FOOD WEB A FOOD WEB IS THE NATURAL INTERCONNECTION OF FOOD CHAINS AND GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF WHAT- EATS- WHAT IN AN ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY. hnthIv . kn-.-sI Nm-kv-saâ- 51
Ip-e-Ip-e-bmw- ap-´n-cn-§- Hm-¬sse³- -sKbn-an-sâ ]p-dsIbm-Wv \\mw- Hmtcmcp-¯-cpw- F-¶m-Â- Cu- I-gn-ª- h-À-jw- ap-¼p-hsc \\-½psS \\m-«n-³-]p-d-§-fn-Â- Iq-«p-Iq-Sn- I-fn-¨n-cp-¶- H-cp- ]m-Sv {]mtZin-I-I-fn-I-Ä- / \\m-S-³-I-fn-I-Ä- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. A-Xn-Â- G-ä-hpw ]-g-¡w- -sN¶sX¶v ]-d-bm-hp-¶- H-cp- \\m-S-³- I-fn-bm-Wv Ip-e-Ip-eb- ap-´n-cn-§-. A-©n-Â- A-[n-Iw- Ip-«n-I-Ä- Dsï¦n-Â- am-{Xta Cu- I-fn- I-fn-¡p-hm-³- km-[n-¡p-I-bp-Åq-. Cu- I-fn-bnse {]-[m-\\- I-fn-¡m-c-³- \\-cn- F-¶m-Wv A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶-Xv. \\cn- F-¶- I-fn-¡m-c-³- H-gnsI a-äv F-Ãm- Ip-«n-I-fpw- h-«-¯n-Â- -ssI - tImÀ-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p-. \\cn-bm-bn- \\n-Â-¡p-¶- Ip-«n-bpsS -ssIbn-Â- Asæn-Â- Xp-Wn-, I-S-em-kv, -tImÂ- F-´p-am-hmw- A-Xv ]n-Sn-¨v h-«-¯n-Â- C-cn-¡p-¶- Ip-«n-I-Ä- Np-äpw- \\cn- Hm-Sp-¶p-. \"\"Ip-e-Ip-e-b- ap-´n-cn-§- \\-cn-\\cn- Np-än- hm- Ip-e-Ip-em-b- ap-´n-cn-§- \\-cn-\\cn- Np-än- hm-\"\" F-¶- ]m-«v ]m-Sn-bm-Wv \\-cn- Ip-«n-I-Ä-¡v Np-äpw- Hm-Sp-¶-Xv. ]m-«n-\\v C-S-bn-Â- \\cn- -ssIbn-ep-Å- h-kvXp- C-cn-¡p-¶- H-cp- Ip-«n-bpsS ]n-d-In-Â- -sh¡p-¶p-. B- Ip-«n- AsXSp-¯v \\cn-bpsS -tZlt¯¡v F-dn-b-Ww- \\cn-bpsS -tZl-¯v B- h-kvXp- X-«n-bm-Â- B-Zyw- \\cn-bm-b- Ip-«n- Xs¶ ]ns¶bpw- \\-cn- B-h-Ww- C-Ãm-¯-]-£w- h-kvXp- -ssIbn-ep-Å- Ip-«n- \\-cn-bm-bn- I-fn- Xp-S-cp-¶p-. A-an-X.- hn-.bp- 52 Nm-kv-saâ-
]p-Xn-b- K-Wn-X-im-kv{X- I-ïp-]n-Sp-¯-§-Ä- {io-\\n-hm-k cm-am-\\p-P-³- {l-kz-Po-hn-X-bm-{X-bv¡n-S-bn-Â- im-kv{XtemI-¯n-\\v h-fsc h-en-b- kw-`m-h-\\-I-Ä- \\-Â-In-b- H-cp- hy-àn-bm-Wv {io-\\n-hm-k cm-am-\\p-P-³-. C-´y-³- K-Wn-X- ]m-c-¼-cy-¯n-sâ A-\\-i-z-c-\\m-b- ]-Xm-I-hm-l-I-³- F-¶v -thWsa¦n-Â- At±ls¯ hntijn-¸n-¡mw-.1887 Un-kw-_-À- 22- \\v, X-an-gv\\m-«n-Â- CutdmUn-\\v A-Sp- ¯p-Å- -sX¸p-Ip-f-¯v H-cp- {_m-Ò-W-Ip-Spw-_-¯n-Â- Ip-¸p-kzm-an- {io-\\n-hm-k A-¿-¦m-cpsSbpw- -tIma-f-¯-½m-fn-sâbpw- a-I-\\m-bn- At±lw- P-\\n-¨p-.a-äp- hn-j-b-§sf¡m-Ä- K-Wn-Xt¯mSm-bn-cp-¶p- -sIm¨p- cm-am-\\p-P-\\v Xm-ev]-cyw-. Zp-jvI-c-am-b- K-Wn-X- {]-iv\\-§-Ä- ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-³- -t]mepw- At±lw- Ip-«n-¡m-ew- ap-X-Ât¡ {]m-]vX-³- B-bn-cp-¶p-. aq-¶mw- ¢m-Ên-Â- ]-Tn-¡p-¶- ka-b-¯v, H-cp- kw-Jysb AtX kw-Jy- -sImïv l-cn-¨m-Â- In-«p-¶- l-c-W-^-ew- 1 B-bn-cn-¡psa¶v ]-g-§-Ä- Xp-ey-am-bn- ho-Xw- h-bv¡p-¶- D-Zm-l-c-W- kln-Xw- hy-à-am-¡n-bt¸mÄ- ]q-Pys¯ ]q-Pyw- -sImïp- l-cn-¨m-Â- F-´v e-`n-¡pw- F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p- -sIm¨p- cm-am-\\p-P-sâ -tNmZyw-. A-¦-K-Wn-X-¯n-³sd B-Zy- ]m-T-§-Ä- \\p-I-cp-¶- Im-e-¯v Xs¶ B-g-¯n-Â- Nn-´n-¨v A-\\-´-X-bnte¡v F-¯n-b- At±ls¯ ]n-Â-¡m-e-¯v A-\\-´-Xsb A-dn-bp-¶- a-\\p-jy-³- F-¶v hntijn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-Â- A-Ûp-X-an-Ã-. kv-tImf-À-jnt¸mSp-Iq-Sn- -sa{Sn-¡ptej-³- ]q-À-¯n-bm-¡nsb¦n-epw- K-Wn-X-¯n-Â- am-{Xw- -tI{µo-I-cn-¡p-¶- {]-h-W-X- Xp-S-À-]-T-\\-¯n-\\p-Å- kv-tImf-À-jn-¸v \\-ã-am-hp-¶-Xn-\\pw-, ]-cm-P-bs¸Sp-¶-Xn-\\pw- Im-c-W-am-bn-. \\m-emw- ¢m-Ên-Â- ]-Tn-¡p-¶- ka-b-¯v {XntImW-an-Xn-sb¡p-dn-¨p-Å- ]p-kvX-Iw- Xs¶ hm-bn-¨p- a-\\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«p-ïv. B-dmw- ¢m-kn-Â- ]-Tn-¡p-¶- ka-b-¯v ‘ Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure Mathematics’ F-¶- ]p-kvX-I- hm-b-\\- cm-am-\\p-P-sâ at\\mhym-]m-cs¯ hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-hm-³- klm-bn-¨p-. C-cp-]-¯nsbm¶mw- h-b-Ên-Â- hn-hm-ln-X-\\m-b- At±lw- \\n-Xy-hr-¯n-¡m-bp-Å- h-I- Isï¯p-¶-Xn-\\m-bn- a-{Zm-kv -t]mÀ-«v {S-kväv Hm-^o-kn-Â- A-¡-u-ï-³-dv B-bn- -tPmen- -sNbvXp-. Po-hn-X- {]-Xn-kÔn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-epw- K-Wn-Xt¯mSp-Å- A-`n-cp-Nn-bpw- X-³sd Isï¯-ep-I-fpw- am-än- h-bv¡p-hm-³- At±lw- H-cp-¡-a-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-. A-XpsImïp-Xs¶ X-sâ Isï¯-ep-I-Ä- D-Äs¸Sp-¯ns¡mïv A-¶v -tIw-{_n-UvPnse {Sn-\\n-än- -tIm-tfPn-Â- -s^-tem B-bn-cp-¶- Pn-. F-¨v. lm-À-Un-¡v At±lw- I-¯-b-¨p-. hy-à-am-b- A-h-ew-_-§-Ä- C-ÃmsX A-b-¨- Isï¯-ep-I-Ä- kw-i-b-§-Ä- D-f-hm-¡nsb¦n-epw- H-cp- A-Xp-ey- {]-Xn-`-bv¡v am-{Xta C-¯-cw- K-Wn-X-^-e-§-fnse¯nt¨cm-³- km-[n-¡p-Åq- F-¶v lm-À-Un- a-\\-Ên-em-¡n-, cm-am-\\p-Ps\\ Cw-¥-ïnte¡v £-Wn-¨p-. {_m-Ò-W-À-¡v I-S-Â-bm-{X- ]m-]-amsW¶v hn-i-z-kn-¨n-cp-¶- Im-e-¯v Cw-¥-ïnte¡v bm-{X-Xn-cn-¨psImïv K-Wn-XtemI-¯nte¡v H-¯n-cn- kw-`m-h-\\-I-Ä- \\-Â-Ip-hm-³- cm-am-\\p-P-\\v km-[n-¨p-.A-©p-h-À-jw- \\o-ïp-\\n-¶- tIw-{_n-UvPv Po-hn-X-¯n-\\n-S-bn-Â- A-\\-´t{iWn-I-Ä-, U-^-\\n-äv C-sâ{K-Â-, -tamUp-em-À- C-I-z-j-³-kv, cm-a-³- - ko-ä- ^-Mvj-³-, k-t½j-³- Hm-^v ko-co-kv, A-\\-e-än-¡v \\-¼-À- Xn-b-dn- F-¶o- -taJ-e-I-fn-Â- 21- Hm-fw- Kthj-W- {]-_-Ô-§-Ä- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p-ïv. `-u-Xn-I-im-kv{X-¯n-Â- kv{Snw-Kv Xn-b-dn-, XtamK-À-¯-§-fpsS ]-T-\\w-, {Kq-¸v Xn-b-dn-, K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-¯nse {In-]v-täm{Km-^n-, c-kX-{´-¯nse Nn-e- -taJ-e-I-Ä- Xp-S-§n- hn-hn-[- im-kv{X-im-J-I-Ä- cm-am-\\p-P-sâ K-Wn-X-^-e-§-Ä- {]tbmP-\\s¸Sp-¯p-¶p-ïv.Cw-¥-ïnse Po-hn-Xssien-bpw- Xn-c-¡p-]n-Sn-¨- Kthj-W-§-fpw- At±l-¯n-³sd BtcmKys¯ km-c-am-bn- Nm-kv-saâ- 53
_m-[n-¡p-I-bpw-, Xp-S-À-¶v £-btcmKn-bm-bn- Xo-cp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. A-Xns\\ Xp-S-À-¶v B-ip-]-{Xn-hm-k¯n-em-bn-cn-¡pt¼mÄ- At±ls¯ kµ-À-in-¡p-hm-³- lm-À-Un- h-¶- Sm-Ivkn-bpsS \\-¼-dm-b- 1729 sâ {]tXyI-X- -t]mepw- h-fsc -s]-s«¶m-Wv At±lw- ]-d-ª-Xv. ]n-¶o-Sv B- kw-Jy- lm-À-Un cm-am-\\p-P-³- kw-Jy- F-¶-dn-bs¸«p-. B-ip-]-{Xn-¡n-S-¡-bn-Ât]mepw- At±lw- K-Wn-XtemI-¯v ap-gp-In-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p- F-¶pthWw- ]-d-bm-³-. At±l-¯n-³sd A-À-¸-W-at\\m`m-hw- K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-¯n-\\v Ht«-sd kw-`m-h-\\-I-Ä- \\-Â-In-. 1916 am-À-¨n-Â- -tIw-{_n-UvPv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e- Hm-W-d-dn- B-bn- _n-. F- _n-cp-Zw- \\-Â-In- At±ls¯ B-Z-cn-¨p-. 1918 HtÎm_-dn-Â- {Sn-\\n-än- -tIm-tfPn-Â- - s^-tem B-bn- Xn-csªSp-¡s¸«p-. -tcmKw- aq-À-Ñn-¨v C-´y-bnse¯n-b- At±lw- 1920 G-{]n-Â- 26- \\v ap-¸-¯n-c-ïmw- h-b-Ên-Â- A-´-cn-¨p-.an-I-¨- K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-Ú-À-¡v -temIsa¼m-Spw- cm-am-\\p-P-sâ -t]cn-Â- ]p-c-kvIm-c-§-Ä- \\-Â-In-h-cp-¶p-ïv.cm-am-\\p-P-sâ kva-c-W-bv¡m-bn- 1962 epw- 2010 epw- `m-c-X-kÀ-¡m-À- X-]m-Â- kväm-¼p-I-Ä- ]p-d-¯n-d-¡n-bn-«p-ïv. \\q-än-bn-cp-]-¯n-b-©mw- P-·-h-À-j-am-b- 2012 K-Wn-X-im-kv{X- h-À-j-am-bn- {]-Jym-]n-¡s¸«p-. K-Wn-X-hn-kva-b-am-b- At±l-¯n-³sd P-·-Zn-\\w- -tZio-b- K-Wn-X-Zn-\\-am-bn- B-N-cn-¡p-¶p-. -tPmlm-³- Im-Ä- -s{^U-dn-Iv -tKmÊv K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-¯nse cm-P-Ip-am-c-³- F-¶-dn-bs¸Sp-¶- -tPmlm-³- Im-Ä- -s{^U-dn-Iv -tKmÊv P-\\n-¨-Xv 1777 G-{]n-Â- 30 \\v P-À-a-\\n-bnse {_-¬-kv hn-¡n-em-Wv. At±lw- {]-i-kvX-\\m-b- P-À-a-³- K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-Ú-³- am-{X-a-Ã- H-cp- ^n-kn-kväv Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. A-k´p-ã-am-b- Ip-Spw-_m-´-co-£-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p- At±l-¯n-³sd _m-ey-Im-ew-. X-sâ ]p-{Xs\\ Ip-es¯mgn-Â- ]-Tn-¸n-¡p-hm-\\m-bn-cp-¶p- At±l-¯n-sâ ]n-Xm-hn-\\v Xm-Xv]-cyw-. A-XpsImïp-Xs¶ ]-T-\\-Im-cy-§sf ]n-Xm-hv ]n-´p-W-¨n-Ã-. F-¶n-cp-¶m-epw- A-km-[m-c-W-am-b- I-gn-hv -tKmÊv {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-. X-sâ G-gm-as¯ h-b-Ên-Â- Xs¶ 1 ap-X-Â- 100 hscbp-Å- kw-Jy-I-fpsS Xp-I- \\n-jv{]-bm-kw- Isï¯n-.K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-¯n-ep-Å- -sshZ-Kv[yw- At±lw- A-[ym-]-I-À-¡v ap-³-]n-Â- - sXfn-bn-¨p-. 