AI ebook

Be Future Ready ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Davinder Singh Minhas 9 Deepa Jain This book belongs to: Name .......................................................................... Class .................. Section ............... Roll No. ........... School .......................................................................... ® PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD. Vocational (Code 417) 1

Artificial Intelligence - 9 Vocational (Code 417) © 2020 by PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher, or as expressed by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate Reprographics Rights Organization(s). Trademarks All product names, pictures and icons used in this book are trademarks, registered trademarks or trade names of their respective holders. The Publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. ISBN : 978-93-90044-03-0 First Edition : 2021 Printed at : Published in India by : ® PM PUBLISHERS PVT. LTD. C-55, Sector-65, NOIDA, Gautam Budh Nagar - 201301 (U.P.), India Ph.: 0120-4300130-33, Mob.: 9540990177 E-mail: [email protected] URL: www.pmpublishers.in 2

PREFACE Artificial Intelligence (AI) has taken the world by storm. Almost every industry across the globe is incorporating AI for a variety of applications and uses. It has also become a part of our normal lives. We are surrounded by this technology in the form of automatic parking systems, smart sensors for taking spectacular photos, personal assistance and so on. In the world of education, knowing about technology and its intricacies is no more a luxury, but a necessity. Therefore, a need for introducing Artificial Intelligence in education is being felt. Thus, we have created IT Planet Artificial Intelligence (Vocational Code - 417) for Classes 8 and 9 keeping this necessity in mind. These books are based on the syllabus prescribed by CBSE and the Department of Skill Education. Book 8 is based on the Inspire Module and book 9 is based on the Inspire and Acquire Module. You may have heard somebody talking about AI, Automation, Machine Learning, Big Data, Robotics, Data Mining and App Development — a lot of jargon in this might seem Latin and Greek to you, but not in these books. In these books, the concept of AI will be as clear to you as if you are watching streaming media without buffering. To produce visually appealing and easy-to-understand books, we have artfully combined the latest technology, pictures, drawings and text in these. The terms and examples described in these books are those which everyone will encounter while using technology in the school as well as at home. These books are an outcome of the extensive and exhaustive research based on advanced and abstract technologies. They enable the learners to understand the basics of AI and its applications from the very beginning. Through an interesting and interactive approach presented in a learner-friendly language and manner, these books focus on Activity-Based Education. We welcome constructive suggestions and feedback to make these books more comprehensive, relevant, updated and useful for both the teachers and the learners. You may mail us at [email protected] AUTHORS 3

UNIT WISE DISTRIBUTION DURATION PERIODS SUB-UNIT 2 Hours 40 Mins. 4 Periods UNIT NAME OF THE UNIT Excite 02 Hours 3 Periods Relate 02 Hours 3 Periods 1 INTRODUCTION TO AI Purpose 02 Hours 3 Periods Possibilities 3 Hours 20 Mins. 5 Periods AI Ethics 2 AI PROJECT CYCLE Problem Scoping 14 Hours 21 Periods Data Acquisition 02 Hours 3 Periods Data Exploration 04 Hours 6 Periods Modelling 06 Hours 9 Periods 3 NEURAL NETWORK 04 Hours 6 Periods 4 INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON 70 Hours 105 Periods 112 Hours 168 Periods TOTAL COURSE OUTLINE UNIT SUB-UNIT SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. INTRODUCTION TO AI Session: Introduction to AI and setting To identify and appreciate Arti icial up the context of the curriculum Intelligence and describe its applications in daily life. Ice Breaker Activity: Dream Smart Home idea Learners to design a rough layout of loor plan of their dream smart home. Excite Recommended Activity: The AI To relate, apply and re lect on the Game Human-Machine Interactions. Learners to participate in three games based on different AI domains. To identify and interact with the Ÿ Game 1: Rock, Paper and Scissors three domains of AI: Data, Computer Vision and Natural (based on data) Language Processing. Ÿ Game 2: Mystery Animal (based on Natural Language Processing - NLP) Ÿ Game 3: Emoji Scavenger Hunt (based on Computer Vision - CV) Artificial Intelligence - 9 4

UNIT SUB-UNIT SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES To undergo an assessment for Recommended Activity: AI Quiz analysing progress towards (Paper Pen/Online Quiz) acquired AI-Readiness skills. To imagine, examine and re lect on Recommended Activity: To write a the skills required for the futuristic letter job opportunities. Writing a Letter to one's future self. Ÿ Learners to write a letter to self- Learners to relate to application of Arti icial Intelligence in their daily keeping the future in context. They lives. will describe what they have learnt so far or what they would like to learn someday Video Session: To watch a video Introducing the concept of Smart Cities, Smart Schools and Smart Homes Relate Recommended Activity: To unleash their imagination To write an Interactive Story towards smart homes and build an Learners to draw a loor plan of a interactive story around it. Home/School/City and write an interactive story around it using Story To relate, apply and re lect on the Speaker extension in Google docs. Human-Machine Interactions. Purpose Session: Introduction to sustainable To understand the impact of development goals Arti icial Intelligence on Sustainable SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL Development Goals to develop responsible citizenship. Recommended Activity: Go Goals Board Game Ÿ Learners to answer questions on Sustainable Development Goals Possibilities Session: Theme-based research To research and develop and Case Studies awareness of skills required for Ÿ Learners will listen to various jobs of the future. case-studies of inspiring start-ups, To imagine, examine and re lect companies or communities where on the skills required for the AI has been involved in real-life. futuristic opportunities. Ÿ Learners will be allotted a theme around which they need to search for present AI trends and have to visualise the future of AI in and around their respective theme. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 5

UNIT SUB-UNIT SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES Recommended Activity: Job Ad To develop effective Creating activity communication and collaborative Ÿ Learners to create a job work skills. advertisement for a irm describing the nature of job available and the skill-set required for it 10 years down the line. They need to igure out how AI is going to transform the nature of jobs and create the Ad accordingly. AI Ethics Video Session: Discussing about AI To understand and re lect on the Ethics ethical issues around AI. Recommended Activity: To gain awareness around AI bias Ethics Awareness and AI access. Students play the role of major stakeholders and they have to decide what is ethical and what is not for a given scenario. Session: AI Bias and AI Access Ÿ Discussing about the possible bias in data collection Ÿ Discussing about the implications of AI technology Recommended Activity: Balloon To let the students analyse the Debate advantages and disadvantages of Ÿ Students divide in teams of 3 and 2 Arti icial Intelligence. teams are given same theme. One team goes in af irmation to AI for their section while the other one goes against it. Ÿ They have to come up with their points as to why AI is bene icial/harmful for the society. Session: Introduction to AI Project Identify the AI Project Cycle Cycle framework. Ÿ Problem Scoping Ÿ Data Acquisition Ÿ Data Exploration Ÿ Modelling Ÿ Evaluation Artificial Intelligence - 9 6

UNIT SUB-UNIT SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES Activity: Brainstorm around the Learn problem scoping and ways theme provided and set a goal for to set goals for an AI project. the AI project. Ÿ Discuss various topics within the given theme and select one. Ÿ List down/ Draw a mindmap of problems related to the selected topic and choose one problem to be the goal for the project. 2. AI PROJECT CYCLE Problem Activity: To set actions around the Identify stakeholders involved in the Scoping goal. problem scoped. Ÿ List down the stakeholders Brainstorm on the ethical issues involved around the problem involved in the problem. selected. Ÿ Search on the current actions Understand the iterative nature of taken to solve this problem. problem scoping for in the AI Ÿ Think around the ethics involved project cycle. Foresee the kind of data required in the goal of your project. and the kind of analysis to be done. Activity: Data and Analysis Share what the students have Ÿ What are the data features discussed so far. needed? Ÿ Where can you get the data? Ÿ How frequent do you have to collect the data? Ÿ What happens if you don't have enough data? Ÿ What kind of analysis needs to be done? Ÿ How will it be validated? Ÿ How does the analysis inform the action? Presentation: Presenting the goal, actions and data. Data Activity: Introduction to data and its Identify data requirements and ind Acquisition types. reliable sources to obtain relevant Students work around the scenarios data. given to them and think of ways to acquire data. Data Session: Data Visualisation To understand the purpose of Exploration Ÿ Need of visualising data Data Visualisation Ÿ Ways to visualise data using various types of graphical tools. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 7

UNIT SUB-UNIT SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES Use various types of graphs to Recommended Activity: Let's use visualise acquired data. Graphical Tools Understand, create and implement Ÿ To decide what kind of data is the concept of Decision Trees. required for a given scenario and acquire the same. Understand and visualise computer's ability to identify Ÿ To select an appropriate graphical alphabets and handwritings. format to represent the data acquired. Understand and appreciate the concept of Neural Network through Ÿ Presenting the graph sketched. gami ication. Session: Decision Tree To introduce basic structure of Decision Trees to students Recommended Activity: Decision Tree To design a Decision Tree based on the data given. Modelling Recommended Activity: Pixel It Ÿ To create an \"AI Model\" to classify handwritten letters. Ÿ Students develop a model to classify handwritten letters by diving the alphabets into pixels. Ÿ Pixels are then joined together to analyse a pattern amongst same alphabets and to differentiate the different ones. 3. NEURAL NETWORK Session: Introduction to neural network Ÿ Relation between the neural network and nervous system in human body Ÿ Describing the function of neural network. Recommended Activity: Creating a Human Neural Network Ÿ Students split in four teams each representing input layer (X students), hidden layer 1 (Y students), hidden layer 2 (Z students) and output layer (1 student) respectively. Artificial Intelligence - 9 8

