ຫລັກສູດປະຖົມ Prim_School5912

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c]t fhko]q[ 0v’dkooe.-h mkfg7,uDl x x ]k;G r6,lkf c]t xts;aflkf!D rao]tok muj8A’ !D rao]tokmuj8A’mk’r6, !D rao]tokg0fmju[hko8A’16j !D g0Qk.97;k,c8d8kj ’]t !D .sh7eoypk,7ela[ Xg,nv’ s^n c0;’? s;kj ’czoza’ c]t 7;k,|kc|ho0v’vk7koF lkf0v’[hko c]t lt .oc’jr6, lkf czomju 0v’xt-kdvoS les^;f xt-kl;oDDD.o[=]yg;o 4komuvj hv,Iv[D @D c8h,czoza’0v’g0f 3fp @D vtmy[kplaopt]ad8kj ’M dvo.omhv’4yjo .-hg7njv’|kpD .oczomjuD c]t Iy[3I,3I’IPoD 0=h,6ogrnvj gIaf]kp #D 7Qosk0=h,6odjP;da[xt-k #D -U[vdmuj8A’0v’]k;.o ’ko c]t ;yg7kt@D c8h,czoza’ @D c8h,czoza’ <dkogsao dvo0v’g0f Xg,nv’ czomju3]dD c]t c0;’?D @D -U[vdmuj8A’.omju’jkpfkp0v’ c[[oqd< mju’kj pfkp0v’ $D [vd-nj xtgmf.dh7P’ czomuj c]t rao $D g]qkj 7noxts;af0v’g0fD 0v’]k; c]t xP[mP[ ]tok]adltot3I’IPo [hko g-aoj G 4t|qo c]t 0t |kfD mk’r6,lkf0v’ &D rao]tok-toyfF ;ymudko lDxDxD ]k; rhv, lt4komulj e7ao8kj ’MD oe.-h dko7q,,tok7q, &D .sh7eoypk,7e;jk xt-k fh;p7;k,le7ao 8kj ’Mmju,u.og0fD dvo c]t xt-kdvolbd 0v’,ao8+xt-k#D les^;fxt-k #D les^;fxt-kdvo 0v’ lkSlts';o y]0tlyf -qog-aoj G 3fpdvo0v’3I’ [hko c]t vk-u[ 0v’xt lD;DlIPo c]t[aombd -kdvo.o[hkoD$D g]qkj 7noxts;af $D g]qjk7noxts;af0v’[hkoD0v’3I’IPoD &D rao]tokrkstot-toyf 8kj ’Mmuj,u.o[hko c]t xt3spf0v’,aoD 110

*D -U[vdmju8A’mugj duf[aosk *D ]q’7;k,gsao8+dko *D ltg|ulkgsf0v’dko { mujfyo8jk’MD lyj’c;f]hv, c]t v5[af g]nvd.-hpkortskot gsf rhv,ma’[vdlkgsf mujxt1af c]t s^5fzvj o xjPocx’xt-kdvo7v[ { 7;k,le7ao 8kj ’Mmjugduf0Bo16j[hkoD ,qo]tryfD 7q;F shv’IPoF 3I’IPo mk’fhkoglf c]t [hkoD 4tdyf0v’mq’j rP’D(D .sh7;k,gsaodPj ;da[zqofu (D vjko0jk;lko c]t lbdlk { -nj c]t mju8A’ 0v’dkovtokw, c]t 7;k,l;p’k,0v’ly’j czomujdjP;da[dko8A’4yjo 0v’r6rP’ c;f]hv,rkp.ogInvo c]t .o[hkoD 4ko c]t c[[czodko 8kj ’MD fe ]q’-u;yf.og0f8kj ’M { r6,vkdkfD 0v’]k;D { 8Qodegoufc]t )D [vd-ngj zqjk8jk’MS rao]t mk’gfuo0v’ okdkoo5j’4nD ;afmtotme oE0v’F ];, c]t xtgrou0v’c8]j t ma’xtgmfmuj gzqjkF c,oj E0v’ lts';o y]0tlyf _D rao]tok[qf[kf0v’ve3fp ws^zkj oD lD;Dl okfdkoxqd7v’]tfa[ 8kj ’M0v’]k;D #D [vdmju8A’ c]t rao]tokv5flk !WD vjko0jk;lkomk’fhko stdemujle7ao.o xts;aflkf c]h;rao ]k; c]txtg,uo ]tok djP;da[dqdg7Qk xafw9muj9egxao c]t c[[ czodkofe 0v’,ao g-ajo G ]q’-u;yf0v’7qo]k; { dyf9tde8Qo8= 111

ltw\djvoD fhkodtlyde 16cj 8j]trkd0v’ !!D [vddjP;da[z6hfugfajo mk’ ]k;D xts;aflkf mjuwfhxtdv[ { laf]hP’.o]k;D l;j og0Qk.odkolhk’lk { I6[c[[dkosk xtgmf-kf xkD { g0fv5flkstde !@D rao]tokdkoxPj ocx’ w,h.o]k;D 0v’g’nvj ow0dkofe]q’ { 7;k,le7ao 0v’ -u;yfD xkj c]t 7;k,9e gxaomju8hv’xqdxad IadlkD !#D [vd-nj c]t muj8A’g,nv’ { dkosaf4tdeF ]k;[6Iko c]t lt4ko saf4tdemju le7ao lts';o y]0tlyf 3fpmuj le7ao 8kj ’Mmk’c]t ,u-nlj P’D lD;Dl fhkoxts;aflkf0v’ { ]adltotgfajo ]k; rhv,ma’.shgsfzqo 0v’v5flkstde .odkovto5]adD c]t 3I’’ko.o !$D g]qkj 7nogsfdkoxts;af ]k;D lkf.o]k-tdko8jk’M { 7;k,le7ao g-ajoG g9Qk2hk’j5,F lk, 0v’dko7hk c]t clo wmF w-ptg-f4kmy dko[=]ydko8+ ]kfF l5]y pt;q’lkF g9Qk 7;k,leg]af112

