Mudlogic Flipbook

Pocket Handbook

Why Use Mudlogic Fluid Solutions? Industry Experience In-House Quality Products Superior Services Adaptable and Responsive Mudlogic Fluid Solutions has an extensive range of drilling fluid products and have the ability to individually customise products, provide mud programs, site reports or end of hole recaps specific to our customers needs. Our focus is to assist and offer the best technical support, coupled with exceptional product quality which in turn will impact positively on your drilling program through improved drilling performance and controlled costs. Our team is a group of professionals who all share a passion for the industry and believe we can offer a superior service. Mudlogic Fluid Solutions understands the industry and the needs of our customers. MUDLOGIC: P.1

HANDBOOK CONTENTS Why Mudlogic? Page 1 Index Page 2 MUDLOGIC CONTACTS Pages 3-6 Product Usage Tables Pages 7-10 (Technical Data Sheets) Pages 10-97 Bentonite Products Pages 11-20 Pages 21-27 Lubricants & Cutting Oils Pages 29-45 Viscosity & Filtrate Agents Pages 47-54 Pages 55-60 LCM & Weighting Agents Pages 61-67 Cementing Products Foams & Detergents Pages 69-73 Thinners, Dispersants & Pages 75-88 Flocculants Pages 89-92 Miscellaneous & Specialty Pages 93-97 Products Hammer Oils Greases INSTRUCTIONS Pages 98-106 Marsh Funnel & Cap Pages 99-100 Pages 101-102 Mud Balance Pages 103-104 Half Area Filter Press Pages 105-106 Sand Content Kit CALCULATIONS Pages 107-124 Your Notes Pages 125-130 MUDLOGIC: P.2

Mudlogic Contacts MUDLOGIC: P.3

MUDLOGIC CONTACTS Western Australia CRAIG WESTON MAIN SALES OFFICE Sales Manager 9 Crocker Drive (+61) 436 041 992 Malaga 6090 [email protected] (+61) 8 9249 2233 www.mudlogic.com.au DANIEL GALPIN Area Manager EMAIL ORDERS (+61) 435 996 693 Western Australia [email protected] OPERATIONS & PRODUCTION 35 Crocker Drive ANDREAS STERGIOU Malaga 6090 Area Manager (+61) 8 9248 7995 (+61) 490 039 568 PURCHASING & LOGISTICS [email protected] 9 Crocker Drive Malaga 6090 [email protected] (+61) 8 9249 2233 MAIN WAREHOUSE COORDINATOR CHARLIE OLIVER 9 Crocker drive Malaga 6090 Operations Manager (+61) 8 9249 2233 (+61) 420 783 235 ACCOUNTS [email protected] Western Australia PAUL DAVIES KALGOORLIE OFFICE (+61) 412 299 504 219 Dugan Street [email protected] Kalgoorlie 6430 WAREHOUSE & DISPATCH JORDAN OLIVER KALGOORLIE (+61) 420 262 974 [email protected] EMAIL ORDERS LUI DINARDO Company Accountant [email protected] [email protected] JOHNNY KNOX Area Manager (+61) 418 124 174 [email protected] BRAD MAXWELL (+61) 431 159 062 [email protected] [email protected] MUDLOGIC: P.4

MUDLOGIC CONTACTS Queensland JON BALLAN SALES, WAREHOUSE & DISTRIBUTION Area Manager 11 MacAdam Street (+61) 448 310 240 Seventeen Mile Rocks 4073 [email protected] (+61) 7 3376 0155 WAREHOUSE & DISPATCH BRISBANE GARYN GEYER (+61) 426 951 586 [email protected] EMAIL ORDERS [email protected] Mount Isa RUSSELL ARMSTRONG WESTERNEX (+61) 409 479 859 13 Ryan Road Or DAVID SCOTT Mount Isa 4825 (+61) 7 4743 2122 Rockhampton JON BALLAN ROCKY'S OWN TRANSPORT (+61) 448 310 240 18 Power Street GARYN GEYER North Rockhampton 4701 (+61) 7 3376 0155 Moranbah JON BALLAN FOLLOWMONT TRANSPORT (+61) 448 310 240 Lot 13 O'Neill Street GARYN GEYER Moranbah 4744 (+61) 7 3376 0155 Adelaide RICHARD DAVIES SALES. WAREHOUSE & DISTRIBUTION Area Manager Cl-MCARDLE FREIGHT (+61) 439 918 610 397 Burton Road [email protected] Burton 5110 WAREHOUSE & ADMINISTRATION KAREN ROBINSON ADEALIDE (+61) 439 374 610 [email protected] EMAIL ORDERS [email protected] Dubbo BRADY MAY ROD PILON TRANSPORT (+61) 2 6882 0400 31L Narro Mine Road (+61) 429 820 403 Dubbo 2830 MUDLOGIC: P.5

MUDLOGIC CONTACTS Alice Springs TONY PICKETT TERRITORY HIREX (+61) 8 8952 2353 10 Shirley Court (+61) 404 374 093 Alice Springs 0879 LANCE MARTIN Darwin (+61) 8 89851409 PRACTICAL SAFETY (+61) 418 892 843 1/66 Coonawarra Road EMMA MARTIN Winnellie 0820 DON EDMONTSON Zeehan (+61) 3 6471 6201 ZEEHAN HARDWARE (+61) 418 716 679 128 Main Street (+61) 417 176 965 Queenstown 9300 Mudlogic Fluid Solutions operate a number of distribution points throughout Australia and has several international distributors. For most current information please call our Main Office to request details. Mudlogic Fluid Solutions offer all levels of technical support. Mudlogic Fluid Solutions can provide sound technical advice and problem solving via our highly skilled industry recognised support team. MUDLOGIC: P.6

Product Usage Table MUDLOGIC: P.7

PRODUCT USAGE TABLE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION DOSAGE RATES 2000 PLUS 50% active liquid PHPA 0.5-2.5 kg/m3 encapsulator As required BARITE BENTONITE CHIPS Barium sulphate weighting BIO CUT agent BIO GUM ULTRA BIO HAMMER OIL Screened and sized bentonite As required BIOCIDE T BORE SEAL Biodegradable cutting oil As required CALCIUM CHLORIDE Revertable natural polymer 2.5-4.0 kg/m3 CLAY CONTROL COATED BENTONITE Biodegradable hammer oil As required PELLETS lubricant COLLAR SET CORE GUARD Bactericide 0.5-4.0 l/m³ CRP Specialised borehole 6.0-10 kg/m³ stabilising additive-air DD LUBE Calcium chloride As required DD ROD GREASE XTA DEFOAMER Ultra low viscosity PHPA 0.5-2.5 kg/m3 DRILL DET ULTRA encapsulator DYNAMIC FILTRATION CONTROL Hydration retarded sodium As required bentonite pellet EXTRA SKIN Gypsum based cement As required FASTA SET 5 FLOC BLOC Specialised core recovery 0.3-1.0 kg/m3 FLOC IT polymer combination GEL 100 GEL EXTRA High viscosity PHP 0.5-1.0 kg/m3 encapsulator High performance lubricant 2.0-5.0 l/m3 for directional drilling High performance drill rod As required grease Defoamer 0.25-1.0 l/m³ Drilling detergent 1.0-6.0 l/m³ Liquid Filtration Control 3.5-8.0 kg/m³ Agent Viscosifier Specialised borehole stabilising additive – water 0.8-2.5% by Vol based Rapid set cement As required Solid form dispersant As required Flocculant 0.01-0.03 l/m³ API grade Bentonite 25-60 kg/m3 High yielding drilling grade 15-30 kg/m3 bentonite 15-30 kg/mM3UDLOGIC: P.8

