Книга Плодовый питомник

~copra OpamKeBoe. no HailliiM Ha6mo.n;eHIIH.M, B ca.n;ax BHI1l1C IIMe- ,JIII l1. B. MIILIYPIIHa, B cosxo3ax «Ko'!eToBeKIIH» II «MaHK» TaM6os- ·:CKOH o6JiaeTII CIIJibHee nO.LJ;Mep3JIII B MOJIO.LJ;hiX 6-8-JieTHIIX ea.n;ax KopHH O.LJ;HIIX II rex )!(e no.n;soes- eeHHUeB AHTOHOBKII, npiiBIIThiX copraMII AHTOHOBKa, MeJI6a, nanHpOBKa, Y3JieH, fpyiiiOBKa MOe- I<.OBeKaH, II ropa3.LJ;O JIY'!IIIe coxpaHIIJIIIeb OHII y ,J.epeBbeB eOpTOB OpaH)!(eBoe, OceHHee noJioearoe, nenHH IIIa¢paHHbiH. ConoeraBJieHIIe 3TIIX ¢aKTOB npiiBO)l.IIT K saKJIIO'!eHIIIO, '!TO r JiaB- HYIO poJih nrpaJia He 3HMOeTOHKOeTh npiiBIIThiX eoproB, a eiiJia poera _.n;epeBbeB, TaK KaK OpaH)!(eBoe II neniiH IIIa¢paHHbiH eiiJihHO yery- naiOT no 31IMOCTOHKOeTII fpyiiiOBKe MQCKOBeKOH II AHTOHOBKe, HO no pocry MOJIO.LJ;hiX .n;epeBheB 3Ha'!HTeJibHo IIX npesoexo.n;HT. Bo Beex 3TIIX ,eJiy'!aHx ypo*aH He 6hiJIO, nonoMy Harpy)!(eHHoeTh nJio.n;aMII He BJIIIH- Jia Ha 31IMOeTOHKOeTh. Ha6JIIO.n;eHII.H B niiTOMHHKe noeJie roil *e 3HMbi BhiHBHJIII raK)!(e 3Ha'!eHHe.BpeMeHII OKOH'!aHIIH poera Ha.LJ;3eMHOH '!aeTII B o6eene'!eHIIII _ypoBHH 3HMOCTOHKOCTH KopHei'l. B onhiTHOM nHTOMHIIKe BHI1l1C IIMeHII l1. B. MII'!YPIIHa oceHhiO 1967 r. 6biJIII Bhiea*eHhi no.n;BOII- •eeHHUbl AHHCa II npiiBHTbie Ha HHX )!(e O.LJ;HOJieTKII H3 IIIKOJIKII 31IMHHX npiiBHBOK. BeeHoi1 1968 r. no.n;BOII 6w1H o6pe3aHbi Ha Bhieore 20- :25 eM, a O.LJ;HOJieTKH H3 IIIKOJIKH 3IIMHIIX npiiBIIBOK OCTaBIIJIII Heo6pe- 3aHHh!MII. 06pe3aHHb!e IIO.LJ;BOII B pe3yJihTaTe HapyiiieHIIH KOppeJIHUIIII :jMe)!(.LJ;y KOpHHMII II Ha.LJ;3eMHOH qaeThiO .LJ;3JIH XOpOIIIIIH rrpHpOeT II 6hiJIH 3aoKymiposaHhl. no6em IIx pocJIII .n;o eepe.n;HHhi asryera. Heo6pesaH- Hhie O.LJ;HOJieTKH H3 IIIKOJIKH 3HMHIIX rrpHBIIBOK .LJ;3JIH ropa3.LJ;O 6oJiee CJia- '6bie rro6erH, KOTOpble yme B HIOHe 3aKOH'!HJIH poeT. nocJie 311Mb! 1968/69 r. 3aOKYJIHpOB3HHhie IIO.LJ;BOII BhlllaJIII OT Bhi- Mep3aHIIH KOpHeii Ha 27% (scero IIX 6biJIO OKOJIO 5 Th!C. IIIT.), a OC- '\"'faJihHb!e npaKTII'lecKH He .n;aJIH HopMaJihHhiX oKyJIHHTOB. O.n;HoJieTKII -me 113 IIIKOJIKH 3IIMHHX rrpHBHBOK (HX 6bJ.TIO 90 Tble. IUT.) rrepe3HMOBa- ,JIH 6e3 noreph II B 1969 r., 6y.n;y'!H epe3aHbi Ha o6paTHhii1 poer, .n;aJIII ..HOpMaJihHO pa3BIIThie rro6erH. 3TH r!JaKThl IIOK33hiBaiOT, '!TO 3<1TH)!{Ka poera II06erOB MO)!{eT CHII- )!(3Th 3IIMOCTOfiKOCTh KOpHeH. gaHHOe IIO.'IOLKeHIIe, BH.LJ;HMO, MO)!\\HO i•OTHeeTH H K 33TH)!{Ke poera KOpHeH. no ;J:aHHb!M H. H. XsaJIHHa. CBOeBpeMeHHOe OKOH'l3HHe pocra KOpHeH H rrepexo.n; IIX BO BTOpH'!HOe , eTpOeHHe enoeo6CTBYIOT JIY'!IUeH IIO.LJ;fOTOBKe Ha;J:3e:VIHOit '!3CTH rrpii- 1BHTh!X .n;epeBheB K 3HMe, a .LJ;JIIHeJibHh!H pOCT HOBh!X rrepBHtJHh!X KOp- HeH OCeHbiO se.n;eT K eHII)!(eHHIO 3HMOCTOHKOCTH H3.LJ;3e:\\IHOi'! '!aeTH pac- TeHIIH. TaKHM o6pa30M, s soHax e cyposoi1 3IIMMI ueJiecoo6pa3HO or.n;a- sarh rrpe.D;IIOtJTeHHe reM IIO.LJ;BOHM, KOTOpb!e paHO H3'!HH3IOT pOCT Kop- HeH BeCHOH II esoespeMeHHO ero 3aKaH'!HB3IOT. npu 3TOM CJie.LJ;)'CI Y'!HThiBaTh u .n;pyrHe Ka'!ecrsa, B qacTHOCTH eosMecrHMoerh e rr,pusoH- MH, 6e3 KOTOpOH HeB03MO)!{H0 HMeTh 3.1J.OpOBOe BhiHOeJIHBOe .n;epeBO. BJIHHHHe rro.n;soH Ha 3aeyxoycroi1'lHBoeTh rrpusoH . • 3aeyxoycroH'!HBoerh rro.n;soH HMeer peiUaiOmee sHa'!eHHe .LJ;JIH o6ecrrc- ·qeHHH He06XO.LJ;IIMOfO ypOBHH saeyxoyeTOH'!IIBOCTH I1piiBHTOfO .n;epesa • .52

flpH 3TOM Ba>I<Hhi H tPH3HOJIOfHqecKaH 3acyxoyCTOHqHBOCTb llO)I.BOSI H r.ny6uHa pacnoJIO}!{eHHSI KopHeaoii: cHcTeMbi. B ucCJie.u.osaHHSIX B. 11. By.u.aroacKoro BbiSIBHJIOCb, qTo M9 H napa.U.H3Ka By.u.aroacKoro iPH3HOJIOfHqecKH 6oJiee 3ac_yxoyCTQHqHBhi, qeM CeMeHHhie llO)I.BOH SI6JIO· .nH. .HccJie.U.oBaHHSI B. A. fpSI3eBa TaKLKe noKa3biBaiOT, qTo no.u.aoii: .M9 ¢n3HOJiomqecKH aacyxqycToii:qHB. no Ha6JIIO.U.eHHSIM H. 11. Typoa- .cKoii:, no.u.aoii: napa.U.H3Ka By.u.aroBcKoro a HCKJIIOqHTMbHO pe3KYIO 3a- .cyxy 1972 r. BeJI ce6SI B llHTOMHHKe ropa3)I.O Jiyqllie, qeM llO)I.BOH .54-118, 57-233 H .u.p. O.u.HaKo .u.epeBbH, npHBHTbie Ha ¢H3HoJiomqecKH sacyxoyCTOii:qHBble KapJIHKOBbie llO)I.BOH, B CHJIY MeHee rJiy6oKO H.U.Y· meii: 'KOpHeBOll CHCTeMhi llOCJie)I.HHX 06hiqHo Xy}!{e nepeHOCSIT )I.JIHTe.7Ib· JIYIO noqBeHHYIO 3acyxy, qeM npHBHThie Ha MeHee tPH3HOJIQrHqecKH 3a- .cyxoyCTQHqHBhiX, HO 6oJiee MOili.HhiX llO)I.BOSIX C r Jiy60KO npOHHKaiO- Ili.eH B rpyHT KOpHeBOH CHCTeMOll. no :OlTOll npnqHHe B 30HaX opolliae- JMOrO ca.u.oao.u.cTBa, HanpHMep a pecny6JIHKax Cpe.u.Heii: A3HH, KaK no- r.Ka3biBaiOT HCCJie)I.OBaHHSI 0. K. A¢aHacbeBa (TalliKeHT)' Y. ApaKe- .JISIHa (<l>pyH3e) H .U.p., .u.epeBbSI Ha KapJIHKOBbiX llO)I.BOHX Xy}!{e nepe- HOCSIT )I.JIHTeJibHhie nepepbiBhi Me}!{)I.y llOJIHBaMH, qeM Ha CHJibHOpOCJibiX llO)J.BOHX. B onpe.u.eJieHHH 3acyxoycToiiqHaocTH npHaoiiHo-no;J:aoiiHoii KOM6u- ~aUHH HeMaJiyiO pOJib HrpaeT H COpT. .LJ.aBHO 3aMeqeHO, qTQ apXHTeK- TOHHKa KOpHeBOll CHCTeMbl O)I.HOrO H TOrO }!{e llO)J.BOSI HeCKOJibKO Me- I'ISieTCSI llO)I. BJIHSIHHeM npHBOH, HallOMHHaSI apXHTeKTOHHKY KpOHhi. 'Y .u.epeabeB copTOB c MOIUHOH, npHno,nHHTO pacTymeii KpoHoii, a qacT- HOCTH y SI6JIOHH OpaH.>KeBoe, KOpHeBaSI CHCTeMa ycTpeMJISieTCSI BrJiy6b 60Jibllle, qeM y COpTOB C paCKH.UHCTOll KpOHOll. 3TO TaK.>Ke BJIHHeT Ha 3acyxoycToii:qHaocTb .u.epeabea. QqeHb Ba}!{HOe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT COBMeCTHMOCTb npHBHThiX KOMllO- IleHTOB. Hallie .U.JIHTeJibHOe H3yqeHHe no.u.aoea noKa3aJio, qTo HecoB- MecTHMOCTb, )I.a.>Ke He pe3KO Bblpa.>KeHHaSI, CHH.>KaeT 3acyxoyCTQHqH- BOCTb H B KpHTHqeCKHe nepHO)I.bl Be,UeT K YBH)I.aHHIO JIHCTbeB, XOTSI H He Bbi3hiBaeT m6eJIH .u.epeaa. XapaKTepucTHKa paiionuposaHHbiX no,ll.soes. 5I 6 JI o H H. CeHHUhi tcyJtbrypnbtX cop1·oe (Malus domestica Mill.). B HaCTOHIUee apeMH a <SoJiblliHHCTBe 30H npoMbiiliJieHHoro ca.u.oao.u.cTBa CCCP 3TO- ae.u.y- IUHH THn CHJibHopocJioro ceMeHHOro no.u.aoSI. ,UocTOHHCTBa KYJibTYPHhiX CeSIHUeB KaK llO)I.BOeB o6yCJIOBJieHhi HX XOpOilieii: COBMeCTHMOCTbiO C DpHBOSIMH, o6ecneqemreM 3.U.OpOBbSI II BbiCOKOH npo,nyKTHBHOCTH npH· BHTbiX .u.epeBbeB. .llJIH Bblpalli.HBaHHH no.u.aoea 6epyT ceMeHa yCToiiqHBbiX MecTHhiX 1fJIH HHOpaHOHHbiX, HO )I.OCTaToqHQ npoaepeHHbiX COpTOB, lliHpOKO pac· npocTpaHeHHbiX a KOHKpeTHoii: 3one. Bcero no CCCP KaK no.u.soH paii- '<>HHpoaaHbi ceHHUbl 35 KyJibTYPHbiX copTOB H6JioHH. HaH6oJiee lliHpo- . I<o HcnoJib3YIOTCSI, HanpHMep na CeaepnoM KaBKa3e, BopoaHHKa, CToJI6oaKa, AcTpaxaHcKoe 6eJioe, AcTpaxaHcKoe Kpacnoe, fpylliOBKa peaeJibcKaH; a cpe.u.neii 3oHe ca.u.oao.u.cTaa PC<I>CP- AHTOHOBKa, Bo- POBHHKa, AHHCbi, fpylliOBKa MOCKOBCKaH; a YKpaHHcKoii: CCP- AHTo- llOBKa, BopOBHHKa; B Ka3aXCKOH CCP- necTpymKa, PeHeT Bypxap.u.- 53

Ta; B Y36eKcKoif CCP- Po3MapHH 6eJihiif; B HeKoTophiX 3oHax- Caphi CHHarr (!Or YKpaHHCKOH CCP, ,UarecTaHcKaH ACCP), 5IH.ll.hiKOB- cKoe (HmKHee f1osoJIJKbe), KHJI6a ,Umacj:>ap (ApMHHcKaH CCP), J.(mHp ra;JJKII, Capbl Typw, Kbl3b1Jl AxMe,li,H (,UarecTaHCK35I ACCP. A3ep6aif,li,JKaHcKaH CCP), JIHcj:>.lHHLI,CKoe JIYKOBWIJioe (JiaTBHHCKaH CCP), THpOJlbKa (YKpaHHCKaH CCP), KaJibBHJib CHeiimbiH (MoJI)I,aB- CKaH CCP). I1crroJib3YIOTCH 11 .ll.pyme co pTa. l1CCJie)I,OB3HH5I Bb!HBHJIH B03MOJKHOCTb IIpHMetJeHHH )I,JIH Bblp3lli.HB3- HH51 IIO)I,BOeB 04eHb MHOrHX COpTOB (KpOMe TpHIIJIOHLI,HbiX). B 60Jib- lllHHCTBe 30H rrpHMeHHe:'v!biC ceHHUbi KYJibTYPHbiX copTOB ,li,OCTaTo4HO 3HMOCTOHKH H B ll,eJIO:'v! 3KOJIOrH4eCKH rrpHCIIOC06JJeUhl. 0,li,H3KO B ,li,O- BOJibHO 60.1JblllOH 30He, OXB3TbiB3IOlll.efJ ueHTp l.J:epH03e:V!b51, f1oBOJIJKbe, IOr UeHTpaJibHOro paifoHa, cesep 11 ccsepo-BOCTOK YKpaHHCKOH CCP, cesep PocToBCKOfi o6JiacTH, 43CTH4HO IlpH6aJJTHKy, r)l,e 6biBaiOT cypo- Bbie, M3JIOCHeJKHbJe 3HMbl HJIH ,.JJIJJTeJJbHbie rrepHO)I,bl 6eCCHe1Kb5I, KOpHH ceHHUCB KYJILTYPHbiX copToB MoryT rro)I,Mep3aTb, 4To 11 Ha6JIIOLI,aJiocb B rrocm',J,HHe 50 JieT B pa3HbiX 43CTHX 3TOH 30Hbi 10 pa3. Oco6eHHo K3T3CTpocpH4HbiC IIO,J,,lCp33HH51 !I:\\I CJIH :vreCTO B 3H'.Ibl 1938/39, 1955/56, 1968/69 rr, KOr,.Ja rroni6.lJI JJ:IIl o6ccneHH.li!Cb TbiC>Fill rernapoB ca- LI,OB. O,.JHini 1!3 peaJibllbiX rryTc!\"I noBbiWeii!IH 3H,IOCTofiKOCTH ceHHUeB KYJILTYPHLIX copToB B Ll,aHHo(I JOHe HBJIHeTcH coJLI,aHne ceMeHHbiX ca- LI,OB, r,D,e Ky.lLTypHbJe COpTa nepeOJibl.'!5l!OTC5l C 1\\I!TaiiKOi'! (516JIOH51 C:II!BO.·Il!cTH35l) . •YlHoro.TJeTHeC ll3Y4CH!!C CCH!IUeB K)'.lbTypHbiX COpTOB KaK IIOLI,BOeB, npoBC,.JCHHOe r. B. TpyceBWIC',! B KpacHOLI,ape, A. H. TaTapHIIOBbiM B KpbL\\Iy, asTopOl\\1 B MH4ypaHcKe H ;I,pyni:vrl! ncc.'!e~l.OBaTeJ15l~IH, He o6- Hapy;.E!l.lO pc3KHX pa3JIH411i'I no poCTy H y])Q/J\\aiiHocTH ',!e/K,.JY Ll,epeBbH- \\IH, IIpiiBHTbi:\\IH H3 CC51HU3X paJIIbiX COfJTOB. 06bi'IHO !IX nOK333TCJII! 6.11!3Kil. 0TC!O,il,3 Bb!BO,J, 0 B03~10)KHOCTI! B331L\\1033,1CHHC',WCTH, KOHC'I- HO, B npe,J,C.13X 3KOJIOrJ!lfCCK!IX rpynn, liTO paC111llp51C'T BO'l:VIO/KHOCTH 33fOTOBKI! Cl'\\15111 f!o.WNH .zecNafl iJwwR (.\\1 :-;ilYesiris ,\\ilill.). 310T BIIJI pacnponpa- HeH B .1ccax csponci'!n;oif qacTn PCcvCP, YKpai!HCI\\Oii CCP, l3e.TJopyc- cKoi'r CCP, JIHTOBCKOH CCP, JlaTDI!HCKOH CCP, 3cTOHCIWH CCP (oco- 6emJO Ha onposax). f1omiMopc[ll!a. f1JJO.\\bl 6o.1bii!eil 4aCTb!O ',!C.lKIIC, 6e3 nOEpOBHOH OKpaCKH, KIIC.'Ib!C. BCTpe'I310TC5l OTI!OCIITC'.1h!IO Kpyrr- HOn.lO;lHble cpopMbl, HMe!OllJ.l!C I!OKpOBHY!O 0Kj)3Cl\\Y ILlOJOB. 3KOT!l1Ibl 5J6,TJOHI! .'ICCHOH }1,111\\0H pa3JJIPia!OTCH no 31\\0i!Orii'IC'CKOll yCTOli'IHBocnr. HaH6onee 31!MOCTOHI\\II clJOPMbl 113 Cpe,l,Hero f1oso\"11Kb51. KaK no,.JBOH H6JIOHH .TJecHaH ,\\HKaH xapaKTepH3yeTCH xopoweif COBMeCTHMOCTb!O C COpT3MI!-IIp11B051MH, CHJibHbiM pOCTOM 11 ,D,OJifOBelJ- HOCTb!O rrpHBHTb!X Ll,epeBbeB, XOpOWHM 33Kpen,TJeHIIe:'v! HX B 1104Be, 33- cyxoyCToi'I4HBOCTbiO, HecKOJibKO 6o,1Jee no3LI,HHM BCTYITJICHHeM B rrnoLI,o- HoweHHe, lfeM H3 Ll,pyrHX JIOJ!,B05IX. B HC')I,3BHCM npOWJJOM 3TOT nO,LLBOH 6biJI OCHOBHbiM B cpeLI,Heir 30He ca.noso,ncTBa PCci>CP, B YKpaHHCKoif CCP, l3eJiopyccKoif CCP H .li.PY- rHx MeCTaX. 0,J,H3KO ero y)l,eJJbHbiH Bee nOCT051HHO yMCHblllaeTCH 113- 54