1 ap-X-Â- 100 hscbp-Å- kw-Jy-I-Ä- Hmtcm¶m-bn- Iq-«n- Xp-I- Isï¯p-¶-Xn-\\p- ]-I-cw- 1 + 100, 2 + 99 F-¶n-§s\\bp-Å- 50 -tPmUn-I-Ä- B-¡n-bm-Â- C-h-bpsS Xp-I- 50 × 101 B-bn-cn-¡psa¶v At±lw- Isï¯n-. ]n-¶o-Sv h-i-§-fpsS F-®w- -s^À-am-äv A-`m-Pyw- B-b- G-Xp- _-lp-`p-P-hpw- -tIm¼-kp-]tbmKn-¨v \\n-À-an-¡m-³- km-[n-¡psa¶v At±lw- -sXfn-bn-¨p-. A-`m-Py- kw-Jy- kn-²m-´w-, _o-P-K-Wn-X-¯nse A-Sn-kvYm-\\- kn-²m-´w- F-¶n-h- At±lw- K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-¯n-\\v \\-Â-In-b- hn-etbdn-b- kw-`m-h-\\-I-fm-Wv. 1838- Â- At±l-¯n-\\v -tIm¹n- -saU-Â- e-`n-¡p-I-bp-ïm-bn-. 1855 - s^{_p-h-cn- 23- \\v X-sâ 77 Bw- h-b-Ên-Â- At±lw- A-´-cn-¨p-. 54 Nm-kv-saâ-
c-ïmw-Ir-Xn- ka-hm-Iy-§-fpsS \\n-À-[m-c-Ww- C-\\n- F-fp-¸-¯n-Â- -sN¿mw- c-ïmw-Ir-Xn- ka-hm-Iy- \\n-À-²m-c-W-¯n-\\v C-\\n- kq-{X-hm-Iyw- B-Zyw- a-\\-¸m-Tw- B-¡n- _p-²n-apt«ï-Im-cy-an-Ã-, C-\\nsbfp-¸w- -sN¿m-³- -th-sdmcp- h-gn-bpsï¶m-Wv Im-À-W-Kn- -sa-tÃm¬- bq-Wnthgvkn-än-bnse -tUm. -t]mjm-³- -tembpsS I-ïp-]n-Sn-¯w-. ka-hm-Iy-¯n-³sd L-S-I-§sf Isï¯pt¼mÄ- Kp-Wn-X-am-bn- htcï- kw-Jy- ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xn-\\v ]-I-cw- Xp-I-bm-bn- htcï- kw-Jy- B-Zyw- ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv F-fp-¸sa¶m-Wv -tUm. -tem ]-d-bp-¶-Xv. D-¯-c-am-bn- h-cp-¶- kw-Jy-I-Ä- A-h-bpsS i-cm-i-cn-bn-Â- \\n-¶pw- Xp-ey- A-I-e-¯n-Â- B-b-XpsImïv A-Xp-]tbmKn-¨v L-S-I-§-fm-¡n- -thK-¯n-Â- D-¯-cw- Isï¯mw-. kq-{X-hm-Iyw- a-\\-¸m-T-am-¡m-³- _p-²n-ap-«p-Å-h-À-¡v H-cp- B-i-zm-kam-bn-cn-¡pw- -tUm.-tembpsS I-ïp-]n-Sn-¯w-. kp-h-À-Wm-\\p-]m-Xw- ln-äv kw-Ko-X-§-Ä- D-ïm-¡p-¶p- kz-´w- I-À-½taJ-e-bn-Â- F-§s\\ hn-P-bn-¡msa¶v At\\zjn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv Hmtcmcp-¯-cpw-. A-¯-csamcp- At\\zj-W-am-Wv kw-Ko-X-Ú-\\pw-, bq-Wnthgvkn-än- Hm-^v Zn- -shkväv Hm-^v kv-tIm«ve-³-Unse Kthj-I-\\p-am-b- kväo-^-³- e-Mvkvä-Wns\\ ]p-Xnsbmcp- I-ïp-]n-Sn-¯-¯nte¡v \\-bn-¨-Xv. H-cp- Km-\\-¯n-³sd kw-Ko-Xw-, Zr-iyw-, ]-Ým-¯-ew- F-¶n-h- kp-h-À-Wm-\\p-]m-X-¯n-Â- BsW¦n-Â- ln-äv B-hm-\\p-Å- km-[y-X- Iq-Sp-X-Â- B-bn-cn-¡psa¶v G-gp- h-À-js¯ Kthj-W-§-Äs¡mSp-hn-Â- At±lw- Isï¯n-. Ft¸mgpw- hn-P-bn-¡p-¶- -tem«-dn- Sn-¡-äv ????? 1969-Â- Cw-¥o-jv K-Wn-X-im-kv{X-Ú-\\m-b- A-{Un-³-.B-À-.Un-. am-¯n-b-kv B-Wv skäv Xn-b-dn-bn-Â- C-¯-c-¯nsemcp- -tNmZyw- D-¶-bn-¨-Xv. A-\\-´-am-b- kw-Jy-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-Â- \\n-¶pw- A-¯-c-¯nsemcp- - tem«-dn- Sn-¡-äv \\-¼-À- Isï¯p-¶-Xv F-fp-¸-a-Ã-. A-XpsImïv Xs¶ an-¡-h-cpw- ]-cm-P-bs¸«p-. H-Sp-hn-Â- 2019-Â- A-kvK-À- Um-Kv -tSmÀ-¡-z-kvdv, -tUhn-Uv {in-Êvä-À- F-¶o- Kthj-I-À- -tNÀ-¶v A-©p- h-À-js¯ Kthj-W-¯n-\\v -tijw- A-¯-c-¯nsemcp- -tem«-dn- Sn-¡-äv \\-¼-À- C-Ã- F-¶p- Isï¯n-. _n-. kptcjv Nm-kv-saâ- 55