PRODUCT USAGE TABLE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION DOSAGE RATES GEL ULTRA Ultra-high yielding drilling 15-30 kg/m3 grade bentonite GROUND SUPPORT GUAR GUM Specialised borehole As required HAMMER OIL WITH stabilising additive-air MOLY HAMMER OIL Revertable natural polymer 2.5-4.0 kg/m³ HF 100 CLAY FILM HY SEAL Mineral oil-based hammer As required INVADE STOP lubricant with Molybdenum LC STOP LFR Mineral oil based hammer As required LIQUI MUD lubricant LIQUID SPERSE LOW TORQUE ULTRA Glycol based liquid inhibitor 1.0-3.0% by Vol LRG Shredded organic fibre As required MAGMA FIBER ® Micronized organic fibre 12-18 kg/m³ MAX DRILL ULTRA Polyacrylate crystals As required MAX DRILL Fluidizer (cement slurries) As required MAX FOAM MAX FOAM XF 33% active liquid PHPA 0.7-1.5 kg/m³ MAX FOAM XFT encapsulator MAXI LUBE MUD FREE Liquid dispersant thinner 0.5-4.0 l/m³ PAC L ULTRA PAC R ULTRA High performance lubricant 2.5-5.0 l/m³ PENTREX Liquified biodegradable rod As required grease Acid soluble lost circulation As required material Specialised bi-polymer 0.5-2.0 kg/m³ lubricant combination Specialised liquified lubricant 0.5-1.5 kg/m³ combination High performance foaming 0.5-2.5% by Vol agent High yield foaming agent 0.5-2.5% by Vol Saline hard water foaming 0.5-2.0% by Vol agent Biodegradable cutting oil 2.5-5.0 l/m³ Dispersant 5.0-6.0 kg/m³ Filtration control low 1.0-5.0 kg/m³ viscosity Viscosifier filtration control 1.0-5.0 kg/m³ Specialised lubricant 1.0-3.0 l/ml MUDLOGIC: P.9

PRODUCT USAGE TABLE PRODUCT DESCRIPTION DOSAGE RATES POLY CAKE Neutralised starch for MMH 3.0-12 kg/m³ systems POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Potassium based inhibitor 3.0-8.0 kg/m³ weighting agent POZZOLITH Cement retarder As required PRESSURE LUBE Biodegradable lubricant 2.0-5.0 l/m3 QUICKSEAL® cutting oil As required Graded fibrous lost RIG WASH ULTRA Concentrated detergent As required RIGID FOAM A & B Polyurethane rigid setting As required foam SALT GEL Modified Bentonite 10-15 kg/m³ SFA Stiff Foam additive 18-20 kg/m³ SHEAR GEL MMH additive for bentonite 0.1% by Vol systems SLICK & SLIDE Inner-tube lubricant As required SODA ASH Sodium carbonate 0.2-0.5 kg/m³ SODIUM BICARBONATE Sodium bicarbonate As required SODIUM CHLORIDE Sodium based inhibitor As required weighting agent SWELL HIB Amine based liquid inhibitor 1.0-4.0% by Vol SWELL HIB DP Chloride free powder inhibitor 15-50 kg/m³ encapsulator TORQUE DOWN High-performance lubricant 2.0-4.0 I/m³ TRIPLE 4 Concentrated detergent mild As required degreaser TROL Viscosifier filtration control 1.5-4.0 kg/m³ VIS BEN Highly modified bentonite 8.0-15 kg/m³ for HOD Applications VIS LV Medium viscosity PHPA 0.5-2.0 kg/m³ encapsulator WATER SOFTENER Cleating agent for water 0.7-1.0 kg/m³ treatment XAN VIS Viscosifier and suspension 1.0-3.0 kg/m³ agent ZN-50 Thread grease As required MUDLOGIC: P.10

Bentonite Products MUDLOGIC: P.11

GEL 100 Product Definition: API Bentonite Description: GEL 100 is a pure sodium bentonite that exceeds API 13A specifications. GEL 100 is use to provide viscosity and suspension characteristics to fresh water-based systems, produces a thin robust filter cake, will improve hole cleaning capabilities and hole condition in unconsolidated friable formations. General Application – Recommended Treatment Ideally, it is recommended that GEL 100 be premixed into fresh water and allowed adequate time to hydrate before use or before being introduced into saltwater. Prior to mixing, acidic and hard water should be treated with Soda Ash to achieve a pH of 8.5 – 9.5. For best results, add GEL 100 slowly through a venturi hopper or appropriate shearing device. GEL 100 mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Normal drilling conditions 25.0 – 60.0kgs Gravel and poorly consolidated formations 60.0 – 80.0kgs Help overcome lost circulation 80.0 – 110.0kgs Advantages: Economical Improves filter cake quality and lowers permeability Improves hole cleaning Contributes to improved hole conditioning Progresses gel strengths Limitation: Performance decreases when salinity exceeds 10,000 mg/l and hardness (calcium) exceeds 400 mg/l. MUDLOGIC: P.12

BENTONITE CHIPS Product Definition: Graded Bentonite for Plugging and Sealing Description: BENTONITE CHIPS are a natural sodium bentonite chip screened and graded to fine and medium size and are used primarily to seal and plug boreholes. BENTONITE CHIPS are often used for decommissioning wells, sealing bores and seismic shot holes, providing a seal around casing and used to successfully treat lost circulation. BENTONITE CHIPS are also used to place an impermeable barrier between gravel pack, backfill or cement grout and used to prevent aquifer communication. General Application – Recommended Treatment If subjected to vigorous handling and prolonged transportation, inspect the pails for fines which should be removed before placement to prevent bridging and binding. Pour BENTONITE CHIPS slowly and evenly into the hole or annulus (to depth, above static water level or to ground level). In a dry hole situation, water should be added in 1.0 – 2.0 metre intervals to ensure wetting and hydration. To cure loss circulation, pull pipe from the hole or pull rods well back above the thief zone. Pour in BENTONITE CHIPS to fill 1 metre above the problem zone. Standby and allow sufficient time to hydrate. Advantages: Easy to use Forms a flexible impermeable seal Chemically stable and non-fermenting Helps prevent lost circulation Separates aquifers and forms a barrier between gravel pack and grout Limitation: Performance decreases when salinity exceeds 7,500 mg/l and hardness (calcium) exceeds 250 mg/l. MUDLOGIC: P.13