vto5;q’S rhv, ma’-U.sh 0v’v5flkstdeD gsaodkoxtdv[l;j o { 7;k,le7ao 0v’gsfdkogs^qjkoAo.sh cdj lD xD xD ]k; .oxaf 0v’;af45fy[8+ 95[aoD 7;k,16j]vf0v’ !&D ltg|uxt3spfmujwfh9kd v5flkstde dko];,daogxao-kfD { ;ymudko0qolqj’ 8jk’M lts';o y]0tlyf { 7;k,le7ao 3fp 0v’dko0qolq’j lD;Dl c]t dko7q,,t ok7q, 8+ v5flk stdeD $D xP[mP[ lDxDxD ]k;.lj[k’xt gmfvk-Po c]t xtgmf.dh7P’ g-ajoG { muj8A’ c]t ]adlt otmk’fhkor6, lkfD { xt-kdvo c]t g’nvj ow0mk’fhko glf4tdyfD113

lts';o y]0tlyf { ]t[q[dkoxqd7v’ 3fp c]t ot7vos^;’ lD;Dl { ltg|uzqofu.o dkorq;raoda[xt gmf.dh7P’D { Iy[3I,0jk; lko c]t ]kp’ko djP;da[gsfdko le7ao8kj ’M0v’ vk-Poc8xj u !__& gxao8Qo,kD &D vkj o0kj ;lkomk’ fhkoxts;aflkf 3fpsp=h c]h;rao ]tokdko8+l6h 0v’xt-k-qo]k; 8hko]afmy]jkg,nv’ 0Bog-aoj G { lkgsf0v’dko 8+l6hD { dko8+l6hw]pt 8jk’MD114

lts';o y]0tlyf { 7;k,\kp0v’ 3fp ;aomu !@ 85]k lD;Dl !_$&D { [qf[kfmk’ fhkoxts;af lkf 0v’dkolhk’8A’ dv’ ma[xt-k-qo ]k;D { 7;k,\kple 7ao0v’[AoIq[ 8jk’M c8j !_*# g4y’ !_(@D { 7;k,\kpmk’ fhkoxts;aflkf 0v’dkolt4k xtoklkmk]t ot]afxt-kmy xtw8xt-k-qo ]k;F ;aomu @ mao;k !_(&D115

l DxD xD ]k; G dko9af8A’la’7q,!D [vd75oxt3spf !D [vdgsfzqo<gxaospa’ !D [vd37’Ikj ’dko9af !D rao]tokxtgrou c]t !D [vd-jn c]t muj8A’0v’3I’IPoD 7qo9b’j 16jI;j ,daogxao[hko< 8A’dkoxqd7v’0v’ ly]txt0v’-qogzqkj 8j k’M 0v’[6Iko;af45@D [vdd5j,7qo @D rao]tokd5j,7qorkp.o g,nv’F c0;’ c]t .o]k;g-ajo G c]t [6Ikolt8jk’M.o 3I’ [hko X7v[7q;F -5,-qoD z6hoe0Ao8kj ’MD { ;y9yfly]txt c]t 4ko X,=]tfqd?IPo XoadIPo dko 9af8A’F DDD? @D rao]tok;Pd0v’z6h7qo ]adltotfhko;afmtot 0v’-kf ]k;c8]j td5j,F 0Ao #D rao]tok;Pd0v’7qorkp .omhv’4yjo D meD g-ajo GIPoF 76F 7tot .o[hkoD #D rao]tok;Pd0v’z6hoe { ltg|u;ymudkogrnjvvto5]ad { [vd7;k,c8dveo;pdko $D rao]tok37’Ijk’dko9af 0Ao8kj ’M0v’g,nv’F c]t lq’j glu,;afmtotme 8jk’]ts;jk’[63I’IPoDDD? 8A’dkoxqd7v’0v’[hko c0;’ g-ajoG [qf[kf 8kj ’M0v’]k;D Iko;af45 c]t [6#D [vd;Pd0v’ &D [vdz6hoe0Ao8jk’M0v’ c]t 7;k, Ia[zyf-v[D { xP[mP[ly]txt c]t ;af Ikolt4koDc8]j td5j,Xoad [hkoD $D rao]toklkprq;rao0v’ mtotme]k; da[ ly]txtIPoF 76F zh6ve *D rao]tok;Pd0v’z6hoe z6hoe0v’g,nv’F c0;’ c]t ;afmotme0v’ { rao]tok.oc’j lts';o y]0tlyfo;pdko? 0Ao8jk’M0v’[hko g-ajoG da[ z6hoe0v’[hkoD 3fpxtgmf.dh7P’Dmujly’j faj’djk;gxao lD;Dl$D [vd37’Ijk’ [qf [kf c]t 7;k,Ia[ lyj’mju7;oladdtdko9af8A’ zyf-v[0v’g0qkg9QkD ]t[6-kDdkoxqd7v’.o (D rao]tok[5omujle7ao0v’ { xP[mP[ly]txtF3I’IPoD [hkoD ;afmtotmeF )D .sh7;k,gsaodPj ;da[ly’j mju [6Iko;af45 c]t&D [vdz6hoe0Ao c8]j t7qowfhIa[.o4kot [6Ikolt4ko8kj ’M.o3I’ gxao lt,k-yd0v’[hkoD 0v’]k;da[xtIPoD gmfvk-Po 116

lts';o y]0tlyf .oc’0j v’,=]t 3fp fqd0v’-kfD lD;Dl { ltcf’maflt ot7t8y0v’8qo 8+ly]txtF ;afmt otme c]t xt grouD @D vtmy[kp7;k, \kp0v’dqf \kpcrj’ c]t dqf\kpvkpk rhv,ma’vtmy[kp zqodtmq[0v’ ,ao8+-u;yf0v’ gIqkD117