-3a CIIJibHopocJIOcTH, TpynHoCTH 3aroTOBKH ceMHH H o6mero yMeHLUie- - JHH51 lJHCJieHHOCTII nepeBbCB B .'\"ICCaX, rpy6o}I CTep.IKHCBOH KOpHeBOH ';Cl!CTCMbi Ce51HUeB, '-ITO 3aTpyJJ:H51eT Bbipaill,HBaHHe TIOCa)lOlJHOfO MaTe- :·jmaJia, a TaK./Ke HC,J,OCTaTOlJHOH 3HMOCTOHKOCTII KOpHeH B 30H3X C cy- p_SJBOH MaJiocne.tKnoii: 3HMOH (ceBep H ceBepo-BOCTOK YKpaHHCKOii: CCP, UeHTp3JibH351 4epH03CMH351 30Ha, OOBO.TI./Kbe H np.). nonMep33Hl!e .KOpHeii: 516JIOHH JICCHOH )ll!KOH 33 TIOCJIC;J,HHe 50 JICT TIOBTOp51JIOCb 10 pa3, B TOM IIHCJie oco6eHHO Macconoe B 3HMbi 1938/39, 1955/56, }968/69 rr., '-ITO H3HCC\"l0 60J1bWOH ywep6 C3)lOBO,J,L_TBY- B6JIOH51 JiecHa51 JJ:HKa51 51BJI51eTcH paHOHHpoBaHHWM rro;:~,BoeM B 30- £ax ee Up01I3pacTaHHH, HO B rrepcrreKTHBe ee HCTIOJib30BaHHC 6yneT yMeHbW3TbC51. OnnaKo TaM, rne 3TOT rro,TJ,Boii: BITOJIHe 3HMOCTOeK, oH MO./KeT 6b!Tb UCHHb!M 6Jiaronap51 MCX3HH4CCKOH Up04HOCTH KOpHeH }I.JI51 Bblp3Ill,HB3HHH51 CJia6opOCJibiX )lepeBbCB CO BCT3BKOH. f/6.1lOHJl BOCTO'lHaJl (M. OiientaJis JgJitz). 0pOH3paCTaeT LlaBHbl\\1 <06pa30M B Jiecax KaBKa3a, rroiieMy IIacTo H33biBaeTc51 KaBKa3ciwi1. BcTpeqaeTC51 B KpbiMy, CpenneH A3HH. KaK no,J,BOH HCTIO.lL3YeTC51 r.li MCCTaX npOH3pacTaHH51. no MHeHHIO B. TpyceBH'la, 6oJiee ueHHbl KaK ITO)lBOH rpopMbl 113 CeBepHb!X rrpenropHH H paBHHHIIOH 30Hbl, o6,13- .JI.310Ill,He ITOBbiWeHHOH 3HMOCTOHKOCTb!O H 3acyxoyCTOli'IHBOCTb!O. 00,l,BOH CHJibHOpOCJ!blH, npl!BllTbiC ,l,epeBbH ypo.tKaHHblC, ;w.1rOBClJ- Hble. O;:~,naKo npH npiiBIIBKe MHOriiX Ky.1I>TYPHbiX copTOB (OanupoB- Ka, BarHep, Eoii:KeH, PeHeT waMIT311Cl\\llH, nemiH ,1QH,l,OHCI\\llH, Ka.1b- 1H!Jlb CHC.IKHbiH, OenHHKa JIHTOBCI\\a51 H ;1,p.) TIO,cl,BOHH351 craCTb paCTe- HlUI rropa.tKaeTC51 TOlJC'IHOH 60JIC3Hb!O, '-ITO BC,l,CT I\\ 60JibWHM TIOTep51M B TIHTOMHHKe (no 70-80% H 60Jiec). B TO .IKe BpeM51 rrpH npi!BHBKe COpTOB PeHeT CHMHpeHKO, MeJI6a, M3KHHTOW, nem!H warppaHHbiH, PeHeT 0Hcryna TOlJelJHa51 6oJie3Hb o'leHb pe;:~,Ka. 06wHpHbie l!CCJie;:I,o- r.BaHH51 B. TpyceBHlJa no 3TOMY BOrrpocy TIOCJIY.IKHJIH OCHOBaHHeM }I.Jl51 3aMeHbl 516JIOHH BOCTOlJHOH K3K TIO,J,B051 CC5IHU3MH KYJILTypHb!X COpTOB, lJTO peWHJIO 33,J,3lJY pe3I<OrO TIOBb!WCHH51 Bb!XO;J,a II K3lJCCTB3 ca.tKeHueB B 30He. B HacroRmee BpeM51 no,TJ,Boii: ,TJ,onycKaeTC51 Ha CeBepiioM KaBKa3e .U.JI51 npHBHBKH copTOB PeHeT CHMHpeiiKO, MeJI6a, Armc Ky6aHCKHi'L MecTHbie rpopMbi 516JIOHH BOCTOlJHOH, npoH3pacTaJOmHe B 3aKaBKa3he, MeHbWe nopa.tKaJOTC51 TOlJC'IHOH 60JIC3Hb!O H pai'!OHHpyiOTCH K3K CHJib- HOpOCJib!H no;J,Boii: B fpy3HHCKOH CCP, ApMHHCIWH CCP, A3ep6aii:,J,- JKaHcKoii: CCP. f/6AOHJl Cueepca (M. sieversii Ldb.). OpoH3pacTacr B ropHbiX Jie- cax Cpe,TJ,neii: A3HH. BcTpeqaeTCH 6oJibWHMH MaccHBaMH. I1Horna Ha- 3hiBaercH aJIMaaTHHCKoii:. OoJIHMoprpHa. Hap5IiLY c MCJIKOTIJIOJJ:HbiMH (50-60 r) BCTpel!a!OT0::5I II KpynHOTIJIO,!.I.Hbie rpopMbi (150 r), HCKOTO- ph!e c nJio,TJ,aMII xopomero BKyca. Oo;J.Boii: CHJibHopocJibiH, 3acyxoycTOHlJHBbiii:, c noBbimeHHoii: coJie- ElhTHOCJIHBOCTbJO. PafiOHHpoBaH BO Bcex CpenHea3HaTCKHX pecny6JIH- Kax. OpennolJTHTeJibHLI MeCTHLie rpopMbi. B 6oJiee ceBepHbiX pai'ioHax, B IIacrHoCTH B cpenHeH. 30He canoBO,TJ,CTBa PC<PCP, oKa3aJICH Henoc- TaTOlJHO 3l!MOCTOHKHM. 55

f/6AOHR HedsBet{IWcO (M. niedzwetzkyana Dieck.). I1porr3pacTae'Il' B ropHbiX Jiecax Cpe.n.He:ii A3HH, oco6eHHO B Ka3axcKo:ii CCP H KHp- rH3CKo:ii CCP. 11MeeT KpacHyiO (aHTOJ.J.HaHosyiO) OKpacKy JIHCTbeB~ Kopbi, .n.pesecHHbi, useTKOB, nJio,LJ.OB. floJIHMopqma. HapH.n.y c MeJIKO- nJio,LJ.HbiMH BCTpetiaiOTCH KpynHonJIO,li.Hbie <tJopMbi, HanpHMep N!! 2S. (AceM), BhiHBJieHHaH H. K. BoJIKOBoli. flo.n.Bo:ii CHJibiiOpocJihiH. Paiio- HHposaH B Ka3axcKo:ii CCP H KrrprH3CKO:ii CCP. f/6AOHR rypKMeHoB (M. turkmenorum Juz. et M. Pop.). flpoH3pac- TaeT rJiaBHhiM o6pa30M B TypKMeHcKo:ii CCP. Bbi,LJ.eJIHeTCH HeCKOJibKO pa3HOBH,li.HOCTeii: 6a6aapa6cKaH, xa3apacncKaSI. 06Jia.n.aeT nOBbi!lleH- Hoii coJieBhiHOCJIHBOCThiO. KaK rro.n.soii paiiOHHpoBaHa B TypKMeHcKo:ii. CCP H Y36eKCKo:ii CCP .D.JIH 30H c coJIOHUeBaTbiMH IIOtiBaMH rrpH Bbi- coKOM CTOHHHH rpyHTOBbiX BOJI.. r.flo .n.aHHbiM B. TpyceBHIJa, ceSIHUbi 6a6aapa6cKo:ii H6JIOHH Ha CesepHoM KaBKa3e oKa3aJIHCb rrJioxo COBMeCTHMhiMH c copTaMH KaJib- r.BHJib CHe)f{HbiH, PeHeT CrrMHpeHKO, BopoBHHKa. florrb!TKa H. )Kyq- KoBa HCIIOJ1b30B3Tb 6a6aapa6CKYIO H6JIOHIO KaK CJia6opOCJibiH IIO.II.BOH B cpe.n.Heii 30He ca.n.oso.n.cTBa PC<l>CP oKa3aJiacb Hey.n.atiHoii H3-3a He- ;:r,ocTaTOIJHoii ee 3HMOCTOHKOCTH. OT.n.eJibHhie <t>opMbi 6a6aapa6cKoii H6JIOHH cotieTaiOT cJia6opoc- JIOCTb H YKOpeHSieMOCTb OTBO,li.KOB H Bbi,LJ.eJieHbl K3K KJIOHOBbie IIO)I.BOH. ( KH3HJI'l3, TYPillH H .n.p.). f/6AOHR KonerdaccKaH. (3KOTHII SI6JIOHH Crrsepca) rrporr3pacTaer H. ~cnoJib3yeTcH KaK no.n.soii B TypKMeHcKoii CCP. f/6AOHR CAUBOAUCTHaR (M. prunifolia Borkh.). MecTHbie Ha3Ba- HHH: KHT3HK3, SIHTapKa, paiiKa, paHeTK3. B ,li.HKOM BH,LJ.e He BCTpeqa- eTCSI. flpoH3pacraer B ca.n.ax OT,LI.eJihHbiMH .n.epeBbHMH, 6oJibllleii r. r.'l3CTbiO npHBHTbiMH. flo MHeHHIO r.C. 11. 11caeBa, <I>. TapaceHKO, <I>. K. TeTepeBa, TsepHTHeBa, OHa SIBJISieTCSI Blf,li.OM rH6pH,li.H0f() npOHCXO)f{,ll.eHHH, B03HHK!llHM OT CKpeiJ.J.HB3HHH C yqacTHeM H6JIOHli ;:r,oMall!Heii H cH6rrpcKoii. A. M. CKH6HHCKaH, Hao6opor, CtiHTaJia KH- Ta:iiKy 060C06JieHHbiM Blf,li.OM. floJIHMOp<tJHa. flJIO,ll.bl pa3JIH'l310TCSI ITO pa3Mepy, OKpacKe, BKycy, CpOK3M C03peBaHHSI. Y HeKOTOpblX THITH'!Hb!X <tJopM tia!lleJIHCTHKH cpa- CT310TCSI B Tpy6Ky H y Mop<tJOJIOfH'leCKH BepxHeH 'laCTH IIJIO,ll.a eCTb. xapaKTepHbie Bhicrynhi- nepJibl. Y JJ.pyrrrx tiallletiKa ona,LI.aeT y scex H.'IH y 'l3CTH ITJIO,li.OB. ,ll.epeBbSI p33JIH'l310TCSI ITO CHJie pOCTa, <tJopMe JIHCTbeB H T. ,ll.. B ueJioM BHJJ. o6Jia,LI.aeT BhiCOKoii 3IIMOCTOHKOCTbiO. CeMeHa HMeioT 6oJiee KopoTKIIH rrepHOJJ. rro,LI.rOTOBKH K npopacraHHIO, tieM y KYJihTyp- HhiX copTOB. CeHHUbi pacTyT xopolllo, HMeiOT .n.oBOJibHO pa3BeTBJieHHbie KopHH. BbiXOJJ. ca)f{eHues Ha HIIX BbiCOKHH. I13BecTHhie ca,LI.OBOJJ.bi rrpo!llJioro (11. B. MrrqyprrH, H. 11. KHIJYHOB) CtJHTaJIH KHT3HKY O,li.HIIM H3 JIY'llllHX IIO,li.BOeB. HapHJJ.Y C 3THM ,li.OJifO CyiJ.J.eCTBOB3JIO MHeHHe, 'ITO 3Ta XapaKTepHCTHKa npHJIO)f{HMa K THITH'l- HbiM KHT3HKaM, HMeiOIJ.J.IIM ITJIO)I.bl C tia!lletiKOH. <l>opMbl C OIT3,li.3IOIJ.J.eH l!allletiKOH ITJIO,li.OB C'!IIT3JIII HeiTO,li.XO,li.HIJ.J.HMH ITO,li.BOSIMH H3-33 IIJIOXOR COBMeCTHMOCTH CO MHOrHMH KpynHOIIJIO,li.Hb!MH COpTaMH SI6\\IIOHH. 56

HccJie.n;osa HIUI rrocJie.n;yiOill.HX JieT, B qacTHOCTH aBTopa, rroKa3aJIH, ~TO yrrOM.HHYTbie 11pH3H3KH He HBJIHIOTCH .LJ;OCT3TO'IHO Ha.n;e:tKHbiMH .LJ;JIH oii.eHKH TIO.LJ;BOHHbiX KalJeCTB TeX HJIH HHbiX <lJopM KHT3HKH. B H8IIIHX OTibiT3X TIO H3y'leHHIO CKeJieT006pa30BaTeJieH JJ,eJibiH pHil THTIH'IHbiX KHTaeK OKa3aJICH rrJioxo coBMeCTHMbiM c AHTOHOBKoi1 o6biKHOBeHHOH, nanHpOBKOH, rpywoBKOH MOCKOBCKOH, AHHCOM 3Jib!M H AHHCOM no- ,110C8Tb!M . .[LJIH IlOCJie.n;Hero, B '13CTHOCTH, OlJeHb XOpOWHM CKeJieT006- Xpa30B3TeJieM oKa3aJicH copT Tae:tKHoe (KaH1lHJib-KHTai1Ka cH6Hp- I<a), O'leHb 6JIH3KHH K CH6HpKe. }:(JIH AHTOHOBKH T3K)!{e OK333JIHCb OlJeHb XOpOWHMH CKeJieT006pa30BaTeJIHMH HeKOTOpb!e rH6pH.LJ;bl CH6Hp- KH C KpyTIHOilJIO;lHblMH COpT3MH, HMeiOmHe BbipameHHble rrpH3H3KH CH- OHpKH, B TO :tKe BpeMH KHTai1Ka caHHHCKaH OKa3aJiacb xy:tKe coBMeCTH- MOH c 3THM copTOM. He.n;ocTaTOtJHaH coBMecTHMOCTb ceHHUeB KHTaHKH, KaK rroKa3aJIH HCCJie.n;osaHHH aBTopa, B. A. KopoBHHa, H. IT. CeMHHOH, HMeeT pa3- HYIO BbipameHHOCTb, HHOr;ra 3H31JHTe.TJbHYIO, pe3KO CHH)!{3I0Ill.YIO Bbl- XO.LJ; H Ka'leCTBo cameHueB. HecoBMeCTHMOCTb HepenKo rrpoHBJIHeTcH y:tKe B ca.n;y. TaK, H. 11. TypoBcKoi1 Bbi;J:eJieHa H BereTaTHBHo pa3MHO- :tKeHa <f>opMa KHT3HKH 4r-36, KOTOpaH B IlHTOMHHKe o6ecrre'IHJI3 XOpO- lliHH Bhrxo.n; HopMa.TJbHO pa3BHTbiX cameHueB. Ho y)Ke c qeTBepToro ro.n;a poCTa B ca.n;y see nepeBbH copTa CeBepHbiH CHHarr Ha 3TOM non- Boe 11pOHBHJIH pe3KYIO HeCOBMeCTHMOCTb. BoJiee KpyrrHollJIOllHbre ¢opMbi KHTai1KH (KIITai1Ka caHHHCKaH, KH- Taii:Ka 3HMHHH H .n;p.) 1l8 lOT MeHbillHH rrpOUeHT CeHHUeB, IlJIOXO COB· MeCTHMbiX c KYJibTYPHbiMH copTaMH H6JIOHH, 'leM ¢opMbi KHTaHKH, o6- .nanaiOmne 6oJiee Bb!pa)KeHHbiMH 11pH3H8K8MH H6JIOHH CH6HpCKOH, HO ITOCJiellHHe TO)Ke 1l8IOT '18CTb CeHHUeB, XOpOWO COBMeCTHMbiX C TeMH :tKe rrpHBOHMH. B CBH3H c 3THM 6oJibwoe 3HaqeHne HMeeT TO, llJIH 'K8KOrO CO pTa 6yllYT rrpHMeHeHbl CeHHUbl KaK 1101lBOH. }:(eHCTBeHHbiM SIBJIHeTCH He CTOJlbKO Bbl60p ¢opM KHT8HKH, CKOJibKO Bbi6op COpTOB ,li.JIH rrpHBHBKH Ha naHHOM rronBoe. B nei1CTBYIOill.eM KaTaJiore pai1oHH- poBaHHbiX rronsoeB B CCCP yKa3aHbi copTa, Jiyqwe u xy)Ke coBMeCTH- Mbie c ceHHUaMH KHTaHKH. K rrepBbiM OTHOCHTCH ITerrHH wa¢paHHbiH, OpaH:tKeBoe, 3oJIOTaH oceHb, KopH'IHoe HOBoe, MeJI6a, M3KHHTOW, PoccowaHcKoe rro.'locaToe, PeHeT KH'IyHoBa, ITo6ennTeJib, CeBepHbiH CHHarr, CyBopoBeu, BeJih¢Jiep-KHTai1Ka, OceHuee rroJiocaToe, J1IOJih- CKoe l.JepHeHKO, llla<tJpaH capaTOBCKHH, 3eJieHKa 1lHerrpOBCK8H, 51HJlbl- KOBCKOe, KopTJiaH;J:, /Knry.'leBcKoe, CrrapTaK, PeHeT TaTapcKHH. 1( rpyrrrre COpTOB, He1lOCT8TOlJHO COBMeCTHMblX C cemiU8MH pa3Hb!X Kll- TaeK, OTHOCHTCH AHTOHOBK8 06biKHOBeHH8H, rpywoBKa MOCKOBCK8H, PeHeT 30JIOTOH KypcKHH, ITarrHpOBKa, Y3JICH, Ba6ywKHHO H np. ITpH .n;ocTaTO'IHOH coBMeCTHMOCTH c rrpHBOHMII KHTai1Ka oKa3biBa- eTCH UeHHblM ITOllBOeM K8K 6Jiaro.n;apH Ha.LJ;e:tKHOH XOJIO.LJ;OCTOHKOCTH KOpHeH, T3K II 6JiaronapH HeKOTOpOMY YCKOpeHHIO HatJaJia TOBapHoro ITJIO.LJ;OHOWeHHH rrpHBOeB II He CTO.'Ib CH.1bHOMY pocTy .n;epeBbeB, KaK Ha Ce.HHU8X H6JIOHH JieCHOH JlHKOH. B 30Hax c MaJiocHe)!{HbiMH cypoBbiMH 3HMaMH KHTai1Ka HBJIHeTcH <>co6eHHO ueHHbiM rro;J:BoeM. ITepcrreKTHBbi ee ncrrOJib30BaHHH cBH38Hbi 57