BENTONITE CHIPS (cont) Nominal Size Nominal Litres per Kilograms inches Size mm metre per metre 2 50.8 2.03 2.33 3 76.2 4.56 5.24 4 101.6 8.11 9.32 5 127.0 12.67 14.57 6 152.4 18.24 20.97 7 177.8 24.82 28.55 8 203.2 32.42 37.29 9 228.6 41.04 47.19 10 254.0 50.66 58.26 11 279.4 61.30 70.50 12 304.8 72.95 83.89 13 330.2 85.62 98.46 14 355.6 99.30 114.19 15 381.0 113.99 131.09 MUDLOGIC: P.14

BENTONITE PELLETS 1/4\" COATED Product Definition: Time Released Bentonite Pellets Description: BENTONITE PELLETS COATED are treated using an aqueous carrier to coat the 100 % pure unaltered high swelling sodium bentonite in pellet form. The coating applied allows the pellets to be poured through standing water without them sticking together thus eliminating bridging and blocking in the annulus, also the delayed reaction allows for greater depth placement. BENTONITE PELLETS COATED are used for a variety of applications, from hole abandonment, the placing of a protective boundary between gravel and cement to the isolation of instrumentation, screen intervals and aquifers. General Application – Recommended Treatment BENTONITE PELLETS COATED swelling profile is retarded though the pellet exhibits the same ability to absorb water and maintain the same typical expansion pattern of a non-coated bentonite pellets. BENTONITE PELLETS COATED should be allowed to hydrate for a minimum of 4 hours (depending on water quality), where full hydration will occur after 24 hours. USAGE CHART (These are dry weights and volumes). Hole Diameter 50.0 75.0 100.0 125.0 150.0 175.0 200.0 225.0 250.0 mm kg of 1/4\" 2.56 5.77 10.26 16.03 23.08 31.42 41.04 51.94 64.12 Pellets Advantages: Clean, dust free and easy to handle Non-toxic and non-polluting Non-stick retarded hydration time Allows for greater depth placement Do not disintegrate when in contact with water Provides a tough flexible impermeable seal Limitation: Performance decreases when salinity exceeds 7,500 mg/l and hardness (calcium) exceeds 250 mg/l. MUDLOGIC: P.15

GEL EXTRA Product Definition: High Yield Bentonite Description: GEL EXTRA is a finely ground peptised premium grade sodium bentonite specially processed to promote ease of mixing in fresh water. GEL EXTRA will produce viscosity to promote improved hole cleaning and supports bore conditioning in poorly consolidated caving formations by forming a thin robust filter cake. GEL EXTRA has multiple uses and is designed for use in water well, mineral and horizontal direction drilling. General Application – Recommended Treatment Add GEL EXTRA to fresh water or the existing mud system and allow sufficient time to mix and yield before adding additional products. Prior to mixing, acidic and hard water should be treated with Soda Ash to a pH of 8.5 – 9.5. For best results, add GEL EXTRA slowly through a venturi hopper or appropriate shearing device. GEL EXTRA mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Normal drilling conditions 15.0 – 30.0 kgs Gravel and poorly consolidated formations 35.0 – 50.0kgs Help overcome lost circulation add 40.0 – 60.0kgs Preparation for STIFF FOAM 25.0 – 35.0kgs Advantages: Non-toxic environmentally acceptable Improves hole cleaning properties Improve filtrate control Helps prevent lost circulation Improves suspension properties when using Barite Limitation: Performance decreases when salinity exceeds 7,500 mg/l and hardness (calcium) exceeds 250 mg/l. MUDLOGIC: P.16

GEL ULTRA Product Definition: Premium Grade Bentonite Description: GEL ULTRA is a finely ground premium grade Wyoming bentonite specially processed to promote ease of mixing in fresh water. GEL ULTRA improves hole cleaning and promotes bore conditioning in poorly consolidated caving formations by forming a thin tough filter cake. GEL ULTRA has multiple uses and is designed for use in water well, mineral and horizontal direction drilling. General Application – Recommended Treatment Add GEL ULTRA to fresh water or the existing mud system and allow sufficient time to mix and yield before adding additional products. Prior to mixing, acidic and hard water should be treated with Soda Ash to a pH of 8.5 – 9.5. For best results, add GEL ULTRA slowly through a venturi hopper or appropriate shearing device. GEL ULTRA mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Normal drilling conditions 15.0 – 30.0kgs Sands and poorly consolidated formations 35.0 – 55.0kgs Help overcome seepage and lost circulation 40.0 – 60.0kgs Preparation for STIFF FOAM 20.0 – 30.0kgs Advantages: Non-toxic environmentally acceptable Improves hole cleaning properties Improve filtrate control Helps prevent lost circulation Improves suspension properties when using Barite Limitation: Performance decreases when salinity exceeds 7,500 mg/l and hardness (calcium) exceeds 250 mg/l. MUDLOGIC: P.17

SALT GEL Product Definition: Single Sack System for Saline Hard Waters Description: SALT GEL is a blend of sodium bentonite and selected highly tolerant proprietary polymers which combine to produce a complete single sack solution drilling fluid for situations where water quality is extremely saline and where water hardness is considered excessive. SALT GEL is a highly versatile product designed to provide instant viscosity, to improve hole cleaning and to promote borehole stability through tighter filtration control and wall cake and is non-damaging to the environment. It will quickly homogenise into solution and hydrate under the harshest water conditions. General Application – Recommended Treatment SALT GEL concentration needs to be adjusted to suit a specific application where addition rate will increase as water quality becomes more contaminated. Add SALT GEL to the available water or the existing mud system and allow sufficient time to mix and yield before adding additional products. Prior to mixing, treat with Soda Ash to a pH of 8.5 – 9.5. For best results, add SALT GEL slowly through a venturi hopper or appropriate shearing device. In tight-looped systems, monitor concentrations to prevent overheating. SALT GEL mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Normal drilling conditions 10.0 - 15.0kgs Unconsolidated sands and loose gravels 18.0 - 25.0kgs Help overcome seepage and lost circulation 25.0 - 40.0kgs Advantages: Yields rapidly Environmentally friendly Single sack drilling fluid solution Improved filtration control and filter cake quality Improved borehole stabilisation Improve hole cleaning Tolerant of waters with high hardness and salinity Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.18

SHEAR GEL Product Definition: Rheology Modifier Description: SHEAR GEL Is a specialised Mixed Metal Hydroxide “MMH” additive for bentonite-based fluid systems where low end rheologies and high flat gel strengths support excellent hole cleaning when boring horizontally. It is unique as it exhibits both excellent dynamic and static carrying capacities and being shear thinning will minimize damage or washout to mechanically sensitive friable formations and allow solids separation equipment to work more efficiently. A SHEAR GEL based system can be used in all drilling applications however it is particularly suited for HDD type applications. General Application – Recommended Treatment Be advised; SHEAR GEL is very sensitive to certain bentonites, to anionic deflocculants, phosphates and polymers (PAC and PHPAs) so it is recommended to contact a Mudlogic representative prior to use. Mix SHEAR GEL into an existing fully hydrated bentonite slurry to achieve desired rheological targets, where a typical dosage rate is 10 parts Bentonite to 1 part SHEAR GEL (25.0kg per 1000 L Bentonite to 2.5kg per 1000 L SHEAR GEL). Note: to obtain maximum reactive potential from the SHEAR GEL, pH needs to be maintained between 9.5 and 10.5 when preparing the new system and if filtration control is required only POLY CAKE be used. Advantages: Excellent shear thinning characteristics Minimizes damage to friable formations Low Plastic Viscosity (PV) and high Yield Point (YP) values Superior hole cleaning and suspension Excellent suspension qualities, high flat Gels Low dosage rates Exceptional performance in horizontal direction drilling Ideal when challenged with lost circulation Limitation: Low pH environments and a range of anionic charged chemicals. MUDLOGIC: P.19

