Reasoning from the Scriptures with the Jehovah's Witnesses

and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1957), p. 112. 6. Zodhiates, p. 261. 7. Cited in John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago: Moody, 1980), p. 90. 8. Robert M. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), p. 65. 9. Bowman, p. 66. 10. Bowman, p. 65. 11. Bowman, p. 66. 12. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 104. 13. Bowman, p. 66. 14. Some Jehovah’s Witness apologists rebut that these verses show only what Jehovah did through Jesus—that is, He created the w o r l d through Jesus. Such Jehovah’s Witnesses miss the larger point that because only Yahweh (Jehovah) is the Creator of all things (“by myself”—Isaiah 44:24), and

because Jesus Himself is the actual agent of creation who created all things (John 1:3; Colossians 1:16), Jesus’ identity as Yahweh is patently obvious (compare Psalm 102:25 with Hebrews 1:10-12). 15. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 14. 16. Aid to Bible Understanding (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1971), p. 918. 17. The American Heritage Dictionary (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1978). 18. The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament, eds. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton: Victor, 1985), p. 922. 19. Bowman, p. 60. 20. Bowman, pp. 60-61. 21. Bowman, p. 61. 22. Bowman, p. 61. 23. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 918. 24. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 408. 25. Let God Be True, p. 33.

26. The Greatest Man Who Ever Lived (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1991), Introduction. 27. See Robert L. Reymond, Jesus, Divine Messiah: The New Testament Witness (Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1990), p. 247. 28. Bowman, p. 63. 29. Daniel Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1997), p. 125. 30. Reed, p. 97. 31. Paul G. Weathers, “Answering the Arguments of Jehovah’s Witnesses Against the Trinity,” Contend for the Faith, ed. Eric Pement (Chicago: EMNR, 1992), p. 138. 32. Ray Stedman, Hebrews (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992), p. 29. 33. F.F. Bruce, in Inerrancy, ed. Norman L. Geisler (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979). 34. Bruce, in Geisler. 35. J.B. Lightfoot, Paul’s Epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon (Grand Rapids:

Zondervan, 1979), p. 147. 36. Jerry and Marian Bodine, Witnessing to the Witnesses (Irvine: n.p., n.d.), p. 40. 37. Bowman, p. 62. 38. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 918. 39. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 16. 40. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 16. 41. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 16. 42. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 16. 43. Bowman, p. 82. 44. Bowman, p. 82. 45. John F. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord (Chicago: Moody, 1980), p. 44. 46. Benjamin B. Warfield, The Person and Work of Christ (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1950), p. 56. 47. James Oliver Buswell, A Systematic Theology of the Christian Religion (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979), 1:105. 48. Charles Ryrie, Basic Theology (Wheaton: Victor, 1986), p. 248. 49. Warfield, p. 77. 50. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord, pp. 22-

25. 51. C.F. Keil and F. Delitzsch, Commentary on the Old Testament, vol. 6 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986), pp. 273-78; Robert Jamieson, A.R. Fausset, and David Brown, A Commentary—Critical, Experimental, and Practical—on the Old and New Testaments (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), p. 508. 52. R. Laird Harris, “Proverbs,” in The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, eds. Charles F. Pfeiffer and Everett F. Harrison (Chicago: Moody, 1974), p. 581. 53. I am indebted to Robert Bowman for these evidences. 54. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 918. 55. E.W. Hengstenberg, Christology of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1970), pp. 586-95. 56. The Bible Knowledge Commentary, p. 1486. 57. Jamieson, Fausset, and Brown, p. 600. 58. Robert L. Reymond, Jesus, Divine Messiah: The Old Testament Witness

(Scotland, Great Britain: Christian Focus Publications, 1990), pp. 60-61. 59. The Bible Knowledge Commentary, p. 1486. 60. Reymond, Jesus, Divine Messiah: The Old Testament Witness, p. 61. 61. Charles Ryrie, The Ryrie Study Bible (Chicago: Moody, 1986), p. 1247. 62. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 20. 63. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 410. 64. Let God Be True, p. 104. 65. Josh McDowell and Bart Larson, Jesus: A Biblical Defense of His Deity (San Bernardino: Here’s Life, 1975), p. 90. 66. Bowman, p. 80. 67. The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, ed. Jerome H. Smith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), p. 1347. 68. The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, p. 1257. 69. F.W. Thomas, Masters of Deception (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1983), p. 21. Chapter 6—Is Christ Inferior to the Father?