C ITO,LI.60pO:vi COBMeCTH:vlbiX COpTOB, H, J\\8K CK83acl0 BbJUie, C opraHH3a- UHeH ceMeHHbiX HaCa)K,J.eHHH c ylleroM ITepeoiThi.'IeHHH c KYJihrypHbiMlf COpraMH, liTO, C O,ll,IIOH CTOpOHbl, ITOBbiCHT 3HMOCTOHKOCTb CeHHUeB KYJihrypHbiX coproB, a c ,il.pyroif, YJIYlllliiiT coBMecrHMOCTb ceHHuea. KHT8HKH C ITpHBOHMH. fl6.,wHu-3epHOBIW. TaK Ha3bJBaror B IloBOJIMhe MecrHbie <PopMbl CeMeHHOro ITpOHCXOM,LI.eHHH. 9ro Moryr 6biTb CCHHUbl Ky.'IhTypHbiX COpTOB, OTpOClliHe IIO,ll,BOH H T. ,li.. cpe,aH 3epHOBOK eCTb 04CHb 3HMO- CTOHKHe <PopMbi H OHH ITpC,ll,CT8BJIHIOT HHTepec ,ll,JIH 3arOTOBKH ceMHH. Cepbe3HOH pa6orbi ITO or6opy H pa3MHOMeHHIO TaKHX <PopM He ITpose- .ueHo, IT03TOMY CylUeCTBCHHOfO 3HalleHHH 3TH ITO,ll,BOH B ,li.8HHOe BpeMSE ITOliTH He HMeror. O.n.HaKo B CaparoBCKOH o6JiacrH H3 MecrHbiX ceHH- ueB Bbi,J.eJieHa <PopMa no.n. Ha3BaHHeM KocMarKa, KoropaH raM paifoHH- posaHa KaK O,ll.HH !13 OCHOBHhiX CeMeHHhiX ITO,li.BOeB. 5l6AOHR ReOOHaR cu6upcKaR (M. baccata Borkh.). l1Halle- cH6Hp- Ka. B JI.HKOM BH,LI.e pacrer B Jiecax 3a6aifKaJibH. B IlpHMopcKOM Kpae ITpOH3pacraer 6JIH3KaH K Heif H6JIOHH MaHhliMypcKaH (M. baccata var. mandshurica Borkh). 5I6JIOHH cH6HpcKaH BcrpellaercH raK)Ke B ca,J,ax CH6HpH H YpaJia~ r.ue ITpe,LI.craBJieHa pa3Hoo6pa3HCM <PopM, or.lHl!aKJlUHXCH cH.10H poc- ra (or 3-4 JI.O 10 M). l.JaUieliKa ITJlO.UOB oiTa,LI.aer. Pa3Mepbi ITJIO.UOB or ropoUIHHbi JI.O BHUIHH. C. B. I03eiTliYK ocraBJIHeT Ha3BaHHe M. bac- cata .LI.JIH ca.uoBbiX <PopM, a M. pallasiana Juz. -- ,J.JIH .Lf.HKopacrylUHX <PopM. CH6HpKa KaK ITO,LI.BOH HCIIO.lb3YCTCH H paifOIIHpyeTCH Ha .LJ.aJib- HeM BocroKe, B BoCT04Hoi\"I H 3aiTa,aHoii CH6HpH. flo 3HMOCTOHKOCTH cpe.LI.H <PopM H6JIOHH CH6HpKa He HMeeT paB- r.HbiX. Kopnn ee ceHHUeB, ITO ,J.aHHbiM B. BacHJiblleHKO, Bhi,J,epMHBaiOT' ITOHH)KCHHH reMITeparypbl ,lO MHHYC 23-25 °C. CoBMecTHMOCTb cn6npKn c MeJIKOIIJIO.Lf.HhiMH copraMH ypaJio-cH6Hp- CKoro COpTHMCHTa XOpOUiaH, CJiyllaH HCCOBMCCTHMOCTH pe;.I.KH. C KpyiT- HOIIJIO,ll.HblMH COpTaMH COBMeCTHMOCTb He Bcer,J,a XOpOUI85I. CeMeHa cn6HpKH HMeiOT KoporKHH nep110,1. no,J,roroBKH K npopacra- HHIO, BCXO,J.HT .J.PYMHO, HO MHOriiC CeHHUhl m6HyT OT rpH6HbiX 3860Jie- BaHHH rHna llepHofi HOJKKH ( «Bbiroparor»). Pocr ceHHW'B ryrofi, llac- ro .LI.JIH HX Bbipai.UHBaHHH rpe6yercH 2 ro,J,a. JlyliUIHe pe3y.'IbTaThi .uaror 6oJiee CHJibHOpOC,'JbiC cpopMbl CII6llpKH. HcKJIIOliHTCJihHaH 3HMocrofiKocrh H xopomaR pa3BCTBJieHHOCTh- KOpHeif CCHHUCB CH6HpKH npHBJICKaJIH K HCH BHHM8HHe IIHTOMHHKOBO- ,li,OB cpenHefi 30Hhi ca,l,OBO.J.CTBa. O,J,HaKo 3,J,ecb ona npuMeHeHHH ne HaUIJia H3-3a HC,J,OCT8TOtiHOH COBMCCTHMOCTH C copTaMH-ITpHBOHMH. CJie.uyer ITO,l,llepKHYTb, liTO llacrb coproB pacrer na ceHHUaX cu6HpKH HOpMaJihHO H HMeer BbiCOKYIO nponyKTHBHOCTh. TaK, B onhirax n.E. KyMeJieBOH H aBropa Ha CH6IIpKe xopoUIO poe 11 o6HJibHO IJJIO- .ll.OHOCHJI flCIIHH Uia<PpaHHbiH. flpoBe,leHHbie aBTOpOM OIIb!Tbl 110Ka3a- JIH, liTO Ha CeHHUaX CH6HpKH (MeCTHOrO npOHCXOMJ,CHHH) XOpOUIO pac- TYT 11 rrJio,J,oHOCHT copra PeHer KnllyHoBa, CeBcpHbiH CHHarr, >KHry- JieBcKoe, PoccomancKoe rroJIOcaroe, AnroHOBKa no3_1.HHH, Ilo6eJI.HTeJih. B ro Me BpeMH copr Y3JICH oKa3a.1cH necoBMecrHMbiM c ocnoBHOif 5~

M3CCOH CeHHIJ,eB CH6HpKH, XOTH OT,neJlbHbie pacTeHHH HMeiOT npeKpac- r. r.l:IOe COCTOHHHe. no ,naHHblM A. lllnOHbKO H A. .UymHHCKOH, CH6HpKa OKa3aJlaCb XOpOWHM llO.ll:BOeM .ll:JIH HeKOTOpb!X COpTOB B yc- JlOBHHX EeJiopyccKoii CCP. Crr6HpKy CIJHTaiOT He,J,ocTaTOIJHO 3acyxoycTOHIJHBoii, oiJeBH,nHo, Ha .OCHOBaHHH Tyroro pOCTa ce>IHUeB B nepBb!H ro,n IKH3HH 11 MeHee r.lly- 60KO n.nymeii KOpHeBoii cHcTeMbi. O,n:HaKo Ha6JIIO,neHH5I npnso,nHT K saKJliOIJeHHIO, 'ITO CH6HpKy He.'Ib35l CIJHTaTb CH/IbHO OTJIHIJaiOl!J,eHCH no sacyxoycTOHIJHBOCTH, HanpHMep, OT ce>IHUeB KYJibTYPHhiX copToB. TaK, B HaW eM OITb!Te B pe;LKYIO no CHJIC 3acyxy 1972 r. 10-JieTHHe ,ncpeBb5I JI6JIOHH, HOpMaJibHO COBMCCTHMble C CH6HpKOH, BeJIH ce651 Ha 3TOM no,nBoe HHIJYTb He xyJKe, l!eM na ce>IHUax AHHCa noJiocaToro H AHTO- HOBKH o6hiKHOBeHHOH. B OIThiTax H. I1. Typoscrw~r B IHITOMHIIKe B TOM :JKe ro,ny OT6opHble 4JopMbl CH6HpKII, pa3MHOfi\\CHHblC 3e.rreHb!Mil l!epeH- KaMH, Be.rm ce65I .'Iycrwe p>IJ,a ,l,pyrHx ITO,J,BOeB. CH6HpKa B Cll.1Y ee qacTWIHOH HCCOBMeCTI!MOCTH c KY.1bTYPHLIMH KpymronJIO,Ll,HblMI! COpTaMH H6JIOHH He MOIKCT 6b!Tb peKOMeH;lOB3H3 KaK ceMeHHOH no,J,BOH B cpe;1,IIei1 30He ca;LOBO,J,CTBa. 0;LHaKo BbiL(aiO- maHcH 3HMOCTOHKOCTb, YCKOpCHHe IT.10),0l!OWeHil5I npHBOeB HC MOryT He npHBJieKaTb K He~! BHHMaHIIC HCC.1C),OBaTe.1eH. ABTopoM II H. I1. TypoBCKOH BLI,J,C.1eHbi 11 !!3Yl!aiOTC51 KaK KJIOHO- Bbre llO,J,BOII OT,J,C.1bl!Lle ¢op:v!bl CI!61Ipl\\II, OT06paHHble ITO OTulHIJHO:viY COCTOHHHIO npHB!lTbiX ,J,epeBbeB COpTa Y3.1CII, B LLe.'IOM fiJ!OXO COBMeC- THMOrO c CH6Hp!WH, II copia CesepHbiH CIIHaiT. floJiyl!eHbl 06Ha,LI,efl{l[B310l!J,Ile pe3y.1bT3Tbl B OITblT3X aBTOpa ITO !10- Jiyl[eHHIO CJia6opoC.1blX ,nepeBbeB CO BCTaBKOH, r,l,e OCHOBHbiM ITO,J.BOeM B35lTbl ceHHUbl CH6HpKH, a B Kal!eCTBe BCT3BOK- KapJIHKOBbie rH6pH;L- XHble ¢opMbi OT cKpemriBaHHH cn6HpKa N\\.9. CeRHU,bl paHero,;. PaHeTKaMH ITOM0.10rH Jia3biBaiOT Me.rrKOITJIO,iUibie COpTa 5I6JIOHH, IIOJiyiJeHHbie C yqaCTlle:\\1 CH6HpKH, xapaKTepH3YIOl!J,IIe- CH 06bll!HO OITa,I.LeHHe:vi l!aWe 1!KI! fi.lO,Ja. no 3HC.iOCTOHKOCTH 01!11 IIC- CKOJlbKO HH&e cn6HpKH, 110 TaKHe copTa, I<aK PaHCTKa ITypiTypoBaH, ,lJ.o6pbiHH, Ysa>Kae:vra>I, HMeiOT ol!eHL BLICOK)'IO 3HMOCTOHKOCTb. Hau6oJiee l!aCTo HCIT0.1b3YIOT ;LJI5I no.1yiJeHHH no;:~.soeB PaHeTKY nypiTypoByiO. 3TOT ITO;LBOH paiioHHpoBaH Ha Ypa.'Ie 11 B CH6rrpn B paii- OHax c 6oJiee CHCJKHLIMII 3HMaMIL Ha cesepo-BOCTOKe Ka3axcKoi1 CCP paiioHHpOBaHbi ce>IHUbi copTOB PaHeTKa ITypiTyposaH, PaHeTKa Kpac- HaH, Tae>I\\Hoe, Ce>IHCU nv;LoBl!J,IIHbi, Pa~Il\\a 3Be3,J,l!aTa51. Ce>IHUbi paHCTOK no ·CBOHM KaiJCCTBaM KaK ITO.l,BOH 6.riH3KH K CH- OHpKe, HO OT.'!Hl!a!OTCH 6oJiee CIIJ!bllb!M pOCTOM B WKOJ!e Ce5Il!IJ,eB. 0HH TaKJKe fiJ!OXO COBMeCTHMbl C p5I,'.I.OM Ky.'IhTypHbiX COpTOB H6JIOHH. B Hawrrx OITbiTax mwxy10 cosMeCTHMOCTL c 3THM nO;LBOeM ITOKa3aJIH AHTOHOBKa 06biKHOBeHHa5I, naiTHpOBKa, fpywoBKa MOCKOBCKa5I, 5ec- CeMHHKa NirrqypHHa, Y3JICH, KopHl!HOe no.1ocaToe, AHnc noJiocaTbiH. r. r.B OITbiTax llla,'.!.paK Ha PoccowaHCKOH OITblTHOH CT3HIJ,HH cano- BO,LI,CTBa TIJ!OX35l COBMeCTHMOCTb C 3THM ITO,J,BOeM 6hlJia OTMel!eHa y .copToB KpoHCeJ1bCKoe npo3pal!HOe, Bapry.1b sopoHefi<CKHH, PeHeT 30- .JIOToii: KypcKHH, neiTHHKa J!HTOBCK351. 59

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pocJILie Hmr TIOI.JTH cH.1bHopoc.1bie, ,J:ocrarotJHo CKopon.10;J:Hbie. Pai1o- HHposaH 110 BCeH JO)KHOH 30He C3;LOBO,J:CTB3, HO B TiepcneKTHBe )J,OJI- )KeH 6biTh 3aMeHeH 6oJiee cJia6opoc.1biM. M3 (EMili, oyceH III, oyceH OCTpOAUCTHblU, oyceH He.J1tel-{KUU, na- paOU3Ka .aunel-{Kafl). 3ana;J,Hoesponei1cKoro npoiicxom;J,eHH51. lilHpoKO' paCTipoCTpaHeHHbiH B 11pOU1JIOM KJIOHOBbiH IlO,Tl,BOli cpeJJ,HepOCJIOfO TH- na. B 6.TJaronpii51THbiX yc.TJoBIIHX TIPIIBHTbie ;:J:epesb51 noi.JTH cHJibHopoc- Jibie. YKopeH51eTC51 OI.JeHb JierKo, ,TJ,aeT MHOfO OTBO,J:KOB, HO TOHKIL\\. C copTaMH-npiiBOHMH cosMeCTHM xopolllo. npiiBHTbie ;I,epesb51 nepmaT- C51 s TIOI.JBe KpenKo. KopHeBa51 CHCTeMa cTioco6Ha TiepeHOCHTb ;J,,1IITeJib- Hoe 11epeyBJI3l!<HeHIIe rpyHTa. ,II.OBOJibHO 3liMOCTOeK, XOT51 ,TJ,.'151 yCJIO- BHH cpe,UHei1 30Hbi He;:J:OCTaTOtJHO. Pai1oHnposaH Ha CesepHOM KasKa- 3e, s Hei<OTOpbiX o6.TJaCT51X YKpaHHCKOH CCP, s TypKMeHcKoi1 CCP. B CBH3H c CH.'lbHopoc.TJOCTbiO 11epcneKTIIB lllHpoKoro TIPHMeHeHHH He· HMeeT. M4 ( Ei\\,JJV, oyceH IV, ayceH Z0,7UlTUHCKuii). 3aJ13,J:HOeBponei1cKo- ro 11pOHCXOliCJ:eHHH. lilHpOKO pacnpoCTpaHeHHbiH ITO_'I,BOH cpe;J,HepOC.TJO- ro TI!Ila. OcHOBHOH no;:J:soi'r s BeHrpmr H pH.le ;~,pymx cTpaH. B CCCP TIOJIYI.JHJI lllllpoKoe pacnpocTpanemie s noc.1e;I,HHe 20-25 .'leT. YKope- H51eTCH olJeHb xopomo 11 )J,aeT MHoro OTBO;:J:KOB. CosMeCTHMOCTb c 11pH- BHsaeMbiMII COpTaMI! XOpOU13H. TKallli npOI.JHbJe, O,J:H3KO HHOf,TJ,a H3- 6JIIO;J,3IOTCH H3K.10Hbl 11p11BI!TbiX ,J:epCBbCB B Ca,ly. 3HMOCTOHKOCTb B' IOmHoi'r 3oHe .lOCTaTOtJHaH, no HHme, I.JCM y M3. npHBHTbie ;lepesbH cpe)l,Hepocnbie H.TJH noi.JTH cH.1bHopoc.1bie, cKopon.10;:J:llbie. Pai'rotmpo- BaH no scci'r IOllmoi'r 3oHe ca;~,oso.lCTBa CCCP. B ncpcneKTHBe )l,OJimeH 6biTb 3aMeHeH 6o.1ee c.TJa6opoc.1biMH nmaMH. MS ( EMV, ayceH V, ayceH 3e,zeHblii). 3ana;I,HOesponei'rcKoro npo- HCXO)K,Tl,eHIIH. 3n:vrocTOHKOCTb Hllli<C, I.JeM y M3. YKopeHHeMOCTb OTBO,TJ,- KOB xopomaH, BbiXO;I, HX BbiCOKIIH. CosMecnrMOCTb c npHBHsaeMbiMH COpTaMH XOpOU1351. no poCTy npHBl!Tble .lepeBbH IICCKO.ITbKO CJia6ee Ii MeHee Tipo,'lyKTIIBHbi, tJeM Ha M2. Pai'roHIIposaH s CTaspono.'lhCI<OM H Kpacuo;~,apcKoM KpaHx, Y36eKCKOH CCP, TypKMeHcKoi'r CCP. CI.JI!Ta- eTC51 HeCK0.1bKO 60.1ee C0.1eBbJHOC.1l!BbJM, I.JeM .1pyme IlO,J:BOH CpC,i!,He- pOCJIOfO Tllna. B nepcneKTHBe TIPIIMeHeHue orpaHIII.JeHHoe (s OTJI,C.nb- HbiX 30H3X). r.1-48-46. Bbme;I,eH B. TpyceBIIlJCM B KpaCHO,i!,ape. OI.JeHb xopo- lllO yKopeHHCTCH II ;:J:aeT MHoro OTBO;I,KOB. CosMeCTHM c npHBHBaCMbiMH copTaMII. npliB!ITbie ;:J:epeBbH cpe;:J:Hepoc.noro THna, cKopon.'!o;Uibie H BbiCOKOTipo;~,yKT!IBHbiC. Pai'rmmposaH Ha CesepHOM KasKa3e, pcKoMeH- ,TJ,osaH ,n:.1H HCTibiT3Hll51 no scei1 Iollmoi'r 30He ca,TJ,oso;:J:cTsa. HcJJ:OCTa- •TOK- o6H.'lbHOe o6pa3oBaHire nopoc.1n s ca.1y. r.1-48-41. BLIBe.lCH B. TpyceBHI.JeM B Kpac!I0.13pe. 50.1Ce 3HMO- CTOHKHH, tJeM .lpyme K.10HOBbie TIO,J:BOH IOli<HOH 30Jlbl. no ,Tl,3HHb!M' B. A. fpH3esa, Kopmi ero BbUep)KJIBaiOT nomrmemre reMnepaTypbi ,TJ,O -15 °(. no H36.1IO,J:eHHHM 3BTOpa, H3JI,3eMH3H ~!3CTh paCTeHtiH ::norC no,J:BOH s MIII.JYPIIHCKe cyposyiO 311MY 1978/79 r. BbiHeC.1a c He6o.TJblllH- MH nospem;J,CHHHMII. no;:J:soi'r nonyKa p.nHKosoro ( cpe,TJ,Hepocnoro) Til· na. YKopeHHCMOCTh OTBO.lKOB He;:J:OCT3TOlJHO xopomaH, Bb!XOJI, HX w-