VIS BEN Product Definition: Modified Premium Grade Bentonite Description: VIS BEN is a unique formulation of specialised polymers and sodium bentonite making it an effective all-round product used within a variety of applications, particularly horizontal boring and water well construction. VIS BEN is recommended as a single sack system or used to compliment a more sophisticated drilling fluid. VIS BEN is an excellent viscosifier, strengthens filter cake thus reduces filtrate loss while providing superior hole cleaning in fresh to mildly brackish water conditions. General Application – Recommended Treatment Add VIS BEN to fresh water or the existing mud system and allow sufficient time to mix and yield before adding additional products. Prior to mixing, acidic and hard water should be treated with Soda Ash to a pH of 8.5 – 9.5. For best results, add VIS BEN slowly through a venturi hopper or appropriate shearing device. VIS BEN mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: 3.0 - 5.0kg 8.0 - 12.0kg Complimenting an existing mud system 20.0 - 40.0kg Unconsolidated sands and loose gravel Help overcome seepage and lost circulation Advantages: Mixes rapidly for faster yield Excellent rheological properties Reduces fluid loss Assists with borehole stability Ideal for horizontal directional drilling Compatible with most water base chemicals Limitation: Performance decreases when salinity exceeds 10,000 mg/l and hardness (calcium) exceeds 400 mg/l. MUDLOGIC: P.20

Lubricants & Cutting Oils MUDLOGIC: P.21

BIOCUT Product Definition: Soluble Vegetable Oil Description: BIO CUT is a 100% canola oil blend with concentrated emulsifiers enabling it to readily disperse into most water conditions. BIO CUT is environmentally acceptable and primarily used to fluidize powder polymers to promote a homogenous mix when introduced into water. General Application – Recommended Treatment BIO CUT is blended proportionately with a powder until the final combination is consistent and pours freely, which is then added slowly into the system where the oil will disperse rapidly allowing the polymer to hydrate. Ideally, the BIO CUT polymer slurry should be added through a venturi mixer or hopper and provided adequate time to yield. Advantages: Rapid dispersion in the presence of water Promotes consistent mixing of powders Environmentally friendly Effective in all types of water Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.22

LOW TORQUE ULTRA Product Definition: Lubricant Description: LOW TORQUE ULTRA is a vegetable oil derived lubricant in liquid form specifically formulated for use in a diamond drilling application. It contains extreme pressure lubricating agents that will lubricate the rods and casing in diamond drilling where tolerances in metal to metal and metal to formation are closely aligned. LOW TORQUE ULTRA will effectively reduce rod chatter, torque and drag, help reduce heat generated at the bit face and assists with reducing bit balling and collaring off around barrel and rods. General Application – Recommended Treatment LOW TORQUE ULTRA is effective in all types of water and is compatible with other water-based products and systems. It is totally soluble in water and can be added directly to the mud system or administered directly via a variable-speed injection pump. The typical dosage range to control torque and rod vibration, add from 0.25% – 0.5% (2.5 to 5.0 litres per 1000 L) of fluid volume. Dosages of up to 1.0% (10.0 litres per 1000 L) may be necessary when water conditions are extreme and to improved penetration rates and torque reduction. Advantages: Disperses rapidly Cools the bit face and improves bit life Reduces rotational torque Extends bit life and increases penetration Cost effective in low dosages Effective in all types of water Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.23

MAXI LUBE Product Definition: Cutting Oil Lubricant Description: MAXI LUBE is a concentrated biodegradable cutting oil lubricant combination used primarily in diamond drilling. When added to water It forms a stable milky micro-emulsion which will cool and lubricate the bit face allowing for faster, freer cutting while depositing a thin film over exposed metal surfaces which imparts superior protection against rust and act to reduce rotational torque. MAXI LUBE is tolerant to most water conditions and designed to enhance penetration rates in ultra-hard formations, protects metal surfaces and contributes to extended rod, bit and reamer life. General Application – Recommended Treatment MAXI LUBE will solubilise rapidly in most water conditions ranging from low pH, brackish to mine treatment water. MAXI LUBE is totally soluble in water and can be added directly to the mud system or administered directly via a variable-speed injection pump. The typical dosage range to improve production and control torque, add from 0.25% – 0.5% (2.5 to 5.0 litres per 1000 L) of fluid volume. Dosages of up to 1.0% (10.0 litres per 1000 L) may be necessary when water conditions are extreme and as depth reaches a machine's limitation. Advantages: Totally miscible in water Cools the bit face and improves bit life Increases penetration rate Reduces rotational torque Corrosion protection Cost effective in low concentrations Assists with the prevention of balling and collaring Limitation: Excessively high concentrations of salinity and hardness and maintain solids content as low as possible. MUDLOGIC: P.24

PENTREX Product Definition: Cutting Oil Lubricant Description: PENTREX is a blend of surfactants, wetting agents, emulsifiers and vegetable oils used to impart extreme pressure lubricating properties to drilling fluids. It improves ROP by dispersing and clearing drilled materials from the bit face and is used primarily when drilling formations that are self-lubricating, stick or cause smearing of the cutting surfaces and obstruct waterways. PENTREX will readily disperse into the system where it rapidly adsorbs onto exposed metal surfaces providing a lubristic micro- film that is effective in reducing frictional drag. General Application – Recommended Treatment PENTREX is totally soluble in water and can be added directly to the mud system or administered directly via a variable-speed injection pump. Typical dosages range from 0.1 – 0.3% (1.0 to 3.0 litres per 1000 L) if administered by direct injection, and approximately 0.2% – 0.4% (2.0 to 4.0 litres per 1000 L); variable in response as penetration increases and torque stabilizes. Advantages: Disperses rapidly Improved penetration rates Improves bit life Cools and improves wear patterns Reduces torque Corrosion protection Assists in the prevention of balling and collaring Cost effective Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.25

