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EVOLUTION OF THE



DECLERATION I,Mohammed Shifaan Zeri from FYS-E hereby declare that all digital and written work appearing in this book as part of my Imaging course 15th week submission under the academic guidance of my course faculty is my own and all sources of knowledge used have been duly acknowledged. I will be solely responsible for any irregularity found with respect to non-adherence of academic integrity as per ISDI School of Design and Innovation’s standards and require- ments.

INDEX 1-4 5-8 EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION 9-12 ASSYRIAN EMPIRE 13-16 MOHENJODARO CIVILIZATION OLMEC CIVILIZATION





ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION 17-20 SILLA EMPIRE 21-24 KAMAKURA CIVILIZATION 25-28 HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE 29-32 DECLERATION 33-34

EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION This toy was unearthed in a child’s tomb and is considered to be a 5000 year old egyptian toy whith wheels. The toy were unearthed as part of ongoing excavations in the an- cient city of Sogmatar in the south east of Turkey. Previous- ly believed to be one of the oldest known settlements on Earth, Sogmatar is also considered to be the region that Prophet Mo- ses escaped from pharaoh and later engaged in farming there. The hill town at the Centre of the village, points out that Sogmatar could have been established before Common Era . The remnants of walls and towers at the hill reveal that the hill town was used as a castle in the second century AD. Archaeologists even discovered that it was dedicated to the god of the moon, Sin. Speaking about the historical importance of Sogmatar, Albayrak noted that the ancient city didn’t include just a temple but also a necropolis.They found remarkable and almost all of the 120 tombs had a view of the mound. 1



CHILD CART

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ASSYRIAN EMPIRE Mesopotamia harbored part of the first civilizations of humanity. The presence in its region of the Tigre and Euphrates rivers was fundamental for the man, from the development of agriculture and breeding to the early humans settling down and forming cities in that place. one of the important inventions of Mesopotamia is the wheel. It consists of a mechanical piece of a circular shape that rotates on an axis. It is straightforward but tremendously useful. Proof of this are the cars that allow us to travel kilometers away, the shopping carts that we can fill completely without our back suffering from it, or the bicycles, thanks to which we can feel the fresh air on our faces while having a ride or exercising. All this we can do, thanks to the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, who invented it around 2500 BC. 5





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MOHENJODARO CIVILIZATION Th terracotta toys in historic period also show solid wheels at which period the spoked wheels were very common, so solid wheels used in terracotta toys is no actual indication of what wheels indus people used. Evidently the people of the Harappa period, like the Indians of today, paid attention to the enjoyment of the younger popula- tion; and, though the children of the ancient Indus valley often amused themselves by making their own simple toys in clay, they had many playthings that could have been made only by skilled craftsmen.” They seem to have been made as easily as they were broken, and fragments were brought in on most days by our workmen. ndeed, the pieces were mostly so small that one could only suppose that once the toys were broken they were used for other games until they became so fragmentary that all interest in them was lost.It was strongly made of pottery with four vertically pierced holes on each side to take stakes of wood, exactly as in the little farm carts used in the present day in Middle and Upper Sindh. The four holes in the middle took longer stakes projecting from the underside of the frame in pairs, between which the easi- ly removable axle of the wheels was held. There were also hori- zontal holes for the shaft through one end of the frame and the middle cross-piece. 9



ANIMAL CHARIOT 2600-1900 B.C.

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OLMEC CIVILIZATION Mesoamerican wheeled toys have been something of an enigma since they were first discovered by Desire Charnay in the late 19th century. At first, the discovery was met with scepticism and it wasn’t until controlled excavations at Tres Zapotes in the 1940s revealed two more wheeled figurines that their existence was con- sidered authentic. There are around 100 known examples thus far and they vary in construction according to where they were found. If putting wheels on an animal wasn’t strange enough, the larger type are often flutes or whistles with the posterior or tail being used as a mouthpiece The reason so much fuss has been made over these wheeled toys, is that until recently the wheel was believed to be symbol- ic of humanity’s evolution from caveman to civilisation – and to have failed to invent it was considered evidence of a prim- itive and technically undeveloped culture. You wouldn’t expect that because an axe was found in France and another in America, it meant someone had travelled to America with an axe and showed people there how to make them. However, to build a wheel and fix it to a cart is a complex invention designed to provide a solu- tion to a non-essential problem – it not only requires a far more profound mental ability, but also a culture of creativity. 13



