Star Book - Sarah Torian

The Stars Of Our TheUSntaivresrOsef Our Universe By: Sarah Torian

White Dwarf ● White Dwarfs are what Suns’ become after they exhaust their “Fuel” per say ● They have temperatures over 100,000 celsius ● Its life span of 13.8 Billion years. (Exceeding that of our own Universe) ● Is very hot but has a low luminosity





Brown Dwarf● Brown Dwarfs are formed the same way as normal stars do - clouds and dust in space collapsing● Brown Dwarfs reach temperatures between 430 to 1,030 celsius● Has the same life span as a Red dwarf- which is 14 billion years● Brown Dwarfs have extremely low luminosities.





Red Dwarf● Red Dwarfs - like other stars- are formed by clouds of dust and gas collapsing● Thess star can reach up to 3,500 celsius● Has a life span 14 billion years● “An average red dwarf has 1/10, 000 the luminosity of our sun” (Star Luminosity).



https://slate.com/technology/2014/10/megaflare-red-dwarf-star-blows-out-a-huge-flare.html

Yellow Dwarf● Made the same way as other stars - not to mention our own sun is a yellow dwarf● Can reach temperatures up to 6,000 Kelvin● Lifespan of 10 billion years, and after they die off they become red giants. Later on becoming white dwarfs.● Yellow Dwarfs are low mass stars and are G- Sequence stars





Red Giant● Red Giants are formed when a star runs out of hydrogen fuel● Temperatures can range up to 5,000 Kelvin● The lower the mass means higher the life span. Which is about 10 Billion years.● Stars spend approximately spend a thousand years to 1 billion years as a red giant.





Blue Giant● Formed after the star turns into a Blue Subgiant● Have life spans less than 100 million years.● They can reach temperatures up to 20,000 Kelvin● Usually 29 times bigger than our sun





Neutron Stars● Created when stars die in supernovas● Life spans up to about 10 Billion● Temperatures on the surface can reach up to 100,000, 000 Kelvin● The milky way has about 10 million neutron stars.





Supergiant● Form when a star runs out of hydrogen fuel. Then they collapse.● Can last to a thousand to a few billion years● Reach temperatures 3500- 4500 Kelvin● These are the biggest, brightest, and the hottest known stars in the universe





Pulsar● A Pulsar is basically a neutron star that will let out radiation● Like a neutron star will live to about 10 Billion years.● Can go to temperatures about 10^6 Kelvin.● When a Pulsar forms it has the fastest rotational energy and most energy.





Supernova● Supernovas is the collapsing of a star that has used up all of its fuel. It’s one of the biggest explosions you can think of.● Stars take a few million years to die, the explosion is less than a quarter of a second● Supernovas can reach 3,500,000,000 Kelvin● Supernovas can be brighter than a galaxy





Black Hole● A Black Hole can form when a really big star collapses on itself● As of now no one knows if black holes can “Die”. We do theorize that Black holes form with the star of the Universe● Black Holes have very low temperatures, at way below absolute Zero● Black Holes are “invisible” because not even light can escape the suction.





Binary Stars● Binary Stars are two stars that revolve around the other. Or both revolve around another center● Have temperatures 72, 000 Fahrenheit● A pair of xploding Binary Stars will appear in 2022● Most stars are actually binary Stars.





Cepheid Variable● Cepheid variable is a type of star that pulsates radially, varying in both diameter and temperature● Cepheid variables are divided into several subclasses which exhibit clearly different masses, ages, and evolutionary histories● Pulsating variables that grow and shrink as a natural consequence of their natural evolutionary progression





Mira Variable● Mira variables, named for the prototype star Mira, are a class of pulsating variable stars characterized by very red colours● pulsation periods lasting longer than 100 days● Mira is a star with a mass a little larger than our Sun's● Its surface temperature is a mere 2200 K, but due to its size, its total output of radiation is 8400 as big as that of the Sun





Bibliography/References “White Dwarf.” World Builder's Guide Wikia, worldbuilders.wikia.com/wiki/White_Dwarf. Brown Dwarfs.” The Cosmos, 13 July 2012, imaginecosmos.com/stars/brown-dwarfs/. Cain, Fraser. “Star Luminosity.” Universe Today, Universe Today, 25 Dec. 2015, www.universetoday.com/24783/star-luminosity/ .“Freak Monster Planet Discovered Orbiting a Small, Faint Red Dwarf Star –‘Confronts Current Theories.’” The Daily Galaxy, dailygalaxy.com/2017/10/freak-monster-planet-discovered-orbiting-a-s mall-faint-red-dwarf-star-confronts-current-theories/. “Astronomers Find the Sun's First Sibling: a Star Made of the Same Stuff.” ZME Science, 12 May 2014, www.zmescience.com/space/sun-first-sibling-53456/ Military History of Canada, www.cs.mcgill.ca/~#west/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/r/Red_giant.ht m. “Rigel(Blue Giant).” Desktop Nexus Wallpapers, space.desktopnexus.com/wallpaper/1732752 /.www.desktopbackground.org. “Pink Galaxy Wallpaper.png.” Download Desktop Background RSS, 24 Oct. 2016, www.desktopbackground.org/wallpaper/pink-galaxy-wallpaper-p ng-101248. “Neutron Star Jets Shoot down Theory.” Phys.org - News and Articles on Science and Technology, Phys.org, phys.org/news/2018-09-neutron-star-jets-theory.html.

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