PRESSURE LUBE Product Definition: Extreme Pressure Lubricant Description: PRESSURE LUBE is a biodegradable lubricant designed specifically for a diamond drilling application. It exhibits unique characteristics to enhance the cutting performance of a diamond bit and to cool and extend bit life. PRESSURE LUBE functions by depositing a thin tenacious lubricating film over exposed metal surface where it will significantly reduce frictional build-up and increase production under extreme pressure environments. General Application – Recommended Treatment PRESSURE LUBE will disperse rapidly to form a white emulsion when introduced into water and can be added directly to the mud system or administered directly via a variable-speed injection pump. PRESSURE LUBE runs as a friction reducer and is normally used at concentrations of 0.2 – 0.5% (2.0 to 5.0 litres per 1000 L). As depth and deviation increases monitor and increase concentration of PRESSURE LUBE to maintain torque and drag reduction. Advantages: Water miscible Improved penetration rates Reduces heat generation at the bit face and improves life Reduces rotational torque and drag Cost effective in low concentrations Limitation: Possibility of build-up and scaling in waters containing excessive amounts of divalent cations such as Calcium and Magnesium. MUDLOGIC: P.26

TORQUE DOWN Product Definition: High Performance Lubricant Description: TORQUE DOWN has been developed using the latest technology in addition to incorporating unique performance enhancing chemistry. This enables it to deliver enhanced lubricating characteristics through increased adsorption over metal surfaces to form a protective layer. TORQUE DOWN deposits a thin, highly robust lubricating film that coats surfaces, which aids in reducing frictional drag in extreme pressure environments with extended metal to metal and formation touch points. It has proven to be highly effective in drilling deep directional holes or when drilling very hard formations. It has also been attributed to increased bit reamer and rod life and faster ROPs translating into improved production. TORQUE DOWN will also protect pump internals and inhibits corrosion. General Application – Recommended Treatment TORQUE DOWN is a concentrated liquid made using a biodegradable vegetable oil base, it is effective in all types of water and is compatible with other water-based products and systems. It is totally soluble in water and can be added directly to the mud system or administered directly via a variable-speed dosing pump. Typical dosages range from approximately 0.2% – 0.4% (2.0 to 4.0 litres per 1000 L); however, dosages of up to 1.0% (10.0 litres per 1000 L) can be used under extreme circumstances for improved penetration rates and torque reduction. Advantages: Concentrate, highly soluble Effective at reducing torque and drag Increases depth capacity and production rates Cools and improves bit and reamer life Coats and protects rods against corrosion Tolerant to tough water conditions Environmentally neutral, non-hazardous Limitation: Bentonite based systems and systems carrying a high solids content. MUDLOGIC: P.27

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Viscosity & Filtrate Agents MUDLOGIC: P.29

2000 PLUS Product Definition: Liquid Viscosifier Description: 2000 PLUS is a liquid form 50% active high molecular weight synthetic polymer used to provide viscosity in fresh to saline water conditions in low shear environments. 2000 PLUS is primarily used as a viscosifier to improve hole cleaning, to lubricate the borehole, help improve sample recovery, aid in the stabilisation of clays and shale through encapsulation and prevent cuttings dispersion. General Application – Recommended Treatment 2000 PLUS develops viscosity rapidly under low shear and will yield in poor quality waters. 2000 PLUS can be used to prepare a low solids system or used to compliment an existing water-based fluid system, it can also be used in conjunction with Potassium Chloride (KCl) or SWELL HIB to retard clays and shale from swelling and decomposition. 2000 PLUS can also be used to enhance the physical properties of a drill foam by improving the carrying capacity, to help stabilise loose friable formations and to resist water ingress. 2000 PLUS mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: 0.5 – 2.5 kg 0.75 – 1.5 kg As a complete drilling fluids system 0.5 – 1.25 kg As a diamond drilling additive 1.0 – 2.0 kg To supplement a bentonite-based system Improve physical characteristics of a drill foam Advantages: Concentrated with an increased storage life Develops high viscosity under low shear Eliminates rod vibration and lowers rotational torque Protects and stabilises clays and shale Supports better hole stability, improves recovery rate Enhances physical properties of a drill foam In low concentrations will flocculate cuttings Limitation: Excessively high concentrations of chlorides, calcium and magnesium ions. MUDLOGIC: P.30

BIO GUM ULTRA Product Definition: Natural Polymer Description: BIO GUM ULTRA is a premium grade natural hydrocolloidal used to balance viscosity levels, producing a low-solids drilling fluid that supports excellent hole cleaning and provides hole stability through filtrate control when encountering water sensitive formations. It is effective in fresh to super saline hard water environments. General Application – Recommended Treatment BIO GUM ULTRA is a non-toxic free flowing powder that is completely biodegradable. It is an excellent viscosifier and as a low solids polymer system will breakdown naturally which in turn reduces the likelihood of fouling the aquifer which can occur when using bentonite. To manage the biodegradation of BIO GUM ULTRA, BIOCIDE can be added to prevent fermentation and during development a 12.5% SODIUM HYPERCHLORITE solution can be added to accelerate decomposition. The addition of 4.0 to 10.0 litres of SODIUM HYPERCHLORITE per 1000 L injection fluid followed by surging, and lifting will assist in optimum well development. BIO GUM ULTRA mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: In fresh water 2.5 – 4.0 kg In saline hard water 4.0 – 6.0 kg To supplement a bentonite-based system 0.5 – 1.25 kg Improve physical characteristics of a drill foam 2.0 – 3.0 kg Ideally BIO GUM ULTRA should be added through a venturi mixer or hopper and allowed adequate time to mix and yield. Advantages: Easily mixed high yielding biodegradable polymer Tighter filtrate control + Improved sample recovery Supports the borehole wall + Increases borehole lubricity Can be used with other inhibitors Used in brine, fresh, super saline and hard water Compatible with all other water-based products Limitation: BIO GUM ULTRA may ferment unless the water is saturated with salt, the pH elevated, or a biocide added. MUDLOGIC: P.31

CRP Product Definition: Core Recovery Polymer Description: CRP is a high molecular weight partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide copolymer powder that when mixed with fresh water provides a clear viscous fluid to improve core and sample recovery, particularly in broken formations and when drilling reactive clays and shale. CRP creates viscosity at low concentrations and acts as an excellent encapsulating polymer relying on a combination of anionic character and chain length to reduce dispersion of cuttings and aids in borehole lubricity. General Application – Recommended Treatment CRP is added in low concentrations and is well suited in combination with other water-base products like GEL ULTRA, TROL, PAC R and PAC L ULTRA, SWELL HIB, HF 100 CLAY FILM or KCl to form a complete drilling system. CRP mixes rapidly in fresh to brackish water with minimal mechanical shear. The following is a guide where drilling conditions and experience will determine the right concentration to achieve best results. CRP mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: 0.5-1.0 kg 0.75-1.25 kg Normal conditions 1.0-2.0 kg To stabilise swelling clays and shale To improve core recovery Advantages: Economical Produces viscosity at low concentrations Powerful encapsulator Improved hole stability Improves sample quality and borehole lubricity In low concentrations will act as a flocculant Compatible with a range of water-based drilling fluids Environmentally acceptable Limitation: High divalent content and high temperatures. MUDLOGIC: P.32