PntbmPn-{_- D-]tbmKn-¨v -tIm¬- h-c-¨v -tImW-f-hv I-ïp-]n-Sn-¡p-¶- co-Xn- PntbmPn-{_- Xp-d-¶p- h-cpt¼mÄ- \\n-À-an-Xn-I-fp-sS _o-P-K-Wn-X- cq-]-am-Wv A-Ä-Pn-{_- hyq-hn-Â- Im-Wm-³- I-gn-bp-¶-Xv .bp-.]n- class -se K-Wn-X- ]-T-\\-¯n-\\v A-Ä-Pn-{_- hyq- B-h-iy-an-Ã- . C-Xv a-d-bv¨p- h-bv¡p-hm-³- A-Ä-Pn-{_- hyq-hnse ap-I-fn-Â- h-e-Xp- h-i-¯p-Å- X Nn-Ó-¯n-Â- Click -sNbvXm-Â- a-Xn-. {Km-^n-Iv hyq-hnse A-£-c-§-fpw- B-h-iy-an-Ã-. {Km-^n-Iv hyq- hn-Â- Right click -sN¿pt¼mÄ- e-`n-¡p-¶- Pm-e-I-¯n-Â- AXES F-¶-Xn-Â- ¢n-¡v -sNbvXv A-£-c-§-Ä- I-f-bmw-. C-S-Xv h-i-¯v Im-Wp-¶- Tool box Â- Point tool select -sN¿p-I-. Xp-S-À-¶v aq-¶v -t]mbn-âp-I-Ä- am-À-¡v -sN¿p-I-. -t]mbn-âp-I-Ä- b-Ym-{I-aw- A, B ,C F-¶n-§s\\ -t]cv h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. Tool box Â- -sse\\p-I-Ä- h-c-bv¡m-\\p-Å- Sq-fn-Â- Line segment tool select -sN¿p-I- A bpw B bpw- -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-I-. ]n-¶o-Sv Bbpw- Cbpw- -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-I-. At¸mÄ- \\-ap-¡v H-cp- -tIm¬- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-. C AB Angle ABC F-{X-bmsW¶v A-dn-bm-³- Angle tool Â- Calculation tool select -sN¿p-I-. Xp-S-À-¶v B-Zyw- A F-¶- -t]mbn-ân-epw- Xp-S-À-¶v B, C F-¶o- -t]mbn-ân-epw- Click -sNbvXm-Â- - tImW-f-hv h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. B-Zyw- PntbmPn-{_- Hm-¸-¬- -sN¿p-I-. Xp-S-À-¶v C-S-Xv h-i-¯v Im-Wp-¶- Tool box Â- Point Sq-Ä- select -sN¿p-I-. Xp-S-À-¶v aq-¶v -t]mbn-âp-I-Ä- am-À-¡v -sN¿p-I-. -t]mbn-âp-I-Ä-¡v b-Ym-{I-aw- A B C F-¶n-§s\\ -t]cv h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. Xp-S-À-¶v Sq-Ä- -t_mIvkn-Â- -sse\\p-I-Ä- h-c-¡m-\\p-Å- Sq-fn-Â- Line Segment Tool select -sN¿p-I-. Xp-S-À-¶v A bpw- B bpw- -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-I-. ]n-¶o-Sv B bpw- C bpw- -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-I-. At¸mÄ- \\-ap-¡v A-hnsS H-cp- -tIm¬- Im-Wm-³- km-[n-¡pw-. -tIm¬- ABC. Xp-S-À-¶v Angle Tool Â- calculation tool Select -sN¿p-I-. Xp-S-À-¶v B-Zyw- A F-¶- -t]mbn-ân-epw- Xp-S-À-¶v B,C F-¶o- -t]mbn-ân-epw- Click -sNbvXm-Â- -tImW-f-hv h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv . B-Im-iv. C- 56 Nm-kv-saâ-
mathematics and other subjects Correlation Of Mathematics With Other Subjects the correlation of mathematics with other Sciences is well brought out in the following quotations: “ mathematics is the Gateway and key to all the Sciences” -Bacon “Mathematics is the indispensable instrument of all physical researches” - Kant Maths and physics mathematics gives a workable symbolism for brief and precise expression of Ideas to all Sci- ences all laws and principles in physics are expressed equations and formulae using mathe- matical language and symbols. Maths and chemistry mathematics is an indispensable tool for a better understanding of chemistry. according to J w Mellor, it is almost impossible to follow the later development of physical or general chem- istry without a working knowledge of higher mathematics gives form shape and definiteness to the properties of matter. all chemical combinations are governed by certain mathematical law. thus mathematics helps to make Physical Sciences more interesting and practical and the opportunities for correlation are endless. Maths and languages correlation of mathematics with language and literature. language is the vehicle for communica- tion and mathematics cannot be learnt without the use of language. certain mathematical concepts specially abstract concepts can be learnt only in the form of ver al statement known as definitions. mathematics helps the students to learn the language with clarity and exactness. Nm-kv-saâ- 57