:6oJihlllOH. PeKoMeH,nosaH ,nJIH HCnhiTaHHH B cTerrHoH: qacTH CesepHoro I(asKa3a, PocToBcKoH: o6JiaCTH ,H B pH,ne 30H YKpaHHCKOH CCP. 11HTe- ,peceH .l.LJI5l H3yqeHHH B paHOHaX C 6oJiee cypOBOH 3HMOH. P.yceH MapcoJtuHa, napaaus1w Kpbt.MCIWJl. Bhr,neJieH A. <P. Mapro- JIHHhiM. npoHcxoM,neHHe HeH3BecTHo. 06Jia,naeT rrpoqHhiMH TKaHHMH H, ITO ,naHHhlM 11. n. Bepe2KHOro, llOBhillleHHOH 3HMOCTOHKOCTh!O. KaK -·cpe,nHepocJihiH rro,nsoH: paiioHHpoBaH B PocTOBCKOH o6JiaCTH, ,Uarec- TaHCKOH ACCP H LJ:eqeHo-11Hr.yrncKoii ACCP. B ,npyrHx 30Hax Heo6xo- .LLHMO H3y4eHHe ero. 54-118. Bhme,neH B. H. By,naroscKHM B MH4YPHHCKe. Bhr,UeJIHeTcH TeMHO-KpaCHOH JIHCTBOH H rycTOH aHTO~HaHOBOH OKpacKOH ,npeBeCH· ·Hhl. 3HMOCTOHKOCTh Bhiiiie, qeM y I02KHhiX KJIOHOBbiX rro,nnoeB. Co- •-BMeCTHMOCTh C rrpHBHBaeMb!MH COpTaMH XOpOIIIaH. 0TBO.LLKH YKOpeHH- IOTCH oqeHb xopowo. Haxo,nHTCH B lllHpOKOM rrpornno,ncTneHHOM HCITbi- -TaHHH B I02KHOH H cpe,nHeii 30Hax ca,nono;:~.cTBa CCCP KaK rro,nsoli rrpe,nrro.TJ02KHTeJibHO cpe,nHepocJioro THrra. 57-233. BbiBe,J.eH B. 11. By,naroBCKHM B MH4YPHHCKe. no xapaKTe- pHCTHKe 6JIH30K K rro,a_soiO 54-118. npoxo,nHT IIIHpoKoe rrpOH3BO.LLCT- BeHHoe HCITbiTaHHe B I02KHOH H cpe;.J.Heii 30Hax call.OBO.LLCTBa CCCP KaK ITOll.BOH rrpe,a_rro,'!02KHTeJibHO cpe;.J.HepocJioro THrra. 57-490. BbiBe;.J.eH B. H ..Byll.aroBCKIIM B MHqypHHCKe. no xapaKTe- pHCTHKe KaK ITO.J.BOH cxo,neH c 54-118 II 57-233. npoxo;.J.HT rrpoH3BO.J.- 'CTBeHHoe HCflbiTaHHe B I02KHOH H cpe,a_Heif 30Hax call.OBo,a_cTBa CCCP Ka K rro;.J.noii rrpe11.rro.TJ02KIITeJibHO cpe,nHepocJioro nma. A2. BbiBe,neH B lllne~l!ll. no 3HMOCTOHKOCTII rrpH6JIH2KaeTCH K ce- HHUaM AHTOHOBKH. YKopeHHeTcH xopowo H ,naeT MHoro oTBOll.KOB. C rrpHBl!TblMH COpTaMH XOpOIIIO COBMeCTHM. JJ.epeBbH Ha 3TOM llOJ]_BOe ·CHJibHopoc.TJbie, Ho cKoporrJIO.J.Hbie. PalioHHponaH B HeKOTOpbrx o6JiaCTHX YKpaHHCKOH CCP, B BeJiopyccKOH CCP, A3ep6aii,n2KaHcKoli CCP, Mo.TJ,naBCKOH CCP, JiaTBHHCKOH CCP, .3cToHCKOH CCP, 1\\Hpnn- CKOH CCP, ApMHHCKOH CCP, rJiaBHbiM o6pa3oM ll.JIH 6o.TJee cypoBbiX ycJIOBIIH. liliipOKO H3yqaeTCH B ,npymx 30HaX. B CBH3H c CHJibHOpocJIOCTbiO rrepcrreKTHB IIIIIpOKoro HCITOJib30Ba- HHH 3TOT llO;.J.BOH He HMeeT, HO M02KeT OKa33TbCH UeHHb!M B TeX 30HaX H MIIKp030HaX, r,Z.Le llO,l.L BJIHHHHeM rrpHpO,Z.LHb!X yc.'IOBHH pOCT ,Z.LepeBbeB •OrpaHH4eH (6e,nHble ll04Bbl, KOpOTKOe .TieTO, He,nOCTaTOK TeiJ.TJa). MM/04. BhmeneH B AHrJIHH. no;.J.noii cpe,nHepocJioro TIIrra. YKope- ,HHeTCH XOpOIIIO. n pOXOll.IIT llpOH3BO;:I.CTBeHHOe HCITblT3HHe BO MHOfHX 30Hax 10ra CCCP. MM/09. BbiBe;.J,eH B AHrJIHH. no.:moi'I CIWbHOpOC.'!OrO nma. nepe- ·HOCHT 6e;.J.Hbie rrec4aHbie rro4BbL npoxo;:~.HT rrpoH3BO.J.CTBeHHoe HCllbiTa- HHe B 102KHOH 30He ca;:I.OBO,l.LCTBa. MM111. BbiBe,neH B AHrJIHII. no;:~.noi'I CII.'lbHOpoc.'!oro TIIrra. npo- XOll.HT rrpoH3B01I.CTBeHHOe HCITbiTaHHe B BeJiopyccKOH CCP. r p y Ill a. Fpyuta JteCrtaJl OUKaJl (Pyrus communis L.)- PacrrpoCT- ·paHeHa B Jiecax 10ra CCCP, JiecocTerrHOH 30Hhi YKpaHHCKOH CCP, 6eJiropo,.J,cKoii, BopoHe)KCKoi'r, KypcKoH, 6pHHCKOH o6.ncTeii, B 6eJio- .pyccKOH CCP, pe)Ke B npii6a.'!TJ!HCKHX pecrry6.'!!!KaX, B npymx qac- 64

'TflX cpe,u:Hell: 30Hhi ca,u:oso,u:crsa. CHJihHopocJioe ,u:oJiroaetmoe ,u:epeao. BcrpeqaercH HeCKOJihKO cpopM, pa3JIHqaiOW.HXC51 no u.sery KOphi, cpop- ·\"Me li Cp0K3M C03peB3HHH IIJIO,U:OB. OcHOBHoii no,u:soii rpywH s cpe,u:Heii 30He ca,n:oso,u:CTsa. CosMecTH- MOCTh C KYJibTypHbiMH COpTaMH B OCHOBHOM XopowaH, XOTH CJiyqaH He- COBMeCTHMOCTH scrpeqaiOTCH. KopHeBaH cHcreMa MOW.HaH, r Jiy6oKaH, y ceHHU.eB- rpy6aH CTep:ameBaH, qro 33TPYJJ:HHeT Bblp3W.HB3HHe ca- jl{eHU.eB B IIHTOMHHKe. Tio 3HMOCTOHKOCTH KopHeii 3TOT no,u:soii yCTy- naer H6.10He JieCHOH ,UHKOH, II03TOMy qaw.e IIO,U:Mep3aeT, OC06eHHO B aoHax c MaJiocHe.IKHhiMH cypoBhiMH 3HMaMH. B CBH3H c 3THM rrpe,u:craB- JIReT HHTepec oT6op HaH6oJiee 3HMOCTOHKHX cpopM. Ha Kyi'16biwescKoii OIIWTHOH CT3HU.HH C3,U:OBO,U:CTB3 OT06paHO HeCKOJibKO 3HMOCTOHKHX cpOpM MeCTHOfO rrpOI13p3CT3HHH ITO,U: H33BaHHeM KHITapHCOBKa. 0HH OK333J1HCb 6oJiee UeHHb!MH ITOJJ:BOHMH, qeM CeHHUbl ITOITYJIHIIHH rpywH JJ:HKOH H3 BopoHe.IKcKOH o6.1acTH. r. A. Jlo6aHOBbiM so BI-II1I1C HMeHn 11. B. lvlHqypHHa oTo6paHa BhiCOIW3H:vrocTOHK35l ¢opMa ,\\i'Q 217. B 3cTOHCKOH CCP OTo6paHa H paiiomrposaHa ¢opMa rpywH M-1. KaK rroKa3aJIH uccJie,u:osaHHH H. 11. TyposcKoli, pH,u: cpopM rpywH JieCHOH .lHKOH OTJIHqHO pa3MHO./KaeTCH 3eJieHblMH qepeHK3MH, H 3TO MO.IKHO HCIIOJib30BaTb ,U:.'IH OT6opa OC060 U.eHHblX K,'IOHOBb!X ITO,U:BOeB. CeHHUrbt KY-1bTYPHblX copTOB 2pywu u noAyKyAbTYPHbtX cpop.M. KaK IIO,U:BOII ceRHIIbl Ky,lhTypHbiX copTOB H IIOJIYKYJibTypHbiX cpopM B OCHOB- HOM CXO.il.Hhl C CeHHUaMH rpywH JieCI-IOH JJ:HKOH, IIO Hepe,n:KO HMe!OT 6o- Jiee pa3BeTBJieHHhie !WpHH. )lJIH 3afOTOBKH CeMHH HCITOJib3YIOT MeCTHb!e HJIH IIHTPO.il.YIIHposaHHbie yCToi'rqHBhie copTa. TaK, B A3ep6ali,n:.IKaH- CKoli CCP HCnO,'Ih3YIOTCH ,U.iKHp Ha,n:pH, Capbi ApMy,n:; B ,UarecraH- CKoli ACCP- 11,n:pHc-Kap, fHMpHHCKaR; B Ta,n:.IKHKCKOH CCP- 5epe JIHreJ15I; B YKpaHHCKOH CCP- JlHMOHKa, AJieKcaH,n:posKa H Xypr ApMy.l (KpbiM); s Ka3axcKoli CCP- JlHMOHKa, 5eJIOJIHCTKa; s Jlar- BHlicrwli CCP- MeCTHnre cpopMbi Ka3paywy, MaJIHasac; B PoCToB- CKoli o6JiaCTH- 4epHOMRCKa; s 5eJiopyccKoli CCP- BHHesKa. TipH- MeHRIOT H ,u:pyme COpTa l1 cpopMbl. Fpywa uao.,wcrHaH (P. salicifolia Pall.). ;::LHKO rrpoH3pacraeT B 3aKaBJ\\a3be. 11cKJIIOqHTeJibHO 3acyxoyCTOHqHBa H JJ:OBOJ!bHO MOp030- CTOi1J.;a, pacreT Ha 6e,u:HhiX KaMeHHCTbiX rroqsax. KaK rro,n:soli HaH6o- .Jiee wHpoKo rrpHMeHReTCR s ApMHHCI\\OH CCP, TypKMeHCKOH CCP, r..,llarecTaHCKO!l ACCP. l1ccJie,n:OB3HH5l B. Tpyc~sHqa Bbl5l13HJIH Bbi- -coKyiO ueHHOCTb 3Toro no.il,BOH B cTenHbiX p:1::roHax CesepHoro Kas- Ra3a, r;:r.e OH palioHHposaH B KpacHo,n:apcKoM Kpae, H ,n:JIR rrpoH3Bo,n:- 'CTBeHHoro HCilh!T3HHH B ,n:pyrHX a.:XMHHHCTp3THBHhiX paHOH3X 3TOfO perHoHa. ABTopoM HaqaTo H3yl!eHHe 3Toro llOJJ:BOH B 30He MHqy. pHHCK3. Fpywa AOXOAUCTHaR (P. elaeagrifolia Pall.). 5.'IH3Ka K rpywe liBOJIHCTHOH. 0TJIIJqaeTCH HCK.'JIOqHTeJibHOH 3acyxoyCToHqHBOCTh!O. PaiioHHposaHa KaK rro.rr,soli B KphiMy. Fpywa THHbUlaHIJCKaH, UAU pa3t-WAUCTHaH (P. heterophylla Rgl. d Sehmach). 3acyxoyCToliqnshiH BHJJ:, rrpOII3paCTaiOW.HH B ropax 5 <C. H. CTenaHoa 65



.ayiOT K10pe, l1JibHHKy, 13epe fap.uH, 13epe Ap.rr.aHIIOH, B HeKoTopbiX :soHax (3cTOHcKaH CCP) -13ecceMHHKy. A. KBHKJIHC H3Y4HJI B ycJioBHHX JIHTOBCKoii CCP noBe,n:eHHe Ha afme 6oJiee 100 copToo6pa3UOB rpyum H BhiHBHJI ueHHOCTh ,n:JIH rrpo- Me:tKyTo'IHoii BCT8BKH XOpOWO COBMeCTHMOfO C UHBOH II 3llMOCTOHKOfO ceHHUa N2 31 ceJieKUHH l1. lllTapaca. r.no ,UaHHb!M P. Ua60JIOBa, B )larecTaHe xopowo 3apeKoMeH,n:O- RBaJia ce6H KaK rro,n:Boii rpywH ¢opMa aiiBbi 3. nepcrreKTHBa paCWHpeHHH IIpHMeHeHHH SHBhl K8K IIO,UBOH rpywH ;CB513aHa C OT6opoM ee cpopM, JIY'IWe COBMeCTHMh!X C 60JihWHM Ha6o- poM copToB, '!eM aiiBa A. Bo <!>paHUHH B 3TO!v1 HarrpaBJieHHH Be,n:eTcH 60JibWa51 pa6oTa, Bhi,UeJieHb! cpopMbl aHBbl C Jiyqweii COBMeCTHMOCTbiO c npHBOHMH. B CCCP 3aBe3eHa H yllie qacTHIJHo H3yiJeHa aiisa II3 TiposaHca (rrpoBaHcKaH, rrposaHcaJibCKa5r), rrpoxo,n:HT rnyqeHHe 11 ,n:py- rHe UeHHble cpopMbl. nepcrreKTHBHO Bbi,UeJieHHe cpopM, o6eCIIeiJHBaiO- IUHX IIOJiyKapJIHKOBb!H H KapJII!KOBblH poeT IIpHBOeB, IJT06b! IIJIO,Ubl MOlliHO 6biJIO y6HpaTh CTOH Ha 3eMJie. B Hay'!Hb!X yqpelli,n:eHHHX IOlliHoii 30Hbi CCCP TaKllie rrposo,n:HTCH pa6oTa no Bbi,n:eJieHHIO HOBbiX 6oJiee ueHHbiX cj:JopM aiiBhi. Aiisa B ueJioM KaK nopo,n:a MeHee 3HMOCTOHKa, IIeM H6JIOHH II rpywa, !103TOMY KaK IIO,UBOH paHO!-IHpOBaHa B IOlliHOH 30He CTpaHbl -raM, r.ue He BhiMep3aiOT KopHII. B cpe,n:Heii 30He ca,n:oBo,n:CTBa Bhr,n:e- .JII!Th ,UOCTaTO'IHO 3I!MOCTOHKHe cpopMbi SHBbi, KOTOpbie MOfJ!ll 6biTb Ha,Ue:tKHh!M CJia60pOCJiblM IIO,UBOeM rpylliH B paHOHaX C cypOBbiMH MaJIOCHelliHh!MH 3HMaMH, IIOKa He y,n:aJIOCb. Ca,n:oBO.Ubi Heo,n:HoKpaTHO IIbiTaJIHCh rrpn3HBaTb rpyrny Ha npry, pH6nHy, 6oHphiWHHK, KII3HJibHHK, apoHHJO. npaKTHIJeCKH 3Ha'll!MhiX pe3yJibTaTOB !10Ka He ITOJiy'leHO !!3-3a pe3KOH HeCOBMeCTHMOCT!! IIp!!- BI!BaeMb!X KOMITOHeHTOB. A i1 B a. Cefl/U{bl aiiBbl. 3To HaH6oJiee II aCTO np!!MeHHeMhiH I! pai1o- H!!posaHHbiH no,n:soi't BO scex 30Hax B03,UeJibiBaHI!H KYJibTYPbl. CeMeHa 3aroTaBJII!BaJOT H3 ITJIO,UOB MeCTHb!X ,il!IKI!X cpopM aHBbl l!Jl!! H3 !1JIO,UOB RYJibTYPHhiX copToB rrp!! I! X rrepep a6oTKe. KAoHOBbte cjJopMbl aiiabt TO)l<e MoryT HCITOJih30BaTbCH KaK rro,n:son r.RYJibTYPHhiX copTOB aHBbl. no ,n:aHHb!M P. Ua6oJIOBa, B )larecTaH- RCKOl! ACCP JIY4We ,n:pyrnx noKa3aJI ce6H KJIOH ai1Bbi 3. B H w H H. AHrunKa, MacaJle6Ka, BUutHfl AtacaJle6cKafl (Cerasus mahaleb L.). B ,n:HKOM BH,n:e rrpoH3pacTaeT Ha IOre CTpaHbi. noJIII- Mopcj:JHa. 5IBJIHeTC51 OCHOBHb!M IIO,UBOeM B 60JibWHHCTBe IOlliHb!X paHO- HOB CTpaHbi. KopHeBaH CI!CTeMa MOIUHaH, rJiy6oKaH, BhiCOK03HMO- -cToi1KaH. AHTHIIKa xopowo pacTeT Ha rrec'!aHbiX, MeJIOBbiX II MepreJII!- CTbiX !104BaX I! B TaKI!X CJIYIJ851X HBJIHeTCH lle3aMeHI!Mb!M !10,UBOeM. TIJioxo rrepeHoCIIT rrJIOTHbie, rrepeysJialliHeHHbie rroiJBbi, 3acoJieHHOCTh. BoJibWI!MH ,n:ocTOI!HCTBaMII rro,n:BOH HBJIHIOTC>I OTCYTCTBHe rropocJIII B Ca,Uy, HerropalliaeMOCTb KOK!<OMHK030M, XOpowaH BCXO:tKeCTb ceMHH, CllJibHhlH poCT CeHHIJ,eB, pa3BeTBJieHHOCTb KOpHei1 CallieHUeB. CesepHaH rpaHnua rrp0!!3BO.UCTBeHHoro !lCIIOJib3oBaHI!H aHTI!rrKH npoxo,n:IIT qepe3 10r CapaToBcKoii, BopoHe:tKCKoi1, 13eJiropo,n:cKoi1 o6- 5* 67