CLAY CONTROL Product Definition: Encapsulating Polymer Description: CLAY CONTROL is an ultralow molecular weight encapsulating polymer used in most water-based drilling fluid systems to stabilize clay and shale formations without appreciably increasing system viscosity. It will disperse rapidly into solution with minimal agitation to enhance bore-hole lubrication and assist in preventing clays and shale from swelling and sloughing while improving sample recovery. CLAY CONTROL will improve solids control equipment efficiencies through cuttings encapsulation by protecting the clay and shale particles from breaking down and dispersing into the system. General Application – Recommended Treatment CLAY CONTROL can be used in fresh water, sea water, NaCl or KCl systems, with SWELL HIB and is compatible with most water- based drilling fluid chemicals. To achieve maximum performance, it is recommended to add Soda Ash to adjust pH to 8.5 – 9.5 and maintain hardness below 280mg/l. CLAY CONTROL can be premixed in batch form or introduced directly into the system through a venturi hopper, directly into mechanical agitation or via a PVC Mixer. CLAY CONTROL mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Enhance physical properties of the fluid system 0.5-2.5 kg Stabilising water sensitive clay and shales 2.5-6.0 kg Advantages: Rapid dispersion Stabilises system properties Minimal effect on system viscosity Highly effective clay and shale stabiliser Enhances borehole stability Excellent cuttings encapsulation Improves in-hole lubrication Improves sample recovery rates Compatible with most water-based products Limitation: High divalent contents in the water and high temperature. MUDLOGIC: P.33

CORE GUARD Product Definition: Clay and Shale Stabilizer Description: CORE GUARD is a new generation complex blend of proprietary additives specially developed to facilitate sample recovery in clay and shale dominant formations and friable fractured ground. CORE GUARD will physically encapsulate the core sample as it is being exposed with a durable complex micro-polymeric webbing that significantly improves sample integrity and recovery. CORE GUARD will also support better side-wall stabilisation, thus improving overall drilling conditions, which along with a better- preserved sample contributes to greater resource evaluation accuracy. CORE GUARD can be used in brackish make up waters, however as water quality deteriorates so too does viscosity, yet encapsulation is unaffected. General Application – Recommended Treatment Is it recommended to pre-treat mix water with Soda Ash to adjust pH to 8.5 – 9.5 and to precipitate calcium below 400mg/l. CORE GUARD is normally added slowly through a suitable shearing device or venturi-mixer at a rate of 0.5 – 1.0 kgs per 1000 L of water and allowed to mix for a minimum of 15 minutes to support maximum yield. Be reminded water conditions, desired viscosity and strata being exposed will dictate best concentration. CORE GUARD mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Normal drilling 0.3-1.0 kg Encountering clays and shale 0.7-1.3 kg Fracture permeable zones 1.3-2.0 kg Advantages: Rapid dispersion Improves sample quality and recovery rates Powerful encapsulator Retards Clays and Shale from swelling Lubricates and reduces chatter Improves bore-hole stability In low dosages is a very effective flocculent Effective in most types of water Limitation: Hypersaline and extreme harsh water conditions. MUDLOGIC: P.34

GUAR GUM Product Definition: Natural Polymer Description: GUAR GUM is a premium grade natural hydrocolloid used to balance viscosity levels. It produces a low solids drilling fluid that supports excellent hole cleaning and provides hole stability through filtrate control when encountering water sensitive formations. GUAR GUM is effective in fresh to super saline hard water environments. General Application – Recommended Treatment GUAR GUM is a non-toxic free flowing powder that is completely biodegradable. GUAR GUM is an excellent viscosifier and as a low solids polymer system will breakdown naturally which in turn reduces the likelihood of fouling the aquifer which can occur when using bentonite. To manage the biodegradation of GUAR GUM, BIOCIDE can be added to prevent fermentation and during development a 12.5% SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE solution can be added to accelerate decomposition. The addition of 4.0 to 10.0 litres of SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE per 1000 L injection fluid followed by surging, and lifting will assist in optimum well development. GUAR GUM mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: In fresh water 2.5 - 4.0 kg In saline hard water 4.0 - 6.0 kg To supplement a bentonite-based system 0.5 - 1.25 kg Improve physical characteristics of a drill foam 2.0 - 3.0 kg Ideally GUAR GUM should be added through a venturi mixer or hopper and allowed adequate time to mix and yield. Advantages: Easily mixed high yielding biodegradable polymer Tighter filtrate control + Increases borehole lubricity Improves sample recovery and supports the borehole wall Can be used in conjunction with other inhibitors Used in brine, super saline and hard water Compatible with all other water-based products Limitation: GUAR GUM may ferment unless the water is saturated with salt, the pH elevated, or a biocide added. MUDLOGIC: P.35

INVADE STOP Product Definition: Borehole Stabilizer Description: INVADE STOP is a blend of micronized cellulosic materials which when added to a drilling fluid system deposits an ultra-low invasive membrane which protects and stabilises fragile strata and minimises fluid entry into resource bearing formations. INVADE STOP is also well-suited when stabilising sands and fractured zones or for CBM drilling where the avoidance of cleat blockage is paramount to maximize yield potential. General Application – Recommended Treatment INVADE STOP is slowly added to the active system to create a non-invasive drilling fluid which forms a security blanket over the borehole wall. It is important when using INVADE STOP, or any lost circulation additive, that selection considers the available equipment, that filters and screens are removed and the application method is suited to the drilling parameters in use. INVADE STOP can be prepared as a pill and spotted across the offending zone or added at the following concentrations within the existing drilling fluid system. INVADE STOP mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Typical addition rates to an existing system 12.0-18.0 kg Addition rates to a new mud system 28.0-44.0 kg Advantages: Used to prepare a non-invasive fluid Reservoir protection Compatible with most common drilling fluids Maintain borehole integrity Aids in gaining fluid returns in porous formations Environmentally acceptable Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.36

LIQUI MUD Product Definition: Viscosifier Encapsulator Description: LIQUI MUD is a liquid form high molecular weight PHPA that produces rapid viscosity and is used to prepare a solids free drilling fluid. It develops viscosity at low dosage rates which will improve sample quality and recovery rate, provides lubrication to the borehole and cushions rods to alleviate vibration. LUQUI MUD is an effective encapsulator useful in stabilizing formations that contain clays and shale and in low concentrations will act as a mild flocculant. General Application – Recommended Treatment LIQUI MUD can be used to compliment an existing water-based fluid system, combined with GEL or used in conjunction with Potassium Chloride (KCl), Potassium Sulphate or SWELL HIB to inhibit clays and shale from swelling or decomposing. It can be used to improve the physical properties of a drill foam by improving carrying capacity. It will help stabilise loose friable formations and resist water ingress. LIQUI MUD can be added directly into mechanical agitation or mixed via a hopper for a minimum of 5 – 10 minutes to fully hydrate. LIQUI MUD mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: To improve viscosity and stabilise clays and shale 0.75 - 1.5 kg As an effective encapsulator 0.75-1.25 kg To flocculate drill cuttings 0.25-0.5 kg Improve physical characteristics of a drill foam 1.0-1.25 kg Advantages: Concentrated rapid mixing Single product low solids drilling fluid Protects and stabilises clays and shale Low concentrations will flocculate cuttings Eliminates rod vibration and lowers rotational torque Enhances physical properties of a drill foam Supports better hole stability and improves recovery rates Limitation: High hardness and high salinities. MUDLOGIC: P.37

