold. Cottle, W. C.(1973). Beginning Counselling Practicum. New York: Grune and Straton. Inc. DeVries, Mark(1994) Family Based Youth Ministry: Reaching the been-there, donethat generation. Downes Groove Intervarsity Press. Francis, K.X., McDaniel, M., & Doyle, R.E (1987).Training in Role Communication Sills: Effect of Interpersonal and Academic Skills of High-Risk Freshmen. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28, 151-156. Freud, A. Adolescence: the Psychoanalytic study of child Development, New York West, 1958. Gall, M.D., Borg W.R., Gall, J., Education research an introduction. (Publication).Published in 1996. Gerler, E.R. (1985). Elementary school counseling research and the classroom learning environment.Elementary School Guidance & Counseling, 22, 248- 252. Gysbers, N.C. (1990). Comprehensive guidance programs that work. Ann Arbor, MI: ERIC Counseling and Personnel Services Clearinghouse. Hahn, M. E. (1995). Counsellor Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill Book co.Inc. Hjelle, Lass A. and Daniel J. Ziglar (1981) Personality theories: Basic assumptions. Research and application.2nd edition. Singapore: McGraw Hill Book Company. Hudesman, J., &Avramides, B., Loveday, C., Wendell, A., &Griemsman, R. (1986, September).Impact of counseling style on the Academic Performance of College Students in Special Programs. Journal of College Student Personnel, 394-399. Kenya Institute of Education, Life skills for Behavior change: Facilitator\u2019s. Handbook, Kenya Institute of Education; Nairobi 2008. Kiriswa, Benjamin (1988) Christian Counselling for Students.Nakuru: AmeceaGaba. Kochhar, S.K.(2000). Educational and Vocational Guidance in Secondary Schools. New Delhi. Sterling Publishers Private Limited. Krumbultz, John and Campbell Thuresen,ed.(1976) Counselling Methods. New York: Holtz Rinehart and Winpim.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com An Effective Shipping And Management Of The Warri Port For Exports Including Oil And Gas Products For Economic Growth In Niger Delta Samuel Ogheneoro Emiaso, Ph.D. (IV) Department of Shipping and Ports Management Prowess University, Delaware, USA [email protected] ABSTRACT Nigeria has six major ports, of which Warri Port is well located in the Niger-Delta, home to the vast natural resource oil and gas. The production and export of this internationally demanded and viable product depend on the port services to deliver its consignments to the international market. It is on this premise that this research looks into the opportunities available to the Warri Port, to annex in order to boost its local economy while contributing to the national economy. Warri Port has obviously been left fallow over the tears as a result of the concentration of the bulk of maritime services with main activities of shipping and port management in Lagos, which have already become saturated with the overbearing and ever demanding Nigeria need for imports since the country is to a large extent a consumer state that imports more than she export. To this end, the researcher looks into the migration of services from Lagos to actively involve other ports in the country including Warri Ports to ease the gridlock in Lagos, and thereby create more jobs in other regions with active ports. The need to have functional ports with clarity and direction of purpose for a profitable economy was noticed to be a missing link that must be fixed to reposition most shipping and ports management in Nigeria, and applicable to the Warri Ports. It was observed that corrupt practices raved most ports including the Warri ports in Nigeria, and to ensure integrity and best of accountability, measures such as direct payment of customs excuse duties to government designated bank account, have been taken by the Nigerian","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com Ports Authority, the governing body of all ports in Nigeria for transparency and best fund and profit management to sustain the nation\u2019s economy. Continuous dredging of Warri Ports to keep the depth for vessel passage would be necessary for best sustainable use of the port. INTRODUCTION The Niger Delta being an integral and economically buoyant and viable region of Nigeria, have become a major world economic base for the oil and gas industry supplying a very highly significant proportion of the crude oil and liquefied natural gas usage worldwide. This contribution is not without a major play of the operations that support the transportation of these products either before or after refining across the oceans and waters to various parts of the world. IMPORTANCE OF THE REGION IN THE OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY GLOBALLY The importance of this region therefore is crucial in the economics of world energy and thereby provoke the need for adequate consideration of proper management of the shipping and the ports of berthing of the career ships usually called vessels. Like most of the oil rich countries, surrounded by at least one of the seven seas namely the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aden, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Arabian Sea, (Charpentier, 2014) the Niger Delta is surrounded by water bodies, and informs why the region have established ports with which their oil and gas products are mainly transported to other end users worldwide. Their business operations involve significant risks and they surely must be well managed to give excellent results in long term profits economically, prosperity, and development of the region.