lts';o y]0tlyf  3fp lD;Dl ;y-kly]txtde ;y-kly]txtdegxao;y-k|bj’mujlhk’.j shoadIPo,u7;k,I6hrNo4kofhkoly]txtdeF -;j p.shoadIPolts’;o,ad7;k,’k, ,u leobd.o75o7jk c]t 75oxt3spf0v’ly]txt c]t me,t-kfF -j;p.shoadIPo,u7;k,,j;o-noj .odkoIPo c]t ltcf’ 7;k,obd7yf0v’8qogv’vvd3fp zjkozqo’koly]txtdemulj hk’0BoF-;j poadIPo,urafmtokdkofhkosq;7yfxtfyflhk’F 7;k,xkoufF 7;k,vqfmqoF ,u7;k,pv,Ia[7e8y-q,zqo’ko 0v’8qogv’ c]t \6jgrnjvog-yj’ly’j faj’dkj ;9toewxl6jdkod+.shgduf7;k,r6,.9c]t7;k,oa[4ng-yj’dao c]t daoD ovd9kdoAodkoIPo;y-kly]txtde.o-Ao xt4q,oUpa’gxaodkodP,7;k,rhv,.shoadIPoIPo8+.o0Ao8+wx c]t lk,kfxtdv[lj;og0Qk.odkog7nvj ows;mk’fhko;afmtotme0v’-5,-qowfhgxao1jk’fuD95f\kpG 95f\kp8Qo8=0v’;y-kly]txtde-Aoxt4q,lbdlk c,oj grnvj rafmtokoadIPo.ofhko8kj ’Mfaj’oUGfhko7;k,Ih6G { ,u7;k,Ih6 7;k,g0Qk.9djP;da[75o7jk c]t l;p’k,0v’ly]txtxtgrf8jk’MD { ,u7;k,Ih6 7;k,lk,kf.odko;yg7ktF ;yrkdF ;y9ko xtg,uo7jkzqo’koly]txt ma’0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’\j6grnvj omujlhk’0BoD { ,u7;k,Ih6 7;k,g0Qk.9.o0t[;odko0v’ly]txtD { ,u7;k,Ih6 7;k,g0Qk.9dPj ;da[dkolnlj komk’ly]txtDfhkomadltG { lk,kfltcf’;ymudkomk’ly]txt.orkdxt8y[af8q;9y’wfhD { lk,kfltcf’7;k,Ih6lbd c]t 7;k,obd7yfzjkozqo’koly]txtwfhD { lk,kfxtg,uo7jkzqo’koly]txt0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’\j6grnvj owfh1jk’lhk’lao XdkolnjlkoF dko;yg7kt c]t dkoxtg,uo7kj ?D 118 

lts';o y]0tlyf  3fp lD;Dl{ lk,kfoegvqk7;k,Ih6 c]t 0t[;odkoly]txtwxxtp5d.-hg0Qk.o-u;yfxt9e;aoD { gxaorNo4ko.shcdjdkoIPoly]txt.o-Ao8+wx c]t dko\6o.-hg0Qk.o-u;yf8q;9y’Dfhkomafltot7t8y c]t 7jkoypq,G { ,u7;k,lts’;o,ad7;k,’k, c]t ly]txtF Iad7;k,l;p’k,0v’me,t-kf c]t ly]txt;afmtotmevaofu’k,0v’-kfD { ,u7;k,Iaddkoltcf’vvdmk’ly]txtD { ,u7;k,gry’j r=.9Ia[7e8y-q,9kd7qovnoj c]t .sh0=h7yfgsaocdjzqo’koly]txt0v’zh6vnjoDgoNv.oG goNv.o;y-kly]txtde-Aoxt4q,lbdlkc80j Ao xD! g4y’0Ao xD& ,u37’xtdv[7hkp7ndao g-y’j d;,gvqkgoNv.o8jk’Mg-aoj G dkoc8h,I6[{]t[kpluF dkolhk’lao’koly]txtF dkoxAo c]t dko-q,zqo’koly]txt c8;j jk[k’rkd9t,urkdpjvp c]t [k’rkd9t[+,urkdpjvpD .oc8]j trkd 0Ao8vomevbfoadIPo9twfhIPo;ymudko 9kdoAo9twfhg/ydmadltotxt8y[af c]t xt8y[afdyf9tdelhk’zqo’koly]txtrkdmu IG dkoc8h,I6[{]t[kplu zjkodkoIPorkddkoc8h,I6[ { ]t[kpluoadIPo9twfhrafmtokmadltdko.-hl=fe c]t l=lu.odkoc8h,I6[.ljg9hp c]t c8h,gxaoI6[8kj ’M .orkdoUoadIPo9twfhIPoc8h,8k,c[[F c8h,xtfa[xtfkF c8h,8k,.9 c]t c8h,8k,sq;[qfD .odkoc8h,I6[oadIPo9tltcf’g4y’7;k,dhk;|hkmk’fhko7;k,Ih6Fmadlt8k,;ymumujwfhltg|u rhv,fP;daooAopa’ltcf’g4y’dkorafmtok7;k,\Ao.9.odkoc8h,I6[ c]t ]t[kplufh;p;ymu0v’8qogv’grnvj ltcf’g4y’7;k,Ih6lbd c]t 7;k,7yf0v’8qogv’ ovdoAopa’lk,kfoeltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qogv’F xtdv[7;k,7yfgsao.l[j qfc8h,0v’\6jgrnjvo 3fpgoAo.lIj 6[Ijk’F ;ymudkoc8h,c]t dkoltcf’vvdmk’ly]txtD 119 