MAX DRILL ULTRA Product Definition: Viscosifier Lubricant Combination Description: MAX DRILL ULTRA incorporates proprietary technology and an innovative mixture to produce a liquified dual polymer suspension in an environmentally acceptable vegetable oil lubricant. It has been specifically developed as a single system solution when salinity, hardness and other dissolved contaminants nullify the performance of many drilling chemicals. Being a liquid, MAX DRILL ULTRA is easy to use and designed to improve drilling efficiencies by improving sample quality, borehole lubrication and stability. It avoids the need to mix multiple products and is ideally suited when drilling locations are restrictive and where the mixing equipment is limited. General Application – Recommended Treatment MAX DRILL ULTRA will disperse rapidly and can be used in fresh, very hard to super-saline waters, however as the water quality declines the concentration and shear time needs to increase. It is compatible with most water-based additives where application rates should to be adjusted to achieve best results. MAX DRILL ULTRA mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Dosage rates in fresh to mild salinity and hardness 0.5 - 2.0 kg Mines site water, very hard to super-saline 2.0 - 3.5 kg NOTE: Using restricted fluid circuits avoid funnel viscosities above 35 seconds per 1000cc. Advantages: Liquid form and easy to use + Improves rheological properties Improves bore-hole stability and lubricity Facilitates better sample recovery Tolerant to extreme water conditions Environmentally acceptable, non-hazardous Limitation: Maintain a pH value between 8.3 to 9.5 and if using for extended periods in freshwater use BIOCIDE. MUDLOGIC: P.38

MAX DRILL Product Definition: Liquid Viscosifier Lubricant Combination Description: MAX DRILL is an easy to use highly concentrated liquified extreme-pressure lubricant copolymer combination that will assist in improving drilling performance by providing increased borehole lubrication and stability. MAX DRILL is ideal when minimal agitation exists and ideally suited to diamond core drilling, especially in an underground drilling operation. General Application – Recommended Treatment MAX DRILL is well suited when only mechanical agitation is available and should always be introduced into the system where maximum amount of shear occurs. MAX DRILL application rates will depend upon water quality and whether there has been prior conditioning with Soda Ash or WATER SOFTENER. MAX DRILL can be added directly into mechanical agitation or introduced via a hopper for a minimum of 5 – 10 minutes to allow it to fully hydrate. MAX DRILL mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Fresh water 0.5 - 1.5 kg Mildly saline water 1.5 - 2.5 kg Super saline hard water 2.5 - 3.5 kg Advantages: Yields under minimal shear Improves bore lubrication Improves penetration rates Improved bore stability and core sample recovery Extends the life of downhole equipment Effective in tough water conditions Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.39

PAC L ULTRA Product Definition: Filtration Control Agent Description: PAC L ULTRA is a high quality ultra-dispersive low viscosity grade cellulosic based polymer added to a drilling fluid system to control the rate in which fluid transmits into the formation and used in most water-based systems. When added to the make-up water, PAC L ULTRA will have no appreciable influence on system viscosity and in the right concentrations will retard clays and shale from swelling by coating exposed surfaces with a protective colloid and is an effective viscosifier in fresh, hard or saline waters. General Application – Recommended Treatment PAC L ULTRA has been treated to improve mixing efficacies so it will disperse rapidly and evenly when in contact with water. It has application in all drilling mediums, is added to improve the properties of a Bentonite based fluid system and will compliment an inhibitive drilling mud. PAC L ULTRA will perform in low shear environments, however for best results it should be slowly introduced through a mud hopper, taken through a hootenanny or added directly into mechanical agitation and allowed sufficient time to yield. Rate of addition can be adjusted to suit application. PAC L ULTRA mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Lower filtration and improve borehole 1.0 - 5.0 kg lubrication Stabilize clay and shale hydration 2.0 - 6.0 kg Improve properties of a Bentonite based 0.5 - 3.0 kg fluid system Advantages: Rapid dispersion + No appreciable influence on viscosity Promotes consistent mixing and eliminates waste Compliments bentonite systems + Improves filtrate control Inhibits clay and shales from reacting Environmentally friendly Effective in all types of water Limitation: For best results hardness should not exceed 400 milligrams per litre of Calcium. MUDLOGIC: P.40

PAC R ULTRA Product Definition: Viscosifier Filtration Control Agent Description: PAC R ULTRA is a high quality ultra-dispersive cellulosic based polymer added to a drilling fluid system for viscosity adjustments and to control the rate in which fluid transmits into the formation. It will increase system viscosity, improve sample recovery and quality and impart greater lubricating qualities to the fluid. PAC R ULTRA will retard clays and shale from swelling by coating exposed surfaces with a protective colloid and is an effective viscosifier in fresh, hard or saline waters. General Application – Recommended Treatment PAC R ULTRA has been treated to improve mixing efficiency so it will disperse rapidly and evenly when in contact with water. PAC R ULTRA has applications in all drilling mediums, is added to improve the properties of a Bentonite based fluid system and will compliment an inhibitive drilling mud. It will perform in low shear environments, however for best results it should be slowly introduced through a mud hopper, taken through a hootenanny or added directly into mechanical agitation and allowed sufficient time to yield. Rate of addition can be adjusted to suit application. PAC R ULTRA mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Lower filtration and improve borehole 1.0 - 5.0 kg lubrication Stabilize clay and shale hydration 2.0 - 6.0 kg Improve properties of a Bentonite based 0.5 - 3.0 kg fluid system Advantages: Rapid dispersion + Improves filtrate control Promotes consistent mixing and eliminates wastage Compliments bentonite systems Inhibits clay and shales from reacting Environmentally friendly + Effective in all types of water Limitation: For best results hardness should not exceed 400 milligrams per litre of Calcium. MUDLOGIC: P.41

POLY CAKE Product Definition: Filtration Control Agent Description: POLY CAKE is an altered neutrally charged polysaccharide (Starch) which improves filtration control and is primarily recommended when SHEAR GEL (MMH) HDD drilling fluid systems are in use. POLY CAKE is added into the fluid system to prevent water invasion into sensitive formations by limiting fluid transmission and by providing a stabilizing thin highly durable wall cake. POLY CAKE will have minimal effect on viscosity when introduced and can be used with all water-based drilling fluid products and in fresh, hard to saline environments. General Application – Recommended Treatment POLY CAKE can be mixed easily into all water conditions, NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 brines, used to compliment an inhibitive drilling fluid and is compatible with most fresh water-based products. Important to note POLY CAKE is a starch and readily bio- degradable, so it is highly recommended supplemental additions of BIOCIDE are made to prevent bacterial degradation. Ideally POLY CAKE should be added through a venturi mixer, hopper or mechanical agitation and allowed adequate time to disperse and yield. POLY CAKE mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: For effective fluid loss control 3.0 - 12.0 kg Advantages: Provides effective filtration control Supports a thin durable filter cake Assists in maintaining borehole stability Increases borehole lubricity Reduces likelihood of differential sticking Nontoxic and naturally biodegradable Compatible with all other water-based products Limitation: Susceptible to bacterial degradation, consider BIOCIDES. MUDLOGIC: P.42