—Part 2 1. “Let God Be True” (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 110. 2. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 410. 3. Aid to Bible Understanding (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1971), p. 919. 4. Leon Morris, The Gospel According to John (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), p. 658. 5. Robert M. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), pp. 14-15. 6. Arthur W. Pink, Exposition of the Gospel of John, vol. 3 (Swengel: Bible Truth Depot, 1945), pp. 281-82. 7. James White, The Forgotten Trinity (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1998), p. 90. 8. Charles Ryrie, Basic Theology (Wheaton:

Victor, 1986), p. 261. 9. Benjamin B. Warfield, The Person and Work of Christ (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1950), p. 39. 10. Warfield, p. 39. 11. John F. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord (Chicago: Moody, 1980), p. 138. 12. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord, pp. 138-39. 13. See Robert L. Reymond, Jesus, Divine Messiah: The New Testament Witness (Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1990), p. 258. 14. See Millard J. Erickson, The Word Became Flesh: A Contemporary Incarnational Christology (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1991), p. 734. 15. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord, p. 144. 16. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord, p. 144. 17. Robert P. Lightner, “Philippians,” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament, eds. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton: Victor, 1983), p. 654.

18. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord, p. 143. 19. Lightner, p. 654. 20. J.I. Packer, Knowing God (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1979), p. 50. 21. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 212. 22. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 411. 23. Paul G. Weathers, “Answering the Arguments of Jehovah’s Witnesses Against the Trinity,” Contend for the Faith, ed. Eric Pement (Chicago: EMNR, 1992), p. 141. 24. Bowman, p. 72. 25. Reymond, pp. 210-11. 26. Should You Believe in the Trinity? (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 19. 27. Reymond, p. 80. 28. Jehovah’s Witnesses sometimes rebut that evangelical Christians are reading their theology into the text of Scripture, and they typically make this claim without addressing the multitude of verses Christians cite in support of their view. The sad truth is, Jehovah’s Witnesses are blind to the reality

that they are reading their Arian theology into the text of Scripture. (Interestingly, psychologists tell us that people tend to condemn in others what they themselves are most guilty of.) 29. Quoted in Josh McDowell and Bart Larson, Jesus: A Biblical Defense of His Deity (San Bernardino: Here’s Life, 1975), p. 54. 30. Quoted in McDowell and Larson, p. 54. 31. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 17. 32. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 676. 33. Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe, When Critics Ask: A Popular Handbook of Bible Difficulties (Wheaton: Victor, 1992), p. 350. 34. The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament, p. 150. 35. Geisler and Howe, p. 350. 36. Jerry and Marian Bodine, Witnessing to the Witnesses (Irvine: n.p., n.d.), pp. 41-42. 37. J. Dwight Pentecost, The Words and Works of Jesus Christ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), p. 359.

38. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 411. 39. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 150. 40. See David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 96. 41. Bowman, p. 73. 42. Reed, p. 96. 43. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 198. 44. See Reymond, p. 105. 45. Pentecost, pp. 391-92. 46. Pentecost, p. 392. 47. Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp. 413- 14. 48. Cited in Bowman, p. 97. 49. Bowman, pp. 97-98. 50. Reed, p. 43. 51. See Robert P. Lightner, The God of the Bible (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1978), pp. 109-10. 52. Gregory A. Boyd, “Sharing Your Faith with a Oneness Pentecostal,” Christian Research Journal (Spring 1991), p. 7. 53. Albert Barnes, Notes on the Old

Testament—Isaiah (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1977), p. 193. 54. E.W. Hengstenberg, Christology of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1970), p. 196. 55. Hengstenberg, p. 196. 56. John Martin, “Isaiah,” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary, Old Testament, eds. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton: Victor, 1985), p. 1053. 57. J.F. Stenning, The Targum of Isaiah (London: Oxford Press, 1949), p. 32. 58. The Watchtower, 1 November 1964. 59. The Watchtower, 15 February 1983, p. 18. 60. The Watchtower, March 1880, p. 83. 61. The Watchtower, 15 May 1892, p. 1410. 62. The Watchtower, 1 November 1964, p. 671. 63. The Watchtower, 15 July 1959, p. 421. 64. The Watchtower, 15 February 1983, p. 18. 65. Reed, p. 101.