Maths and social sciences Geography also makes extensive use of mathematics. mathematics helps in drawing the maps to the scale and locating places and estimating the distances between different places. economics and psychology are mathematically oriented. in Economics mathemat- ical language and methods are frequently used to interpret social phenomena generalize laws governing economic policy and predict economic growth. correlation of mathematics with Social Sciences. history and geography are also correlated to mathematics. the history of mathematician and their contributions provide useful background for the teaching of mathematics and history. mathematics helps in calculating the dates and days of various Historical events and in predicting the future based on the past events. Maths and biological sciences the role of mathematics in the growth of Physical Sciences is now playing an increasing- ly important part in the development of biological Sciences. in the case of correlation of Mathematics and Biology, John Perry has correctly estimated the values of mathematics in the study of natural Sciences by saying : in this days all men or to study natural Scienc- es such a study is practically Impossible without the knowledge of higher mathematical methods. Maths and art In the case of correlation of mathematics with art and architecture according to Shaw, mathematics is engage in fat in the profound study of Art and at the expression of beauty. the artist in turn with the knowledge of form symmetry and proportion into the creations to make it beautiful there is beauty symmetry pattern and rhythm in mathematics and one could drive happiness and satisfaction from mathematics like any other piece of art. there- fore maths itself is a piece of art, a study of harmony and of symmetry. dm-l-. Fw- 58 Nm-kv-saâ-
\\yq-«-sâ N-e-\\- \\n-b-a-§-Ä- Cu- ]-co-£-Ww- -sN¿m-³- D-Å- Im-c-Ww- \\-ap-¡v F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- \\yq-«-sâ N-e-\\ -\\n-b-aw- A-dn-bmsa¦n-epw- A-Xn-sâ \\n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯nse hn-hn-[- B-h-iy-§-Ä- A-dn-bn-Ã- . C-Xns\\¡p-dn-¨p- H-cp- hy-à-X- D-ïm-¡m-³- Cu- {]-k-tâj-³- \\n-§sf klm-bn-¡pw-. \\yq-«-sâ^-kväv -tem Hm-^v -tamj-³- H-cp- A-k´p-en-X-am-b- _m-ly-_-ew- {]-h-À-¯n-¡m-¯n-St¯mfw- Hmtcm h-kv{X-hpw- A-Xn-sâ \\n-Ý-em-h-kvY-bntem -t\\À- -tcJ-bn-ep-Å- kam-\\- N-e-\\-¯ntem Xp-S-cp-¶-Xm-Wv . h-kvXp-hn-sâ Cu- a-u-en-I- Kp-W-[-À-½s¯ P-V-Xrw- F-¶p-]-d-bp-¶p- . \\n-Ý-em-h-kvY-bn-ep-Å- h-kvXp-hn-sâ P-U-X-z-am-Wv A-Xn-sâ {Z-hy-\\m-aw-. N-e-\\- P-U-X-zw- \\n-Ý-e- P-V-X-zw- ]p-dsa H-cp- _-ew- {]tbmKn-¨nsæn-Â- B- -tKmÄ-^v -t_mÄ- A-hnsS Xs¶ Xp-S-cpw-. Nm-kv-saâ- 59
\\yq-«-sâ c-ïmw- N-e-\\- \\n-b-aw- F=mxa _-ew- =]n-WvUw-*{]thKw- \\n-Xy- Po-hn-X-¯nse D-]tbmKw- c-ïp- h-kvXp-¡-Ä- Iq-«n-ap-«pt¼mÄ- A-Xv ]-c-kv]-cw- H-cp- _-ew- {]tbmKn-¡pw-. \\n-§-Ä- H-cp- I-tkc-bn-Â- C-cn-¡pt¼mÄ A-Xv Xs¶ B-Wv kw-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. \\n-§-Ä- I-tkc-¡v ap-I-fn-Â- H-cp- _-ew- {]tbmKn-¡pt¼mÄ A-Xv \\n-§-fpsS ap-I-fn-epw- H-cp- hn-]-co-X- _-ew- {]tbmKn-¡p-¶p-. \\-½-Ä- h-fsc km-Zm-c-W-bm-b- n- sN¿p-¶- - C-¯-c-¯n-Â- D-Å- Im-cy-§-Ä- hsc N-e-\\- \\n-b-a-§-Ä- B-Wv. \\yq-«-sâ aq-¶mw- N-e-\\- \\n-b-aw-. Hmtcm {]-h-À-¯-\\-¯n-\\pw- Xp-ey-hpw- hn-]-co-X-hpw- B-b- H-cp- {]-Xn-{]-h-À-¯-\\w- D-ïm-hpw-. \\n-Xy-Po-hn-X-¯n-Â- C-Xv \\n-§sf F-§s\\ _m-[n-¡pw-. \\n-§-Ä- -thK-¯n-Â- Im-À- Hm-Sn-¡pt¼mÄ- \\n-§-Ä- -t{_¡v C-«m-Â- \\n-§-Ä- apt¶m«p- B-bpw- , C-Xn-\\p- Im-c-Ww- P-U-X-zw- B-Wv. A-XpsImïm-Wv \\n-§-Ä- h-ïn- Hm-Sn-¡pt¼mÄ- ko-äv -s_Â-än-«v h-ïn- Hm-Sn-¡m-³- ]-d-bp-¶-Xv-. C-\\n- {i-²n-¡p-atÃm.. aw-K-Ä-bm-³- N-{µ-bm-³- -t]mep-Å- ]-co-£-W-§-Ä- \\n-§-Ä So-hn-bn-Â- I-ïn-«p-ïtÃm. AsXm-s¡ aq-¶mw- N-e-\\- \\n-b-a-¯n-sâ D-Zm-l-c-W-\\w- B-Wv. {]-W-hv. -sI 60 Nm-kv-saâ-
FIND OUT THE HIDDEN COLOURS B-Xn-c-.Fw- Nm-kv-saâ- 61
I-f-§-fn-Â- \\n-¶v ^-e-§-fpsS -t]cv Isï¯p-I-. A-RvP-Â-. hn- 62 Nm-kv-saâ-
Earth Day Cross Word Puzzle Anjal V 1st Year D. El. Ed k\\-Iv. -sI.hn- Nm-kv-saâ- 63