UNIT SUB-UNIT SESSION/ACTIVITY/PRACTICAL LEARNING OUTCOMES Ÿ Input layer gets data which is Learn basic programming skills passed on to hidden layers after through gami ied platforms. some processing. The output layer 4. INTRODUCTION TO PYTHON inally gets all information and gives meaningful information as output. Recommended Activity: Introduction to programming using Online Gaming portals like Code Combat. Session: Introduction to Python language Introducing python programming and its applications Practical: Python Basics Acquire introductory Python programming skills in a very user- Ÿ Students go through lessons on friendly format. Python Basics (Variables, Arithmetic Operators, Expressions, Data Types - integer, loat, strings, using print() and input() functions) Ÿ Students will try some simple problem solving exercises on Python Compiler. Practical: Python Lists Ÿ Students go through lessons on Python Lists (Simple operations using list) Ÿ Students will try some basic problem solving exercises using lists on Python Compiler. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 9

1. INTRODUCTION TO AI CONTENTS 11 Artificial Intelligence Goals of Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence Vs Human Intelligence Classification of AI Programming With and Without AI Fields, Applications and Limitations of AI Domains of AI (Data, CV, NLP) Relating Application of AI in Our Daily Life How is AI Transforming Our Lives? Importance of AI in Our Lives Smart Living: Smart Homes to Smart Cities Connection of Smart Citizens to Smart Cities Introduction to Sustainable Development Elements of Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Appreciate the Complexity of Social Issues Achieve SDGs Using AI Possibilities of AI in Various Fields Self-optimization of AI Skill Sets Needed for Jobs in Fields of AI Introduction to AI Ethics Possible Bias in Data Collection Problem of Inclusion in AI Systems Ethical Concerns Related to Implications of AI Systems Short Analysis of AI Systems 2. AI PROJECT CYCLE 65 Introduction to AI Project Cycle Problem Scoping, 4Ws Problem Canvas Data Acquisition, System Maps Data Exploration and Data Visualisation Data Modelling, Decision Trees Machine Learning and Deep Learning 3. NEURAL NETWORK 104 Introduction Neural Network Architecture of Neural Networks Advantages and Disadvantages of ANN Attributes of Artificial Neural Networks Applications of Artificial Neural Network 4. CODING IN PYTHON 118 Introduction to Programming Algorithm, Flowchart and Program Introduction to Python Using CodeCombat for Learning Programming Features of Python Programming Installing Python Line and Indentation Character Set, Tokens, Operators Comments and Statements Data Types and Variables Conditional and Loop Control Structures String Traversal and String Built-in Functions List Traversal and List Built-in Functions AI RELATED FIELDS 169 PROJECT WORK 176 ADDITIONAL KNOWLEDGE 178 AI EXPERIMENTS 191 Artificial Intelligence - 9 10

1 INTRODUCTION TO AI EXCITE Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence The computer which we see today was not like this before. From abacus to modern computers, technology has come a long way. This fascina ng journey is very old. Let us first look at the history and genera ons of the computer. Abacus, one of the earliest known calcula ng devices, was used Abacus in many great ancient civiliza ons and had sliding counters Analytical Engine (beads, pebbles or flat disks) to perform calcula ons. The first computer which laid the founda on for today's modern Mark I machines was the Analy cal Engine, a device conceived and Turing Machine designed by the Bri sh mathema cian Charles Babbage between 1833 and 1871. Another milestone in computer Modern Computer science was achieved when the electromechanical computer Mark 1 was built in the early 1940s. It used punched cards or Internet punched tape for its program input. In the early stages of compu ng, most computer opera ons were simple calcula ons. In 1936, Alan Turing introduced the idea of a universal machine, later named the Turing machine, capable of compu ng anything that is computable. The key principles of the modern computer was based on his ideas. By late 1960s, computer systems included screens, keyboards, text editors, and used programming languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The Internet was first created in the 1970s, but its exposure was only limited to researchers in universi es for more than a decade. It was the inven on of the World Wide Web, which began in 1990 that transformed the Internet into an accessible vehicle for informa on sharing. The Internet has transformed and revolu onized our world. It has made it possible for all of us to communicate quickly and has brought informa on from all over the world to our finger ps. This has brought about a revolu on in Informa on Technology. The large amount of data on the Internet and progress in computer hardware as well as programming techniques is giving rise to very exci ng new fields like Ar ficial Intelligence. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Artificial Intelligence 11

Evolution of Artificial Intelligence In the past few years, AI has evolved into a powerful tool that enables machines to think and act like humans. The term ‘Ar ficial Intelligence’ was coined by John McCarthy at an academic conference he organized in Dartmouth College in 1956 to discuss the subject. He is widely considered as the father of Ar ficial Intelligence for his pioneer role within the field. The research in AI was ini ally restricted to problem solving and symbolic methods during the 1950s. Let us learn more about the meline of innova ons in AI using the table given below: Year Innova on 1950 Ar ficial Intelligence was first conceptualized by Alan Turing to evaluate the 1956 intelligence level of machines. He published a paper en tled Compu ng Machinery and Intelligence which posed the ques on: Can machines think? He developed the Imita on Game, popularly known today as the Turing Test, to determine whether a machine can demonstrate human intelligence. John McCarthy coined the term ‘Ar ficial Intelligence’ at Dartmouth Conference. 1958 A programming language named LISP was developed for AI by John McCarthy in 1964 MIT. 1969 1973 A disserta on at MIT took place which showed that computers can understand 1975 natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly. 1979 1986 Shakey, a robot, equipped with locomo on, percep on, and problem solving was built at Stanford Research Ins tute. A Sco sh robot named Freddy was built at Edinburgh University which was capable of using vision to locate and assemble models. An autonomous system named MYCIN was built to diagnose bacterial infec ons and recommend appropriate an bio cs. Stanford Cart, the first computer-controlled autonomous vehicle was built. LMI Lambda, a LISP worksta on was introduced. 1997 Chess playing computer Deep Blue by IBM won against chess world champion Garry Kasparov. 2003 Computer Science and Ar ficial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at MIT was formed. 2011 Apple introduced a personal voice assistant Siri as a built-in feature for iOS. 2012 Supercomputer IBM Watson won against two human contestants in the television 2014 quiz show Jeopardy!. 2017 Google’s autonomous car passed the first US self-driving car test. 2018 Amazon launched Alexa – an intelligent virtual assistant. 2019 Google’s AI AlphaGo beat world champion Ke Jie in the board game of Go. 2020 Erica, a robot became a news anchor in Japan. A gender-neutral voice assistant named Q was created. Evolu on of chatbots to conversa onal AI bots. Artificial Intelligence - 9 12

Artificial Intelligence Ar ficial Intelligence is a branch of Computer Science which studies how the human brain thinks, learns, decides and works when it tries to solve problems. Finally, this study helps to build intelligent so ware systems. Before moving further in our study of Ar ficial Intelligence, let us explore the concept and nature of intelligence. As you know, intelligence is intangible. It is composed of: i) Reasoning: It is the set of processes that enable us to provide a basis for making judgements, decisions and predic ons. ii) Learning: It is the ac vity of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, prac cing, being taught or experiencing something. Learning enhances the awareness of the subjects of study. iii) Problem Solving: It is the process in which one perceives the problem and tries to arrive at the desired solu on for the present situa on by analyzing the available alterna ves and choosing the best path. It also includes decision making. iv) Percep on: It is the process of acquiring, interpre ng, selec ng and organizing sensory informa on. In humans, percep on is aided by sensory organs. v) Linguis c Intelligence: It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak and write verbal and wri en language. It is important in interpersonal communica on. In our daily life, we perform many tasks, out of which some are regular and some are special. The performance of regular tasks depends on common intelligence whereas the performance of special tasks requires special intelligence. The different types of regular tasks and special tasks for human and computer are given in the following table: Category Regular Tasks Special Tasks Human A human being can rou nely perform these Only a human being with master skills can Computer tasks. e.g. communica ng in different do special tasks. For example: An eye languages, moving from one place to another, surgeon can do the surgery of eyes, a overcoming hurdles, and the ability to think subject teacher can teach a specific subject conceptually and logically. In simple words, in depth, etc. Thus, we can say that special we can say that regular tasks performed by skills or special intelligence are required to human beings do not need specific skills. perform special tasks. Computer is a smart machine but regular Special tasks which are very easy for tasks performed by humans are very difficult computers, are difficult for human beings. for computers. For example: Understanding For example: Check-up of eyesight, medical any regional language, moving from one diagnosis of illness and doing complex place to another, and iden fying objects. calcula ons within seconds which is difficult for human beings. Tasks which are Hard for Humans but Easy for Computers A computer can easily solve any complex mathema cal calcula on within a second, which is extremely difficult or rather impossible for human beings. Let us understand with the help of a simple example. In a game of chess, humans play chess like a conversa on. For each move, the player makes a plan whereas the computer doesn't make a plan. It evaluates each posi on without focusing on the history of the game. Due to this reason, computers started bea ng chess world champions with the famous Deep Blue game in 1997. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 13