66. Ray Stedman, Hebrews (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992), p. 29. Chapter 7—Mistaken Identity: Is Christ the Archangel Michael? 1. The Watchtower, 15 May 1969, p. 307. 2. The Watchtower, 15 December 1984, p. 29. 3. Aid to Bible Understanding (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1971), p. 391. 4. Let God Be True (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 200. 5. Let God Be True, p. 40. 6. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 7 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1917), p. 57. 7. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 5 (1899), p. 454. 8. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1152. 9. You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract

Society, 1982), p. 143. 10. Let God Be True, p. 41. 11. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1396. 12. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 2 (1888), p. 129. 13. The Watchtower, 1 September 1953, p. 518. 14. The Watchtower, 1 August 1975, p. 479. 15. Things in Which It Is Impossible for God to Lie (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1965), p. 354. 16. Awake! 22 July 1973, p. 4. 17. The Kingdom Is at Hand (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1944), p. 259. 18. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1395. 19. Your Will Be Done on Earth (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1958), p. 310. 20. Your Will Be Done on Earth, p. 313. 21. Your Will Be Done on Earth, p. 311. 22. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids:

Baker Books, 1992), p. 48. 23. Some may wonder how this relates to the angels being called “sons of God” in the Old Testament (Job 1:6; 2:1; 38:7). The words “son of...” can carry different meanings in different contexts. The term can be used in one way in regard to angels and quite another way when used of the person of Jesus Christ. Angels are metaphorically called “sons of God” in the sense of being created directly by the hand of God. Jesus, by contrast, is uniquely and eternally the Son of God in the sense that He eternally has the nature of God. This is the meaning in Hebrews 1:5. See my discussion of John 3:16 in chapter 5. 24. Ray Stedman, Hebrews (Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1992), p. 29. 25. The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament, eds. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton: Victor, 1983), p. 782. 26. John F. Walvoord, Jesus Christ Our Lord (Chicago: Moody, 1980), p. 30.

27. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1152. 28. Fred Dickason, Angels: Elect and Evil (Chicago: Moody, 1975), p. 68. 29. International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, vol. 3 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1986), p. 347. 30. Reed, p. 47; see also The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, ed. Jerome H. Smith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1992), p. 1412. 31. Lorri MacGregor, What You Need to Know About Jehovah’s Witnesses (Eugene: Harvest House, 1992), p. 51. 32. Let Your Name Be Sanctified (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1961), p. 266. 33. Let God Be True, p. 272. 34. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1395. 35. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 334. 36. Louis A. Barbieri, First and Second Peter (Chicago: Moody, 1979), p. 69; see also Walter Martin and Norman Klann, Jehovah of

the Watchtower (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1974), p. 70; Norman Geisler, When Critics Ask (Wheaton: Victor, 1992), p. 533; NIV Study Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), p. 1893. 37. Barbieri, p. 69. 38. Martin and Klann, p. 70. 39. Norman Geisler, “The Significance of Christ’s Resurrection,” Bibliotheca Sacra, April-June 1989, p. 163. 40. Robert Gundry, Soma in Biblical Theology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976), p. 168. 41. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1395. 42. Your Will Be Done on Earth, p. 50. 43. Geisler, “The Significance of Christ’s Resurrection,” p. 153. 44. Geisler, “The Significance of Christ’s Resurrection,” p. 168. 45. Geisler, “The Significance of Christ’s Resurrection,” p. 153. 46. Geisler, “The Significance of Christ’s Resurrection,” p. 153.

47. Geisler, “The Significance of Christ’s Resurrection,” p. 154. 48. Geisler, When Critics Ask, p. 468. 49. Geisler, When Critics Ask, p. 469. Chapter 8—Identifying the Holy Spirit 1. Millard J. Erickson, Christian Theology (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1987), p. 862. 2. Though not reflected throughout this chapter, please note that Watchtower literature lowercases references to the Holy Spirit (that is, “holy spirit”). As well, the definite article (“the”) is rarely used in such references (that is, “holy spirit,” not “the holy spirit”). 3. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 381. 4. Should You Believe in the Trinity? (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 20. 5. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 21.

6. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 21. 7. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 380. 8. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 407. 9. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 22. 10. Aid to Bible Understanding (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1971), p. 1543. 11. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 21. 12. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 21. 13. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 23. 14. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 20. 15. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1544. 16. New World Translation (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1971), p. 9; see also Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 20. 17. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1542. 18. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p. 926. 19. H.C. Leupold, Exposition of Genesis (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1968), p. 49.

20. William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1957), p. 874. 21. Arndt and Gingrich, p. 146. 22. Charles C. Ryrie, The Holy Spirit (Chicago: Moody, 1965), p. 13. 23. Robert M. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), p. 118. 24. Bowman, p. 116. 25. Bowman, p. 48. 26. One need only consult the books published by these individuals to see that this is true. 27. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 22. 28. Aid to Bible Understanding, p. 1543. 29. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 51. 30. You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1982), p. 85.

31. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 21. 32. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 22. 33. Bowman, p. 122. 34. Bowman, p. 122. 35. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 22. 36. Bowman, p. 121. 37. Bowman, p. 120. 38. Bowman, p. 121. 39. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 380. 40. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 381. 41. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 22. 42. Awake!, 8 December 1973, p. 27; see also David Reed, Index of Watchtower Errors (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1990), p. 85. 43. Jerry and Marian Bodine, Witnessing to the Witnesses, pre-publication manuscript copy of 2nd edition (Irvine: n.p., 1993). 44. Charles Hodge, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1952), I: 524. 45. Bowman, p. 116. 46. Bowman, p. 117. 47. J.W. Wenham, The Elements of New Testament Greek (Cambridge: Cambridge

University, 1979), p. 8. 48. The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, ed. Jerome H. Smith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1992), p. 1219. 49. Ryrie, p. 14. 50. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 22. 51. Bowman, p. 115. 52. Bowman, p. 115. Chapter 9—The Trinity: Biblical Doctrine or Pagan Lie? 1. Henry C. Thiessen, Lectures in Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1981), p. 90. 2. Should You Believe in the Trinity? (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 12. 3. Let God Be True (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 200. 4. Let God Be True, p. 109. 5. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 5 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract

Society, 1899), pp. 60-61. 6. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 5, p. 76. 7. Let God Be True, p. 102. 8. Reconciliation (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1928), p. 101. 9. Riches (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1936), p. 185. 10. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 3. 11. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 9. 12. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 11. 13. Let God Be True, p. 101. 14. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 6. 15. Mankind’s Search for God (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1990), p. 276. 16. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 12. 17. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 31. 18. Walter Martin and Norman Klann, Jehovah of the Watchtower (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1974), p. 43. 19. Some Jehovah’s Witnesses claim that Christians who say “Jehovah” is not in the Bible are ignorant of the way names are

rendered from the original Hebrew or Greek into English. Christians respond that YHWH in the original Hebrew is best rendered into English as either “Yahweh” (a transliteration) or, easier, “L ORD” (a translation) Despite Witness complaints, “Jehovah” is, in fact, a man-made term. This is why the Encyclopedia Britannica, among a number of other reference works, categorizes “Jehovah” as an artificial name. 20. Duane Magnani, The Watchtower Files (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1985), p. 148. 21. James White, The Forgotten Trinity (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1998), p. 29. 22. Paul G. Weathers, “Answering the Arguments of Jehovah’s Witnesses Against the Trinity,” Contend for the Faith, ed. Eric Pement (Chicago: EMNR, 1992), pp. 132, 136. 23. Weathers, p. 136. 24. Weathers, p. 136. 25. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 4. 26. Let God Be True, p. 100.

27. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 148. 28. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 3. 29. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 411. 30. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 17. 31. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 17. 32. Jehovah’s Witness apologists sometimes claim Trinitarians are not in a position to ask such a question. After all, claiming that the Father is the only true God could undermine their own belief in the deity of Jesus. Trinitarians respond, however, that this verse is simply affirming something about the Father, not denying something about the Son. As James White put it, “Since He is not a separate god from the Father (He is a separate person, sharing the one Being that is God), how could this confession of the deity of the Father be taken as a denial of His own deity?” (White, p. 91.) Jesus’ deity is thoroughly established throughout the rest of John’s Gospel (1:1; 8:58; 10:30; 20:28).