nacTeii, a TaK:>Ke JlaTBHii:cKyiO CCP, 3cTOHCKYIO CCP. HcnbiTaHHe. .IT..npose)l.eHHoe B MwiypHHCKe E. llly6oM u asTopoM, noKa3aJio H 3)l.eCb I.J.eHHble KalleCTBa 3TOI'O llO)l.BOH, OC06eHHO )l.JIH CJia6opOCJibiX copTOB. TaK, s cllei.J.HaJibHOM OllbiTe 3a 10 JieT IIJIO)l.OHOIIIeHHH capT Jli06CKaH )l.aJI B cpe)l.HeM Ha )l.epeBO Ha IIO)l.BOe aHTlii1Ka 67,8 Kr IIJIO- )l.OB, a Ha ceHHI.J.ax pa3JIHIJ:HbiX copToB BHIIIHH- 45,4-50 Kr. CopTa DJio)l.opo)l.HaH MHIJ:ypHHa Ha aHTHIIKe noJiyiJ:eHo 110 55,7 Kr, Ha ceHH- uax pa3JIHliHbiX COpTOB BHIIIHH- 24,4-36,8 KI' IIJIO)l.OB C )l.epesa. Y copTOB BJia)l.HMHpcKaH, Kpaca cesepa, KeHTCKaH ypo:>KaH: Ha IIO.ll.- soe aHTHI1Ka yseJIHliHBaJicH MeHbiiie, a )l.epeBhH 6biJIH 6oJiee CHJibHO- pocJibiMH. DpO.ll.BH:>KeHHe aHTHIIKH KaK IIO)l.BOH K cesepy 3aTPY.ll.HeHo H3-3a He)l.OCTaTOlJ:HO BbiCOKOH 3HMOCTOHKOCTH Ha)l.3el\\IHOH IJ:aCTH ee )l.epeBbeB M OC06eHHO I.J.BeTKOBbiX 110IJ:eK, 'ITO MeiiiaeT TI0.11YlleHHlO MeCTHbiX Ce- MHH. Do3TOMY )l.JIH TaKHX 30H, KaK UeHTpa.'lbHaH IJ:epHo3eMHasi, aH- THTIKa MO:>KeT CliHTaTbCH Jlliillb pe3epBHbiM 110)l.BOeM npH YCJIOBHH cHa6:>KeHHH ceMeHaMH H3 HaH6oJiee cesepHbiX soH ee npoH3pacTaHHH. CeRHLfbt KljAbryp~-tbtX coproa auw~-tu KUCAOu (C. vulgaris Mill.). B )l.HKOM BH)l.e BHIIIHH KHCJiaH He BCTpeqaeTCH. B KaiJ:eCTBe IIO)l.BOeB HCI10Jih3YIOT MeCTHhie ycTOHIJ:HBhie copTa H cpopMbi. B YKpaHHCKOH CCP 3TO rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M fpHOT yKpaHHCKHH, qaCTHlJ:HO fpHOT OCTreHM- CKHH; B UeHTpaJibHOH qepH03eMHOH aoHe- BJJa)l.HMHpcKaH, )l(yKoB- cKaH; s DosoJI:>Kbe- BJia)l.HMHpcKaH, PacTyHhH, KocThiiJ:eBKa, YKpa- HHKa, Do3)l.HHH po3oBaH, MeH3eJIHHCKaH, DoJieBKa H .ll.p.; B UeHTpaJib- HOM H Cesepo-3alla)l.HOM pailoHax- BJia)l.HMHpcKaH, llly6HHKa; s Y3- 6eKcKoH: CCP, Ta)l.:>KHKCKoH: CCP, Ha KpaH:HeM 10re Ka3axcKoH: CCP- CaMapKaH)l.CKaH H .ll.p.; B JlaTBHHCKOH CCP- .li.ayrMaJibCKaH. llpHMe~ HHIOTCH TaK:>Ke ceHHUhi .ll.pymx MeCTHhiX yCTOHliHBblX copTOB H cpopM. CeHHUbi BHIIIHH KHCJIOH B UeJIOM 06Jia)l.alOT BbiHOCJIHBOCTbl{), paCTyT fla pa3JIHlJ:HbiX, B TOM lJ:HCJie TH:>KeJibiX H BJia){(HbiX 110lJ:BaX, BbiHOCHT He60JibiiiYIO 3aCOJieHHOCTb, HO Ha BbiCOKOKap6oHaTHbiX IIOIJ:BaX HHOr)l.a CTpa)l.aroT OT xJiopo3a. B ro.a: rrocesa pacTyT )l.OCTaTOIJ:Ho CHJibHO'. pa3BHsaroT pa3BeTBJieHHYIO KopHesyro CHCTeMy. CosMeCTHMOCTb c cop- TaMH xopoiiiaH. .lJ.pesoBH)l.Hbie copTa )l.aiOT ncJiee MOII.J.Hhle ceHHUbi, CJia6opocJibie KYCTOBH)l.Hbie, s IJ:aCTHOCTH Jl106cKaH,- 6oJiee cJia6hle (IIOCJie)l.Hee TaK:>Ke CBH3aHo H c caMOIIJIO)l.HOCTbl{) copTa). Ha ceHHuax. KYCTOBH)l.HbiX copTOB H 11pHBHTbie _rtepeBbH pacTyT cJia6ee. 06Ili.HMH He)l.OCTaTKaMH CeHHUeB BHIIIHH KliCJIOH KaK IIO)l.BOeB 51B- JI5II{)TCH 3acopeHHe Ca)l.a KOpHeBOH IIOpOCJibl{) li IIOpa:>KaeMOCTb IWKKO- MHK030M, 'ITO 3aTpy.ll.HHeT Bbipaii.J.HBaHHe Ca:>KeHUCB. Kop~-teco6cTBeftftbte KljAbTYPHbte copra. 3ToT THII IIO)l.BOH 11pHMe- HHeTCH MaJIO, HO HMeeT 60JibiiiHe llepCIIeKTHBbl, TaK KaK, BO-IIepBblX, B Ca)l.y B CJiyqae m6eJIH npHBOH OTpacTaeT KYJILTypHbiH COpT (oco6eH- HO Bbll'O)l.HO B JII()6HTeJibCKHX Ca)l.aX) H, BO-BTOpbiX, B IIHTOMHHKe BCe BbipameHHbie )l.epeBbH HBJIHroTCH copToBbiMH. HaH6oJiee 3aMaHqnso HCIIOJib30BaTb B 3THX I.J.eJIHX I.J.eHHble COpTa. HcnoJib30BaHHe KYJihTYPHhiX copTOB KaK HO)l.Boes 3aTpy)l.HH.'IOCbo He)l.OCTaTKOM KOpHeC06CTBeHHOro HCXO)l.HOI'O MaTepHaJia H OpHeHTH- 68

poBaJIOCb rJiaBHbiM o6pa30M Ha HCllOJlb30BaHIIe COpTOBOH nopOCJll~ oT)J.eJibHbiX copTOB (Bna.u.HMHpcKaH, llly6HHKa, PacTyHbH H HeKoTo- pble .u.p.). O.u.HaKo TaKHX copToB MaJio H nopocJIH OHH qacTo TaK>Ke .u.aroT MaJio. B HaCTOHillee BpeMH B CBH3H C pa3pa60TI<OH H OCBOeHHeM Meto.u.a BbipalllHBaHHH KOpHeC06CTBeHHbiX paCTeHiiH BHIIIHH C HCllOJib30BaHH· eM 3eJieHOfO qepeHKOBaHHH B03MO*HOCTb HCllOJih30BaHHH yKopeHHIO· UlHXCH COpTOB B Ka'IeCTBe llO)l.BOeB TeX COpTOB, KOTOpbie He y.u.aeTCH yKopeHHTb 3eJieHbiMH qepeHKaMH npH HCKyCCTBeHHOM TyMaH006pa30· BaHHH, pe3KO B03paCTaeT. HanpHMep, B onhiTax H. 11. TypoBCKoii oqeHh xopoiiiHe pe3yJibTa· Tbl DO YKOpeHHeMOCTH 3eJieHhiX qepeHI<OB H BbipalllHBaHHIO npHBHTbiX ca*eHI.r.es .u.an copT Bna.u.HMHpcKaH. l.fepeutflJl OUKaJl (C. avium L.) 0 no.u.soii )l.O He)l.aBHero npoiiiJioro r.npHMeHHJICH )l.JIH npHBHBKH BHIIIHH pe,ll.KO. Pa6oThl B. TpyceBHqa B KpacHo.u.ape BhiHBHJIH ero 6onhiiiYIO u.eHHOCTh .U.JIH BhipamHBaHHH Ca*eHIJ.eB COpTa Jli06CKaH. Do ero )l.aHHbiM, B COBX03e J'f!l 2 (llO)l. KpacHo.u.apoM) B 15-JieTHeM ca,ll,y .u.epeBhH copTa J1I06cKaH, npHBHTbie Ha CeHHIJ.aX qepeiiiHH )l.HKOH, coxpaHHJIHCb Ha 96,6% H )l.aJIH B cpe,ll.HeM 282,4 Kf llJIO)l.OB, a Ha llO)l.BOe aHTHllKa COXpaHHOCTb COCTaBHJia 66,6% H ypo*aii- 183,8 Kr. DpH nepectieTe c yqeTOM Bhma.u.oB Ha no,ll,Boe qepeiiiHH .U.HKaH nonytieH ypo*aii B 2,24 pa3a 6oJibiiie, qeM Ha aH· THllKe. l.JepeiiiHH )l.HKaH- O'IeHb CHJibHOpOCJibiH llO,!l.BOH, qTO CllOC06CTBY· eT ycHJieHHIO pocTa, noBhiiiieHHIO ypo*aH H .u.onroseqHOCTH .u.epeBbeB, OC06eHHO CJia6opOCJibiX COpTOB BHIIIHH. no.u.Boii: paii:OHHpOBaH B 60JiblllHHCTBe 30H CesepHoro KaB!\\a3a, BO MHOrHx o6nacTHX YKpaHHCKoii: CCP, B EenopyccKoii: CCP, Mo.l,laB· CKoii: CCP, JiaTBHii:cKoii: CCP. B HeKotophrx aoHax, HanpHMep B ce .. BepHoii: no.u.aoHe qepHOMopcKoii: 30Hhi KpacHo.u.apcKoro KpaH, 3TOT no.u.soii: HBJIHeTCH e)l.HHCTBeHHhiM. B TO :tKe speMH B HeKOTopbix paii:o- Hax IOra Ha TH:tKeJibiX, nepeyBJia*HeHHh!X llO'IBaX llpH COJIOHUeBaTO· CTH qepeiiiHH pacteT llJIOXO H KaK UO)l.BOH He HCIIOJib3yeTCH. BuutflR crenHaR. (C. fruticosa Pall.). B .U.HKOM BH.U.e pacteT B 3asoJI*he, Ha IO:tKHOM Ypane, B 3ana.u.Hoii: CH6HpH, B ctenHoii: aoHe KYPTHHaMH, HHor.u.a aHatiHTeJihHhiMH. C pacnaiiiKoii: ueJIHHHhiX 3eMeJib pacrrpoctpaHeHHOCTh BH)l.a pe3Ko CHH3HJiacb. OtieHh 3HMOCTOii:Ka, 3a· cyxoyCTOH'IHBa, HO KaK llO)l.BOH Hey.u.o6Ha H3·3a TOHKOCTH no6eroB, oco6eHHO y !}lopM Ypan~ H CH6HpH, 'ITO 3atpy.U.HHeT npose.u.eHHe oKy- JIHpOBKH, H CKJIOHHOCTH K o6HJihHOMy nopocneo6paaoBaHHIO. DopocJib Y Hee pacteT He TOJihKO OT llOBepXHOCTHhiX KOpHeii, KaK y BHIIIHH KHCJIOH, HO H OT rJiy6HHHhiX, Hepe,ll.KO C rJiy6HHbi 6onee 1 M. BHIIIHH CTenHaH HOpMaJibHO cpactaeTCH C COpTaMH BHIIIHH KHCJIOH, Ho ,ll.epeBbH llOJiyqaiOTCH He)l.OCTaTO'IHO )l.OJlfOBe'IHbiMH, OC06eHHO CJia• 6opocJibie copta. 11ayqeHHe 3Toro no.u.soH B MHtiYPHHCKe ,lJ.. E. llly6oM H astopoM ITOKa3aJIO, 'ITO OH yctynaeT llO)l.BOHM·CeHHIJ.aM COpTOB BHIIIHH KHC.TJOH no npo.u.yKTHBHOCTH npHBHTbiX .u.epeBheB. HanpHMep, copT Bna.U.HMHp· 69

~KaH 33 13 ~eT ~H3HH c Ae~HHKU H3 20 AepeBbe8 ~a~ Ha flOABO~X CeHHU3X Jli06CKOH 1255,7 Kr TI~OAOB, Ha TIOABOHX BlflliHH CTeTIHOfl- 953,1 Kr, Jli06CK35I- COOTBeTCTBeHHO 1182,0 II 887,9 Kr, nJlOAOPOAHast MnqypHHa- 939,1 H 825,9 Kr, copT Kpaca cesepa- 1140,0 H 931,1 Kr. HcCJieAOB3HHH M. T. TapaceHKO, A. C. Bbi~Ahl, r. 3. CoKpaTOBOH l i pHAa Apymx Hcc~eAoBaTeJieii: noKaaa~R, lJTO BHlliHH cTenHaH xoporno 'J>33MHo~aeTcH ae~eHbiMH qepel'!:KaMH npH HCKYCCTBeHHOM TyMaHoo6- pasoaaHHH. 3TO CBOfiCTBeHHO H COpTaM, po~CTBeHHb!M efl (Ilo~eBKa, MeHae~HHCKaH, CTaHAapT Ypa~a H Ap.). MHome TIHTOMHHKH y~e BblpaiUHBaiOT HX ca~eHUhi TaKRM MeTOAOM 6e3 npHBRBKR. B CBH3R c STHM B nepCTICKTHBe HCTIO~h30B3HHe CeMeHHblX TIOTIY~HUHH BHlliHR CTeTIHOH A~H npHBHBKJI COpTOB TIOCTeneHHO 6yAeT TepHTb CBOe 3H3'1e- HHe. IlepcneKTHBeH OT6op BererarHBHO pa3MHO~aeMblX K~OHOB. q e p e ill H 5!. .[L~H 3rOH KY~brypbl HCTIO~b3YIOT Te ~e TIOABOH, qro ,H A~H BHWHR, TO eCTh qepernHIO AHKyiO, aHTHnKy, BHlliHIO KHc~yiO. Hx :Bbl60p 33BHCHT OT TIOlJBeHHO·K~HM3THlJeCKHX yc~OBHH H pa3MHO~ae­ 'MOfO COpTHMeHTa qepelliHH. t.{epelliHH AHK35I, K3K npaBH~O, 5IB~HeTC5I XOpOlliHM TIOABOeM H3 Hesaco~eHHbiX, xopollio ys~a~HHeMbiX H rJiy6oKo ApeHHpoBaHHbiX noqsax. Ha cyxHx, 6orarhrx H3BeCThiO H Ha 6eAHhiX necqaHhiX noqsax JIY'IlliHM TIOABOeM OK33h!BaeTC5I 3HTHTIK3. Ha c~a6o CO~OHUeBaTbiX, TH- :me~biX 11 nepeyBJI3~HeHHhlX TIOlJB3X K3K TIOABOH AJIH qepelliHH HC- TIO~b3YIOT BHlliHIO. )la)l\\e B OAHOM II TOM )l(e KpynHOM 3AMHHH- CTp3THBHOM paifOHe (pecny6JIHK3, Kpaif, 06JiaCTb), OC06eHHO npH KOHrpaCTHOH BepTHK3JibiiOH 30H3JlhHOCTH (ropbl, AOJIHHbl, TI~OCKOCTb H T. A.), B 60.1blliHHCrBe cJiyqaeB OAHHM TIOABOeM AJIH qepelliHH o6oif- THCb He yAaercH. HanpHMep, B KpacHoAapcKOM Kpae B rrpe,ll.ropbHX l!epernHH HBJIHeTCH JI)'lllliHM TIOABOeM, HO B CTenHoii qacTH OHa yCTy- naeT aHTHTIKe. B .UarecTaHe npeHMyruecTBeHHoe noJio~eHHe cpeAH DOABOeB 33HHM3eT BHlliHH KHCJI3H MeCTH35I. HHOrAa B KaqecTBe TIOABOH qepelliHH Hcn0.1Ih3YIOT ceHHUhi ycTOHlJH- BhlX KY~bTYPHhiX coproB 3TOH nopOAhi, HanpHMep, B MoJIAaBcKoif CCP .[(eHHCeHy ~eJITyiO, B fpy3HH H HeKOTOpbiX o6JiaCTHX YKpaHHhi- .[l.poraHy ~eJITyiO. Ha paccMoTpeHHhiX TIOABOeB aHTHTIKa He scerAa xopollio coBMecrH- Ma c qepernHeH. Ilo AaHHhiM r. B. TpyceBHlJa, Ha 3rOM TIOABOe xopOlliO yAaiOTCH copra .UaM:6epa qepHaH, .UemrceHa :>KeJiraH, KaccHHH paH- HHH, yAOB~eTBoprneJihHO- .UporaHa )KeJITaH, PaMOH 0JIHBa. Copra t.IepHbiH ope.JI, )Ka6yJie, AnpeJibKa c aHTHTIKOii: coBMeCTHMbi nJioxo. HeAoCTaroqHaH COBMecrHMOCrh aHrHTIKH c qepelliHeif orMelJaJiacb M. T. OparoBCKHM Ha IOre YKpaHHCKOH CCP, JI. 3. roplliKOBOH H 3. A. MeT~HUKHM B KpbiMy, .U. H. KpbiJIOBbiM B .UarecraHcKoif ACCP. HaBeCTHo 3TO H H3 3apy6e)lmoM: npaKTHKH. B CBH3H c o6HOBJieHHeM COpTRMeHTa qepelliHH HY)I(Ha TIOCT05IHHa5I pa60Ta TIO H3ylJeHHIO COB- MeCTHMOCTH HOBhiX COpTOB C 3HTHTIKOH. t.IepelliHH AHKaH C KYJibTyp- HbiMR COpTaMH qepelliHII BTIOJIHe COBMeCTI!Ma. t.{epelliHH- H3JIHlliHe CHJibHOpOCJiaH KYJihTypa. 3ro CHJibHO CHH- m:aeT ee UeHHOCTb B COBpeMeHHOM HHTeHCHBHOM CaAOBOACTBe. 0TCIOAa 70

crpeMJieHHe HaHTH CJia6opOCJ!bie IIO,II.BOH, KOTOpble cyiUeCTBeHHO yMeHh· waJIH 6hi pocr npHBOH. B 33py6e:tKHoii npaKTJIKe ,II.JIH 3THX u.eJieii HC· rroJih3YIOT BHlllHIO BJia,II.HMHpcKyiO, BHlllHIO CTermyiO, cJia6opocJihie cpop· Mhi aHTHIIKH PL 193688 (CWA), SI-64 (<I>paiiU.HH), FB 2158 N2 21· Colt (AHrJIHH), HBJIHIOIIJ.HHCH m6pHJJ.OM C. avium X C. pseudocerasus H rrpeKp3CHO pa3MHO:tKaiOIIJ.HHC51 OTBO,II.KaMli H I.JepeHKaMH. I1CIIOJib30• B3HHe CJia6opOCJihlX ITO,II.BOeB IT03BOJIHeT yMeHblllliTb poeT rrpHBHThlX ,II.epeBbeB Ha 30-50% H ITOBbiCliTb ITJIOTHOCTb HX p 33MeiiJ.€HH51 B 2 - 3 pa3a. C JI rr B a. AAWLa (Prunus divaricata Led.). Harr6oJiee qacro npH· MeHHeMbiH ITO,li,BOH CJ!liBbl B !O:tKHOH H l!aCTH'lHO cpe,II.HeH 30He ca,II.O· BO,II.CTBa. )lHKO paCTeT B Jiecax !O:tKHOH 30Hbl npaHbl. l1MeeTC51 MHOfO 3KOTHITOB, pa3JIHI.Ja!OIIJ.liXC51 ITO CliJie pocTa, pa3Mepy ITJIO,II.OB, OKOJI!O· tJeHHOCTH, 3HMocroi1Kocrrr H 3acyxoycroi1LJHBOCTH. B Kai.JecrBe no,II.Boea· HCITOJib3YlOT rrorryJIHUHH MeCTHbiX cpopM HJIH OT60pHb!e cpopMbl, HarrpH· Mep B MoJI,II.aBcKoii CCP or6opHbie cpopMbi N2 2 11 N2 4. CeHHUhr aJihiLJH xopolllo cpacraiOTCH c copTaMll cJIHBbi JJ.OMalllHeii, o6ecrreLJHBaiOT CHJibHbiH poeT H o6HJibHbiH ypo:tKaii rrpHBHTbiX ,II.epeBb· ea. B ITHTOMHHKe aJihJlia xopolllo pacreT, JierKo oKymrpyercH, B caJJ.y He ,II.aer KopHeBoii rropocJIH, HO o6pa3yer rrHeByiO nopocJih, H3-3a I.Jer()l ee CTpeMHTC51 OKyJIIIpoBaTb KaK MO:tKHO Hli:tKe. DpHMeHeHHe HHopaiioHHbiX cpopM aJibii.Jli 6e3 rrpoBepKH HX ycroii- lJHBOCTH B MeCTHb!X yCJIOBliHX He,II.OrryCTHMO, OC06eHfW KOr,II.a pelllaeTC51 Borrpoc 0 3aB03e CeMHH B paiiOHbl C cypoBOH, MaJIOCHe:tKHOH 3HMOH. CeRfUfrbl KYAbTY pHbLX copros CAUBbt CJoAWtuHeu ( P. domestic a L.). I\\aK IIO,II.BOH HCIIOJib3Y!OT CeHHUbi MeCTHhiX H.1H rrpoBepeHHh!X 11HOpai1- 0HHbiX ycroiiLJHBhrx rr pacrrpocrpaHeHHhiX coproB. B DoBoJI:tKhe, BoJI- ro-BHTCKOM 11 Ceaepo-3arra,II.HOM paiioHax paiioHHpoBaHhl copra CKo· pocrreJIKa KpacHaH; B UeHrpaJibHOH I.JepHo3~MHOii 30He- PeHKJIOJJ. KOJIX03Hhlii, CKopocneJIKa KpacHaH, K:ypcKaH I.JepHaH; YKparrH- CKoii CCP- PeHKJIOJJ. KOJIX03Hhiii, CraxaHOBKa, 4epKyllla; MoJI,II.aB- cKoii CCP- OpyHchKa; 3croHcKoH: CCP- JlHcpJl51IIJJ.CKaH :tKeJlTaH; Y36eKcKoii CCP- I\\apa 0JIIO; A3ep6aii,II.:tKaJ-IcKoii CCP- PeHKJIO)l 3eJieHhri1; ApMHHCKoii CCP- BeHrepKa JJ.OMalllHHH, 03HMaH 6e.TJaH; I\\IIprH3cKoii CCP- BeHrepKa ,ll.OMalllHH51; B llnMKeHTCKoii II ,ll,:tKaM- 6yJicKoii o6JiaCT51X I\\a3axcKoii CCP- BHKTOpHH 11 EKarepHHHHCKaH. B IO:tKHoii 30He ca,II.OBOJJ.CTBa ce51HUbi CJIHBbi JJ.OMalllHeii HBJIHIOTCH JJ.orroJIHHTeJibHbiM rro,II.BOeM ( ocHOBHoii- aJibrtra). B cpe,II.Heii 30He ca- JJ.OBOJJ.CTBa 3TO OCHOBHbie IIO,II.BOH. 0HH COBMeCTHMbi C rrp!!BHBaeMblMII COpTaMH, XOpOlllO pacryT H YJJ.06Hbl B IIHTOMHHKe, HO He rrpeBOCXO,II.HT aJibii.Jy. B ca,II.y I.Jacro ,II.aiOT MHoro KOpHeBoii rropocJIH, LJTO HBJIHeTCH CylUeCTBeHHblM He,II.OCTaTKOM. KopHeco6crseHHble copra CAUBbt CJoMatiltieii. PeJJ.KO rrpHMeHHeMhiH, HO rrepcrreKTHBHbiH IIO,II.BOH. ABTOp HCIIOJib30BaJI ,II.JIH 3TIIX U.eJieH IIO· pocJib KopHeco6cTBeHHhiX ,L~.epeBbeB CKopocrreJIKH KpacHoii. Oo,II.BOH y,L~.o6eH B rrHTOMHHKe. )laer xopolllHe pe3yJibTaTbi B caJJ.y. OpHMeHeHrre B Kai.JeCTBe IIO,ll.BOeB KYJibTypHbiX COpTOB II03BOJIHeT liMeTb 100% COp· TOBbiX Ca:tKeHUeB B IIHTOMHliKe, a B Ca,II.aX B cJiyi.Jae rrr6eJIH IIpHBOH- 71