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com IMPORTANCE OF SHIPPING OF OIL AND GAS PRODUCTS IN THE NIGER- DELTA The importance of shipping of oil and gas products from the Niger Delta is a major gateway to the sustainability of the vast wealth of the region among nations of the world producers of oil and gas. The majority of the world\u2019s crude oil is transported by tankers from producing areas including the Middle East, and Niger Delta to refineries in consumer areas as Europe, Japan and the United States, (Kraus, 2011). Oil products were originally transported in large barrels on cargo ships. With the first tanker ship built in 1886, carrying about 2,300 SDWT (2,240 pounds per ton) of oil, today\u2019s super tankers can carry almost 200 times as much oil being over 300metres long in length. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is shipped as a cryogenic gas in specialised marine vessels with heavily insulated compartments or reservoirs. The LNG is off-loaded to storage facilities or regasification plants at the destination delivery ports. Sometimes, LNG in containers usually bottled gas may be shipped as cargo on marine vessels and barges. It is worth also noting that for ease of constant flow of these products, gathering and feeder pipelines often end at marine terminals or offshore platform loading facilities, so crude is loaded to tankers or barges for transport to crude trunk pipelines or refineries (Kraus, 2011). DEMAND FOR EXCELLENT PORT MANAGEMENT The demand for excellent port management is never over-emphasised as the damage poor management could cause to lives, investments and properties will never be compared to the gains of excellent and effective best practice management. As the oil and gas industry globally and especially in the Niger Delta continually gain increased economic power and production levels, the need for improved knowledge in ports management have become very crucial to adequately harness the vast wealth of the","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com region to much more improve their national economy which transfers on to the lives, living standards of their nationals, local staff and expatriates in the Niger Delta oil and gas business. A moderate to limited information and data are available in the oil and gas transportation for exports at the Warri Ports, but there is need to encourage the use of this Port in order to create an enabling working and economic viable Port that will expand the region and boost the lives, financial base and the bigger economy of the area. We looked at international ports in comparison, where necessary to challenge the drive to reposition this Warri Port to accommodate ships from across the world and create wealth for the peoples of the Niger-Delta and Nigeria as a whole. The causes of poor Ports management in order to find solutions for best practices and improve on the standards of the Warri Ports to generate higher yielding turn around exports for the oil and gas industry in the region. This is a task to the done now. Whereas the peoples of Warri, and environs within the region of the Niger-Delta are generally and much more involved in agriculture and agricultural production, the impact of the oil and gas exploration, exploitation, and production on the ecosystem of the land have been huge over the years. It is therefore pertinent to address the need to bridge the gap of oil and gas services, and the need to manage our ports adequately for both the sustenance of the oil and gas exports, and to also facilitate the improved levels of agricultural produce for exports and support the move to help mobilise food production for economic recovery and gains especially for reduction of unemployment in Nigeria.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com RELEVANCE The research employed general and critical review of accessible literature, arguments, and other researches about shipping and ports management with a view to identifying lapses in operational management in the oil and gas industry in the Niger Delta. The research addressed the question of why there were several forms of losses due to poor management. The research which was based on a combination of secondary data, primary data where possible and accessible through direct interviews with applicable key ports management personnel. The research which aimed to specifically targeted and addressed concerned areas limited to ports operation and management. There are positive hopes that strong relevant recommendations for applicable use and implementation in operations of the oil and gas shipping and ports management in the Niger Delta, will ultimately reposition Warri Port. As there have not been any much information or comprehensive studies on the operational risk management in shipping and ports management in the Niger Delta which were earlier published to the candidate\u2019s awareness, it had therefore generated the special interest for this research with an aim to give some light and help produce a well- researched findings and paper for publication to be a useful guide for the oil and gas industry in the region, and also possibly applicable for other regions, especially relating to shipping and ports management. The importance of synchrony of the regions operational risk management with standard procedure as spelt out by the international maritime organisation (IMO) would be necessary to create a balance of what is being done, not done and what is expected as a way of standard procedure internationally accepted. This would also deter the usual problem of who takes the responsibility when an incident occurs and to what extent liabilities could be deemed on the active parties involved at any given time. As Noble","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com (2012) noted, when a major casualty occurs, many interests come to play. Knowing who is responsible for what is often confusing, and can get in the way of an effective response. The character of a casualty response will depend greatly on the interaction between attending the management of the incident, strong leadership response