lts';o y]0tlyf  3fp lD;Dldkoc8h,I6[{]t[kplu,u $ rkdpjvp7nG • dkoc8h,8k,c[[G oadIPo9twfhc8h, c]t ]t[kpluI6[8kj ’M8k,mjudeoqf c]t 8k,dkocotoe 3fpg]uj,8Qo9kdI6[mju’kpfkpdjvo 9kdoAo9bj’c8h,I6[muj,u]adltotla[lqo0Bo fh;p7;k,xkoufd;kj gdqjk Xdko.ljcl’g’qk? ovdoaAo oadIPopa’9twfhvtmy[kp[qfc8h,0v’8qogv’ c]t ltcf’7;k,gsao8+;ymudkoc8h,mjufu0v’7qovnoj D • dkoc8h,xtfa[xtfkG oadIPo9twfhIPo ;ymudkoxtfa[xtfk c]h;c8h, c]t xtfa[xtfkI6[8jk’M c]t c]dxjPo[qfIPog-y’j dao c]t daoD • dkoc8h,8k,sq;[qf oadIPo9twfhc8h, c]t ]t[kpluI6[8k,g]njv’9y’8k,7;k,obd7yf c]t 8k,sq;[qfmuj.shD oadIPo9twfhIPoc8h,8q;]t7vo8Qo8=.o[qfc8h,0v’8qoDovd oAopa’9twfhvtmy[kp7;k,\kp[qfc8h,0v’8qo c]t ltcf’7;k,Ih6lbd8+[qfc8h,0v’zh6vnoj D • dkoc8h,8k,.9G oadIPo9twfhc8h,I6[ { ]t[kpluI6[8kj ’M8k,7;k,,ad c]t 9yo8tokdko0v’oadIPo g-y’j dkoc8h,9tltcf’g4y’dkorafmtokfhkomadltF 7;k,lqo.9.oly]txt c]t rafmtoksq;7yfxtfyflhk’0v’oadIPoD pv,Ia[7e8y-q,0v’7qovnjo c]t d=.shgduf7;k,7yfgsaomuj,u75o7kj 8+zqo’ko 0v’zh6vnoj Drkdmu II: dkolhk’laozqo’koly]txt zkj odkoIPo dkolhk’lao’koly]txtoUoadIPo9twfhrafmtokmadlt;ymudko37’lhk’ c]t xtfyflhk’zqo’koly]txtD oadIPo9twfh.-h;af45 c]t glf;afltf5.o’ko37’lhk’ c]t xtfa[xtfkzqo’koD oadIPo9twfhlhk’zqo’koly]txt8k,dkocotoe c]t 8k,7;k,obd7yf0v’8qogv’S dkorafmtokfhko 120 

lts';o y]0tlyf  3fp lD;Dl7;k,Ih6 c]t madltltcf’vvd.ozqo’koly]txt0v’oadIPoD oadIPo9tltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qogv’ c]t .sh0=h7yfgsaocdjzqo’ko0v’zh6vnoj 3fpgoAo.lj0t[;odkomujoe.-h.odkoxtfyflhk’Drkdmu III: dkoxAo zjkodkoIPoxAo oadIPo9twfhrafmtokmadltmadltrNo4ko.odko.-hfyo|P; c]t ;afltf5vnoj M mujskwfh.omhv’4yjoxAoI6[8kj ’MD oadIPo9twfhxAoI6[Ikj ’8kj ’M c]t ly’j .flyj’|b’j fh;pdkolhk’c[[F gIaf8k,c[[ c]t xAo8k,.9dPj ;da[lafF \kdw,hF g7njv’.-hF g7njv’s^Yo c]t 8q;]t7vo8kj ’MD .odkoxAooUoadIPolk,kfltcf’7;k,Ih6 c]t madltrkp.8hg8adoyddkoxAos5jo c]t .odkoxtfa[xtfk8q[c8’j zqo’ko0v’8qoD oadIPo9t.sh7ela’gdfcdjzqo’ko0v’zh6vnjo3fpgoAo.l0j t[;odkomjuoe.-hdkoxAoDrkdmu IVG dko9af’ko;k’ltcf’zqo’koly]txt dko-q,zqo’kolyo]txt dko9af’ko;k’ltcf’zqo’koly]txt oadIPo9t];[];, c]t 9af’ko;k’ltcf’ly]txt0v’g0qkg9Qk.sh,uxtlyf8yrk[mjul5fD g0qkg9Qkpa’lk,kfxa[x5’ ’koly]txt0v’8qogv’.shlq,[6o grnvj ;k’ltcf’FoadIPo9twfhoeltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qogv’F Ia[7e8y-q,9kdzh6vnoj c]t d=,u7;k,7yfgsao8+zqo’ko0v’zh6vnjo 3fpgoAo.lIj 6[Ijk’F fhkog8adoyd c]t dkoltcf’vvdmk’ly]txtD 121 

  lt,af4trk[0AorNo4kofhkodkoIPog;]kvjkolt,af4trk[0AorNo4kofhkodkoIPoc8]j t7A’7;o9ew;h;jk7eg]u,j 8Qo0v’xt3sPdc,oj oadIPolk,kfDDDdkoc8h,I6[{]t[kpluG dkoc8h,8k,c[[ xD! xD@ xD# xD$ xD&!D c8h,I6[mju’kj pfkp8k, !D glu,0tspkpmadltdko !D glu,0tspkpmadltdko !D glu,0tspkpmadlt !D glu,0tspkpmadlt c[[ 3fp.-hglAo8jk’M c8h,8k,c[[fh;pdko dko c8h,I6[ c]t ]t dkoc8h,I6[8k,c[[ c8h,I6[c[[8jk’M mjuwfh IPo c]t ]t[kplu c8h, I6[ c]t ]t[kp [kpluI6[fh;p7;k, c]t c8h,.sh7hkp7n fh;pdkola’gdf c]t I6[.sh7hkp 7n8q;9y’D luI6[.sh]tvPf c]t ]tvPf c]t xkouf c[[F ]t[kpluI6[.sh c8h, .sh7hkp7nc[[D xkoufd;kj gdqjkD d;jkgdqjkD gsao7;k,g0A,{9k’@D ltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qogv’ 0v’luD @D la’gdfI6[c[[F ]adltotF [vd-njly’j mucj 8h, c]t @D ltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qo @D ltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qo lts';o y]0tlyf cl’{g’qk c]h;]t[kplu [vd-ngj lAo8kj ’M muj.-h gv’ c]t .sh7e7yfgsao gv’ c]t .sh7e7yfgsao @D la’gdfI6[Ijk’]adlt 3fp g0A,{9k’ 8k,]tfa[0v’ c8h,D cdjzqo’ko0v’z6hvnoj F cdjzqo’ko0v’z6hvnjoD otF cl’{g’qkc]h;]t lD;Dl luD [kplug0A,{9k’8k,mju la’gdfgsaoD #D ltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qogv’ c]t .sh7e7yfgsaocdzj qo #D ltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qo ’ko0v’z6hvnjoD gv’ c]t .sh7e7yfgsao cdjzqo ’ko0v’z6hvnjoD 122 