AI – Combination of Different Disciplines Ar ficial Intelligence refers to the ability of machines or Computer computer programs to perform certain ac ons that typically Science require human beings to use their intelligence. In simple terms, Engineering Biology AI is an approach to make a computer, a robot, or a product to think, act and behave like a human. ARTIFICIAL The field of Ar ficial Intelligence is a combina on of different INTELLIGENCE disciplines like Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Mathematics Psychology Philosophy, Mathema cs and Engineering for crea ng intelligent systems that behave like a human in terms of Philosophy thinking, learning and differen a ng between right and wrong. Goals of Artificial Intelligence The main goal of Ar ficial Intelligence is to aid human capabili es and help us make advanced decisions with far- reaching consequences. From a philosophical perspec ve, Ar ficial Intelligence technology has the poten al to help humans live more meaningful lives, free from hard labour. It can help to manage the complex web of interconnected individuals, companies, states and na ons to func on in a manner that is universally beneficial to the humanity. Currently, the purpose of Ar ficial Intelligence is shared by all the different tools and techniques that we have invented over the past many years – to simplify our efforts and to help us make be er decisions. The key goal of Ar ficial Intelligence is to build an intelligent system with the following traits and capabili es: 1. Reasoning and Problem Solving: AI researchers aim to build systems that strongly resemble the step-by-step approach of problem solving and logical deduc on shown by humans while dealing with complex problems. 2. Knowledge Representa on: Knowledge representa on refers to the configura on of informa on in order to store, retrieve or manipulate it. Since an AI-powered system is expected to solve diverse problems, it should have extensive knowledge about the world. 3. Planning: The system should have the insight to set future goals and plan accordingly in advance to achieve them. It should have the capability to visualize future scenarios and predict future possibili es based on the user’s ac ons. 4. Learning: The AI system should automa cally improve through experience, also known as machine learning. It should be learning independently without any human interven on. 5. Social Intelligence: AI aspires to develop systems that can recognize, interpret, process, mimic and predict human behaviour and emo ons. 6. Crea vity: AI system should display out-of-the-box approach to problems and generate novel, never-seen-before outputs. 7. General Intelligence: Many researchers are trying to integrate Ar ficial General Intelligence in their systems which will be able to outdo the intelligence and skills of human beings in every aspect. Artificial Intelligence - 9 14

ICE-BREAKER ACTIVITY BIOMETRIC SYSTEM Biometrics are physical or behavioral human characteris cs that can be used to digitally iden fy a person to grant access to systems, devices or data. The input data of these biometric iden fiers are fingerprints, facial pa erns, voice or typing cadence. Each of these iden fiers is considered unique to the individual, and they may be used in combina on to ensure greater accuracy of iden fica on. Biometrics can provide a reasonable level of confidence in authen ca ng a person with less fric on for the user, thus it is more secure. Now, write any three privacy risks of using biometric systems. How many types of biometrics are available in India ll now? Can you list some of the technologies used in biometrics? How secure is biometric authen ca on data? DO YOU KNOW ? By far, the most accurate and convenient form of biometric is fingerprint iden fica on. Iris recogni on ranks second for security and accuracy. Facial recogni on leads along with fingerprint iden fica on in terms of convenience. Artificial Intelligence Vs Human Intelligence The intelligence level of human beings has come from past experiences and ac ons based upon different situa ons and environments. In other words, we can say that human intelligence is completely based upon the ability to change one’s surroundings through knowledge gained from experience. On the other hand, Ar ficial Intelligence is a way of making intelligent computer programs or making intelligent smart machines, in a manner similar to how an intelligent human thinks. A lot of differences exist between human intelligence and Ar ficial Intelligence on the basis of nature, decision-making, performance, perfec on, etc. Some of them are as follows: 1. Cogni ve Behaviour: Human intelligence is based on cogni ve behaviour whereas Ar ficial Intelligence uses models to mimic human behaviour. 2. Nature: Human intelligence is natural whereas Ar ficial Intelligence is ar ficial in nature. 3. Adaptability: Human insights can be adaptable in reac on to the changes to their environment whereas AI takes much more me to adjust to unfamiliar changes. 4. Decision Making: Human decision making can be biased whereas the decision making capability of AI is unbiased. 5. Speed: As you know, computers can handle more data at a speedier rate. So, Ar ficial Intelligence powered machines can solve any complex problem within a millisecond which human intelligence can never do. In simple words, human intelligence cannot beat the speed of Ar ficial Intelligence machines. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 15

Classification of Artificial Intelligence As defined above, Ar ficial Intelligence refers to the process of simula ng human intelligence in man-made machines like computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning, and self-correc on. In general, Ar ficial Intelligence can be divided into various types. On the basis of capabili es and func onali es, there are mainly two types: i) Based on capabili es: Ar ficial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Ar ficial General Intelligence (AGI) and Ar ficial Super Intelligence (ASI) ii) Based on func onali es: Reac ve Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind and Self- awareness Type I: Based on Capabilities When we are classifying AI in this category, it is all about finding a solid ground of skills or competency for the AI-based machines. These are capability-based AI types: i) Ar ficial Narrow Intelligence (ANI): Ar ficial Narrow Intelligence is the ability of computers to perform a single task effec vely and efficiently. These systems are intelligent enough to perform a single task very well like Google voice assistants, bots, etc, which are designed only for voice recogni on. The rapidly growing field of bots serves as an excellent example of ANI at the workplace. Bots are used to provide immediate answers to ques ons like “What type of weather is going to be today?” On the basis of the ques on, bots pull data from larger systems and deliver the expected answer. Companies like Google and Facebook are striving to create user-friendly bots for a wide variety of purposes. Let us understand with the help of a simple example of an online departmental store. Sunita, a customer, wants to order the same product again which she had purchased last me, but she doesn't remember the exact name of the product. To do this, she would have had to find the receipt of her last purchase in the previous mes. But, nowadays, it is easier by logging onto the website and searching the product name through her order history. Using bot, she could text on a self-service web chat like “What is the name of the product I ordered last me?” The bot can quickly match her iden ty and find the order history to tell the exact name of the product. ii) Ar ficial General Intelligence (AGI): Ar ficial General Intelligence can be defined as the ability of systems to perform any intellectual task with efficiency like a human. These systems are hard to develop because replica on of the human brain is theore cally possible but not prac cable as of now. Currently, there is no such system which could come under general AI and can perform any task as perfectly as a human. So, we can say that Ar ficial General Intelligence is s ll at the research stage. iii) Ar ficial Super Intelligence (ASI): Ar ficial Super Intelligence refers to the ability of a system that could perform any task be er than humans with cogni ve behaviour. With ASI, a system would become so self-aware that it would surpass the level of cogni ve performance, emo onal understanding, problem solving and decision making skills found in humans. This system is theore cally possible as it is an outcome of Ar ficial General Intelligence. Artificial Intelligence - 9 16

Type II: Based on Functionalities As the name suggests, the primary objec ve of such AI-powered systems is to perform some specific func ons. There are four func onality-based AI types: i) Reac ve Machines: Reac ve machines, one of the basic forms of AI, do not have any past memory. These machines cannot use past experience to take any ac on in future. For example, IBM’s Deep Blue System, Google’s AlphaGo, etc. ii) Limited Memory: Limited Memory can be defined as the ability of machines to store past experiences for a shorter period of me. For example, driverless cars, Apple’s chatbot Siri, etc. iii) Theory of Mind: Theory of Mind AI can be defined as the ability of machines to understand human emo ons, beliefs, thoughts, expecta ons and be able to interact socially like human beings. Even though they have undergone a lot of improvements, this type of AI machines are s ll at the research stage. iv) Self-awareness: Self-aware AI refers to the ability of those machines that are super intelligent and have their own consciousness, self-awareness and sen ments. In simple terms, they are essen ally a complete human being. In reality, these types of machines do not exist. It is only a concept. Is there Another Way to Classify AI? Some mes, to differen ate between the performance levels of different Ar ficial Intelligence systems, scien sts divide them into two types: a) Weak AI: In the present scenario, all AI systems are weak AI because these systems or machines pretend to be intelligent but are not really intelligent. Some examples of Weak AI are advanced chess so ware programs, virtual assistants and language translators. The output given by these systems are a part of programming which is being done by human beings. b) Strong AI: Strong AI systems are those systems which use clustering and associa on techniques for processing the data. The output given by these systems have a wider scope and applica on and will not be limited to programming. These systems have an incredible human-level intelligence. AI Technique AI technique is defined as a proper organiza on of knowledge to allow its efficient usage. In this digital age, we have a huge volume of knowledge and data available to us around the clock. However, most of this data lacks proper forma ng and organiza on, and is prone to a lot of changes. AI technique helps in proper organiza on, management and forma ng of this data to make it useful. AI technique helps us to organize this unorganized knowledge by the following methods: a) By making it easily modifiable to allow rec fica on of mistakes easier. b) By making the knowledge easily understood by the person it is being provided to. c) By making the knowledge useful even if it is incomplete or contains errors. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 17

ICE-BREAKER ACTIVITY DESIGN YOUR DREAM SMART HOME In the modern era, designing a smart home is everyone’s dream. Proper planning is crucial to design a smart home that is mindful of the budget, personal style and requirements of its future inhabitants. You can follow the given points to design a good smart home: a) Style: House style plays an important role while designing a smart home. Nowadays, people want unique house styles customized as per their requirement. b) Essen als: The basic parts in a typical house are bedroom, kitchen, living area, common room, dining room, porch, etc. Thus, you should create a list of basic rooms that you want to have in your smart home. c) Interior: As you know, a good interior makes your home a rac ve and impressive. While designing a smart home, you should pay special a en on to the ligh ng system, color of walls, design of ceiling, etc. d) Technology: The advanced technology will make your lives more comfortable. So, while designing a good smart home, you should focus on security system, monitoring and detec ng incidents, energy management, etc. Now, you can think of some more provisions like a theatre room, rain dancing room, etc. that you will like to have in your home. Here, we can provide some op ons of AI-powered smart technologies that you can implement in your smart home: Digital Assistants MY Fancy Sensors SMART Ligh ng HOME System Cameras Now, create a presenta on of the floor plan of your ‘Dream Smart Home’ using a presenta on tool and present it in front of the class. Artificial Intelligence - 9 18