skills and a general spirit of good will and cooperation. A key to successful response would be that individuals attending a casualty incidence have an appreciation of why others are may react the way they do. However, there is great need to understand levels of authority and knowledge of who is in charge at sea is ultimately relevant in this. This is especially important as major ship wrecks could be devastating with major losses of lives, high ecological and environmental damages that will affect the people, nations and companies involved. The economic losses in such incidents within the oil and gas industry are always highly colossal. This is why there is need to correlate the practices in shipping and ports management in the oil and gas industry to adequately cater for best practices in the operational risks and its management within the marine world and thereby help reduce the risk of more environmental damage, pollution and gross neglect to our worldwide waters and waterways to ensure the health and safety of human lives and property. This on the long term would save business running costs and time for clean-up. SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS RESEARCH The economic gains of the full operation of Warri Port will absolutely turn around the life, politics, behaviour, economy, commerce and development of infrastructure, and facilities for best living conditions of the citizens, indigenes, and residents of the area and host communities of Warri Ports, for the best.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com IMPORTANCE OF THE MARITIME SECTOR IN NIGERIA The maritime activities in Nigeria provide one of the vital links with the outside world. To a large scale and extent, the export and import of goods for the most part, take place through the nation\u2019s sea ports. So, the maritime services therefore in Nigeria, is to facilitate foreign exchange earnings from exports and imports or access to capital, intermediate inputs and even raw materials which cannot be obtained locally. AN OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA RESOURCES AND NEED FOR MARITIME SERVICES Nigeria acknowledged as the most populous African country, declared as having one in every five Africans (other known as Blacks) anywhere in the world, is blessed with abundant of natural resources. Ranging from natural gas, crude oil, vegetative crops, animal husbandry, and a wide species of fisheries, Nigeria can be said to be positioned to be a giant, especially with so much water resources, an expanse of Economic Exclusive Zone of 216,789 Sq. Km. for exploitation and productivity. Nigeria\u2019s fast growing population strength of approximately 200 million people, is ever demanding for several products worldwide, ranging form varieties of exotic cars, clothes, household goods, manufacturing, and industrial materials and general goods for their day to day living, and infrastructural development of their economy and various projects sponsored by the three tier governments, being Federal, State, and Local Government Area for ease and simplicity of administration and governance. It is therefore necessary to position facilities and best practice management, for the delivery and implementation of people-oriented and focused services in the overall shipping and ports management in Nigeria. It is to this prospect, that this academic research work is dedicated, with the aim of propelling the need to drive excellence in the management of our ships, shipping processes, and ports for best movements of goods services and international trade.","INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ARTS MANAGEMENT AND PROFESSIONAL STUDIES ISSN: 2814-0370 VOL. 1, ISSUE 1,2021 AVAILABLE ONLINE: www.ijamps.com A BRIEF INSIGHT ON PORTS IN NIGERIA Nigeria has six major ports located in the abundant water resources in the south of the country. These are Roro (Apapa) Port, Tin Can Island Port, Warri Port, Port Harcourt Port, Calabar Port, and Onne Port. Okwedy (2021) noted that the bulk of trade have been centred and concentrated in Lagos foe many years, leaving all the other ports crippled in economic activities. Several reasons or excuses have been given why Lagos Ports have continually been the exclusive commercial centre of trade, shipping, and ports management for so long. These include that it is well easier to access, and cheaper to use, compared to the others, that are more distant to access, more costly to use, and furthermore, within regions of more insecurity to facilities, ships, and shipping personnel. However, these reasons do not satisfy the generality of Nigerians, especially the indigenes of the south of Nigeria, and more so, the people of the Niger-Delta, the oil rich and wealthy area of Nigeria, and hub of the economy. It is the carrier of the major area of production of crude oil, and its exports to the international community, and by a large extent, the main source of income to Nigeria. It is worth noting that with the expansion of life and people flocking to Lagos for greener pastures, or better lives, and best of jobs or business opportunities, the course of shipping and ports management in Lagos has outgrown its borders. This have been noticed with the frequent gridlocks in the little spaced Apapa Ports (26.7 Sq. Km) and surrounding environs of Lagos State (3,577 Sq. Km), with has the highest population of about 20 million in Nigeria. The management and maintenance cost of the ports in Lagos versus the inconveniences caused to life, as people have become alarming such that all tankers, trucks, trailers, and other major transporters have to move to Lagos to clear and haul goods from berthing ships in Lagos for the entire country of Nigeria. This have become a pain where other ports are available for use to reduce this pressure, pain and process that could be eased"]