64 Nm-kv-saâ-
Nm-kv-saâ- 65
d-ko-Â-.-sI 66 Nm-kv-saâ-
FIRST TO 100 j-l-\\-Pv.Fw- Nm-kv-saâ- 67
PUZZLE TIME 68 Nm-kv-saâ-
B-Xn-c- Nm-kv-saâ- 69
F-sâ \\m-Sv _n-cn-bm-Wn-¡pw- l-Â-h-bv¡pw- ]m-Xn-cm-¡m-än-\\pw- -t]cptI« -tIc-f-¯nse Htc H-cp- Pn-Ã-bm-Wv -tImgnt¡mSv. - tImgnt¡mSn-Ãm-¯sXm¶pw- F-hnsSbpw- C-Ã.-F-hnsSbpw- C-Ãm-¯sX´pw- -tImgnt¡mSp-ïv. C-¯-c-¯n-Â- A-dn-bs¸Sp-¶- -tImgnt¡mSn-sâ {]-[m-\\- {]tXyI-X- \"\"tImgnt¡mS-³-\"\" `m-j- Xs¶. \\n-c-h-[n- -sNdp-Xpw- h-ep-Xp-am-b- {]tZi-§-fm-Â- Np-äs¸«- -tImgnt¡mSnse H-cp- {]-[m-\\- - tI{µ-am-Wv h-S-I-c-.hm-Wn-Pyw- -sImïpw- hy-h-km-bw- -sImïpw- h-S-I-c- {]-i-kvXn- B-À-Pn-¡p-¶p-. h-S-¡-³- -tIc-f-¯nse -tImgnt¡mSv Pn-Ã-bn-Â- D-Äs¸«- H-cp- {]tZi-am-Wv h-S-I-c- . Cw-¥o-jn-Â- _-U-K-c- F-¶pw- F-gp-Xm-dp-ïv . h-S-¡-³- a-e-_m-À- \\-Zo-X-S- ]m-«p-I-fn-eqsS {]-kn-²-am-b- -temI-\\m-À-Im-hv `-K-h-Xn- -t£{Xw- h-S-I-c-bn-Â- kvYn-Xn- -sN¿p-¶p-. h-S-I-c-bn-Â- \\n-¶v A-©p- Intemao-ä-À- A-Ise -taap-ï-bn-Â- kvYn-Xn- -sN¿p-¶- -sslµ-h- -t£{X-am-Wv -temIm-\\m-À-¡m-hv `-K-h-Xn- -t£{Xw-. -tIc-f-¯nse h-S-¡-³- ho-c-Km-Y-I-fnseÃmw- -temIm-\\m-À-Im-hv `-K-h-Xn- -t£{Xw- \\n-d-ªp- \\n-ev¡p-¶p-ïv. km-aq-ly- kmw-kvIm-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw- {In-kvXp-h-À-jw- ]-Xns\\m¶mw- \\q-äm-ïp-ap-X-Â- Xs¶ Cu- {]tZi-¯n-en-¶v D-Äs¸Sp-¶- -tNm¼m-Â- , ap-«p-§-Â-, F-¶o- {]tZi-§-Ä- -sNdp-Xp-d-ap-J-§-fm-bn- hn-I-kn-¨n-cp-¶p- . C-¶s¯ a-¿-gn-¸p-g-bpsS H-cp- `m-Kw- Hm-À-¡mt«cn-, -shÅn-Ip-f-§-c- F-¶n-hn-S-§-fo-eqsS H-gp-In- ap-«p-§-Â- ]-d-¼v F-¶v A-dn-bs]Sp-¶- kvY-e-¯n-\\p- kao-]-¯p- sh¨v I-S-en-Â- ]-Xn-¨n-cp-¶psh¶-Xn-\\p- N-cn-{X-kq-N-\\-I-fp-ïv. F-¶pw- Ft¸mgpw- \\n-À-¯msX H-gp-Ip-¶- Ip-äym-Sn- ]p-g-bm-Wv h-S-I-c-bpsS asämcp- A-S-bm-fw-. Im-et`Z-at\\y F-¡m-e-¯pw- ]p-g-bn-Â- P-e-¯n-\\p- £m-aw- D-ïm-hm-dn-Ã-. -tIm«-¡-Â- ]p-g-bpsS (Ip-äym-Sn- ]p-g-) h-St¡I-c- B-b-Xn-\\m-em-Wv h-S-I-c- F-¶- kvY-e- \\m-aw- e-`n-¨sX¶v I-cp-Xs¸Sp-¶p-. ]-Xns\\m¶mw- \\q-äm-ïn-Â- Xs¶ {]-ap-J- hm-Wn-Py- -tI{µ-hpw- Xp-d-ap-J- ]-«-W-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p- h-S-I-c-. P-\\-§-fn-Â- `q-cn-`m-K-hpw- Ir-jnsb B-{i-bn-¨v Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cmsW¶v ]-d-bmsa¦n-epw- -s]mXpsh Ir-jntbmSp-Å- B-`n-ap-Jyw- Ip-d-ªp-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Xo-c-{]tZi-§-fn-Â- K-Wy-am-b- hn-`m-Kw- P-\\-§-Ä- a-Õy-_-Ô-\\- -taJ-e-bn-Â- D-]-Po-h-\\w- \\-S-¯p-¶-h-cm-Wv. h-³-In-S- hy-h-km-b-§-Ä- H-¶p-ansæn-epw- -sNdp-In-S- hy-h-km-b-§-Ä- \\m-a-am-{X-am-bn-«p-ïv.A-hn-`-à- -tImgnt¡mSv Pn-Ã-bnse B-Zys¯ kÀ-¡m-À- -tIm-tfPv a-S-¸-fn-bn-Â- 1958 - Â- {]-h-À-¯-\\w- Xp-S-§n-. \\m-j-W-Â- -ssl-th Cu- {]tZi-¯p-IqsS I-S-¶pt]mhp-¶p-ïv. a-Õy-_-Ô-\\-¯n-\\v {]-kn-²-am-b- -tNm¼m-Â- ^n-jn-Mv lm-À-_-À-, \\q-äm-ïp-I-Ä- ]-g-¡-ap-Å- Hm-À-¡m-«-cn- N-´-, H-ä-Zn-h-kw- -sImïv I-S-¯m-\\m-Sv -t]mÀ-f-¯n-cn- cm-Pm-hv ]-Wn- I-gn-¸n-¨- ap-«p-§-Â- -tImhn-e-Iw- F-¶n-h- Gsd N-cn-{X- {]m-[m-\\y-ap-Å-Xm-Wv -sNdp-Xpw- h-ep-Xp-am-b- H-cp-]m-Sp- hym-]m-cw- -tI{µ-§-Ä- h-S-I-c-bn-Â- Im-Wmw-. {]m-No-\\- Im-es]mcp-Ä- ap-X-Â- B-[p-\\n-I- kw-kvIm-cw- hsc Cu- hym-]m-cw- -tI{µ-§-fn-Â- hn-Â-¡s¸Sp-¶p- . C-¯-c-¯n-Â- `m-j- -sImïpw- -thjw- -sImïpw- kw-kvIm-cw- -sImïpw- -thdn-«v \\n-Â-¡p-¶- Pn-Ã-bm-Wv -tImgnt¡mSv. -tImgnt¡mSn-sâ ku-µ-cyw- h-S-I-c-bpw- . A-\\-L- Zm-ap 70 Nm-kv-saâ-
I-S-¦-Y-I-Ä- > 1.Im-«nse a-cw- \\m-«nse I-W-¡p-]n-Å-. > 2. -shffs¸m¯n-Â- -sshc-¡-Ãv. > 3. B-\\sb X-f-¡m-³- X-Sn-bp-ïv I-Sp-Iv -s]mXn-bm-³- C-e-bn-Ã-. > 4. Im-«p-]p-Ãv ho-«p-k`-bn-Â-. > 5. h-cpt¼mÄ- Np-h-¶n-«v -t]mIpt¼mÄ- I-dp-¯n-«v. > 6. -tNm¸-³- Ip-fn-¨m-Â- I-cn-¼-\\m-Ipw-. > 7. \\o-ïp- \\o-ïp- am-\\w- -t\\m¡n- -t]mIpw- ]-¨-¡p-¸m-b-¡m-c-³-. > 8. \\n-ew- In-f-¨p- Ip-«n-bp-cp-fn- ]p-ds¯Sp-¯p-. > 9. Im-Spsh«n- Hm-Spsh«n- -shÅ- s- ]m«n- -shÅw- I-ïp-. >10. C-¯n-cn- Ip-ª-³- Ip-ªns\\ I-c-bn-¸n-¨p-. > 1. \\m-gn- D-¯-cw- - > 2. an-¶m-an-\\p§v >8. -tN-\\- > 3. ]p-fn-a-cw > 5. a-¬-I-ew- >9. -tX§- > 4. ]p-Â-¸m-b- > 6. Xo-¡-« >10. No-\\-ap-f-Iv - > 7. ap-f- Zn-hy-. ]n-.³- Nm-kv-saâ- 71