Programming With and Without Artificial Intelligence As you know, a computer is a machine that accepts input from the user, processes it and displays output. This input is in the form of a set of instruc ons to do a par cular task, known as computer programming. A er the existence of AI- powered machines, we can differen ate programming in two ways, i.e., Programming with AI and Programming without AI. The detailed descrip ons of these two types of programming are as follows: A computer program with AI can answer the generic ques ons it is meant to solve. These programs can integrate new modifica ons by pu ng highly independent pieces of informa on together. Hence, you can modify even a minute piece of informa on about the program without affec ng its structure. A computer program without AI can only answer the specific ques ons it is meant to solve. Modifica on in the program leads to change in the programming structure. Fields Related to Artificial Intelligence Nowadays, AI has become an important part of our lives. The field of AI has certain core technologies that make it possible for machines to mimic the human brain and learning. The core components of an AI-based system are as follows: i) Machine Learning: Machine learning is a form of AI that enables systems to learn automa cally from experience or past informa on. For example, auto- complete sugges on feature in search engines that gives be er result with more experience and data. ii) Deep Learning: Deep learning or deep neural learning is a subset of machine learning. This system has the ability to learn from unstructured or unlabeled data. For example: Emoji Scavenger Hunt is a web browser-based game on deep learning technique. iii) Robo cs: Robo cs deals with the designing, construc on, programming and applica on of robots. Robots are compu ng machines which include both hardware and so ware. The Ar ficial Intelligence technique is applied on the so ware aspect part of the system to develop AI programs. The main aspira on in robo cs is to use AI to develop AI programs and so ware for the computer to perform ac ons and behave like humans. For example, a collabora ve robot or a cobot can be easily programmed to pick up objects and place them somewhere else. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 19

Applications of Artificial Intelligence As we know, Ar ficial Intelligence is a cu ng edge technology that offers a series of important benefits in many sectors, since it is one of the most versa le technologies that exist today. It has become an essen al part of our daily life. Google, a voice assistant, is an example of Ar ficial Intelligence that we use daily. The experts of Ar ficial Intelligence are working on automa c learning, knowledge engineering, ar ficial vision, natural language processing and data mining, to get really interes ng and useful solu ons. Let us understand the applica ons of AI by following these points: i) AI in Healthcare Industry: In the healthcare industry, the main goal of implemen ng Ar ficial Intelligence machines is to enhance produc vity in terms of improvement in pa ent care and reducing work pressure of the healthcare workers. To do this, many healthcare industries have adopted Ar ficial Intelligence machines to make be er and faster diagnosis. ii) AI in Banking and Other Financial Ins tu ons: Ar ficial Intelligence machines are used to collect personal data and provide financial advice as per the requirement of customers in banks and other financial ins tu ons. For example, Eva, an acronym of Electronic Virtual Assistant is India’s first and largest Ar ficial Intelligence banking chatbot. This chatbot uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) to understand the user query and fetch the relevant informa on from a larger database within a second. iii) AI in Business: Nowadays, most of the companies use a biometric system for managing a endance of employees effec vely and efficiently. Biometric system is an Ar ficial Intelligence applica on that collects data on facial and demographic characteris cs. Thus, intelligent machines can adapt their responses by analyzing different iden es and emo onal responses. iv) AI in Manufacturing Industry: This is an area that has been at the forefront of incorpora ng robots into the workflow. AI-driven robots can work non-stop without breaks, reduce opera ng expenditure and op mize produc on of the manufacturing units. Artificial Intelligence - 9 20

v) AI in Social Networking: Ar ficial Intelligence plays an important role in social networking applica ons like Instagram, Facebook and Snapchat. On Facebook, you can make new friends, upload photos and much more. When you upload photos, the applica on automa cally highlights faces and suggests friends to tag. Do you ever think how can it instantly iden fy which of your friends are in the photo? This recogni on is possible only due to Ar ficial Intelligence technology. vi) AI in Educa on Industry: Using Ar ficial Intelligence technology, it is easier for the teacher to depict the knowledge of data collec on among students through various AI applica ons. This technology also promotes integrated learning as it is made up of different disciplines like mathema cs, biology, psychology, computer science and sociology. Limitations of Artificial Intelligence Though limitless in applica on, AI has its own share of limita ons at present. The complex nature of components involved in the crea on of AI has the following disadvantages: i) Huge Cost: As we know, Ar ficial Intelligence powered machines are complex in nature. Thus, huge costs are required to create such types of machines. ii) Emo onless: Machines s ll can't experience emo ons and moral values. They perform ac ons according to the human instruc ons and cannot make any difference between right and wrong. iii) Lack of Crea vity: Currently, AI-powered machines simply lack the ability to be crea ve. Unlike machines, humans can think and feel, which o en guides their decision making when it comes to being crea ve. In terms of originality and crea ve thinking, an AI machine simply cannot compete with the human brain. Domains of Artificial Intelligence Ar ficial Intelligence technology is made up of three domains: Domains of AI Data Computer Vision Natural Language Processing PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 21

a) Data: Data is the heart of Ar ficial Intelligence, as no AI system can be developed or func onal without adequate data. For example, a biometric informa on system needs adequate data to iden fy each person on the basis of fingerprints. The different types of data used in AI systems are as follows: i) Sound ii) Text iii) Image iv) Video We should remember that data clustering is a difficult and me consuming process while developing AI systems. b) Computer Vision (CV): The discipline of teaching machines how to see and perceive the human world is known as Computer Vision. Computer Vision domain is a mature and reliable technology that can save us me, improve the quality and ul mately generate cost savings. This domain is also known as ‘ar ficial vision’. Let us learn more about Computer Vision through its applica ons: i) Defect Detec on: Tradi onally, defect detec on is a me consuming task which is carried out by trained people in selected batches, and total produc on control is usually not possible. With Computer Vision technology, anyone can detect defects such as cracks in metals, paint defects, bad prints, etc. ii) Gaming: Microso Kinect is an excellent example of a popular commercial product which is totally oriented around AI and u lizes Computer Vision technology. iii) Driverless Cars: In self-driving cars, Computer Vision is one of the key enabling technologies for detec ng traffic signals, traffic lights and weather condi ons. c) Natural Language Processing (NLP): Natural NLP Language Processing, the third domain of AI, refers to the AI method of communica on with an Natural Language Processing intelligent system using naturally wri en or spoken languages like Hindi or English. The requirement of NLP is necessary when you want to instruct an NLG NLU intelligent system like a robot or when you want to hear decisions from a dialogue-based Natural Language Natural Language clinical expert system. Always remember that Genera on Understanding the input and output data of an NLP system can be either speech or wri en text. For example, Google Translator system uses NLP method as it accepts input, either speech-based or text- based in one language and translates it into another language. The two main components of Natural Language Processing are: i) Natural Language Understanding (NLU): An Ar ficial Intelligence language that uses computer so ware to recognize text or speech sentences is called Natural Language Understanding. This component is widely used by speech recogni on systems like Alexa, Siri and Google Assistant. ii) Natural Language Genera on (NLG): Natural Language Genera on refers to the process of crea ng meaningful phrases and sentences in the form of natural language from some internal representa on. In simple terms, this component automa cally generates narra ves that describe, summarize or explain input structured data in a human-like manner at the speed of thousands of pages per second. Artificial Intelligence - 9 22

Worksheet 1: Practical Applications of Artificial Intelligence As you read earlier, AI-based applica ons are used in various sectors like gaming, product recommenda on engine, language translator, etc. Some images of AI-based applica ons are given below. Research and iden fy the domain of each applica on and write your specula ons about the applica ons. Q1. Domain of AI Write your specula on Q2. Domain of AI Write your specula on Q3. Domain of AI Write your specula on Q4. Domain of AI Write your specula on PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 23

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB Game 1: Rock, Paper and Scissors (Based on Data Domain) Rock, Paper and Scissors is a very simple game. You can learn the basic principles of an adap ve Ar ficial Intelligence technology through this game. This game is based on the core domain of AI i.e. Data, where the system will be trained to predict the future behaviour on the basis of collected data. Basic Requirements: You need the following things to play this game: a) A data processing device like PC, laptop, smartphone or tablet. b) Internet connec on Game Introduc on: This game is usually played by two players. In this game, the compe ng players use one hand to form one of the three shapes: rock, paper or scissors. This game has only three rules: a) Scissors beat Paper by cu ng it b) Rock beats Scissors by crushing them c) Paper beats Rock by covering it This game is totally based on guessing what the opponent will choose. According to the guess, the players of the game will make one of three hand postures to defeat them. How to Play Rock, Paper and Scissors Online? To play this game online, go to the web browser and type the following URL in the address bar: h ps://www.afini .com/corporate/rock-paper-scissors and press Enter to get the following screen: There are two modes to choose: Play the game and I’m feeling curious. Select your mode to play and fill up the outcomes asked in the table given below: Number of games Number of games Number of games Number of es played by you won by you won by AI Artificial Intelligence - 9 24

Game 2: Mystery Animal (Based on Natural Language Processing Domain) As you know, a data processing device normally requires input to display output. You can learn English as a second language very easily. Basic Requirements: The basic requirements to play this game are: a) A data processing device like PC, laptop, smartphone or tablet. b) Internet connec on c) Microphone Game Introduc on: This game is also known as ‘Twenty Ques ons’. As the name suggests, 20 sets of Yes/No form of ques ons are asked by one player and the other player (here AI) acts as an animal. These 20 ques ons will help you to build important skills like communica on, cri cal thinking, etc. Let us understand with the help of few ques ons: Are you a mammal? Do you have feathers? Do you live underground? Do you eat meat? Do you live in North America? Depending upon the answers, the player (here AI) will try to determine what the mystery animal is. How to Play Mystery Animal Online? To play this game online, go to the web browser and type the following URL in the address bar: h ps://mysteryanimal.withgoogle.com/ and press Enter. You will get the following screen: On this screen, click on the Preview it here bu on to load the first mystery animal. Use microphone on your computer by pressing the microphone icon on the screen. Now ask 20 Yes/No ques ons. You can learn the power of NLP (Natural Language Processing) by playing this game. A er playing this game, share your experience with your friends. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 25