-BOCCTaHOBJieHHe COpTOBOfO .nepeBa, 'ITO OCOOeHHO II.eHHO )l.JISI JIIOOH- TeJibCKHX Ca)l.OB. TiepcrreKTHBbi rrpHMeHeHHSI COpTOBbiX llO)l.BOeB CBSI- 3aHbi C OCBOeHHeM pa3MHO)KeHHSI HX MeTO)l.OM 3eJieHOf0 qepeHKOB3HHSI, llOCKOJibKY nopocJieBOe pa3MHO)KeHHe MaJIO!lpO)l.YKTHBHO H Tpe6yeT pytiHOH BbiKOllKH nopocJieH. TepHOC/I.UBa (P. insititia L.). B )l.HKOM BH)l.e He BCTpeqaeTCSI. npo- H3pacTaeT a ca)l.aX, qame scero B nosoJI)Kbe, lJeHTpaJibHOH qepHo3eM- Hoii 30He H )J.p. MecTaX. MecTHhle Ha3BaHHSI: qepeiiiHHK, TepeiiiHHK, TepH, TOpH. no 3HMOCTOHKOCTH Bblllle CJIHBbl )l.OMaiiiHeH. CesiHll.bl -BHeiiiHe CXO)l.Hbl C CeSIHll.aMH CJIHBbl )l.OMaiiiHcif, HMeiOT rpy6yiO KOpHe- BYIO CHCTeMy. KaK nO)l.BOH pail:oHHposaHa B UeriTpaJihHOH qepHo3eMHOH 30He, TioBOJI)Kbe, TioJieCbe, BOCTOqHOH JieCOCTellH H CeBepo-BOCTOlJHee cTenH YKpaHHCKOH CCP, B ,UoH6acce, fypbeBCKOH, YpaJibCKOH, AK- TI06HHCKOH, MaHrhiiiiJiaKcKoii o6JiaCTHX, cesepo-socTOlJHbiX paiioHax CeMHnaJiaTHHCKoii o6JiaCTH, Ka3aXcKoii CCP, JiaTBHil:cKoil: CCP (MeCTHhie <PopMbi ByKa H KpHTe). ,UepeBbSI, rrpHBHTble Ha TepHOCJIHBe, HMeiOT HeCKOJibKO 6oJiee C)l.ep- :lK3HHblH poeT, qeM npHBHThie Ha 3Jiblqe. TIO)l.BOH B ca)l.y )l.aeT MHOfO nopocJIH. B IO)KHOH 30He TepHOCJIHBa KaK no)l.BOH He paiioHHposaHa, HO MO)KeT npHMeH.HTbCH TipH OTCYTCTBHH )l.pyrHX. TepH (P. spinosa L.). HH3KopocJihiH KycTapHHK, IIIHpOKO pacnpo- cTpaHeHHhiH B eaponeiicKoii qacTH CCCP, BK.'liOqaH YpaJI, a T3K)Ke Ha CeaepHOM KaaKa3e. QqeHb 3HMOCTOeK n HenpHXOTJIHB. Mo)KeT HCTIOJib3oBaTbCH KaK no)l.BOH CJIHBhi. KaK npaBHJIO, npHMeHHIOT no- JIYKY.'lbTYPHbie 6oJiee KpynHOITJIO)l.Hbie <t>opMbl. ,UHKHH TepH KaK ITO)l.- BOH Hey)l.o6eH, TaK KaK ceMeHa oqeHb ;:t:oJiro roTOBSITCH K npopaCTa- HHIO, CeSIHll.bl paCTYT Tyro, HMeiOT rpy6yiO KOpy H CTep)KHeBble KOpHH, 'ITO cHJibHO 3aTpy)l.HHeT BbipamHBaHHe ca*eHues. B ca.n:y )l.aeT MHoro llOpOCJIH. C.!!UBa yccypuiic1wR (P. ussuriensis Kov.). PacTeT Ha )laJibHervi BocToKe. I1cKJIIOqnTeJibHO 3HMOCTOHKa H ypo*ail:Ha. Ha ,UaJibHeM BocToKe, a T3K)Ke B CH6HpH H Ha YpaJie HBJISieTcSI ocHOBHbiM no)l.BOeM )l.JIH copTOB .:noro BH)l.a. C11.uea IWHaiJciWR (P. nigra Ait.). BH)l. cesepoaMepHKaHcKoro npo- HCXO)K)l.eHHH. BhiCOK03HMOCTOifKa H ypo*ail:Ha. 51BJIHeTcH TIO,'I.BOeM )l.JIH copToB :noro BH)l.a (Kap3HHCKHe cJIHBbi), copTOB BaHeTa, )KeJITaH XonThi B CH6HpH, Ha YpaJie H B CesepHOM Ka3axcTaHe. BuutHR nect-taHaR, U/lU 6ecceR (P. besseyi Baily). BH)l. cesepoaMe- pHKaHCKoro npoHCXO)K)l.eHHSI. CJia6opocJihiH, 3.HMOCTOHKHH, oqeHb CKO- ponJIO)l.HbiH, ypo*aHHbiH H HenpHXOTJIHBhiH KYCTapHHK. JierKo pa3- MHO)KaeTCH CeMeHaMH, nopOCJibiO, OTBO)l.KaM>:I, 3eJieHbiMH qepeHKaMH. PaiioHHposaHa KaK no;:t:soii B CHoHpH H Ha YpaJie )l.JIH copTOB, po)l.- CTBeHHhiX 3ToMy BH,n:y (Carra, OnaTa H )J.p.). l13yqeHHe ITO)l.BOH B cpe)l.HeH 30He Ca)l.OBO)l.CTBa ITOJIO)KHTeJibHbiX pe3)'.HbTaTOB He )l.3JIO, TaK KaK npHBHTbie )l.epeBbH 6hiCTpO aMOpTH- 3HpyiOTCH. B ca)l.y no)l.Boii )l.aeT o6HJibH)'IO nopoCJib. TiepcneKTHBHO H3yqeHHe OT6opHbiX <Pop'd, pa3MHO)KaeMbiX Bere• TaTHBHO. 72

A6pwwc (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.). Cmma Ha a6pHKoce pacTe1' cliJibHO, ,ll,aeT Bb!COKHH ypoMaH. flO,li,BOH OlieHb U,eHeH, TaK KaK o6Jia• .naeT Bb!COKOH sacyxoycTOHliHBOCTblO H 3HMO~TOHKOCTblO KOpHeH. flpe• fiflTCTBHeM ,li,JIH ero HCITOJib30BaHHH HBJIHeTCH CJia6aH MeXaHHlieCKa~ npoliHOCTb cpacraHHH C 60JibWHHCTBOM COpTOB CJIHBbl, liTO Be,ll,eT K: r.noJIOMKaM ,ll,epeBbeB B ca,ll,y. Ilo ,ll,aHHbiM B. TpyceBHqa, B Jla6HH- CKOM coBxose KpacHo,ll,apcKoro KpaH sa 7 JieT rrocJie rroca,li,KH cJIOMa· JIOCb OT 46,3 ,li,O 63,6% ,ll,epeBbeB pa3Hb!X COpTOB. BuutHfl BOU.IlOttHafl, U.llu TOMeHT03a (Cecasus tomentosa Thunb.). CJia6opocJibiH KycrapHHK ,ll,aJihHeBOCTOliHoro rrponcxoM,ll,eHHH. KaK TIO,li,BOH CJIHBbl MaJIO H3ylieH. HMelOTCH ,ll,aHHbie, TIOKa3b!BaiOLUHe, liTO' ceHHJ.l,bl ~lTOfO BH,ll,a HBJIHIOTC51 HeiTJIOXHM CJia6opoCJiblM ITO,li,BOeM ,li,JI5l coproB 3,li,HH6yprcKaH, BaHeTa, )KeJiraH XonTbi. PaiioHHpoBaH ,li,JI.H .3THX coproB B AJIMa-ArHHCKOH H TaJI,ll,bi-KypraHCKoii o6JiacrHx Ka· 3axcKoii CCP. Haliaro rrpoHsBo,ll,crBeHHoe HCrrbiTaHHe B ,ll,pyrHx soHax. IlpHMeHHeTeH sa py6eMoM, B liaCTHOCTH B KaHa,ll,e. A 6 pH K o c. A6puKoc o6btKHOBeHHbtii (A. vulgaris Lam.). OcHoB• HOH no,li,BOH 3TOH KYJibTYPbi BO Bcex soHax ee B03,ll,eJibiBaHHH B CCCP. HcrroJib3YIOT ,li,JIH BbipawHBaHHH TIO,li,BOeB MeCTHbre ycroi\"IliHBbie cpop· Mbi- Mep,ll,eJIH (10r PC<f>CP, YKpaHHCKaH CCP), xacaKH (Ta,li,MHK· CKaH CCP, TypKMeHcKaH CCP), xap;I,MH (ApMHHCKaH CCP), a raKMe MeCTHbie yCTOHliHBbie copra. · Ilo,li,BOH sacyxoycTOHliHBbiH, pacrer .3HeprHI.JHO, ceMeHa xopowo BCXO,li,HT, B ITHTOMHHKe y,ll,o6eH. B Ca,ll,y TIOpOCJIY! He o6pasyeT. A6puKoc cu6upcKuii (A. sibirica Lam.). BbiCOK03HMOCTOHKHH BH,ll,, TipOH3pacraiOLUHH Ha ,[LaJibHeM BoCTOKe H HCITOJib3yeMblH KaK TIO,li,BOft MeCTHbiX coproB. KpoMe Toro, HcrroJib3YIOTCH l:! ceHHUbi arHx copToB. A.llbttta. (P. divaricata Led.). HcnoJibsyercH KaK no,li,Boii a6pHKoca Ha T5I.!KeJihiX, oco6eHHo BJiaMHbiX noi.JBax. PaifoHHpoBaHa KaK rrO,li,BOH a6pHKoca Ha CeBepHoM KaBKase, B fpysHHCKOH CCP, Ha 10re Ka· 3axcKoi\"I CCP. flepcuK (Persica vulgaris Mill.). I\\aK no,ZJ,BOH a6pHKoca HCTIOJib· r.3YIOT pe,UKO. HccJie,UoBaHHH B. TpyceBHlia Bbi51BHJIH xopowee TIO· Be,UeHHe Ha .3TOM no,a.Boe copra a6pHKoca KpacHOLUeKHH, liTO HBHJIOCb OCHOBaHHeM ,G.JI51 paHOHHpOBaHH51 nepCHKa KaK TIO,UB051 a6pHKOCa B BOCTOI.JHOH H ueHrpaJibHOH liacrH KpacHo,a.apcKoro Kpa51. TepH (P. spinosa L.) MOMer cJiyMHTb no;:,BoeM a6pHKoca, O,UHaKO HeCMOTp51 Ha Bb!COKYIO 3HMOCTOHKOCTb repHa a6pHKOC Ha HeM, KaK r.IIOKasaJIH OITb!Tbl B. TpyceBHI.Ja B KpacHo,rr,ape, B. H. IlorroBa a PoccowH, KaK npaBHJIO, HMeer MeHbWYIO 3HMOCTOHKOCTb, lieM npHBH· ThiH Ha a6pHKOCe, H K TOMY Me MeHee ypoMaeH. 3ra xapaKrepHCTHKa OTHOCHTC51 K CeMeHHbiM rrorry,THUHHM TepHa H He HCKJIIOI.JaeT B03MO)K- HOCTH or6opa TIO,li,XO,G.51lUHX cpopM C ycJIOBHeM I1X BereTaTHBHOfO pas· MHOMeHH51. A JI hi q a. KyJihrypHbie copra a.-IbiiiH npHBHBaJor Ha ceHHUaX aJrbr- liH ,UHKOH. Il e p c H K. flepcuK o6btKHoBeHHbtti (P. vurgaris Mill.). OcHOBHOH DO,UBOH aroii KYJihrypbi BO Bcex soHax ee BOs,UeJihiBaHHll B CCCP. 73

J}.JI.H 3arOTOBKH l!CnOJib3YIOT MeCTHbie ycToifqrlJ3ble ¢opMbl, ycToifqHBble COpTa, ,ll.a!OII.I.He O,ll.HOpO,ll.HOe nOTOMCTBO C XOpOlilO OT,ll.eJI.HIOII.I.eHCH OT M.HKOTH nJio.rr.os KOCTO'IKOH (AK rna¢TaJIJO- Y36eKcKa.H CCP, A3- Ha3Jibl- A3ep6aii.rr.maHcKaH CCP H .rr.p.). Ce.HHU:bi nepcHKa pacTyT 3HepmqHo, CHJibHO BeTBHTCH. B nHTOM- HHKe H B ca.rr.y y.rr.o6Hb!H nO,ll.BOH. AAbttta (P. divaricata Led.). 11cnOJib3yeTCH KaK no.rr.soii: nepcHKa Ha T.H:>KeJihiX BJia:>KHbiX noqsax. A6pwwc o6biKHOBeHHhiH (A. vulgaris Lam.) HCnOJih3yeTcH KaK 3aCyxoycToii:qHBbiH nO,ll.BOH ,ll.JIH COBMeCTHMbiX C HHM COpTOB nepCHKa. Paii:OHHposaH a YKpaHHcKoii: CCP. MunaaAb eopbKUu (Amigdalus communis L.). 11cnoJib3YeTc.H KaK :>KapOCTOHKHH, 3acyxoyCToifqHBbiH nO,ll.BOH nepCHKa Ha KaMeHHCTbiX Kap6oHaTHbiX noqsax B )larecTaHcKot\"I ACCP, KpbiMy, Y36eKCKOH CCP, fpy3HHCKOH CCP, Ta.rr.:>KHKCKOH CCP, TypKMeHcKofl CCP. M H H .rr. a JI h. MunaaAb eopblcuu (A. communis L.). OcHOBHoii no.rr.- soii: KYJibTypHb!X COpTOB MHH,ll.aJIH BO BCeX 30HaX B03,ll.eJib!BaHH.H 3TOH KYJibTYPbl B CCCP. JlepcuK o6btKHOBeHHbtu (P. vulgaris Mill.). 11cnoJib3YeTc.H KaK no.rr.soii MHH.ll.aJIH Ha BJia:>KHbiX noqsax. PaiioHnposaH B Ta.rr.mnK- CKOH CCP (Ky.'I.H6cKaH 30Ha H fHccapcKa.H ,ll.OJIIIHa) ,ll.JIH Jiyro6oJIOT- HbiX noqB C 6JIH3KHM CTO.HHHeM rpyHTOBbiX BO,ll.. rCeJieKU:HSI no.n.ooeo nJIO,li.OBbiX KYJibTYP 8 CCCP. JiaBHOH u:eJibiO CeJieKU:HH n.'IO,J.OBbiX K)'.'lbTyp HBJIHeTCH OT60p ll BbiBe,ll.eHHe nO,ll.BOeB, HanJiyqrnHM o6pa30M Y.J.OB.'leTsopHJOmnx 3anpochi HHTeHCHBHoro ca- .li.OBO.li.CTBa C TOqKH 3peHHH 3KOJIOrHqecKOH npHCnOC06JieHHOCTH npH- BHThlX ,ll.epeBbeB, o5ecneqeHHH OfiTHMaJibHbiX HX napaMeTpOB, HaHBbiC- Wefi npO.J.YKTHBHOCTH e,J.IfHHU:bl nJIOII.I.a,ll.H ca.rr.a, Bb!COKOH npOH3BO,ll.ll- TeJibHOCTH Tpy.rr.a, o6JierqeHHH perneHHH 3a,ll.aq MeXaHH3aU:HH B03,ll.eJibi- BaHHH H y6opKH ypomaH, o6JierqeHHH npoH3so.ucrsa noca.uoqHoro Ma- TepnaJia. )lepeBbH 6oJiblilHHCTBa nJio,J.OBbiX KYJibTYP H 6oJiblilHHCTBa HX cop- TOB no CBOeH rrpHpO.Ue CITOC06Hbl ,ll.OCTHraTb pa3MepOB, 3aTpy,ll.HHIOII.I.llX yxo.rr. 3a HHMH n y6opKy ypomaH. Oo3TOMY o6w:eii: H samHeiirneii: 3a.rr.a- qefl HBJIHeTCH OT6op H BbiBe,ll.eHHe C.'la6opOCJibiX ITO,ll.BOeB, CITOC06CT- BYIOII.I.HX rroJiyqeHHJO .nepesbeB, ypomai1 c KOTOpbiX Mo:>KeT 6b!Tb y6paH 6e3 rrpHMeHeHHH JieCTHHU:, ITJiarcpopM, CJIO:>KHbiX MalilHH. C 3TOH TOqKH 3peHHH OITTHM3JibHaH BbiCOTa ITJIO,lJ.OBOH CTeHbl ,ll.OJI:>KHa 6b1Tb B rrpe- ,ll.eJiaX 2-2,5 M. BbiCOTa rrJio.rr.osoii: creHbi 6oJiee 3 M CHJibHO 3arpy.rr.- HHeT y6opKy ypo:>KaH H o6pe3Ky. PerneHHe rrpo6JieMbi rroJiyqeHHH cJia6opocJibiX no.rr.soes, pa3MHO- maeMhiX ceMeHaMH, TPYAHOJJ.OCTH:>KHMO H no 60JiblilHHCTBY KYJibTYP COMHHTeJibHO, ITOCKOJibKY KapJIHKOBble <t>opMbl B npnpo.ne eCTb ,ll.aJieKO He so scex po.nax H BH.nax ceMeqKoBbiX H KOCToqKOBbiX. KoHeqHo, 3TO He HCKJIJOqaeT noHcKa cJia6opocJihiX no.rr.soes, pa3MHomaeMhiX ceMe- HaMH, oco6eHHO CKJIOHHbiX K anoMHKCHcy. Ho B 6oJiblilHHCTBe cJiyqaes CJia6opOCJIOCTb nO,lJ.BO.H, CHJibHO orp;mHqHBaJOII.I.aH pOCT npHBOH, Tpe- 6yeT noJiyqeHHH reHeTHqeCKH O,ll.HOpO,ll.HOfO IIOTOMCTBa, pa3MHO:>Kae- 74