]-gs©- mÃp-I-Ä 72 Nm-kv-saâ-
]p-jv]-. -sI Nm-kv-saâ- 73
POSTERS A-i-zn-³- kptcjv 74 Nm-kv-saâ-
Nm-kv-saâ- 75
Xo-À-°- . F-kv 76 Nm-kv-saâ-
IT’S CRAFTS TIME A-\\p-im-´v.kn-.]n- Nm-kv-saâ- 77
h- c- I-Ä A-À-jn-Zv N-{µ-³-. kn- 78 Nm-kv-saâ-
A-a-b-. H-.]n- A-a-b-.F-kv. F-kv Nm-kv-saâ- 79
ITE -tIm-tfPv am-K-kn-³- H-cp- A-htemI-\\w- ‘tIm-tfPv am-K-kn-³-’ -tIÄ-¡p-¶- A-{X- kp-J-ap-Å- ]-cn-]m-Sn- A-Ãm«.....! a-lm-am-cn-bpsS A-S-¨p-]q-«-Â- Im-e-¯v ]p-d-¯n-d-§m-³- -t]mep-am-ImsX c-ïm-gvN- D-d-¡s¯ -t]mepw- A-I-än- \\n-À-¯n- I-ãs¸«v X-«n-¡q-«n-b-Xm-Wv \\-½psS “Nm-kv-saâ”. -temIvU-u-Wn-Â- a-m-K-k-n-³- h-À-¡p-am-bn- _-Ôs¸«v -tIm-tfPn-\\-Sp-¯p-Å- Iq-«p-Im-c-sâ A-Spt¯¡p-Å- -t]meo-kns\\ -sh«n-¨p-Å- Hm-«-§-Ä- F-Ãmw- Xn-cn-ªp- -t\\m¡pt¼mÄ- h-Ãm-¯- k-t´mjw- ]-I-cp-¶p-ïv. ]p-Xp-a-bp-Å- am-K-k- n\\- p- -thïn-, ]p-Xn-b- Nn-´-I-Ä-¡v -thïn- ]-e-bn-S-§-fn-Â- -tXSn-.]-e-cpsSbpw- \\n-ÀtZi-§-Ä- kzmw-io-I-cn-¨p-. A-§s\\ Rm-³- Un-Pn-ä-Â- a-m-K-k- n³- - F-¶- kz-]v\\-¯nte¡v \\-S-¶p- \\o-§n-... an-I-hp-ä- H-cp- am-K-kn-³- F-¶- B-{K-l-¯n-\\v ap-¼n-Â- ]-e- B-i-¦-I-fpw-, `-b-hpw- Cu- Im-e-b-f-hn-Â- -th«-bm-Sn- -sImïn-cp-¶p-. a-äv kÀ-h-Im-em-im-e-I-fn-epw,- -tIm-tfPp-I-fn-epw- ]-Tn-¡p-¶- kp-lr-¯p-¡-fn-Â- - Im-en-¡-äv kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-bnse ]-Tn-¸n-bm-b- ssk\\p-¡-, Kthj-I-\\pw- I-hn-bp-am-b- i-ct¯«-³- (i-c-Xv _m-h-¡m-«v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw- a-lm-cm-Pm-kv -tIm-tfPv) F-¶n-htcm-sSÃmw- am-K-kn-s\\ kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å- kw-i-b-§-Ä- -tNmZn-¨p-...F-§s\\bm-h-Ww- am-K-kn-³- F-¶- hy-à-am-b- [m-c-W- D-ïm-¡nsbSp-¯p-. A-Sp-¯- Np-h-Sv am-K-k- n\\- v H-cp- hy-Xy-kvX-am-b- -t]cv F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-.A-Xn-\\v -thïn- hm-«vkvB-¸v {Kq-¸p-I-fn-Â- A-²ym-]-I- hn-Zym-À-°n- -t`Z-at\\y Nq-Sp-Å- N-À-¨-I-Ä- \\-S-¶p-. - (- A-RvP-Â- , -sshjvW-hn-, A-\\ptZhv, B-i-, k\\-Iv B-Xn-c. Fw-) A-§s\\ A-§s\\ Nn-e-À-. I-hn-X-, I-Y- Xp-S-§n-b- kÀ-¤m-ß-I- kr-ãn-I-fm-WtÃm am-K-kn-\\v Po-h-³- ]-I-cp-¶-Xv. A-XpsImïv ‘]-Wn-In-«n-b-Xv ’ ]m-hw- F-Un-ä-À-¡v. A-Xm-b-Xv F-\\n-¡v Xs¶. B-Zy- L-«sa-t¶mWw- Zn-h-khpw- ‘am-K-kn-\\nte¡v kr-ãn-I-Ä- £-Wn-¡p-¶p-’ F-¶v hm-SvkvB-¸v {Kq-¸p-I-fn-Â- -satÊPv C-«p-. B-À-¡pw- -tI«-`m-hw- -t]mep-an-Ã-. hm-SvkvB-¸v {Kq-¸n-sâ Po-h-³- Rm-³- -tIm-tfPnte¡v h-cp-¶-Xn-\\v ap-³-]v Xs¶ -t]mbn-cp-¶p-. \\n-c-´-c-am-bp-Å- -saÊtPp-I-fpw- \\n-ÀtZi-§-fpw- Im-c-Ww- A-§s\\b-§s\\ Iq-«p-Im-À-¡pw- , am-K-kn-³- I-½n-än- Aw-K-§-Ä-¡pw- ( hnthIv, B-\\-µv, A-\\p-im-´v, k\\n-Â-, B-Im-iv,- sdko-Â- ) F-Un-äsd -sImïv -s]mdp-Xn- C-Ãm-Xm-bn- F-¶v ]-d-bmw-.R-§-fpsS Iq-«m-b- {i-a-¯n-\\v ]-Xnsb ^-ew- I-ïp- Xp-S-§n-.\\m-e-©v Zn-h-kw- I-gn-ªt¸mÄ- kr-ãn-Isfm-s¡ ]-Xps¡ F-¯n- Xp-S-§n-. 80 Nm-kv-saâ-
]ns¶ A-Xn-Â- H-cp- A-]m-c-am-b- F-Un-än-Mv. an-¡- Nn-{X-§-fn-epw- A-Xn-sâ D-S-a-I-fpsS hm-«-À-am-À-¡v A-Xv Xs¶ G-ä-hpw- h-en-b- F-«n-sâ ]-Wn-. A-Xv I-gn-bpt¼m-tg¡pw- A-£-cs¯äp-I-Ä- F-Ãmw- Iq-Sn- H-cp- hn-[-¯n-Â- ]-cn-l-cn-¨p-. am-K-kn-sâ -t]cv -tXSn- C-d-§n-bt¸mÄ- A-Xnte-sd c-kw-. “ C-Xv hsc -tIÄ-¡m-¯- -t]cv “F-¶- \\n-ÀtZi-¯n-\\v ]n-¶mse R-§-Ä- Hm-Sn- \\-S-¶p-. IqsS\\n-Â-¡m-³- Ip-d-¨pt]À- D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-Åq-.F-´n-\\pw- F-Xn-cp-\\n-Â-¡m-\\pw- Ip-d-¨pt]cp-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-. Fs´m-s¡-tbm