TROL Product Definition: Viscosifier Description: TROL is a highly dispersive polyanionic cellulose used for viscosity development and fluid loss control in water-based drilling fluid systems. It is added to a drilling fluid to control the rate in which fluid transmits into the formation by producing a tough thin semi-impermeable filter cake which in turn imparts greater lubrication to the borehole. TROL will also retard clays and shale from swelling and disintegration by encapsulating surfaces with a protective colloid. General Application – Recommended Treatment TROL is environmentally acceptable and has been designed to disperse rapidly into the make-up water with minimal agitation. Can be added to enhance a bentonite-based fluid, to NaCl and KCl systems and can be used to improve the physical properties of foam, whilst being compatible with most polymers, lubricants and liquid inhibitors. TROL should be introduced slowly through a mud hopper, taken through a hootenanny or mechanical agitation, then allowed time to fully hydrate. TROL mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: 1.5 - 4.0 kg 2.0 - 3.5 kg Complete drilling fluid system 1.0 - 4.0 kg To stabilise water sensitive clays and shale 1.0 - 2.0 kg To improve core recovery Improve the physical properties of a Bentonite Advantages: Effective in all types of water and easy to mix Rapid dispersion eliminates waste Efficient viscosifier in fresh, hard and saline environment Compliments bentonite systems Improves sample quality and tightens filtrate loss Inhibits clay and shales from reacting Limitation: For best results hardness must not exceed 400 milligrams per litre of Calcium. MUDLOGIC: P.43

VIS LV Product Definition: Encapsulating Polymer Description: VIS LV is a midrange molecular weight PHPA copolymer powder that when mixed with water-based mud systems improves sample recovery and drilling efficiencies in most drilling applications. VIS LV is a viscosity improver, also acts as an excellent encapsulating polymer relying on a combination of anionic character and chain length to reduce dispersion of cuttings, aid in borehole lubricity and assists in better efficiencies when running solids control equipment. General Application – Recommended Treatment VIS LV can be used in brackish water, NaCl and KCl systems and is compatible with other water-base products, GEL EXTRA, GEL ULTRA, TROL, PAC R and PAC L ULTRA, SWELL HIB and HF 100 CLAY FILM. Adjust pH above 7.0 to maximize product performance and always mix and hydrate bentonite prior to adding VIS LV. The following is a guide where drilling conditions and experience will determine right concentration to achieve best result. VIS LV mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: To improve viscosity and stabilise clays and shale 0.5 - 2.0 kg VIS LV should be mixed by adding slowly through a hopper or high-speed shearing device for a minimum of 10 – 15 minutes to fully hydrate. Advantages: Economical and disperses easily with moderate shear Inhibits sticky clay from swelling Improved hole stability Improves borehole integrity and lubricity Flocculates reactive, non-reactive solids Compatible with water-based fluids Limitation: High divalent content and high temperatures. MUDLOGIC: P.44

XAN VIS Product Definition: Viscosifier Rheology Modifier Description: XAN VIS is a premium API grade biopolymer designed to improve hole cleaning and solids suspension in horizontal directional drilling applications as well as large diameter vertically drilled bore holes. It provides excellent low-end rheology and when circulation is stopped, its low shear gelling properties enable solids to remain suspended in the drilling fluid to avoid blocking and lock down of drilling equipment. XAN VIS based fluids are thixotropic in nature and are normally included into a mud system when up-hole velocities are inadequate or when larger cuttings are proving difficult to remove. XAN VIS fluids are shear thinning and contribute to faster penetration, tighter filtration control and facilitate cleaner less problematic casing and service installations. Being biodegradable and revertible, XAN VIS is ideal when used drilling CBM as it minimises seam damage and cleat invasion. General Application – Recommended Treatment XAN VIS is an anionic polymer that can be added to a pre- hydrated Bentonite based fluid, to NaCl and KCl systems or as a single additive in fresh, brackish to hard salt saturated water. XAN VIS should be introduced slowly through a hopper or suitable shearing device to prevent lumping and allowed time for the product to yield; noting hardness, salinity, temperature and shear will dictate the amount of XAN VIS required to achieve desired viscosity. XAN VIS mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: Complete drilling fluid system 1.0 - 3.0 kg Advantages: Effective in low concentrations Biodegradable and non-toxic Tolerant to high salinity and hardness Facilitates good hole cleaning and suspension properties Improved hydraulics for HDD Stabilises unconsolidated formations Improves filtration control + Improve bore hole lubricity Limitation: XAN VIS may ferment so it's advisable to treat system with biocide. MUDLOGIC: P.45

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LCM & Weighting Agents MUDLOGIC: P.47

BARITE Product Definition: Weighting Agent Description: Barite is a high-quality barium sulphate (BaSO4) specially milled to meet API specification13A that can be used to increase mud density in all types of drilling fluid systems. Barite is added to the drilling fluid to increase the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling mud allowing it to compensate for zones of high- pressure experienced during drilling. General Application – Recommended Treatment Barite is used to increase fluid density up to 2.52 specific gravity (21 ppg). It is important to ensure your fluid properties are adjusted so your system has the rheological properties to provide adequate suspension. Barite is added through a mud hopper or suitable shearing device. The amount of Barite required to increase the fluid density can be calculated using the following. Barite, kg / m³ = 4200 (W2 - W1) Barite, kg / m³ (35 – W2) = 1470 (W2 – W1) (4.2 - W2) W1 = Initial mud weight in specific gravity W1= Initial mud weight in ppg W2= Desired mud weight in specific gravity W2= Desired mud weight in ppg Expect an increase in volume of approximately 240 L per 1000 kgs Barite added. Advantages: Non-toxic chemically inert Cost effective Controls formation pressure Controls pressured aquifers Stabilizes the borehole Increase density to 2.52 specific gravity Limitation: N/A MUDLOGIC: P.48

HY-SEAL Product Definition: Lost Circulation Material Description: HY-SEAL is a blend of shredded and ground cellulosic fibers (paper) used in all water-based drilling fluid systems to cure lost circulation. HY-SEAL can be used separately or in conjunction with other additives to treat a variety of thief zones where it rapidly bridges and seals openings in the formation that are taking fluid. General Application – Recommended Treatment It is important when using HY-SEAL to consider jet size and water ways, ensure filters and screens are removed or diverted and the application is suited to the drilling parameters. HY-SEAL can be prepared as a pill and spotted across the offending zone or added in measured concentrations within the existing drilling fluid system. Note in slug treatment HY-SEAL can be used in concentrations in excess of 100.0 kg per 1000 L. HY-SEAL mixing ratios in kgs per 1000 litres: To regain circulation 10.0-40.0 kg To stabilise formations and control seepage 5.0-30.0 kg Advantages: Non-toxic and environmentally acceptable Easy to apply Economical solution For curing a variety of lost circulation Stabilizes sands and cobbles Compatible with water-based additives Limitation: Avoid using HY-SEAL in a water bearing aquifer due to plugging. MUDLOGIC: P.49