MOI'O Befe'fa'rHBHO. ('JTc!Oii.a CTpeM.1eHHe K BhiBe,ZI.eHIUO KJIOHOBhiX rrO.z:t• soeB. B CBH3H C rrepe.rr.aqefi OT.IJ.eJihHhiX BHpyCOB tiepea IIhiJih~Y (HeKpO'.. THtieCKaH KOJib~eBaH IIHTHHCTOCTh, XJIOpOTHtiecKaH KOJih~eBaH IIHTHH.. crocTh, rropa:>Kaiomne Cerasus H Persica), a TaK:>Ke qepea ceMeHa (yiiOMHHYThie aa6oJieBaHHH, a TaK:>Ke XJIOpOTHtieCKaH JIHCTOBaH IIH'l'• HHCTOCTh, M03aHKa Ta6aKa) 3HatieHHe KJIOHOBOrO pa3MHO:>KeHHH IIO}J,I\" soes oco6eHHo aoapacraeT. Tipo6JieMa IIOBhillleHHH 3KOJIOrHtieCKOH YCTOHtiHBOCTH IIJIO.IJ.OBhiX KYJihTYP B 6oJihlllOH Mepe pelllaeTCH 3a CtieT IIO.li.BOeB. Tipn 3TOM cJie· .rr.yeT IIO.IJ.tiepKHYTh, liTO Tpe60BaHHH K .rr.aHHOMY IIOKaaaTeJIIO, rrpe.rr.o• HBJIHeMbie K IIO.IJ.BOHM, .IJ.OJI:>KHhi 6biTh 6oJiee :>KeCTKHMH, tieM rrpe.IJ.'b• HBJIHeMbie K COpTaM. Heo6XO,J.HMOCTh HMeTh BhiCOKOe KatieCTBO IIJIO• .IJ.OB, OC06eHHO II03.IJ.HHX Jie:>KKOCllOC06HbiX CO!)TOB CeMetiKOBhiX IIOpO.lJ.; aaCTaBJIHeT .IJ.eJiaTb HeKOTopyro YCTYIIKY Tpe60BaHHHM 3HMOCTOHKOCTH, .IJ.OIIYCKaTb .IJ.JIH B03.IJ.eJihiBaHHH COpTa, KOTOpble IIOBpe:>K.IJ.aiOTCH B OCO• 6o cyposbie 3HMhl. Tio.rr.MepalllaH Ha.rr.aeMHaH qacTh rrpH a.rr.opoaoii Kop- HeBoii CHCTeMe Hepe.IJ.KO MO:>KeT 6biCTpO BOCCTaHOBHTbCH. TIO.IJ.Mep3a• HHe :>Ke KOpHeBOH CHCTeMbi CHJihHO yrHCTaeT .rr.epeBbH, CKa3biBaeTC51 otieHb .rr.oJiro, ae.rr.eT K Bhma.li.aM H necTpoTe paaBHTHH, Ha.rr.oJiro o6ec- ~eHHBaeT HaCa:>K.lJ.eHHe, II03TOMY IIO.IJ.BOH .lJ.OJI')KeH 6h!Th pacctiHTaH Ha 3KCTpeMaJihHbie YCJIOBHH, 6b1Tb Ha,J.e:>KHhiM flO 3HMOCTOHKOCTH. 3TO :>Ke B He MeHhllleH Mepe OTHOCHTCH K TaKHM f10Ka3aTeJIHM IIO.IJ.BOH, KaK crroco6HOCTh rrpoHapacTaTb Ha orrpe.rr.eJieHHbiX not.IBorpyHTax, nepeHo-· CHTh cyXOCTb HJIH, Ha060pOT, rrepeyBJia:>KHeHHe, 6biTh ycTOHtiHBhiM K Clle~H<jJHt.IeCKHM Bpe,n:HTeJIHM (KpOBHHaH TJIH), 60Jie3HHM (rHHJih KOp- HeBOH llleiiKH, Bhi3hiBaeMaH Phitophtora cadorum). J-13-aa crre~H<jJHKH IIpHpO,n:HhiX YCJIOBHH, CBH3aHHbiX C KOHTHHeH- TaJihHOCThiO KJIHMaTa, B pH.IJ.C paHOHOB rrpOMbllllJieHHOrO Ca.IJ.OBO.lJ.CTBa CCCP norryJIHpHhie B MHposoii ca.rr.oso.rr.t.IecKoii rrpaKTHKe KJIOHOBhie no,n:BoH He Moryr HaRTH lllHpoKoro rrpnMeHeHHH. B cpe,n:Heii aoHe ca- .li.OBO.IJ.CTBa (TiosoJI:>Khe, UeHTpa.1hHaH qepHoaeMHaH 30Ha, cesep H ce· sepo-BOCTOK YKpanHcKoii CCP) nx aHMOCTOHKOCTh He.rr.ocTaTOtiHa, oco· 6eHHO B rrepHO.li:HIJeCKH IIOBTOpHIOmHeCH MaJIOCHC:>KHbie cypoBble 3HMhi. B pH.rr.e paiioHoB IO:>KHoii aoHhi CCCP rrpH oTcyTcTBHH opollleHHH OHII He,n:OCTaTOl.JHO aacyxoyCTOHIJHBhl, a B HeKOTOpbiX CJiyiJaHX He.IJ.OCTaTOl.J· Ho coJieycTOHt.IHBhi, oco6eHHO B Cpe.rr.Heii Aau1I H 3aKaBKaahe. Orpa- HHt.IHBaiOT rrpHMeHeHHe ~eHHhiX <jJopM IIO,.'l,BOeB H .ii.pyme HX He.IJ.OCTaT• KH, B tiaCTHOCTH, HeiipOtiHOe 3aKperrJieHHe KOpHCH rrpHBHTbiX .rr.epeBheB B IIOIJBe (M8, M9), MaJibiH BhiXO.IJ. OTBO,il.KOB (M9, M26), Re.D.OCTaTO'l• HaH OKOpeHHeMOCTh (M2) H ,n:p. Bee 3TO o6ycJIOBJIHBaeT Heo6xo)I,HMOCTh Bh:se.rr.eHHH HOBbiX cpopM .li.JIH crreuH<jJHtieCKHX ycJioBHii B03.li.eJihiBaHHH nJIO.IJ.OBhiX KYJihTYP B paa· HbiX 30HaX CTpaHhl. TiepBbiM B HallleH CTpaHC CeJieKI.I.HeH KJIOHOBhiX IIO.IJ.BOeB Hatla:JI aaHHMaThCH 11. B. MHIJYPHH. B 1901 r. OH cKpecTHJI H6JIOHIO cmmo- JIHCTHYIO (Malus prunifolia Borkh.) c aHrJIHI'i:cKoii napa.D.H3KOH IUH· POKOJIHCTHOH (rrpe.rr.rroJIO:>KHTeJihHO M1) H B 1902 r. noJiytiHJI rn6pH.D., 75

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6opHhiX ¢opM. B oT,UeJibHhiX c.nyiJaHx B03MO)!{Ha nocanKa JIYIJilliiX ceHHIJ,eB OT60pHblX <lJopM, oco6eHHO B TeX MeCTHOCTHX, r,Ue .9TOH ITO• poJLhi HeT. OnHaKo 3To co3naeT ueJihiH pHJL Heyno6cTB B CBH3II c TI03JL- IIIIM BCTYTIJieHHeM Ce51HIJ,eB B TIJIO,UOHOilleHIIe, HeO,UHOBpeMeHHOCTb!O C0- 3pCB3HII51 TIJIO,UOB y pa3Hb!X 3K3eMTIJI51pOB. DpeiiMymecrBeHHo npiiBHThiMII ca)KeHuaMII oT6opHbiX ¢opM c.lJe- ,nyeT 33KJI3,Ub!B3Tb CCMeHHbie C3,Ubl 3Jlbl'III, TepHOCJIIIBbl, 3HTHIIKH, a6- piiKOCa, nepcHI<a. B yc.noBHHX CH6Hpii, rne ,Ua)Ke caMbre 3HMocroi1KHe copTa 516Jio· HII-paHeTKII CHJ!bHO TIO,U:v!ep3310T (II1T3M6bi H pa3BHJliiHbl) II )KHBYT 11eno.nro, KpacHoHpcKoii onhiTHOH CTaHIJ,IIeii TIJIOJLOBO,.'I.CTBa npeJJ.JIO)Ke- HO npOBO,UHTb npiiBHBKY paHeTOK, B TOM 'IHCJie II ,UJI51 TIOJIY4CHH5I ce- M51H, B KpOHY 516JIOHII CII6IIpCKOH. CJIO)KHee o6cTOHT )l.eJio c 33KJI3Jl.KOH ceMeHHhiX canoB KOCTO'-IKO- BhiX KYJihTyp, OC06eHHO TeX, y KOTOpb!X IIMeeT MeCTO nepeJJ,a'-la BHpy- COB C Tib!Jlbll,OH, CeMeHaMH. ,UJI51 C03JJ,3HH5I T3KOrO ca)l.a )KeJiaTe.'lbHO npeJJ,BapHTeJibHOe TecTHpoBaHHe ceMeHHhiX pacTeHHii:. KpoMe Toro, ue- ~ecoo6pa3HO pacnoJiaraTb ceMCHHhle C3JJ,hl KOCTO'-IKOBhlX KYJibTYP Ha paCCTOHHIIII OT 3KCTIJIY3T3ll,IIOHHhlX C3JJ,OB 3TIIX TIOpOJJ,, HC,UOCTYTIH0:\\1 ,nJIH nepe.neTa n'-leJI. Oco6eHHO Ba)KHO 3TO npii Bbrpalll,IIBaHIIH ca:ti<eH- u.es rwacca A, a T3K)Ke .nro6oro KJiacca B 3oHe BCTpe'-IaeMocTH onac- HhiX BHpycHb!X 60JIC3HeH, HanpiiMep II13pKa CJIHB . .U.nH ceMe'-!KOBhiX KYJihTyp, y KOTOphrx supychr c IThiJihUOH 11 ceMe- HaMu He nepe,'l.310TC51, 3TH Mepbl He Tpe6yJOTC5I. 00JIY'-ICHHC TIOJIHOIJ,eHHb!X CCMHH CB5I33HO C C03]],3HIICM UJIH Ce:\\IeH- Hb!X paCTCHIIH ycJIOBIIH, 6JiarorrpH5ITHbiX ,UJI51 ITJIOJJ,OHOilleHHH. Y'-!acToK, Bbi6HpaeMhrii JLJIH ceMeHHoro Haca)KJJ,CHH51, JLOJI)KeH oT- Be'-!aTh BCeM Tpe60B3HH51M, rrpe,UbHBJIHeMblM K Y'-13CTKy, npe,UH33H3- tJ:aeMO:\\IY ,UJlH o6bi'-IHoro rrpoMhiillJieHHOro cana. 0p!! paC4CTC KOJIJ1l!CCTB3 CeMeHHbiX JJ,epeBbeB CJieJJ,yeT HCXOJJ,HTb 113 TOrO, '-ITO B3pOCJIOe ,ZLepeBO KIIT3HKH, 3epHOBKII, 516JIOHII ,UHKOH, rpy- lllll JLHKOH, H6JIOHH KYJihTYPHOH B cpeJJ,HeM MO)KeT JJ,aBaTh B pac4eTe Ha eli<CrOJJ,HOe ITJIO,Ll.OHOilleHHe OKOJIO 200 f' ceMHH, BIIIIlHH- 500- 700 r, CJIHBhi, TepHOCJIHBhi, a.1Jbi4H- 1-3 Kr. Dp11 6oJihll1HX ypo)Ka51x ceMHH MO)KCT 6biTh co6paHo ropa3JLO 6oJihme. ABTopy rrpHmJioch, Ha- npiiMep, Ha6JIJOJJ,3Tb C.Tiy'-!aii, KOrJJ,a C O,UHOrO CTaporo JJ,epeBa KHTaHKII 6b!JIO CHHTO 550 Kf TIJIOJJ,OB II ITOJly'-leHO 4 Kf CCMHH. B CB5I3H C TeM '-ITO MOJIOJJ,b!C .JJ,epeBbH ,IJ.a!OT HaH60Jibll1He Y!JOll\\311, ,ZJ.OBOJ!bHO '-!aCTO Ha6.7IIOJJ,aeTC5I rrepHOJJ,H'-IHOCTb ITJIO,.'I.OHOilleHHH (y Ce- Me'-IKOBb!X nopoJJ,), B03MOJI<Hbl Heypo)KaH II HC06XOJJ,HMO HMeTb CTpa- XOBOI1 <lJoHJJ, ceM51H, <lJaKTH4eCKOC KO.'III4CCTBO CCV\"HHbiX JJ,CpCBbeB ,ZJ.OJI)KHO 6biTb B 2 - 3 pa3a 60Jibll11IM, IJeM paC4eTHOe. OpraHH3aiJ,HH TeppHTopHH ceMeHHoro ca,.'l.a TaKaH )Ke, KaK o6br'-I- Horo rrpoMbiillJICHHoro caJJ,a. PaJ~remeHHe nepeBbeB- rrpH!IHToe JJ,JIH TOH IIJIH HHOH ITOpOJJ,bl B KOHKpeTHOH MCCTHOCTH. Ca)K3Tb CCMCHHble ca- ,ZJ.bl ryme, '-!eM I1pOMblll1JICHHb!e, He CJie,UyeT, TaK K3K 3TO 33TpyJJ,HHer Q6pa6oTKy, a r .naBHoe, yxyJJ,maeT yc.noBH51 on.no,UOTBopeHII>I H ¢opMH- poBaHHH CeMHH B nepHOJJ,, KOrJJ,a pa3p3CT310TC51 KpOHbl. 87

B eeMeHHOM ea.D:y nposo.D:HTeH see Te :>~<e MeporrpHHTHH no yxo.D:y 38 IIOIJBOH H paeTeHHSIMlf, 60ph6e e Bpe.D:I1TCJISIMI1 11 6oJie3HSIMH, IJTQ- H B npoMbiWJieHHOM ea.D:y (KpoMe Toro, 6oph6a e eeMee.D:aM11). 3a ee- MeHHhiMH .D:epesbHM11 Heo6xo.D:HM KOHTpOJih. Bee oeJla6JieHHble 3K3eMrr- JIHpbi H3 IJI1eJia eeMeHHbiX 11eKJIJOIJ8JOTeSI H IIO.D:Jie)K8T 38MeHe HJII1 rre- perrpHBHBKe Jiyqrneii cpopMOH. KpoMe eo3.D:8HI1H eneu;l1aJibHoro eeMeHHoro ea.D:a, MOMHo eaMaTh OT.D:eJibHble eeMeHHble .D:epeBbSI eeMetJKOBbiX IIOpO.D: B IIpO.Mbllli.TJeHHOM ea.D:y epe.D:H Hy:>~mblx orrbiJii1TeJieii B nopH.D:Ke peMOHTa, yrrJIOTHeHHH. Bo3MOMHa TaKMe Bbrea.D:Ka eeMeHHhiX .D:epesbeB B seTpOJIOMHbJe· .'JHHHH, Oeo6eHHO BbleOKOpOeJibiX IIOpO.D: (rpyrna .D:I1K8H, qepeiiiHSI .D:H- K8H, poeJihie cpopMbi aHTHIIKH, a6pHKOe, aJihiiJa). Dp11 3TOM Heo6xO.D:H- MO, IJT06bJ IIJIO.D:OBble .D:epeBbSI He 38TeHHJIJleh 6oJiee poeJibJMI1 IIOpO- II.8MI1. Jlyqrne eaMaTb O.D:HH IIJIO.D:OBble 6e3 .D:pyrHX fiOpO.lJ:. EoJibiiiOe KOJIHIJeeTBO eeMHH 3aroTaBJII1BaJOT B Maee11sax .D:HKopa- CTYil(HX IIJIO.D:OBhiX. f1p11 ryeTOM eTOHHI111, oeo6eHHO epe.D:H 6oJiee Bbl- eoKopoeJibiX JieeHhiX IIOpO.D:, IIJIO.D:OBble IJaCTO 11MeJOT yrHeTeHHOe CO- CTOSIHI1e 11 cJia6o IIJIO.D:OHOCHT. Ha116oJiee pa3BI1Tble H rrpO.D:YKT11BHhJe .D:epesbH pacrroJioMeHbi B 113peMeHHbiX MecTax, Ha onymKax, sbrpy6Kax. 4T06bJ rrpespaTI1Tb M8CCI1B .D:I1KOpaCTyll(HX IJJJO,J,OBbiX B BbiCOKO- IIpO.D:YKTI1BHbiH, He06XO.D:HMa ero pactJHCTKa OT 3arymaJOI1(11X H 3aTe- HSIIOil(HX paeTeHHH, B rrepsyJO Otiepe.D:b HeiiJIO.D:OBhiX. f1.TJO.D:OBbJe .D:e- peBbH, OC.TJ86JieHHbiC MOp038MH H .D:PYrHMH rrpHtiHHaMH, T8KMC IIO.D:- JJeMaT y.D:aJieHHJO. OpraHH3YJOT 6oph6y c spe.D:HTeJJHMH H 6o.TJe3HHMH. KpoHy O'IHil(aJOT OT cyrnH, nospeM,II.CHHhiX BeTseir. Y .D:HKopaCTyll(HX ,J,epCBbCB KOpHH IIO.D:XO.D:HT K IIOBepXHOCTH rroqsbJ 6JJH3KO H o6pa60T- KOH, oco6eHHO naxoToii, MOMHO CHJJhHO nospe.rr.HTb nx. Eho cJJe.rr.yeT H:vieTb B BH.D:Y rrpH pa3pa60TKe arpoTeXHHIJeCKHX :'.teporrpHHTHH. BezerarueHoe paa.MHO:JICeHue 1wpHeco6creeHHb~x coproe u no8eoee B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 6HoJJorHqecKHX oco6eHHOcTeil: pa3MHOMaeMoro eOpTa HJIH cpopMbl H X035IHCTBCHHbiX B03:vi'))I(HOCTeH .D:JIH Bbipall(HBa- HHSI KOpHeC06CTBCHHbiX IIO.D:BOHHbiX H COpTOBbiX paCTCHHH rvtoryT 6h!Tb IICIIOJJb30BaHbi C.'!C.D:YJOWHe CIIOC06bi pa3MHOH<CHHSI: OTBO,II.KaMH, IIO- pOCJJbJO, KOpHeBblMH qepeHK8MH, 3e.1CHbi:vl!1 qepeHKa:viH, O}J.pesecHeB.- lllH:vllf CTC6JJCBbl:'.lH qepeHKaMH. Pa3MHO:>KeHHe OTBO.D:KaMH. Pa3:>.IHoMeHHe OTBO,II.KaMH HCIIOJih3YJOT rrpH Bbipall(HBaHHH KJJOHOBbiX IIO.D:BOCB SI6JIOHH H IIO.D:BOHI!biX cpOpM a.ifBbl. 3TJI:\\f MeTO.D:O:\\f MOMHO TaKMC pa3Ml-JO)I(aTb BHlllHJO rrecqaHyJO H HeKOTOpble copTa CJJHBhl. B 3apy6eMHOi1 npaKTHKe OH rrpHMCHHeTCH T8K)I(C .il.JISI pa3:\\IHOMCHHH HeKOTOpbiX KJJOHOBbiX IIO.lJ:BOeB CJIHBbl H qe- pelliHH. HaH6oJJee qacTO B rrpaKTHKe HCIIOJ!b3YJOT MCTO,II. BCpTHKaJJbHbiX OT- BO,II.KOB, ropa3no peMe- ropH30HTaJJbHhiX, HHor.rr.a coqeraHHe Toro m .rr.pyroro (pHc. 18, 19). 88