33. Robert M. Bowman, “Is Jesus a True or a False God?, Christian Research Journal, Winter/Spring 1990, p. 7. 34. Weathers, p. 141. 35. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 13. 36. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 13. 37. Robert M. Bowman, Understanding Jehovah’s Witnesses (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1991), p. 120. 38. Robert L. Reymond, Jesus, Divine Messiah: The New Testament Witness (Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1990), p. 287. 39. Benjamin B. Warfield, Biblical and Theological Studies (Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1968), p. 30. 40. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 23. 41. Benjamin B. Warfield, The Person and Work of Christ (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1950), p. 66. 42. Daniel B. Wallace, The Basics of New Testament Syntax: An Intermediate Greek Grammar (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2000),

p. 94. 43. Reymond, p. 84. 44. Some scholars believe Genesis 1:26 may involve a “plural of majesty,” pointing to the majesty, dignity, and greatness of God. The plural ending on God’s name (the im ending of Elohim) gives a fuller, more majestic sense to God’s name. As for the plural pronouns in Genesis 1, biblical grammarians tell us that the plural pronouns in the passage are a grammatical necessity. The plural pronoun “us,” for example, is required by the plural ending of Elohim. In other words, the plural pronoun “us” corresponds grammatically with the plural form of the Hebrew word Elohim. See H.C. Leupold, Exposition of Genesis, vol. 1 (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1980), pp. 86-88. 45. Leupold, pp. 86-88. 46. Gleason Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), p. 359. 47. Warfield, Biblical and Theological Studies,

p. 32. 48. Warfield, p. 32. 49. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 23. 50. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 23. 51. The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, ed. Jerome H. Smith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1992), pp. 1095-96. 52. The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, p. 96. 53. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 18. 54. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 23. 55. James Oliver Buswell, A Systematic Theology of the Christian Religion (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1979), 1:105. 56. Charles C. Ryrie, Basic Theology (Wheaton: Victor, 1986), p. 248. 57. Warfield, The Person and Work of Christ, p. 77. 58. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 29. 59. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 213. 60. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 84.

61. White, p. 70. 62. Robert M. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), pp. 96-97. 63. Robert M. Bowman, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jesus Christ, and the Gospel of John (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), p. 133. 64. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 424. 65. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 424. 66. Should You Believe in the Trinity? p. 24. 67. Let God Be True, p. 104. 68. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, p. 88. 69. Jerry and Marian Bodine, Witnessing to the Witnesses (Irvine: n.p., n.d.), p. 46. 70. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 412. 71. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 412. 72. Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp. 412- 13. 73. Reed, p. 102. 74. John F. Walvoord, The Revelation of Jesus Christ (Chicago: Moody, 1980), p. 60.

Chapter 10—The Great Divide: The “Anointed Class” and the “Other Sheep” 1. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 76. 2. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 77. 3. Your Will Be Done on Earth (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1958), p. 50. 4. Let God Be True (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 200. 5. Let God Be True, p. 138. 6. Let God Be True, p. 137. 7. Your Will Be Done On Earth, p. 50. 8. These points are derived from Robert M. Bowman, “Only for the 144,000?” Fact Sheet, Christian Research Institute. 9. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 79. 10. The Watchtower, 1 February 1982, p. 28. 11. Your Will Be Done On Earth, p. 50. 12. Life—How Did It Get Here? (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1985),

p. 233. 13. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 166. 14. Man’s Salvation Out of World Distress At Hand! (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1975), p. 201. 15. Man’s Salvation Out of World Distress At Hand!, p. 325. 16. Your Will Be Done On Earth, p. 351. 17. Mankind’s Search for God (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1990), p. 374. 18. Let God Be True, pp. 264-65. 19. Let God Be True, p. 265. 20. Let God Be True, pp. 136-37. 21. See I. Howard Marshall, Commentary on Luke (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1983), p. 530. 22. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 107. 23. Walter Martin and Norman Klann, Jehovah of the Watchtower (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1974), pp. 150-51.