Game 3: Emoji Scavenger Hunt (Based On Computer Vision Domain) Have you ever heard the name of a browser game? Emoji Scavenger Hunt is an example of a web browser game. This game uses the power of phone camera and Ar ficial Intelligence to recognize the real life versions of the daily used emojis. Basic Requirements: You need the following things to play this game: a) Device with built-in camera like laptop, smartphone or tablet. b) Android or iOS c) Internet connec on Game Introduc on: This game uses various machine learning tools. In this game, a computer asks the user to use the phone's camera to find objects that match an emoji within a me limit. You should remember that the me limit decreases with each find. How to Play Emoji Scavenger Hunt Online? To play this game online, go to the web browser and type the following URL in the address bar: h ps://emojiscavengerhunt.withgoogle.com/ and press Enter. You will get this screen. Click on Let’s Play bu on. Now, you will get an image to find, e.g. Pen. A er playing this game, you will learn how Ar ficial Intelligence technology is used in this game to recognize the objects within given me. Write your experience in the space given below: ............................................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................................... Artificial Intelligence - 9 26

In a Nutshell 1. From abacus to modern computers, technology has come a long way. 2. The term ‘Ar ficial Intelligence’ was coined by John McCarthy in 1956 at Dartmouth College. He is considered as the father of Ar ficial Intelligence. 3. Ar ficial Intelligence is a study of how the human brain thinks, learns, decides and works, when it tries to solve problems. 4. Intelligence is composed of Reasoning, Learning, Problem Solving, Percep on and Linguis c Intelligence. 5. The field of Ar ficial Intelligence is a combina on of different disciplines like Computer Science, Biology, Psychology, Philosophy, Mathema cs and Engineering for crea ng intelligent systems. 6. The key goal of Ar ficial Intelligence is to build an intelligent system with vital traits and capabili es such as Reasoning and Problem Solving, Knowledge Representa on, Planning, Learning, Crea vity, Social and General Intelligence. 7. Ar ficial Intelligence can be divided into various types on the basis of capabili es and func onali es. 8. Based on capabili es, Ar ficial Intelligence is of three types: Ar ficial Narrow Intelligence (ANI), Ar ficial General Intelligence (AGI) and Ar ficial Super Intelligence (ASI). 9. Based on func onali es, Ar ficial Intelligence is of four types: Reac ve Machines, Limited Memory, Theory of Mind and Self-awareness. 10. AI technique is defined as a proper organiza on of knowledge to allow its efficient usage. 11. The core components of an AI-based system are Machine Learning, Deep Learning and Robo cs. 12. The applica on of Ar ficial Intelligence has covered various fields such as Healthcare Industry, Banking, Business, Manufacturing Industry, Social Network websites, Educa on Industry, etc. 13. Ar ficial Intelligence technology is made up of three domains: Data, Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP). 14. Data is the heart of Ar ficial Intelligence, as no AI system can be developed or func onal without adequate data. 15. The discipline of teaching machines how to see and perceive the human world is known as Computer Vision. 16. Natural Language Processing, the third domain of AI, refers to the AI method of communica on with an intelligent system using naturally wri en or spoken languages like Hindi or English. 17. The two main components of Natural Language Processing are: Natural Language Understanding (NLU) and Natural Language Genera on (NLG). PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 27

RELATE Relating Application of Artificial Intelligence in Our Daily Lives As you know, technological advancements in the field of Ar ficial Intelligence are impac ng our lives tremendously. Nowadays, we can easily communicate with each other through mobile phones, e-mails and different cha ng apps in any part of the world. It can make our day-to-day tasks easier, keep us informed on what’s happening in the world around us and bring us entertainment on the go. This has become possible only due to the development and advancement in the field of Ar ficial Intelligence. Let us know more about the industries in which AI has caused the maximum impact. i) AI in Business: Many companies are adop ng AI to automate their business processes, reduce employee workload, increase manufacturing output, improve data analysis, and engage be er with employees and customers. AI helps businesses to enhance the performance of their products and services. ii) AI in Banks: Mostly, banks and other financial ins tu ons use AI to perform their regular tasks such as transac onal and financial opera ons, stock market money and its management, etc. in a much easier and efficient way. iii) AI in Avia on: Air transport system uses AI technology to plan the routes, along with flight landing and take-off charts. The main objec ve of Ar ficial Intelligence in the field of avia on industry is to give humans ease and a more comfortable journey. iv) AI in E-commerce: These days, various e-commerce organiza ons like Flipkart and Amazon use AI technology to understand the perspec ve of customers or to automate customer services in an effec ve way. v) AI in Automobile Industry: Today, the automobile industry uses AI technology for the accurate predic on of sales, manufacturing and opera ons, supply chain management, etc. Major automobile manufacturers are also working on self-driving vehicles. These driverless vehicles would be able to navigate complex traffic situa ons without error, ensure safer roads, prevent traffic and reduce pollu on. vi) AI in Healthcare: AI has brought a revolu on in healthcare, powered by increasing availability of healthcare data and rapid progress of analy cal techniques. Major disease areas that use AI tools are such as cancer, neurology and cardiology. Artificial Intelligence - 9 28

How is AI Transforming Our Lives? You have learnt how Ar ficial Intelligence allows machines to analyze the data, learn the logic behind it, and make conscious decisions similar to humans. The data analy cs of AI can further iden fy hidden pa erns and provide a compe ve edge necessary to outdo the compe on. Today, AI plays a role in many aspects of our daily lives, from commu ng, to shopping, to browsing the web, etc. AI technologies are a great asset to humans and therefore, are programmed to reduce human effort as much as possible. They tend to possess the capability of working in an automated fashion. Some examples of the applica ons of Ar ficial Intelligence are as follows: i) AlphaGo: AlphaGo is a computer program developed by DeepMind Technologies, which is capable of playing the complex board game ‘Go’ using AI technology. This is the first computer program that beat former world champion Go player, Lee Sedol in a five-game match. ii) Clinical Trial Matching (CTM): Developed by IBM Watson, Clinical Trial Matching (CTM) uses Ar ficial Intelligence system to automa cally analyze a large amount of structured and unstructured data to read both pa ent records and trial inclusion/exclusion criteria. It eliminates the need for manual comparison of data and makes it easier for clinicians to review a list of clinical trials for an eligible pa ent. iii) Electronic Virtual Assistant (Eva): Electronic Virtual Assistant (Eva) is India’s first and largest AI-based banking chatbot. Launched in March 2017, it was built for HDFC Bank by Senseforth AI Research Pvt. Ltd. Eva uses the latest Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology to resolve customers’ banking-related queries and fetch relevant informa on about the bank’s products and services from a larger database in zero wait me. iv) Google Home or Nest: Google Home or Nest is a Google Assistant based smart speaker which uses speech recogni on technology to interact with users. We can keep it anywhere as it allows us to play music, control smart home gadgets, answer trivia ques ons, add things to a shopping list, create calendar appointments, or play video on a Chromecast-enabled screen. v) Alexa: This is one of the best-known examples of Ar ficial Intelligence that we have in our homes. Alexa is a virtual assistant developed by Amazon which interacts with the user through voice commands to fulfill a variety of tasks. It has made a big transforma on in our lives because it allows us to select any music, set reminders, book cabs like Ola and Uber, and check bank balance on the basis of voice commands. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 29

AI is Changing the Human World but not Without Drawbacks As you know, AI technology is capable of transforming human lives. This technology has one rule i.e. think simple. Ar ficial Intelligence is impac ng the future of virtually every industry and its usage is becoming a norm in human lives. Ar ficial Intelligence has acted as the main driving force behind emerging technologies like big data, robo cs and IoT (Internet of Things). Several organiza ons like Google and IBM are using this technology to create Ar ficial Intelligence systems that perform par cular tasks for which they are made. These intelligent systems are used for the following purposes: Reduce human errors Increase produc vity Handle repe ve tasks excellently 24 x 7 availability Explore money making opportuni es However, every technological advancement in the field of AI brings poten al risks along with benefits. As you know, data is the heart of AI. In cyberspace, data is analyzed and understood through cybersecurity solu ons. Cybercriminals and hackers are increasingly using AI to launch even more sophis cated a acks. AI can be misused to make autonomous weapons which might become weapons of mass destruc on if they reach the wrong hands. Although we feel blessed to be a part of this new era of AI, we must be cau ous of a world where machines and computers get to control our existence. We should remember to keep upgrading and familiarizing ourselves with the latest technologies in order to stay relevant in this exci ng new age. Importance of AI in Our Lives Nowadays, Ar ficial Intelligence has become an indispensible part of our lives as it can solve complex problems in an efficient way. The fields where AI can be u lized are limitless. i) AI in Gaming: Gaming industry is one of the most prominent industries that use AI technology to improve the strategic aspects of games. ii) AI in E-commerce: E-commerce companies like Amazon and Flipkart use AI technology to recommend products to a user on the basis of his/her previous purchases. The recommenda on is also based on user interests. iii) AI in Banking: Banking industry uses AI technology that allows users to do mul ple number of transac ons without leaving their homes. iv) AI in Robo cs: AI technology is widely being used to improve the working of intelligent systems like robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences without being explicitly programmed. Artificial Intelligence - 9 30