3KCUJiyaTaUIH! MaTO'IHHKa Ha'IHHaeTCSI CO BTOporo HJIH C TpeTh- erO (npH cJia6oM pocTe) ro,n:a nocJie noca,n:KH. PacTCHIHI cpe3aiOT Ha 2-3 CM HH/Ke ypOBHH TIO'IBbi. no ,n:aHHbiM H. n. BepeJKHOro, 3TO cno- co6CTByeT MeHee 6biCTpOMY TIOBbillleHHIO OCHOBaHH5I «rOJIOBbi» KYCTa. B nocJie,n:yiOili.He ro,n:hr pacTeHH5I cpe3aiOT He Bhlllle 3-5 eM Han ypon- HeM TIO'IBhi. 3aTeM TIOCTeneHHO «fOJIOBa» KYCTa TIOBbilllaeTC5I, BbipaiUH- BaHHe OTBO)l:KOB 3aTpy,n:H5IeTC5I H npHXO)l:HTC5I npH6eraTh K OMOJiaJKH- BaHHIO KYCTa nyTeM HH3KOH o6pe3KH. 3TO CHHJKaeT BhiXO)l: OTBO)l:KOB, HO Ha 2-3-fi ro,n OH TIOBbilllaeTC5I. 0TpacTaiOili.He OT KYCTOB no6em npH ,n:ocTH)KCHHH ,nJIJIHhi 15- 20 CM OKY'IHBaiOT noqsoii, ocTaBJI5I5I BepxylllKH OTKpbiTbiMII. Depnoe OKY'IHBaHHe JIY'Illle ,n:eJiaTb BPY'~HYIO, '1To6br He 3acbmaTb 6oJiee cJia- 6ble no6em. 3aTeM no Mepe paCTa no6erH OKY'IHBaJOT eme 3-·5 pa3 :B ce30H npH noMOIUH BHHorpa,n:HbiX :vralllHH DPBH-1,5, DPBH-2,5, TIPBH-3 HJIH OKY'IHBaJOili.HX KOpnycon, ycTaHOBJICHHbiX Ha rp5I,n:HJie 06b!'IH0f0 nJiyra. 061ll.yJO Bh!COTY XOJIMHKOB )l:OBO,J.HT Jl:O 20--25 CM. OKytJHBaTh HYJKHO H rrpH cyxoii nol!Be, HO B cpoK, TaK KaK saJKHO Bhi3- BaTh 3THOJIHUHIO HH)KHeii qacTH no6eron. DocJie MexaHH3HPOBaHHoro BOKY'IIIBaHHH no6erH onpaBJI5IIOT, CTpe:\\15ICh pa3JIO)KHTh HX CTOpOHbi. 3TO Y•1Y'IlllaeT KOHTaKT no6erOB C TIO'IBOH, a, KpOMC TOrO, HaKJIOHHOe noJioJKeHHe no6cron CTHMy.rmpyeT KopHeo6pa3oBaHne. Yxo.n: 3a :vraTO'IHHKOM (KpoMe OKY'IHBSHH5I) cocroHT B KYJihTHBa- UHH, opOllleHHH, BHeCeHHH yno6peHHH, naxoTe TIO;J, 3HMy, non3HMJ-IeM ,n:ooKytJHBaHHH. KyJihTHBaUHH 3a Jiero npono,n:HT 4-5 Ha rJiy6HHY no 5 eM BCJie,n: 3a oKy'IHBaHHeM. B pH,n:ax npu Heo6xo,D:ri:vrocrrl npona.1hi- BaiOr, He pa3pyllla5I XOJIMHKOB. DO,'IHB HaH60J1ee y,LI.o6eH TIO 6opo3naM, npoxo,il,HIUHM c ,n:nyx cTopoH p5I,n:a. HcnOJih3YIOT raKJKe H nmK,nesaHHe. LIHcJio noJIHBOB Maro'IHHKa B 3acylllJIHBbiX pafioHax IOra- or 4- 6 ,n:o 8-12, B cpenHeii 30He- 2-4. DoJIHBHaH Hop:-,ra Ha IOrc- 500- 800 M 3/ra, B cpenHeti 30J-Ie- 300-500 M 3/ra. QqeHh BaJKHO no.n:nep- JKHBaTh OIITHMa.1hHYIO BJiaJKHOCTh TIO'IBhl B CeHTHOpe- OKT516pe, KOf- )la H,ll.eT aKrHBHoe KOpHeo6pa3oBamre. YKopeHeHHe orBO,li.KOB Ha'IHHaercH qepe3 30-00 ,li.Heii nocJie oKy- qHsaHHH. Oco6eHHO nHreHCHBHO OHO n,n:er so sropyiO noJIOBHHY Jiera H oceHhiO. Y 10/KHh!X <fJopM IIO,il,BOeB ,ll.aJKe rJiy60KOH OCCHbiO Ha OTBO,li.KaX MO/KHO Ha6JIIO)l:aTh Macey nepBH'IHhiX (6eJihiX) I\\OpHeH, II03TOMY OT- lWJl:KH CJienyer OT,ll.eJI5ITh B03MO/KHO II03/Ke, HO no MOp030B. OnhiT nHTOMHHKOB Y36eKcKofi CCP noKa3aJr, qro scJie,n:crsHe CHJihHOfO Harpesa H 6hiCTporo npOChiXaHHH TIO'IBbl B XOJIMHKaX OT- l30)l:KH JieroM B 3TOH 3oHe He yKopeHHIOTC5I. YKopeHCHHe nner s npo- XJia,n:HhiH nepHO,ll.- il03,li.HO OCeHhiO H 3HMOH, I103TOMY 3J[.eCh OTBO,li.- KH OT,n:eJI5IIOT paHO BeCHOH. Depe.n: or.n:eJieHHeM orso,n:KOB KYCThi pa3oKytJHBaiOr 11 yKopeHeH- Hhie no6erH Orpe3aiOT HO/KOM HJIH CeKaTOpOM. 0rJiaMbiBaTb OTBOJ[.KII, :BblpbiBaH HX 113 ilHTKH (MeCTO npHKpenJieHHH K M;lTO'IHOMY CTe6JIIO), :He CJie,ll.yer, TaK KaK 3TO yMeHblllaer 'IHC•10 ilOlleK Ha OCTaBJI5IeMbiX :neHbKaX H CHHJKaeT Bh!XO,ll. OTBO)l:KOB. 91

YI.JHTbiBaH Bee yBeJIHI.JHBaiOil.J.HikH o6beM pa3MHOMeHHH KJIOHOBbiX IIO~BOeB, KpaHHe He06XO~HMO MexaHH3HpOBaTb OT~eJieHHe OTBO~KOB. BhmycKaeMbiX cepHHHO MaiiiHH ~JIH :noli ueJIH ITOKa HeT. I1MeiOTCH MaiiiHHbl, C03~aHHbie B rocy~apCTBeHHOM HHKHTCKOM 6oraHHI.JeCKOM ca~y. B JVloJI~aBcKOM HI1I1 ca~oBo~cTBa, B ,UoHCKOM 30HaJibHOM HH- CTHTyTe 3eMJie~eJIHH. 0~HaKO ITOKa OHH HeCOBepWCHHbl H qacTO ITOp- THT MaTOI.JHbre KYCTbi. Co3~aHHe MaiiiHHbi ~JIH or~e.rJeHHH OTBO~KOB C XOpOIIIHM Kai.JeCTBOM pa60Tbi- BaMHaH 33~aqa. C 1 ra MaTOlJHHKa B B03pacTe 2-5 JieT ITOJiyi.JaiOT B cpe~HeM 30- 40 Tb!C. CTaH~apTHbiX OTBO~KOB. DOJiee B3pOCJibie MaTOlJHHKH ~aiOT ITO 60-100 TblC. f1pH ITpOeKTHpOBaHHII HOBOfO ITHTOMHHKa paUHOHa.;lbHO HCXO~HTb H3 rrpo~yKTHBHOCTH MO.'IO~OrO MaTOlJHIIKa, TO eCTb 30- 40 TbiC. OTBO~KOB C 1 ra, CJie~OBaTeJibHO, Ha 1 ra oqepe~HOrO ITOJI5I ITIITOMHHKa He06XO~HMO HMeTb 1 ra M3TOlJHIIKa. B ~a.;lbHeHWeM C po- CTOM ITpO~YKTHBHOCTH ero ITJIOil.J.3~b MOMHO yMeHbWIITb. f1pH C06JIIO~eHHH BCex H3BeCTHblX IIpHeMOB Bbipalll,HBaHHH OTBOk ¥l3-KOB HX Bbrxo~ MO:iKeT 6hiTb 3Hai.JHTeJibHO 6oJibiiiHM, I.JeM yKa3aHo. BeCTHbi cJiyqarr ITOJiyi.JeHHH 150-300 TbiC. OTBO~KOB c I ra. EoJibiiiYIO pOJib HrpaeT cpopMa no~BOH. I1o~BOH M9, M26, M2 ~aiOT MaJro orno~­ KOB c KycTa; M4, M3, M5, A2, MM106, 1-48-46, al'iBa A ~aJOT HX 3Ha lJHTeJibHO 60JibWe. )],JIH ITOJiyi.JeHHH 60JibWOrO KOJIHlJeCTBa OTBO,il.KOB Ha~O, lJT06bi Ma- BTOlJHbie KYCTbi cTOHJIII BnJIOTHYIO o~HH K ,lJ.pyroMy. BeHrpHH B ITH- TOMHHKax ITpaKTHKYIOT HaTHrHBaHHe B~OJib noca:iKCHHbiX KYCTOB 0~­ HOH ITpOBOJIOKH no noi.JBe. BbrpociiiHe no6eru npum6aiOT H ITpHBH3bi- BaiOT K npoBoJioKe. Bo3HHKaiOmHe Ha HHX BepTHKaJihHhre pa3BeTBJie- HHH ~aiOT H3lJ3JIO HOBbiM KYCTaM, TaKHM o6pa30M C03~aeTOI CITJIOW- HOH pH~, ~aiOIUHH MHOrO OTBO~KOB. B IOrocJiaBHH no JIHHHH pH~a ~e.rraiOT KaHaBy (6op03iLY) rJiy6rr- HOH ~0 30 CM H ITO HeH BbiCaMHBaiOT HaKJIOHHO OTBO~KH, nooi.Jepe~HO> OpHeHTHpyH HX B pa3Hble CTOpOHbi. f1oJiyi.JaeTCH pH~ THITa pbi6beH KO- CTH. BhrcaMeHHbre pacTeHHH ~aiOT BepTHKaJihHbre pa3BeTBJieHHH. Bech- pH~ OKYI.JHBaiOT H oceHbiO BbiKanb!BaiOT H pa3pe3aiOT no I!HCJIY yrwpe- HeHHbiX OTBO~KOB. 3aTeM 33KJia~biB3IOT HOBblH yqacTOK H T. ~. 3TOT cnoco6 ~aeT MHoro OTBO~KOB c rernapa H pewaeT npo6JieMy BhiKOn- KH. f1pOBepKa ero 3cpcpeKTHBHOCTH B nHTOMHHKaX HaweH CTpaHbl ITpe~­ CTaBJIHeT HHTepec. f1ocJie OT~eJieHHH OTBO,il.KOB B pH~e 30H, r~e B03MOMHO nO~Mep- 3aHHe KOpHeH (TeMneparypa ITOlJBbl MHHYC 8-10 °C), ITpOBO~HT IT0~- 3HMHee OKYI.JHBaHHe pH~OB Ha BbiCOTY 15-20 eM. BecHoi'i 3TH rpe6H~r cpe3aiOT ~epeBHHHbiM IT.TiaHHpOBIUHKOM HJIJ1 IIHeBMaTHI.JeCKHMH :\\!aWH· HaMH ~JIH pacKpbiTHH KYCTOB BHHorpa}I,a. TaM, r~e Her onacHOCTH no~­ Mep3aHHH, OKYI.JHBaTb KYCThi Ha 3HMY He crre~yeT, TaK KaK 6e3 oKy- l{HBaHHH noBbiWaeTCH Bb!XO~ OTBO~KOB. EMerO~HO OCeHbiO ITO~ ITepe- ITaiiiKY nOlJBbl ~a!OT MHHepaJibHble y~o6peHHH H3 paci.JeTa; P9o-I2oK9o-I2o, a paHo BecHo!'i Ngo-12o- )Ke.rrareJibHO pa3 B 2-3 ro,ll;a BHOCHTb opraHHlJeCKHe y ~o6peHHH ITO 30-40 T/ra. MeM~YPH~bH Ha 3HMY ITawyr Ha rJiy6HHY 15-20 eM. 92





T3HOB~eHO aBTOpOM, KOM6Ha~bH3H .neHTe~bHOCTb HapywaeTCH, rrpoHC- XO.li.HT «rrepeKn!Ol!eHHe» COCY.li.HCTbiX CBH3eif. KaM6rri1 roil qacrrr KopHH, KOTOpaH .li.3Jibll1e MeCTa OTpacTaHHH rropOCJIH, HatJHHaeT OTK.TJa,Ub!BaTb ·HpOBO,UHlli,He 3JieMeHTbl He K OCHOB- HOMY pacreHHIO, a K HOBOMY- no- poc~eBOMY (prrc. 22). B pe3y~&Ta­ Te Ta qaCTb KOpHH, KOTOpaH COe,UH- PHc. 22. CxeYra pa3BHTHH rropoc.111: HHeT rropocJiesoe pacreHrre c Ma- TOl!HbiM, C1 aHOBHTCH 6HOJIOfHl!eCKH Cnpaea- MaTepHHCKHfi '3K3e\\In •.7Hip, C./leBa- HeHy.IKHOH, BbiKJIIOl!3eTCH 113 06Me- Ha, nepecraeT pacr11, a Hepe,UKO H nopor~lCBbit'r 3K3eMriJIHp. Coc.n.HHHfOW.dH LiaCTL M3T04HOfO KOlJHH OCT3€TC5I TOHKOil CTpeJI- K3MH YK333HO HanpaBJieHHe, B KOTOP0\\1 OT- K~13)l,bl83fOTCH COCYJIJICTLie BOJIOK!Hl llOCTeneHHO OTMHpaeT. npH o6pa- 30B3HHH Ha O,UHOM KOpHe HeCKO.lbl\\llX rropOc.'!eH cocy;J,HCTbie CB5I3H HX T3K./Ke rrepeKJIIOl!aiOTCH (pHC. 23). np11 3TO:vi y IIOpOCJieH Ha6JIIO;:LaeT- C5I TeH,UeHUHH K o6oco6JieHHIO. nopocJI& Korna roTOBHT rropocJieBhle rronBoH HJIH Bhl~arrhlBaiOT KYJI&rypHoro copra .ll.•lH nopalll,HBaHilH B llHTOMHHKe, Ba.IKHO, qro6&r KOpHH 6biJIH .li.OCT3TOl!HO pa3BeTBJICHHbL\\1ll. no3TO:VIY rrpHXO,UHTCH Bbi- KaTibiBaTb He MeJlbl!e l!eM Ha rJiy6rrHy ll!Tb!Ka .TJOTiaTbl. nopOCJib 06b!l!- HO BbipacTaeT TOHKaH C 60JICe .li.JIHHHbL\\1!1 \\1e.IK,UOy3JII1H:VII1, C fJI3,':LKOi1 3JiaCTHl!HOH KOpOH, BeTBHTCH pe)!<C, qe~! Ce5I!IUbl. L(JIH OKY~HpOBKH MO.IKHO IICTIOJib30BaTb XOpOWO pa3BHTYIO O.li.HO- ~eTHIOIO ITOpOCJib, BTIOJIHe npHrO,J,Ha !1 6oJiee CTapaH, HO He Ol!eHb TO~CTaH (He TOJilll,e 8-10 MM). nopOC.1b COpTHpy!OT flO Kal!eCTBY KOp- HeH H npHKaf!biBaiOT TaK )!{e, KaK H CE'HHUbl. EcJIH cpe3aT& pacreHHe B 3eMJie HH)!{C KOpHeBoii wei1KH raK, l!To- 6&1 rrepepe33Tb HeCKOJibKO KOpHeH, TO H3 Ka)!{JJ,OrO rrepepe3aHHOfO KOpHH B03HHKaeT TI06er H BMeCTO OJJ,HOfO yJI.aJieHHOfO pacTeHHH Bb!pa- CTaeT ueJiaH rpyrrrra. TaKoif crroco6 pa3MHO.IKeHIIH 3acJiy.IKHJ3aeT cep&e3Horo BHHMaHH51' B IICCJie,ll.OBaTe.ribCKOH pa60Te, KOf,ll.a HYlKHO TIOJIYl!HTb cpa3y HeCKOilb- KO MOJIO,Ub!X pacTeHHH OJJ,HOH HacJie,li.CTBeHHOH OCH013bl. Pa3MHOM.eHHe KOpHeB&tMH qepeHKaMH. MeTO)J. ocHoBaH na crroco6- HOCTII 0Tpe3KOB KOpHeif o6pa30BhlB3Tb a.nseHTIIBHhle (rrpll,L1.3TOl!Hhle} f!Ol!Kll 11 HOBbiE' KOpHH. no6em o6pa3y!OTCH Ha MOpcpOJIOfHl!eCKH Bepx- HeM KOHUE' l!epeHK3, KOpHH- Ha MOpcpoJIOfHl!eCKH HHJKHCM. Jlerqe BCero pa3MHO)!{a!OTC5I KOpHeBbl:viH qepeHKaMH CE'HHUbl, OC0- 6eHHO 5I6JIOHll, HeCKOJibKO Xy.tKe- rpyWH, CJIHBbl, Hal'v!HOfO Xy)!{e- BHWHH. Mo.IKHO pa3MHO)!{aT& KopHeB&IMI1 qepeHKa:vm HeKoropb!e K.'!O- HOB&Ie TIO,li.BOH H6~oHI1 (MM106, M9, MM 102 H np.). KopHeco6crBeH- Hbie COpT a BHWHH (B.Tia,UHMllpCK3H 11 ,Up.) KOpHCBblMH qepeHK3MH pa3MH0)!{310TCH f!JlOXO, CJIHBbi- HeCKOJibKO Jiyqwe. KopHeco6cTBeH- H&Ie copra H6~oHH H rpywrr, rroJiyl!eHHbie nyreM yKopcHeHHH CTe6jJe- BhiX l!3CTeH, B 60Jibll1HHCTBC c~yqaeB KOpHE'Bbll'v!H qepr llK3MH pa3MHO- M.3IOTC5I f!JIOXO. 0,UH3KO, K3K 6b!JIO YK333tW, 5. n. (_:.;opoB I!OJIY'1IIJI 95





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