24. Reed, p. 74. 25. Reed, p. 79. 26. Let God Be True, p. 277. 27. Let God Be True, p. 130. 28. Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp. 166- 67. 29. The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, ed. Jerome H. Smith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1992), p. 1516. 30. Norman Geisler and Thomas Howe, When Critics Ask (Wheaton: Victor, 1992), p. 553. 31. Expositor’s Bible Commentary, “Revelation,” ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), p. 479. 32. Expositor’s Bible Commentary, p. 482. 33. Robert H. Mounce, The Book of Revelation, The New International Commentary on the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1977), pp. 169-70. 34. Expositor’s Bible Commentary, p. 482. 35. Expositor’s Bible Commentary, pp. 482- 83.

36. Charles C. Ryrie, Revelation (Chicago: Moody, 1981), p. 51. 37. Geisler and Howe, p. 554. 38. Let God Be True, p. 264. 39. Let God Be True, p. 231. 40. Mankind’s Search for God, pp. 358-59. 41. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 167. 42. Jerry and Marian Bodine, Witnessing to the Witnesses (Irvine: n.p., n.d.), p. 65. 43. William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), p. 270. 44. Bodine, p. 64. 45. David Reed, How to Rescue Your Loved One from the Watch Tower (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), p. 28. 46. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 165. 47. Alva J. McClain, The Greatness of the Kingdom (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1960), p. 35. 48. McClain, p. 35. 49. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 162.

50. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 163. 51. Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse, pp. 33-34. 52. The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, p. 610. 53. Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, eds. W. E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger, and William White (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1985), p. 66. 54. NIV Study Bible, ed. Kenneth Barker (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), p. 822. 55. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, ed. R. Laird Harris, vol. 2 (Chicago: Moody, 1981), p. 645. 56. Let Your Name Be Sanctified, (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1961), p. 34. Chapter 11—Salvation the Watchtower Way 1. Draper’s Book of Quotations for the Christian World (Grand Rapids: Baker Books,

1992), p. 205. 2. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 132. 3. See Robert Bowman, Jehovah’s Witnesses (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1995), p. 50. 4. The Watchtower, 15 November 1981, p. 21. 5. The Watchtower, 1 December 1981, p. 27. 6. The Watchtower, 15 February 1983, pp. 12-13. 7. The Watchtower, 1 April 1947, p. 204. 8. The Watchtower, 15 August 1972, p. 491. 9. The Watchtower, 15 March 1962, p. 179. 10. Making Your Family Life Happy (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1978), pp. 182-83. 11. The Watchtower, 1 May 1979, p. 20; see also The Watchtower, 1 May 1980, p. 13. 12. The Watchtower, 15 February 1983, pp.

12-13. 13. The Watchtower, 15 February 1983, pp. 12-13. 14. Life Everlasting—In Freedom of the Sons of God (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1966), p. 398. 15. John Ankerberg and John Weldon, The Facts on Jehovah’s Witnesses (Eugene: Harvest House, 1988), p. 18. 16. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 308. 17. Duane Magnani, The Watchtower Files (Minneapolis: Bethany House, 1985), p. 232. 18. The Watchtower, 15 February 1986, p. 14. 19. Bowman, Jehovah’s Witnesses, p. 54. 20. Should You Believe in the Trinity? (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 16. 21. Anthony Hoekema, The Four Major Cults (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978), p. 273. 22. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 15. 23. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 15. 24. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 15.

25. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 308. 26. Should You Believe in the Trinity?, p. 16. 27. Robert M. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), p. 73. 28. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, p. 73. 29. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, p. 77. 30. J.H. Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1963), p. 50. 31. Spiros Zodhiates, The Complete Word Study Dictionary (Chattanooga: AMG, 1992), p. 193. 32. Vine’s Expository Dictionary of Biblical Words, eds. W.E. Vine, Merrill F. Unger, and William White (Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1985), p. 506. 33. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, p. 77. 34. Bowman, Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, p. 77.

35. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 359. 36. Make Sure of All Things (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1953), p. 438. 37. The Watchtower, 15 February 1983, pp. 12-13. 38. Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp. 149. 39. Man’s Salvation Out of World Distress At Hand! (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1975), p. 111. 40. Robert M. Bowman, Understanding Jehovah’s Witnesses (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1991), pp. 120-21; Why You Should Believe in the Trinity, p. 108. 41. Robert L. Reymond, Jesus, Divine Messiah: The New Testament Witness (Phillipsburg: Presbyterian and Reformed, 1990), p. 230. 42. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 80. 43. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 76. 44. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 77. 45. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 79. 46. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses

Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 74. 47. The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, eds. Charles F. Pfeiffer and Everett F. Harrison (Chicago: Moody, 1974), p. 1078. 48. J. Dwight Pentecost, The Words and Works of Jesus Christ (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1982), p. 125. 49. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 358. 50. Let God Be True (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 200; Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 301. 51. Let God Be True, p. 302 52. Lorri MacGregor, Coping with the Cults (Eugene: Harvest House, 1992), pp. 19-20. 53. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 358. 54. The Ryrie Study Bible (Chicago: Moody, 1986), p. 1622. 55. The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, p. 1325. 56. The NIV Study Bible, ed. Kenneth Barker (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1985), p. 1806. 57. H.C.G. Moule, Philippians (Grand Rapids: Kregel, 1977), p. 72.

58. The Ryrie Study Bible, p. 1614. 59. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 358. Chapter 12—Understanding the Soul and Soul-Sleep 1. Draper’s Book of Quotations for the Christian World (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 180. 2. Quoted in Anthony Hoekema, The Four Major Cults (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1978), p. 265, footnote 191. 3. Let Your Name Be Sanctified (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1961), p. 44. 4. Reasoning from the Scriptures (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1989), p. 384. 5. Let God Be True (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 200; Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 63. 6. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 384. 7. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 383.

8. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 98. 9. Mankind’s Search for God (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1990), p. 128. 10. You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1982), p. 88. 11. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 103. 12. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 101. 13. Let God Be True, p. 75. 14. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 175. 15. Let God Be True, p. 68. 16. You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth, p. 83. 17. Let God Be True, p. 68. 18. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 375. 19. Let God Be True, p. 68. 20. Francis Brown, S.R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p. 659. 21. Robert M. Bowman, Fact Sheet on the Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Research

Institute. 22. Scholars differ on this issue, but the possibility that it refers to man’s immaterial nature cannot be denied. See The New Treasury of Scripture Knowledge, ed. Jerome H. Smith (Nashville: Thomas Nelson, 1992), p. 5. 23. William F. Arndt and F. Wilbur Gingrich, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957), pp. 901- 2. 24. Hoekema, p. 347. 25. Hoekema, p. 347. 26. Arndt and Gingrich, pp. 681-83. 27. Hoekema, p. 349. 28. Hoekema, p. 350. 29. Walter Martin, “Jehovah’s Witnesses and the Doctrine of Death,” Christian Research Newsletter, 5:3, p. 4. 30. Martin, p. 4. 31. Josephus, Antiquities, XVIII, 1, 4. 32. Hoekema, p. 352.

33. Hoekema, p. 353. 34. Hoekema, p. 354. 35. Hoekema, p. 354. 36. Hoekema, p. 356. 37. Hoekema, p. 356. 38. Hoekema, p. 356. 39. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 383. 40. Theological Wordbook of the Old Testament, ed. R. Laird Harris (Chicago: Moody, 1980), 2:1056. 41. Albert Barnes, Barnes’ Notes on the Old and New Testaments: Psalms (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1977), 3:326. 42. David Reed, Jehovah’s Witnesses Answered Verse by Verse (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1992), p. 39. 43. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 169. 44. Jerry and Marian Bodine, Witnessing to the Witnesses (Irvine: n.p., n.d.), p. 59. 45. Reed, p. 40. 46. Reed, p. 40. 47. Reed, pp. 40-41. 48. Bodine, p. 59.

49. Robert Jamieson, A.R. Fausset, and David B r o w n , A Commentary—Critical, Experimental, and Practical—on the Old and New Testaments (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1973), p. 1305. 50. H.C. Leupold, Exposition of Ecclesiastes (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1981), p. 211. 51. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 169. 52. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 377. 53. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 174. 54. Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp. 174- 75. 55. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 175. 56. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 175. 57. Reed, pp. 63-64. 58. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 287. 59. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 288. 60. Robert M. Bowman, Understanding Jehovah’s Witnesses (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1991), pp. 99-100. 61. Bowman, Understanding Jehovah’s Witnesses, pp. 99-100. 62. Bowman, Understanding Jehovah’s