Im-c-W-§-Ä-, ]-et¸mgpw- F-\\n-¡v X-f-cp-¶-Xv -t]m-se -tXm¶n-. Zn-h-k§-Ä- ]-Xn-hn-epw- -thK-¯n-Â- I-S-¶pt]mbn-. a-mK-kn-³- h-À-¡p-I-Ä- a-e- -t]m-se ap-³-]n-Â- In-S-¶p-. A-X-dn-ªv A-²ym-]-I-cpw- Nn-e- kp-lr-¯p-¡-fpw- ]n-´p-W-bm-bn- IqsS \\n-¶p-... ]-e-À-¡pw- A-§s\\ Rms\\mcp- -t\\m«-¸p-Ån-bm-bn-. F-¦n-epw- {]-Xn-kÔn-bn-Â- A-[ym-]-I-À- A-h-cpsS B-i-zm-khm-¡p-I-Ä- A-kz-kvY-X-bpsS Zn-\\-§-fn-Â- h-en-b- B-i-zm-kam-bn-. A-§s\\ am-K-k- ns- â ]-Wn- ho-ïpw- Xp-S-§n-. F-Ãm-hcpsSbpw- Iq-«m-b-{i-a-¯m-em-Wv am-K-kn-\\v Nm-kv-saâ F-¶- ]p-Xp-a-bp-Å- -t]cv e-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.\\-c-I-bm-X-\\-I-Ä- Xp-S-§n-bnt« D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-Å-p-.Un-.Sn-.]n-,I-h-À- Un-ssk\\n-Mv. A-§s\\b-§s\\ G-Xm-ïv 6 Zn-h-k-t¯mfw- Rm-³- F-sâ ]p-kvX-I-hpw- -sd-t¡mÀ-Upw- a-d-¶p-.-th-sd h-gn-bn-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p-. cm-hnse -t\\cs¯ F-gpt¶äv ]-Wn- Xp-S-§pw-. ]m-Xn-cm-{Xn-bpw- Xo-cmsX \\o-ïp-In-S-¡p-¶- h-À-¡p-I-Ä-¡v aosX Hm-Sn- \\-S-¡pw-. Iq-\\nt·Â- Ip-cp- -t]m-se H-cp- Zn-h-kw- hn-Zyp-Ñ-àn- h-Ip-¸v N-Xn-¨p-.. C-cp-«n-Â- X-¸n- H-cp- cm-{Xn- H-gp-Int¸mbn-. am-K-kn-³- {]-h-À-¯-\\-§-fp-am-bn- Zn-k§-Ä- A-XnthKw- I-S-¶p- -t]mbn-.A-h-km-\\- Zn-h-kw- cm-{Xn- 2 a-Wn-¡v h-À-¡p-I-Ä- F-Ãmw- H-Xp-§n-. F-gpt¶Â-¡pt¼mÄ- B- cm-{Xn- kp-lr-¯pw- A-hsâ A-½-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p- IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶-Xv.A-h-cpsS kv-t\\l-hpw- ]n-´p-W-bpw- Fs¶¶pw- Hm-À-¡pw-. 2021 Pq-¬- 7\\v tIm-tfPn-â- amt\\P-À- B-b- h-À-Ko-kv -tX¡n-e-¡m-S-³- km-À- \\-½psS am-K-kn-³- {]-Im-i-\\w- -sNbvXp-. \\o-ï- I-jv«-¸m-Sn-\\v -tijw- A-¶v cm-{Xn- kam-[m-\\-am-bn- Rm-³- D-d-§n-... Po-hn-X-¯nse Hmtcm A-\\p-`-h-§-fpw- Hmtcm-tcm ]m-T-§-Ä- B-Wv ]-I-À-¶v X-cp-¶-Xv {]-Xn-kÔn-I-fn-Â- X-f-cmsX ,I-cpt¯m-sS Zp-cn-X-Isf- A-Xn-Po-hn-¡m-\\p-Å- ]m-Tw-. {]-bm-k§-fn-Â- H-m-Spt¼mgpw- Nn-e-À- am-{Xta IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶p-Åp.F-Un-ä-dpsS Cu- I-e-b-f-hn-Â- D-Å- Po-hn-X-hpw- i-cn-¡pw- H-c-Xn-Po-h-\\w- Xs¶bm-bn-cp-¶p-.F-¶n-«pw- k¦-Sw- D-ÅnsemXp-¡n- Nn-cn-¡m-³- {i-an-¨p-.thZ-\\-I-fn-epw- D-Ån-Â- H-cp- Nn-cn- \\n-d-bp-¶-Xv, Hm-Sn-b- Hm-«-§sfm¶pw- - shdpsXbm-bnsöv -tXm¶p-¶-Xv “ Nm-kv-saâ-bpsS Xm-fp-I-Ä- a-dn-¡pt¼mgm-Wv. Nm-kv-saâ- 81
am-K-kn-³- kan-Xn- F-Un-ä-À- 2 0 _n -. kptcjv 2 0 Aw-K-§-Ä- 2 0 2 1 kn-. ]n- . A-\\p-im-´v C- . B-Im-iv F-kv . B-\\-µv km-K-À- kn-.- sI . hnthIv -sI . ]n-v. k\\n-Â- -sI . d-ko-Â- 82 Nm-kv-saâ-
\\-µn- Cu- Zp-cn-X-Im-e-hpw- \\-ap-¡v \\n-d- Nn-cn-bp-am-bn- Xm-tïï-Xp-ïv. -tImhn-Uv Im-e- {]-Xn-kÔn-I-Ä-¡n-S-bn-epw-.kÀ-¤m-ß-I-X-bpsS H-cp- ]p-e-cn- hn-cn-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv Nm-kv-saâ-.H-cp- Iq-«w- a-\\p-jy-cpsS A-Xn-Po-h-\\-¯n-sâ -t]mcm-«-§-Ä-¡v I-cp-X-en-sâ I-cp-¯v ]-I-À-¶v Nm-kv-saâ- hn-cn-bpt¼mÄ- H-cp- I-em-e-b-¯n-sâ D-d-¨- i-Ð-am-bn- am-dp-¶p- Cu- am-K-kn-³-.H-cp- Un-Pn-ä-Â- a-m-K-k-n-³- F-¶- kz-]v\\-¯n-\\v Nn-d-Iv h-c-ªv IqsS \\n-¶- H-cp-]m-Sv -t]-sc Cu- [-\\y- \\n-an-j-¯n-Â- Hm-Às¯Sp-¡p-¶p-. F-Ãm- ]n-´p-W-bpw- \\-Â-In- IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- _-lp-am-\\s¸«- {]n-³-kn-¸m-Ä-, {]n-bs¸«- A-[ym-]-I-À-,hn-Zym-À-°n- kp-lr-¯p-¡-Ä-,am-K-kn-³- {]-h-À-¯-\\-§-fpsS Hmtcm L-«-¯n-epw- I-cp-¯m-bn- IqsS D-ïm-bn-cp-¶- kw-Lm-S-I- kan-Xn-bnse Iq-«p-Im-À- F-Ãm-h-À-¡pw- lr-Z-bw- \\n-d-ª- \\-µn- A-dn-bn-¡p-¶p-... F-¶v am-K-kn-³- kan-Xn- Nm-kv-saâ- 83
\"\"Cu- I-fw- \\n-sâXm-Wv ... \\n-\\-¡m-bn- \\o-¡nsh-s¨mcn-Sw-. A-Xn-\\-Sp-¯v \\nsâbpw- Fsâbpw- I-fw- \\-ap-¡n-hnsS Iq-Smw-... Nn-cn-¨pw- I-fn-¨pw- -tImdn-h-c-¨pw- ]-¦n-«pw- I-gn-¨pw- I-gn-bmw-....'' 84 Nm-kv-saâ-
Search