MESOAMERICAN WHEELED TOYS 1200 BC

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ETRUSCAN CIVILIZATION This was considered one of the world’s great archological find- ings. Though about 300 ancient chariots are know to still exist. Only 6 chariots are reasonable complete. This is the most pre- cious and complete chariot. It was found in 1902 in Monteleone di Spoleto, near Spoleto in the province of Umbria, by a farmer named Isidoro Vannozzi who inadvertently unearthed it while digging a wine cellar or base- ment barn. Its history from that time is the subject of contro- versy. According to some accounts, Vannozzi hid the chariot in his barn, concerned that the authorities might confiscate it, and later sold it to two Frenchmen in exchange for two cows. 17





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SILLA EMPIRE This is a two mouthed vessel with 2 wheels. This was used to drink, many unidentified drinks. This is the period when wheels were not just used for decoration, transport, but also household purposes and utensils. This is an object from the Silla Empire, which is assumed to be a royal empire. 21





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KAMAKURA PERIOD This bronze ritual object connected with Esoteric Buddhism sym- bolizes the Wheel of the Law (Sanskrit: dharmachakra). In Bud- dhist texts and rituals, the phrase “turning the wheel of the law” refers to the act of teaching by the Buddha Shakyamuni. Each of the eight spokes and eight corners represents one of the moral admonitions of the Noble Eightfold Path, and the central section depicts a lotus flower with eight petals. The dharma wheel, or dharmachakra in Sanskrit, is one of the oldest symbols of Buddhism. Around the globe, it is used to rep- resent Buddhism in the same way that a cross represents Christi- anity or a Star of David represents Judaism. It is also one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism. Similar symbols are found in Jainism and Hinduism, and it is likely the dharmachakra symbol in Buddhism evolved out of Hinduism. A traditional dharma wheel is a chariot wheel with varying num- bers of spokes. It can be in any color, although it is most of- ten gold. At the center, there may be three shapes swirling to- gether, a yin-yang symbol, a second wheel, or an empty circle. 25





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HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE In France, in the 1700s, when people were condemned to death, those convicted of certain atrocities were sometimes condemned to be broken on the wheel in a public execution. Sometimes after being broken on the wheel, blows were also given on the chest or the abdomen of the condemned person. These blows were called coups de grâce, or in other words, “blows of mercy,” as they were fatal to the condemned. If these blows were not given, a condemned person might live for hours or days, and they might be subject to birds pecking at them until they died. In addition, on occasion, a special grace, known as the retentum, was granted where a condemned person was strangled after the second or third blow, or in special cases, even before the breaking began. In the past, a punishment much worse than a long prison sentence awaited criminals. From boiling people alive to sawing them in half, execution methods were often developed to be as cruel as possible and these gruesome events were usually carried out in public to deter others from following in the footsteps of the accused. Even if people weren’t sentenced to death, there were plenty of ghastly implements that could be used to torture them. Typically used to extract a confession or information about accomplices, torture was popular in medieval times, with the screams of vic- tims echoing from castle dungeons across Europe. 29



MARKISCHES MUSEUM,BERLIN

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CITATION https://www.google.com/ www.alamy.com https://www.ancient-origins.com https://www.dailymail.co.uk https://www.learnreligions.com 33

https://www.autoevolution.com https://www.historyanswers.co.uk https://www.thevintagenews https://www.pinterest.ca http://uncoveredhistory.com https://interestingengineer.com 34

Homo sapiens realised that round objects could be easily moved by rolling them. Their descendants advanced this rolling technique into the transpor- tation of large objects on cylindrical logs.