ICE-BREAKER ACTIVITY APPLICATIONS OF AI In your previous classes, you have learnt about the term cyber a ack. Nowadays, this term is very popular due to the technological advancement in the field of IT. With the increased threat of cyber a acks, businesses these days are adop ng AI techniques to enhance their online safety. What are the techniques or technologies required for online safety? Can you list some of them? DO YOU KNOW ? Ÿ Many renowned scien sts and technologists like Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates and Elon Musk believe that AI is a very dangerous threat to humanity. Ÿ IBM’s Deep Blue was the first AI robot, made in 1996. It was a chess-playing computer which won its first game against the world champion Garry Kasparov on February 10, 1996. Ÿ AI is capable of making diagnoses just as accurately as world-leading experts in the medical field. Ÿ Nau lus, a self-learning supercomputer can predict the future and it became famous when it was able to locate Osama Bin Laden. Ÿ According to the Interna onal Monetary Fund (IMF), “The way we work is changing at an unprecedented rate. Digitaliza on, Ar ficial Intelligence, and machine learning are elimina ng many jobs involving low and middle-skill rou ne tasks through automa on. Greater automa on will be especially challenging for women.’’ Worksheet 2: Applications of AI You must have seen various applica ons of AI in your daily life like Google Assistant, Google Translator, etc. Here, some applica ons of AI have been given. Put a ck mark in the check box if you have seen or experienced it. a) Driverless Cars b) Remote Controlled Drones c) Chatbot d) Biometric System e) Smart Home f) Smart Ci es g) Smart Assistants h) Social Media Monitoring i) Smart Recommenda on Engine j) Music and Media Streaming Services k) Video Games l) Online Ads Network m) Naviga on Apps n) Smart thermostats o) Smart Security System Note: Do not worry if you are not able to figure out the answers easily. Take your me and analyze all the applica ons one-by-one. Also, take help of the Internet as well as your teacher, if required. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 31

Smart Living: Smart Homes to Smart Cities How Do Smart Homes Fit into Smart Cities? AI technology has tremendously changed our way of life. Nowadays, we like to live a smarter life by using various gadgets like digital assistants, smart security systems, etc. A smart home contains smart devices which are interconnected through the Internet. It allows us to control func ons such as security access to the home, temperature, ligh ng, and home theater remotely. The smart home system will be cost- saving and energy-saving as it monitors the opera on of hea ng radiators with thermostats that connect via Wi-Fi or through a single control center. Many organiza ons have also adopted AI technology to make themselves be er. Many of the world ci es are also turning smart. The concept of smart ci es is gaining momentum in these ci es as they are using AI technologies to upgrade the quality of life of their ci zens. As our resources keep deple ng for the future genera ons, AI-powered technologies will play an instrumental role in ensuring sustainable and inclusive development in future. Smart ci es will improve the quality of life as they deal with conges on and energy waste whereas smart homes will benefit from the IoT to improve energy efficiency, security and convenience. In simple words, we can say that a smart city is an evolu on of smart homes. Today, smart ci es aren’t just a concept or merely futuris c imagina on. With the emerging technologies i.e. IoT (Internet of Things), it has already started expanding rapidly. It integrates Informa on and Communica on Technology (ICT) in a secure manner and seems promising in achieving sustainable development and high quality life for its ci zens. Components of smart city include smart Internet people, smart governance, smart homes, smart of Things infrastructure, smart technology, smart ecosystem, smart economy, smart mobility, Smart smart living and smart environment. Two Environment closely related technologies, the Internet of Things (IoT) and big data or Internet of data Smart Smart play very crucial roles in transforming the Living Mobility tradi onal ci es into smart ci es. These two are the perfect blend in bringing an interes ng Internet Smart Internet and novel challenge to a ain a futuris c smart of People City of Services city. Besides this, everyone is needed to be online to access all the services in order to Smart Smart realize the full benefits of IoT. People Economy Smart Governance Thus, smart city offers many benefits to Internet ci zens and enhances the quality of life of its of Data ci zens. Artificial Intelligence - 9 32

How Data Helps Smart Homes to Become Smarter? You have learnt that data is the core of Ar ficial Intelligent systems. As you know, all the smart devices installed in a smart home are connected wirelessly to the Internet. These devices have sensors and so ware that allow them to communicate with other devices. With the help of sensors, the devices collect data about the way they are used and about the environment around them. For example, smoke sensors are extensively used in smart homes to detect fire and gas incidents as they detect the presence of smoke, gases and flames in their surroundings. Connection of Smart Building Data to Smart Cities Smart homes and buildings play an important role in building smart ci es. With the growing expansion of IoT, the necessity of home automa on is growing exponen ally. In simple words, home automa on is a key component of smart ci es. In this sec on, we will learn how the data of smart buildings act as a building block of smart ci es. Energy Consump on: In smart homes and buildings, use of smart ligh ng can certainly reduce the consump on of energy by allowing ligh ng only those areas when needed. With the exponen al growth in the number of smart buildings, this data can be used by ci es to visualize the consump on of electricity. Thus, it helps power companies to regulate the supply of electricity. Smart Cameras: A network of cameras and sensors can be installed in every corner of smart buildings to help iden fy people who commit crimes like the , murder, etc. The data captured by these cameras can be used by municipali es to monitor criminals. Health Management: In the golden age of technology, hospitals can gather pa ents’ health-related data from homes without any hassle and use it for be er serving the elderly or sick people. Doctors can provide service to their pa ents any me in their homes. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Water Management: The smart moisture sensors are used as a water saving upgrade in smart homes. With the help of these sensors, it is possible to streamline the use of water and power in a city. Smart grid technology can be employed to be er manage the use of power and water metering to locate leaks and prevent excess use of water. 33

Connection of Smart Citizens to Smart Cities The role of ci zens is always crucial when we are talking about a city or country. A city is a reflec on of how its ci zens perceive it. A smart ci zen is needed as the main driving force behind digital products that will produce a vast change in the field of AI technology. You have read in newspapers that several residen al colonies and corporate companies start up welfare ini a ves like cleaning the neighbourhood, roads and water bodies, tree planta on, electronic waste, and recycling. These types of ini a ves mo vate ci zens to par cipate in the ini a ve of smart city. The major areas in which smart ci es will connect with ci zens are: i) Transporta on: With the help of conges on sensors, diversion of vehicles can be managed for the purpose of saving me and fuel inefficiencies. ii) Buildings: Smart buildings use IoT-powered monitoring systems to op mize energy usage levels based on the requirements. iii) U li es: A smart grid, an IoT based technology can visualize energy consump on and deliver only as much supply as needed. iv) Environment: Smart buildings can use various sensor networks to monitor the environmental condi ons like pollu on, dir ness, etc. This data is used by municipali es to make improvement in these condi ons with the help of AI-based products like smart water management, waste management, etc. v) Security: Smart ci es increase the comfort, safety, and livelihoods of the people living in them by using connected cameras which allow users to communicate with the city through the Internet. Worksheet 3: Smart Homes or Smart Cities Here, some smart systems are given based on smart homes and smart ci es. Use green color to fill the box if a given system will be used in smart homes and use red color if a given system will be used in smart ci es. 1. Smart garbage cans used to send data automa cally to waste management companies. 2. High-power embedded LEDs alert commuters about severe weather warnings. 3. Smart meters used to send daily readings to a computerized billing system. 4. An electronic, programmable Wi-Fi enabled thermostat that op mizes hea ng and cooling effects to conserve energy. 5. Smart sensors installed in the vehicles that respond to real- me traffic. 6. Health monitoring system that uses cameras and sensors to visualize the vital signs of pa ents at home and passes the informa on to the doctors. Answers 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Artificial Intelligence - 9 34

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB Game 1: LUIS (Based on Natural Language Processing Domain) As you know, Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of Ar ficial Intelligence that helps computer to communicate with humans in their own language. LUIS, an Ar ficial Intelligence applica on is completely based on Natural Language Understanding. It has been trained to understand natural language to control the ligh ng system of any house. Basic Requirements: You need the following things in the computer lab: a) Any compu ng device like a PC, smartphone, tablet, etc. b) An Internet connec on c) A microphone (op onal, to give verbal commands) Game Introduc on: LUIS (Language Understanding Service) is a service developed by Microso that uses the power of Natural Language Processing to solve the complex problem of extrac ng meaning from natural language input. In simple words, this service tries to understand the commands given by the user and makes an appropriate ac on that the user wants to perform. How to Play LUIS Online? To use this service online, go to the web browser and type the following URL in the address bar: h ps://aidemos.microso .com/luis/demo and press Enter to get the following screen: Here, you can instruct LUIS in three forms: voice data, text data or select any command from the preset sugges ons. You should wait for a moment a er giving instruc on in any form. AI system will try to interpret your instruc on and execute appropriate ac on. Here, we select an instruc on from the preset sugges on: It’s me to go to sleep. You can see that AI interprets the given instruc on and acts accordingly, i.e., it will switch off the light in the bedroom as shown in the picture. A er that, we instruct the system by selec ng another preset sugges on: I’m expec ng guests. A er interpre ng the instruc on, AI turns on the light of the main door. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 35

Game 2: Microso Computer Vision (Based on Computer Vision Domain) You must have heard the term ‘facial recogni on’ many mes but do you know which type of AI technique is used for the same? This technology is completely based on Computer Vision. In facial recogni on, the digital equipment can capture images at resolu ons and use it for classifying and processing the visual data that far surpasses the human vision system. Till now, Computer Vision only worked in limited capacity. This technology is used by big IT giants like Microso , Yahoo and Google for conduc ng image searches. Basic Requirements: You need the following resources to open this applica on: a) A processing device like a laptop or PC b) An Internet connec on Game Introduc on: Microso Computer Vision API service has been developed by Microso for the analysis of visual data and extrac ng informa on in the form of text. Also, you can generate a thumbnail of the selected image. Let us learn more about this service by performing an experiment. How to Play Microso Computer Vision Online? To use this service online, go to the web browser and write the following URL in the address bar: h ps://aidemos.microso .com/computer-vision and press Enter to get the following screen: Now, you can select an image for the analysis and descrip on of the image. The AI system will interpret the different tags of the selected image. Also, it will display the descrip on of the image along with the possibility of containing racial content or adult content. You will understand be er with the help of the given snapshot. Artificial Intelligence - 9 36