 dkoc8h,xtfa[xtfk xD@ xD# xD$ xD& xD! !D c8h,F xtfa[xtfk c]t !D c8h,F xtfa[xtfk c]t !D la’gdfI6[8q;9y’ 8q;vad !D vvdc[[3fpdkoIkj ’I6[!D c8h,F xtfa[xtfkF ]t[kplu.ljzqo’koly]t ]t[kplu.ljI6[c8h,F lvo c]t xtfa[xtfk ];f]kp]k; c]t ];f xtF 0Po7e0;aomuj,ugoNv 0Po7e0;aomuj,ugoNv.o I6[rk[ fh;p];f]kp ]kp vnjoM c]h;oe.-h];f ]t[kp lu I6[8jk’M c]t .olAo 3fpg]nvdgoNv.o lAo 3fpg]nvdgoNv.o c]t lulao8kj ’MD ]kpfa’j djk;,kxtfa[xtfk I6[rk[ me,t -kf.f|b’j c]t vvd c[[xtfa[ c]t vvdc[[xtfa[ 0v[xhkp 7e0;ao 8k,9uo muj’kj p fkp 3fpoe .-h xtfk fh;p8qogv’D xtfkfh;p8qogv’D @D xtfa[xtfk];f]kpI6[ 8tokdko 0v’8qogv’D g8adoyd;ymudkomuwj fh rk[8kj ’M fh;pdko cotoeD @D ltg|uzqo’koF [vd-nIj 6[ @D ltg|uzqo’koF [vd-njI6[ ]t[kplu g0A,{9k’mujlq, @D 9ecodluIhvo c]t lug1ao@D ltg|uzqo’ko0v’8qogv’ rk[F 7;k,\kp0=h rk[F 7;k,\kp0=h lj;o c]tl;p’k,D c]h;oe.-hg0Qk.odkoc8h, fh;pdko[vd0Ao8vodko 7;k,mu0j Po c]t 0Ao 7;k,mu0j Po c]t 0Ao I6[ wfh1kj ’g\ktlq,D c8h,xtfa[xtfkD 8vo0v’dkoxtfa[ 8vo0v’dkoxtfa[ #D ltg|uzqo’koF [vd-njI6[ xtfkD xtfkD rk[F 7;k,\kp0=h #D ltg|uzqo’koF [vd7;k, 7;k,mu0j Po c]t 0Ao \kp c]t 0Ao8vodko 8vo0v’dkoxtfa[ xtfa[xtfkD xtfkD lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 123 

 dkoc8h,8k,sq;[qf xD@ xD# xD$ xD& xD! !D c8h,I6[ c]t ]t[kplu !D c8h,I6[ c]t ]t[kplu !D c8h,I6[ c]t ]t[kplu !D c8h,I6[ c]t ]t[kpluI6[!D c8h, c]t ]t[kpluI6[ I6[ c8h,8k,sq;[qfmujde c8h,8k,sq;[qfmudj eoqf.shD I6[ c8h,8k,sq;[qfmudj e I6[ c8h,8k,sq;[qfmudj e oqf.sh 3fpoe.-hg8adoyd 8k,sq;[qfmujdeoqf.shD dkoc8h, I6[ c]t goAo @D ltg|uI6[c8h,0v’8qogv’@D ltg|uI6[c8h,0v’8qogv’ oqf.shD oqf.shD 8q;]t7vo s^n dyf9tde c]t xtdv[7;k,gsao.lj 8Qo8=D I6[c8h,0v’z6hvnoj 3fpgoAo c]t .sh0=hla’gdfcdzj qo @D ltg|uI6[c8h,0v’8qo @D ltg|uI6[c8h,0v’8qo .ljg8adoyd c]t dkolnj7;k, ’ko0v’\6gj rnjvoD @D ltg|uI6[c8h,0v’8qo \kp0v’I6[c8h,D gv’ c]t xtdv[7;k, gv’ c]t xtdv[7;k, gv’ c]t xtdv[7;k, gsao.lj I6[c8h,0v’z6hvnoj gsao.ljI6[c8h,0v’z6hvnjo gsao.lIj 6[c8h,0v’z6hvnjo 3fpgoAo .ljg8adoyddkolnj 7;k,\kp 8Qo8=0v’I6[ 3fpgoAo .lj8q;]t7vo8Qo 3fpgoAo .lj8q;]t7vo c8h,D 8=.oI6[c8h,D 8Qo8=.oI6[c8h,D lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 124 

 dkoc8h,8k,.9 xD@ xD# xD$ lts';o y]0tlyf xD& !D c8h, c]t ]t[kpluI6[ 3fp !D la’gdfgsfdkoF xtdqfdko xD! !D c8h, c]t ]t[kpluI6[ !D la’gdfgsfdkoF xtdqf lD;Dl!D c8h, c]t ]t[kpluI6[lyj’ me,t-kfF 7qoF laf c]t me,t-kfF 7qoF laf c]t dkome,t-kfF 7qoF lafF me,t-kfF 7qoF lafF ljy’0v’ 8k,7;k, lyj’0v’8k,7;k,,ad ljy’0v’ c]t lyj’c;f ljy’0v’ c]t ljy’c;f]hv, 0v’F 7qoF laf c]t I6[ 7;k,,ad 0v’oadIPo 0v’oadIPo mjuwfhrq[gsao ]hv, c]h;c8h,I6[rk[ c]h;c8h,I6[rk[8k, rk[me,t-kf mujoadIPo mjuwfhrq[gsao.o -u;yf .o -u;yfxt9e;aoD 8k,9uo 8tokdko0v’ 9uo8tokdko0v’8qogv’D I6h9adD xt9e;aoD 8qogv’D @D ltg|uzqo’kodkoc8h, @D ]t[kpluI6[rk[.shl;p@D ltg|uzqo’kodkoc8h, @D ltg|uzqo’kodkoc8h, 0v’8qogv’ c]t .sh7e @D ]t[kpluI6[rk[.shl;p ’k,F g\ktlq, c]t 7hkp7n 0v’8qogv’ c]t .sh7e 0v’8qogv’ c]t .sh7e cotoemu|j hklqo.98+ ’k,F g\ktlq, c]t 8q;9y’D cot oemuj|hklqo.98+zqo cot zqo’ko0v’\6jgrnjvo .dh7P’da[8q;9y’D ’ko0v’\6jgrnvj oD oemu|j hklqo.98+zqo’ko 3fpgoAo.l7j ;k,le 7ao #D ltg|uzqo’kodkoc8h,0v’ 0v’\6jgrnjvo 3fpgoAo.lj 0v’I6[c8h,D #D ltg|uzqo’kodkoc8h, 8qogv’ c]t .sh7ecotoe 7;k,\kp c]t ]adlt 0v’8qogv’ c]t .sh7e muj|hklqo.98+zqo’ko0v’ otle7ao 0v’I6[c8h,D cotoemu|j hklqo.98+zqo \6jgrnvj o 3fpgoAo.lgj 8adoyd ’ko0v’\6jgrnjvo3fpgoAo c]t ltcf’7;k,\kp .ljlnj7;k,\kpmujle7aoD le7ao0v’I6[c8h, 125 