Witnesses, p. 101. 63. Bodine, p. 42. 64. Hoekema, p. 353. 65. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 171. 66. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 171. 67. Man’s Salvation Out of World Distress At Hand! (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1975), p. 274. 68. Arndt and Gingrich, p. 441. 69. J.H. Moulton and William Milligan, The Vocabulary of the Greek Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1976), p. 352. 70. J.H. Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1963), p. 353. 71. Gerhard Kittel, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964), 3:816. 72. Alan Gomes, “Evangelicals and the Annihilation of Hell,” Part One, Christian Research Journal, Spring 1991, p. 17. 73. John Gerstner, cited in Gomes, p. 18. 74. Gomes, p. 18.

75. William G.T. Shedd, cited in Gomes, p. 18. 76. Alan Gomes, “Evangelicals and the Annihilation of Hell,” Part Two, Christian Research Journal, Summer 1991, p. 11. 77. Gomes, 1:18. 78. Reasoning from the Scriptures, pp. 171- 72. 79. Moulton and Milligan, p. 445; see also Leon Morris, The First and Second Epistles to the Thessalonians (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1959), pp. 153-54. 80. Robert L. Thomas, “2 Thessalonians,” The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), p. 313. 81. The Wycliffe Bible Commentary, eds. Charles F. Pfeiffer and Everett F. Harrison (Chicago: Moody, 1974), p. 1362. 82. Gomes, 1:18. 83. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 172. 84. Reasoning from the Scriptures, p. 173. 85. Thayer, p. 96.

86. Arndt and Gingrich, p. 134. 87. Gomes, 2:11. 88. R.C.H. Lenski, Revelation (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1961), p. 438. 89. Gomes, 2:18. 90. The Bible Knowledge Commentary, New Testament, eds. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton: Victor, 1983), p. 964. 91. Gomes, 1:19. Chapter 13—The Watchtower Society: A Non-Prophet Organization 1. The Watchtower, 1 October 1982, p. 27. 2. The Watchtower, 1 October 1964, p. 601. 3. The Watchtower, 1 April 1972, p. 197. 4. The Watchtower, 1 March 1965, p. 151. 5. Light, vol. 2 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1930), p. 47. 6. Prophecy (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1929), p. 22. 7. Paradise Restored to Mankind—By

Theocracy (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1972), pp. 353-54. 8. 1980 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1980), pp. 30-31. 9. John Ankerberg and John Weldon, The Facts on Jehovah’s Witnesses (Eugene: Harvest House, 1988), p. 35. 10. The Watchtower, 15 March 1986, p. 19. 11. The Watchtower, 15 May 1976, p. 297. 12. Studies in the Scriptures, cited in Ruth A. Tucker, Another Gospel (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1989), p. 124. 13. Tucker, p. 124. 14. The Watchtower, 15 May 1925, p. 148. 15. The Watchtower, 15 November 1928, p. 344. 16. David Reed, How to Rescue Your Loved One from the Watch Tower (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1989), p. 47. 17. Reed, How to Rescue Your Loved One from the Watch Tower, p. 47. 18. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 4

(Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1897), p. 621. 19. Creation (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1927), p. 289. 20. Prophecy, p. 65. 21. The Watchtower, 1 March 1922, p. 67. 22. The Truth Shall Make You Free (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1943), p. 300. 23. Let God Be True (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1946), p. 250. 24. Man’s Salvation Out of World Distress At Hand! (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1975), p. 288. 25. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 2 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1888), pp. 98-99. 26. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 2, pp. 98- 99. 27. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 3 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1891), p. 126. 28. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 3

(Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1913), p. 228. 29. Studies in the Scriptures, vol. 3 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1923), p. 228. 30. Light, vol. 1 (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1930), p. 194. 31. Salvation, (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1939), p. 311. 32. The New World (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1942), p. 104. 33. Millions Now Living Will Never Die (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1920), pp. 88-90. 34. The Watchtower, 15 October 1917, p. 6157. 35. The Watchtower, 1 April 1923, p. 106. 36. The Watchtower, 15 July 1924, p. 211. 37. 1975 Yearbook of Jehovah’s Witnesses (Brooklyn: Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, 1975), p. 146. 38. Awake!, 8 October 1966, p. 19. 39. The Watchtower, 15 July 1894, p. 1675.