In a Nutshell 1. Ar ficial Intelligence has caused maximum impact in Business, Banks, Avia on, E-Commerce, Automobile and Healthcare industries. 2. AI plays a role in many aspects of our daily lives, from commu ng, to shopping, to browsing the web, etc. 3. AlphaGo, Clinical Trial Matching (CTM), Electronic Virtual Assistant (Eva), Google Home or Nest and Alexa are some of the applica ons of Ar ficial Intelligence. 4. Ar ficial Intelligence has acted as the main driving force behind emerging technologies like big data, robo cs and IoT (Internet of Things). 5. AI brings poten al risks along with benefits. For example, cybercriminals and hackers are increasingly using AI to launch even more sophis cated a acks. 6. The concept of smart ci es is gaining momentum in many ci es of the world as they are using AI technologies to upgrade the quality of life of their ci zens. 7. The five areas in which smart ci es will connect with ci zens are: Transporta on, Buildings, U li es, Environment and Security. Recognise Smart Devices Here, some examples of smart devices are given. You have to iden fy the func ons of the smart devices like sensor controller, voice controller, etc. One has been done for you. 1. a. Helps to do yoga training through real me pressure sensing Google Home technology and smart mobile 2. interfacing. Bitdefender BOX b. Helps to locate your belongings in 3. real me and no fies you of their loca on, whether they are lost or SmartMat misplaced. 4. c. Helps you to block incoming threats TrackR Bravo and can scan all your devices for vulnerabili es. d. Helps you to control your home using voice. Answers 4. b 2. c 3. a 37 PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

PURPOSE Introduction to Sustainable Development The term sustainable development refers to a way of organizing society so that it can exist in the long term. Many people below the poverty line struggle to have access to daily necessi es like food, safe water, healthcare, and shelter for their survival. All people on this crowded planet are seeking economic development. The most frequently quoted defini on of sustainable development is: “Sustainable development is the development that sa sfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future genera ons, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being.” We can break the above defini on into two parts: Part I: The development that sa sfies the needs of the present genera on. Part II: The development that will enhance the capability of future genera ons to meet their own needs. Elements of Sustainable Development On the basis of different criteria such as context and level of decision Sustainability making, the three elements of sustainable development are as follows: Social i) Social ii) Economic iii) Environmental Environmental These three elements are interconnected and are known as the pillars Economic of sustainability. Various topics come under the categories of these three elements: Pillars of Sustainability Social Economic Environmental Health Improved Crea ng new Cost reduc on Enhance Waste and quality markets and through usage management of life opportuni es of raw safety of for people and efficiency and workers improvements renewable economy resources Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) In 2015, the United Na ons Conference on the topic Sustainable Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil where a set of 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were adopted by all the na ons of the world. The main issues covered under this conference are as follows: a) Eradicate poverty across the world b) Improve quality educa on and promote lifelong learning opportuni es for all c) Promo ng prac ces for be er consump on and produc on of resources Artificial Intelligence - 9 38

The 17 SDGs, also known as Global Goals, were adopted by all the United Na ons member states as a universal call to ac on to combat poverty, protect the planet and ensure peace and prosperity for all by the year 2030. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are as follows: Goal I: Eradica on of poverty in all its Goal II: End hunger, achieve food security forms across the world. and improved nutri on, and promote sustainable agriculture. Goal III: Promo on of good health and Goal IV: Provision of inclusive and well-being for all at all ages. equitable quality educa on and lifelong learning opportuni es to all. Goal V: Achieving gender equality and Goal VI: Ensure availability and sustainable women empowerment. management of water and sanita on for all people. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 39

Goal VII: Enabling access to affordable and Goal VIII: Promote sustained, inclusive and clean energy for all. sustainable economic growth, full and produc ve employment and decent work for all. Goal IX: Building up strong infrastructure, Goal X: Reduce inequality within and suppor ng inclusive and sustainable among countries. industrializa on, and fostering innova on to support economic development and human well-being. Goal XI: Make ci es and human se lements Goal XII: Ensure sustainable consump on inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. and produc on pa erns of resources. Artificial Intelligence - 9 40

Goal XIII: Take urgent ac on to combat Goal XIV: Ensure sustainable use and climate change and its impacts. conserva on of the oceans, seas and marine resources to combat the adverse effects of overfishing, growing ocean acidifica on and worsening coastal eutrophica on. Goal XV: Ensure improved life on land Goal XVI: Promote peaceful and inclusive by protec ng, restoring and promo ng socie es for sustainable development, provide sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, access to jus ce for all and build effec ve, ecologically manage forests, combat accountable and inclusive ins tu ons at all deser fica on, halt and reverse land levels. degrada on and halt biodiversity loss. Goal XVII: Global partnership for the goals; strengthen the means of implementa on and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. How Can we Make it Happen? To make sustainable development the norm, we have to change the vision of the culture of each country. To change the vision of the culture, two things have to occur: 1. The culture must value a global benefit more than a local one. 2. A responsibility towards providing and sustaining resources for the future must be considered of more value than profit in the present. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 41

Appreciate the Complexity of Social Issues Nowadays, you must have seen various social issues that affect the common ci zens of a country. In general, social issues can be part of our tradi ons and cultural stereotypes. In your daily life, you must have no ced poor children begging on the streets. They don’t go to school. They have been forced to beg for a living. Such circumstances, along with others which affect the popula on at large, are social issues. These issues are complex and interlinked. For example, begging is an issue which arises due to poverty. Interlinked Nature of Social Issues Across SDGs A social issue is an aspect of society that people are concerned about and would like to get it changed. The concern of a social issue may be objec ve or subjec ve. In general, it arises due to diverse opinions of individuals based on what is perceived as right. As you know, the nature of social issues is complex which means that you will achieve nothing if you try to solve one issue without understanding its interlinked rela onship with another issue. Let us understand more about social issues with the help of sustainable development goals. According to SDG1, eradica ng poverty across the world has an interlinked rela onship with SDG2, SDG3 and SDG4 because poverty leads to many other social problems such as lack of food, health and educa on. Thus, without addressing poverty, we cannot address other issues like hunger and impar ng quality educa on among the people. End poverty in all 1 End hunger, achieve its forms 2 food security and 3 everywhere 4 improved nutrition and 5 promote sustainable Ensure healthy lives and agriculture promote well-being for Ensure inclusive and all at all ages equitable quality Achieve gender education and promote equality and empower lifelong learning all women and girls opportunities for all Artificial Intelligence - 9 42

Promote sustained, 6 Ensure availability inclusive and 8 and sustainable 10 management of sustainable economic 11 growth, full and 12 water and sanitation productive 16 for all employment and 17 Reduce decent work for all inequality within Make cities and and among human settlements countries safe and Ensure sustainable sustainable consumption and production patterns Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for Only by working sustainable development, together, can we provide access to justice achieve a sustainable for all and build effective, and peaceful world! accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels The interlinked rela onship that exists between SDGs is crucially important as it can be both posi ve and nega ve. The Sustainable Development Agenda cannot be achieved without addressing the issue of interlinked rela onships between the SDGs. DO YOU KNOW ? In 2016, IBM introduced Watson Beat, an AI-based so ware which can create original music composi on from a simple input melody. It assists musicians to create rich soundtracks based on different emo ons and styles. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 43

Worksheet 4: Sustainable Development Goals Here, 17 pictures are given and each one of them is associated with one of the Sustainable Development Goals. Write the suitable SDG theme in the space given below: 1. ........................................ 2. ........................................ 3. ........................................ 4. ........................................ 5. ........................................ 6. ........................................ 7. ........................................ 8. ........................................ 9. ........................................ 10. ........................................ 11. ........................................ 12. ........................................ 13. ........................................ 14. ........................................ 15. ........................................ 44 Artificial Intelligence - 9

16. ........................................ 17. ........................................ Answers 2. SDG5 3. SDG1 4. SDG7 5. SDG6 6. SDG8 8. SDG9 9. SDG10 10. SDG13 11. SDG12 12. SDG14 1. SDG2 14. SDG16 15. SDG17 16. SDG11 17. SDG3 7. SDG4 13. SDG15 Achieve Sustainable Development Goals Using AI You have learnt that Ar ficial Intelligence is a powerful technology which has limitless applica ons. Now, we will explore how AI technology serves as a tool to deal with global issues like SDGs. One of the most powerful applica ons of AI, the explora on of satellite imagery, is accessible to almost every business. Role of Technology in Achieving SDGs As you know, Ar ficial Intelligence (AI) has enough caliber to change the tradi onal business models and accelerate the pace of innova on in companies. Thus, technological possibili es are constantly evolving. Product Structured Data recommenda on Op miza on Second Engine First Wave of AI Wave of AI Smart City Fourth Third and Wave of Robo cs Wave of AI AI Voice Recogni on AI devices First Wave of AI - Internet AI The first wave of AI is also known as Internet AI. In the first wave, we define the rules for the intelligent machines and they follow the rules. Let us understand with the help of an e- commerce website where product recommenda on engine, also known as informa on filtering system is available. It collects data from your profile and offers you exact informa on that you’re interested in based on your behaviour and taste. Product recommenda ons on Amazon, movie recommenda ons on Ne lix and music sugges ons on YouTube are some real world applica ons of the recommender system. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 45