 dkolhk’laozqo’koly]txt xD! xD@ xD# xD$ xD&!D 9udF 8af c]t 8yfI6[8jk’M !D 9udF 8af c]t 8yfI6[ !D 9udF 8af c]t8yfI6[8kj ’M !D 8af c]t 8yfI6[8kj ’Mfh;p !D 8af c]t 8yfI6[8jk’M fh;p fh;pg9hpF glfzhkcr.shgxao 8kj ’M fh;pg9hpF glfzhk mju’kj pfkpfh;pglf;af glf;afltf5F fh;pcdjornf glf;afltf5F fh;pcdoj rnf I6[ ’jkpfkp c]t ,uxt cr.shgxaoI6[’jkpfkp ltf5 c]t ;af459kdme,t c]t ;af459kdme,t-kf c]t ;af459kdme,t-kf 3spffhkoly]txtD fh;p;af459kdme,t -kf xt]yfgxaozqo’ko xt fyfgxaozqo’ko fhko xtfyfgxaozqo’kofhko@D ltg|uzqo’koly]txt0v’ -kf c]t glf;afltf5D fhkoly]txt8kj ’MD ly]txt 8jk’MD ly]txt 8jk’MD 8qogv’ c]t [vd0Ao8vo @D ltg|uzqo’koly]txt @D ltg|uzqo’koly]txt @D oe.-hlj;o8kj ’M0v’rnfF @D oe.-hlj;o8jk’M0v’rnfF dkoxtfyflhk’zqo’ko0v’ 0v’8qogv’ c]t [vd 0v’8qogv’ c]t [vd ;afltf58jk’M ,kxtfyf ;afltf58kj ’M ,kxtfyfgxao 8qoD 0Ao8vodkoxtfyf 0Ao8vodkoxtfyflhk’ gxaoc,jry, c]h;ry,rk[ c,rj y, c]h;ry,rk[.sh lhk’zqo’ko0v’8qoD zqo’ko0v’8qoD .shl;p’k, c]t ,u7;k, l;p’k, c]t ,u7;k, \kpmk’fhkoly]txtD \kpmk’fhkoly]txtD #D ltg|uzqo’koly]txt0v’ #D ltg|uzqo’koly]txt lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 8qogv’ c]t [vd0Ao8vo 0v’8qogv’ c]t [vd0Ao dkoxtfyflhk’zqo’ko 8vodkoxtfyflhk’zqo 0v’8qoD ’ko0v’8qoD 126 

 dkoxAo xD@ xD# xD$ xD& xD! !D xAo\kdw,hF laf c]t sj5o !D oe.-hg8adoyddkoxAos5oj !D la’gdf;af458q;9y’ !D la’gdf;af458q;9y’ c]h;xAo!D xAo\kdw,hF laf c]t sj5o muj’kj pfkp 3fpoe.-h xAo\kdw,h c]t laf8k, c]h;xAo.sh7hkp7n c[[D .sh7hkp7nc[[D g8adoyddkoxAo 9kddko dkocotoe c]t oe.-h muj’jkpfkp 3fpoe.-hg8ad cotoe c]t oe.-hco; 7;k,7yf0v’8qogv’ @D xAosj5oF 7qoF laf.o]t @D xAosj5oF 7qoF laf.shgxao[qf oyddkoxAo 9kddkocot 7;k,7yf0v’8qogv’D 7vo8kj ’M .shgxao[qf g]nvj ’ mju,u7;k,\kpD oe c]t oe.-hco;7;k, @D ltg|uzqo’kodkoxAo g]nvj ’muj,u7;k,\kpD 7yf0v’8qogv’D @D ltg|uzqo’koxAo0v’ 0v’8qogv’ c]t xtdv[ #D cdtlts^ad;afltf5vvj oF fyo@D ltg|uzqo’kodkoxAo0v’ 8qogv’F [vd-njly’j 0v’ 7;k,gsao.lzj qo’ko #D cdtlts^ad;afltf5vjvo |P; sn^ fyooE,ao 8qogv’F [vd-nlj y’j 0v’F c]t g8adoydmu.j -h.odko dkoxAo0v’z6hvnjo 3fp gxao];f]kpmujl;p’k,D gxao];f]kp mjul;p’k,D 7qoF laf c]t g8adoydmu.j -h xAoD goAo|ad.l0j Ao8vo c]t .odko xAoD 75ootrk[0v’dkoxAoD $D ltg|uzqo’kodkoxAo $D ltg|uzqo’kodkoxAo0v’ c]t dkocdtlts^ad0v’ 8qogv’ c]t xtdv[7;k, 8qogv’ c]t xtdv[ gsao.ljzqo’kodkoxAo0v’z6h 7;k,gsao.lzj qo’ko vnjo 3fpgoAo|ad.lgj 8adoyd 0v’z6hvnoj 3fp goAo|ad dkoxAo c]t dkocdt .l0j Ao8vo c]t 75oot lts^adD rk[0v’dkoxAo c]t dkocdtlts^adD lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl 127 