Second Wave of AI - Business AI The development of mobile Internet is considered as the second wave of AI. The second wave of AI is also known as Business AI. The second wave of AI works with data which has been previously recorded and submi ed during customer interac ons with financial, healthcare, legal and business ins tu ons. Unlike human, complex data analy cs are used in machines to detect and process weakly correlated data. Third Wave of AI - Perception AI The third wave of AI is also known as Percep on AI. In this wave, AI moves into the sensor ecosystem, merging the digital world with our physical environments. Today, Ar ficial Intelligence (AI) helps us in shopping, provides sugges ons on e-commerce websites, connects us with our friends on social media and much more. In simple words, we can say that we have begun to witness the third wave of AI or we are living in the era of the third wave. Let us understand with the help of daily life examples. The percep on AI is used in smart speakers to recognise what you say, in mobile phones that are unlocked by facial recogni on, etc. Fourth Wave of AI - Autonomous AI The fourth wave of AI is also known as Autonomous AI. It is s ll merely possible only theore cally but not prac cally. The fourth wave will integrate everything and enhance the capability of machines to sense and respond to the world around them, enabling AI to move and act produc vely. The concepts of smart ci es and robo cs fall under autonomous AI. The three waves of technology have already revolu onized the way of living of the en re world and are being used to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. Let us understand with the help of some examples: SDG6 (Sustainable management of water and sanita on for all): As you know, water is essen al for all lives. AI technologies like smart water management systems can provide a more resilient and efficient water supply system, reduce costs and improve sustainability. These systems are made up of the following components: acous c devices, smart water meters, water treatment plant control, GIS (Geographic Informa on System) and SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisi on) systems to manage water networks, control pressure, monitor leakage, etc. SDG7 (Affordable and clean energy): As you know, the produc on of energy is the largest source of air pollu on in the world. AI-based smart energy systems are expected to reduce the pollu on level and support innova on in the green energy industry. These systems use the components like smart grid, smart meters, sensors, smart energy storage, etc. SDG11 (Make ci es and human se lement safe and sustainable): AI technologies can enable smart and low-carbon ci es encompassing a range of interconnected technologies such as electrical autonomous vehicles and smart appliances that can boost produc vity and sustainability. SDG12 (Responsible consump on and produc on of resources): A farmer can reduce waste and boost farm produc vity by using a smart farm management system. This system can also provide great benefits in terms of environmental issues like more efficient use of water, or op miza on of treatments and inputs. As we defined earlier, the 17 goals of sustainable development were designed and adopted to deal with global issues related to three elements: society, economy and environment. These three elements are interconnected and are known as pillars of sustainability. An interlinked rela onship exists between Goals of Sustainable Development, the three major elements of SDGs and the various AI technologies that can help in achieving SDGs. Artificial Intelligence - 9 46

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS LAB Game: Sustainable Development Goals A basic objec ve of this game is to help children understand their role as a responsible ci zen in a simple way. Commi ed to build a be er future for the people and the planet, the member states of the United Na ons have resolved to achieve the targets of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. In every field, younger genera ons are the key players for a bright future. Similarly, this game has been created for the students – today’s young genera on who will pass the torch to future genera ons. This game encourages and guides the students on how they can ac vely pursue Sustainable Development Goals. Your role as a mentor is indispensible! While embarking on this collec ve journey, we must convince our family, friends and our communi es of the importance of collabora ve efforts to achieve this universal agenda. Tiny drops make the mighty ocean. Every step undertaken in the path towards sustainable development is vital and important. Never underes mate the role of an individual in such a global enterprise. With this spirit, let us play a game to understand our roles as team players to win this game of sustainable development. Download the game from the link: h ps://go-goals.org/downloadable-material/ and press Enter. Registra on page will appear. You can either register by giving the required details or close it. Scroll down the screen and click on Download bu on. The game will be downloaded as a zip file in the Download folder. Unzip the file and open it. You will get three PDF 1 2 files. 3 1. GoGoals_SDG_BoardGame_EN_web.pdf contains the board game. You can take a printout. 2. GoGoals_SDG_Game Brochure_EN_web.pdf contains the review of SDG, SDG Go-Goals game, cutouts of dice and tokens, and rules to play. 3. GoGoals_SDG_Ques on_cards 1-5-EN_web.pdf contains five sets of mul ple choice ques ons for each SDG. PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 47

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB Concerning Sustainable Development Goals App: Envision As you know, educa on is the fundamental right of every child even if he/she is suffering from any type of disability like visual impairment, hearing impairment, etc. AI technology plays an important role in changing the life of these types of children. Let us understand the role of AI technology in the life of visually impaired children through this applica on. Basic Requirements: a) A smartphone b) An Internet connec on App Introduc on: Envision, an AI-based app is used to recognize things and people around you. You can teach it faces and things. Also, it is able to understand scenes and environments by itself. It can read text aloud too and in mul ple languages, which comes in handy in new places or when checking out menus and supermarket items. You can download this app for iOS and Android from the given link: h ps://www.letsenvision.com/envision-app How Does the App Connect to SDGs? This app can help in achieving SDG 4, i.e. inclusive and equitable quality educa on for all including visually challenged people. In a Nutshell 1. Sustainable development is the development that sa sfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future genera ons, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being. 2. The three elements of sustainable development are as follows: Social, Economic and Environmental. 3. AI technology serves as a tool to deal with global issues like SDGs. 4. The first wave of AI is also known as Internet AI. In the first wave, we define the rules for the Intelligent machines and they follow the rules. 5. The second wave of AI is also known as Business AI. The second wave of AI works with data which has been previously recorded and submi ed during customer interac ons with financial, healthcare, legal and business ins tu ons. 6. The third wave of AI is also known as Percep on AI. In this wave, AI moves into the sensor ecosystem, merging the digital world with our physical environments. 7. The fourth wave of AI is also known as Autonomous AI. It will integrate everything and enhance the capability of machines to sense and respond to the world around them. Artificial Intelligence - 9 48

POSSIBILITIES Possibilities of AI in Various Fields We have learnt that we are only at the beginning of AI development. Even then, we are already able to use some apps and devices based on AI. For instance, several voice assistants based on AI technology like Siri, Alice and Microso Cortana are found in our smartphones. The possibili es of AI in various fields are as follows: a. AI in Military: As we know, soldiers put themselves at great risk while taking part in military opera ons. They need real experience to be ready for different combat situa ons. AI provides simula on and training applica ons to the officers which give them a replica of the realis c troubles and problems faced during military opera ons. They acquaint the soldiers with a lot of unexpected situa ons and circumstances. b. AI in Research: In general, the job of scien sts is highly complex and tedious, especially while conduc ng different experiments. Under such circumstances, scien sts are prone to make small or big mistakes like random errors, calcula on errors, etc., which might lead to very dangerous repercussions. However, the development in the field of AI allows scien sts to prevent making these types of mistakes as it can supervise scien st ac on or calcula ons and highlight the doub ul places for fixing any error. c. AI in Healthcare: The vision of AI technology is vast in the healthcare industry as it improves the quality of life and saves people. With the help of AI, doctors can easily analyze X-rays or scans of pa ents, choose appropriate treatment and give be er consulta on to the pa ents. d. AI in Entertainment: AI technology is widely used in the entertainment industry for predic ng the taste and behaviour of viewers. Media content producers are using AI so ware to improve the speed and efficiency of the media produc on process. In simple words, Ar ficial Intelligence is a very important topic for the lives of human beings as it will affect the majority of people’s ac vi es and professions. Let us understand more about AI with the help of an example regarding smart living. Example of Smart Living The technological advancement in the field of AI has transformed every aspect of our lives. Various smart devices like smart thermostats and voice assistants are used for smooth interac on in modern AI systems. These systems are so intelligent that they know what to do and how to do it. Let us take a look at the various smart devices used in smart hotels: a. Luggage Storage: Suppose you reached the hotel before check-in me. If we talk about tradi onal hotels, you must wait in the wai ng room with your luggage but in case of a smart hotel, an AI-controlled robot can store your luggage so that you can wander anywhere freely. You will get a secret code. A er that, you can go outside or wait in the PM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 49

wai ng room. Assume you need to go outside to a end an event. On returning, a crane arm retrieves your luggage from the locker a er you enter the corresponding code. b. Voice-controlled Room: A er check-in, you will get a room. With the help of AI-controlled devices, you will be able to perform various tasks using voice commands such as opening and closing curtains, turning on the lights, ac va ng TV and controlling the room temperature. It will be possible due to a smart voice assistant such as Amazon Echo as it will be pre-set to these commands. c. Entertainment: Some mes, you feel so bored and want to watch something interes ng on TV, such as an event. You will be able to access informa on about flights, local restaurants, events, etc. on a large touchscreen TV which is available in the lobby as well as you will be able to stream content from your phones to TV in your room. You can choose any event that you want to watch on the big screen. This is only possible due to streamlining features for check-in along with in-room entertainment capabili es. Self-optimization of Artificial Intelligence Ar ficial Intelligence in the above scenario consists of 7 different loops: 1. Percep on: Smart AI systems use the loop of percep on to know what is happening in the surroundings. These systems provide recommenda ons on the basis of pre-set data. For example, AI-controlled system loads the luggage to the storage area. For this, the AI system must know the condi on of the storage area. 2. No fica on: AI systems use the no fica on loop to provide informa on to the user. For example, in the above scenario, AI-controlled system stores your luggage only if the storage area has empty space. If it is full, you will get an alert “Sorry, storage area is full” by the AI system. 3. Recommenda on: AI systems use the loop of recommenda on to deal with predic on. For example, in the above scenario, you will get a secret code a er luggage storage by the AI system. Now, this system recommends you to go anywhere or wait in the wai ng room up to check-in me. 4. Automa on: The automa on loop used by AI systems learns from your past ac ons and acts accordingly. In No fica on the above scenario, you can go outside to a end an event. Over a period of me, AI system will learn Percep on Recommenda on that you like to a end events in the wai ng me. So on your next visit, a list of happening events will be prepared for you. Automa on loop refers to Situa onal AI Loops the extension of the recommenda on loop. Awareness Automa on 5. Predic on: Predic on loop is an extension of the recommenda on and automa on loops. Under this loop, AI system starts predic ng your behaviour. For Preven on Predic on example, in the above scenario, AI system might learn about your interest for searching and a ending events. On your next visit, the AI-controlled system will automa cally display the list of occurring events without you asking. Artificial Intelligence - 9 50