 dko-q,zqo’koly]txt xD! xD@ xD# xD$ xD&!D 7afg]nvdzqo’koly]txt !D 7afg]nvdzqo’koly]txt !D 7afg]nvdzqo’koly]txt !D 7afg]nvdzqo’koly]txt !D 7afg]nvdzqo’koly]txt 0v’8qogv’rhv,ma’8qdc8j’ 0v’8qogv’rhv,ma’8qd 0v’8qogv’rhv,ma’8qd 0v’8qogv’rhv,ma’8qd 0v’8qogv’rhv,ma’8qd gruj,8nj,grnvj ;k’ltcf’D c8’j gru,j 8nj,grnjv;k’lt c8’j gru,j 8jn,grnvj ;k’lt c8’j gru,j 8jn,grnvj ;k’lt c8j’gru,j 8jn,grnjv;k’lt@D 9afxtgrfzqo’koly]txtF cf’D cf’D cf’D cf’D 9aflt4komu;j k’ltcf’ @D 9afxtgrfzqo’koly]txtF @D 9afxtgrfzqo’koly]txtF @D 9afxtgrfzqo’koly]txtF @D 9afxtgrfzqo’koly]txtF c]t vtmy[kp.o’ko;k’ 9aflt4komuj;k’ltcf’ 9aflt4komu;j k’ltcf’ 9aflt4komu;j k’ltcf’ 9aflt4komu;j k’ltcf’ ltcf’D c]t vtmy[kp.o’ko;k’ c]t vtmy[kp.o’ko;k’ c]t vtmy[kp.o’ko;k’ c]t vtmy[kp.o’ko;k’#D 8u]k7kzqo’koly]txt0v’ ltcf’D ltcf’D ltcf’D ltcf’D 8qogv’ c]t 0v’7qovnoj #D 8u]k7kzqo’koly]txt #D 8u]k7kzqo’koly]txt #D 8u]k7kzqo’koly]txt #D 8u]k7kzqo’koly]txt 3fpgoAo.lgj 8adoyd c]t lt 0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’7qo 0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’7qo 0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’7qo 0v’8qogv’ c]t 0v’7qo cf’7;k,\kpfhko75oot vnoj 3fpgoAo.ljg8adoyd vnjo 3fpgoAo.ljg8adoyd vnoj 3fpgoAo.ljg8adoyd vnjo 3fpgoAo.ljg8adoyd lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp lD;Dl rk[D c]t ltcf’7;k,\kp c]t ltcf’7;k,\kp c]t ltcf’7;k,\kp c]t ltcf’7;k,\kp fhko75ootrk[D fhko75ootrk[ c]t fhko75ootrk[ c]t fhko75ootrk[ c]t 7;k,I6hlbd0v’8qogv’D 7;k,I6hlbd0v’8qogv’D 7;k,I6hlbd0v’8qogv’D 128 

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lts';o y]0tlyf1.2 ©É¾−-êñ¡-¦½- 3fp lD;Dl− ´£ó ¸¾´¦¾´- ¾©-−¿Ã- §-É Íñ¡¡¾− Áì½ ¸òê¡-ó ¾−¥- ©ñ ¡¾−Ã−¡- ¾−¦½-Á©¤¦ò콯½-©ö−ª,ó −¾©ª- ½¦- ò− Áì½ ì- ½£- º−-. − ´ó£¸¾´¦¾´- ¾©−- ¿-çû ¦òì½-¯½©- −ö ªó Áê−-ùɡ¾−-¦ˆ¦¾−. − ´£ó ¸¾´¦¾´- ¾©- ¦¾ê©ò -Àª¡ñ −¡ò -¡¾−¦½Á- ©¤¦- ò콯- ½©- −ö ª.ó − ´ó£¸¾´¦¾-´¾©¯- ½©ò©¦- ¾É ¤ê- ¾¤©- ¾É −-¦ò콯- ½©- ö−ªó ©É¸¨-ª−ö -Àº¤ Á- ì½ ì¸´ÏøÈ. − ´£ó ¸¾´¦¾-´¾©-−¿-ç£û ¸¾´»- øê-É ¾¤©- ɾ−-¦òì½-¯½-, ©¾É −À- ª¡ñ −¡ò -À¢í¾-Ã−§- ¸ó ò©¯- ½¥¿-¸−ñ .1.3 ©É¾−-êñ©¦- ½-−½-£½ª- ò Áì½ £È¾-−-ò¨ö´ − ´ó-£¸¾´-»ñ¡, ¨ö¡¨ºÉ ¤£- ¸¾´-¤¾´ 꾤©¾É −¦- ìò ½¯- ½-©ö−-ªó Áì½ ¦ìò ½¯- ½²−œ À- ´ºõ ¤¢- º¤-쾸. − ¡¼´²Éº´-¦½-Á©¤Á- −¸£- ¸¾´-£ò©¯- ½©©ò -¦É¾¤¢- º¤-ª−ö Ã−-¦ìò ½-¯½-©ö−ªó. − ¡¼´²ºÉ ´-ê-†¥½¦- ½Á- ©¤-¦òì½-¯½©- −ö ªó-ùɩ- ó Áì½ ¨º´»ñ®-£¿ª- ¿-−òª§-ò ö´¥- ¾¡Ï- øÈ£È.ø2. -À−ºœ -Ã− - À−œº-Ã−-Í¡ñ ¦ø©¸- ò§¾-¦ìò ½-¯½©- −ö ªó §˜−¯½«´ö ¯½¡º®´- -©ó ɸ¨- 3 ²¾¡-ù¨ú £õ : ²¾¡-©−ö ªó, ²¾¡−- ¾©ª½¦ò− Áì½ ²¾¡ì½£º−. Ã−-−−˜ ,-ÁªìÈ ½¢- −˜ »¼−Ä- ©-É»¼−ê- ¡÷ Å-²¾¡. Á- ª-Èì½-²¾¡¯- ½¡º®©- ¸É ¨²- ¾¡¨- Ⱥ¨. 130

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ª¾´£- ¿-Á−½−¿-¢º¤£- ø . ª¾´-£¿Á- −½−¿-¢º¤-£ø . Ä- ¹¸¯½¡º®Ã- ¦È-®©ö À- ²¤ Á©¤êȾê- ¾¤¡- ¾−À£ˆº−- Á©¤ê¾È -꾤¡- ¾−À£ºˆ −-Œ ³ñ¤ -Áì½ ®º¡-§ˆ-À²¤ê-† Œ ®º¡-§Àˆ- ²¤- -Áì½ £¸¾´ ª¾´-£¿-Á−½−¿¢- º¤£- ø . Ä- ¹¸¯½¡º®Ã- ¦®-È ©ö À- ²¤ Ä- ¹¸¯½¡º®Ã- ¦®È- ©ö À- ²¤Ä©É»¼−-´¾- . Ͼ¨¢º¤-®©ö À- ²¤Ä©É . Œ ®º¡-§Àˆ- ²¤- -Áì½ £¸¾´ ª¾´£- ¿Á- −½−¿-¢º¤-£ø . ª¾´-£¿-Á−½−¿-¢º¤£- ø . Ͼ¨¢º¤®- ö©-À²¤Ä©É . Œ ®º¡-§-Àˆ ²¤- -Áì½ £¸¾´ Œ ®º¡-§ˆ-À²¤- -Áì½ £¸¾´ Œ ®º¡ì- ½©®ñ ¦- ¼¤¦ø¤ŒªÔ, Ͼ¨¢º¤-®ö©À- ²¤Ä©É . Ͼ¨¢º¤-®©ö -À²¤Ä©É . ¨¾¸ Œ ¦˜− Áì½ À- ꉾ- Œ À- ºö¾-ì´ö ¹- ¾¨-Ã¥Ã- −À- ¸ì¾- Œ À- ºö¾-ì´ö -¹¾¨-Ã¥-Ã−À- ¸ì¾- ¡ñ−-¢º¤-Â−©- ¦¼¤-Ã−- º¾È −Â- −©- ù«É- ¡õ ª- ¾´- ºÈ¾−-Â−©- ù-É«õ¡ª- ¾´- ®ö©À- ²¤Ä- ©É . ®Èº−-ê-†´ó-À£ˆº¤Ï¾¨¡- ¿ ®Èº−-ê-´† -óÀ£ºˆ ¤Ï¾¨¡- ¿ Œ ®º¡-£¸¾´-ĸŒ§É¾¢- º¤- −ö©-Ä¸É . −ö©Ä- ¸É . ¥¤ñ ¹¸½-À²¤Ä- ©É . Œ ®º¡-콩®ñ ¦- ¼¤¦¤ø ŒªÔ, Œ ®º¡ì- ½©®ñ -¦¼¤¦ø¤ŒªÔ, ¨¾¸ Œ ¦˜− Áì½ À- ꉾ- ¨¾¸ Œ ¦−˜ Áì½ -Àꉾ- ¡ñ−-¢º¤-Â−©- ¦¼¤Ã- −- ¡−ñ ¢- º¤-Â−©- ¦¼¤-Ã−- ®ö©À- ²¤-Ä©É . ®©ö À- ²¤-Ä©É . Œ ®º¡-£¸¾´Ä- ¸Œ§¾É ¢- º¤- Œ ®º¡£- ¸¾´Ä- ¸Œ§É¾¢- º¤- lts';o y]0tlyf 3fp¥¤ñ ¹¸½-À²¤-Ä©É .¥ñ¤¹¸½-À²¤-Ä©É . lD;Dl2. »û¡ø ¾−»Éº¤À- ²¤-ꆫ¡õ ªºÉ ¤ 2. »û¡ø ¾−»Éº¤À- ²¤-ꆫ¡õ ªÉº¤ 2. »û¡ø ¾−»Éº¤À- ²¤-ꆫ¡õ ªÉº¤ 2. »û¡ø ¾−»Éº¤À- ²¤-ꆫ¡õ ªºÉ ¤ 2. »¡øû ¾−»Éº¤-À²¤-ꆫ¡õ ªÉº¤-츴-êñ¤ : ì- ¸´ê- ñ¤ : ì- ¸´-êñ¤ : ì- ¸´-êñ¤ : -츴-ê¤ñ :Œ »ºÉ ¤-À²¤-«¡õ ª¾´À- −œº Œ »ºÉ ¤-À²¤-«õ¡ª¾´À- −ºœ Œ »Éº¤-À²¤-«õ¡ª¾´-À−ºœ Œ »Éº¤-À²¤-«õ¡ª¾´-À−œº Œ »Éº¤-À²¤-«¡õ ª¾´À- −œº»Éº¤ -Áì½ ¥ñ¤¹¸½ê¿ »ºÉ ¤ -Áì½ ¥ñ¤¹¸½ê¿ »ºÉ ¤ -Áì½ ¥ñ¤¹¸½ê¿ »Éº¤ -Áì½ ¥ñ¤¹¸½ê¿ »Éº¤ -Áì½ ¥ñ¤¹¸½ê¿−º¤-¢º¤-®ö©À²¤- . −º¤¢- º¤-®ö©À²¤- . −º¤-¢º¤-®ö©À²¤- . −º¤-¢º¤-®ö©À²¤- . −º¤-¢º¤-®ö©À²¤- .Œ ¦½-Á©¤-êȾê- ¾¤¡- ¾−- Œ ¦½-Á©¤-êȾ-꾤-¡¾−- Œ ¦½-Á©¤-êȾ-꾤¡- ¾−- Œ ¦½-Á©¤-êȾ-꾤¡- ¾−- Œ ¦½-Á©¤-êȾ-꾤-¡¾−-À£ˆº−Ä- ¹¸-¯½¡º®-Ã¦È À£ˆº−Ä- ¹¸-¯½¡º®Ã- ¦È À£ˆº−Ä- ¹¸-¯½¡º®-Ã¦È À£ºˆ −-Ÿ¯- ½¡º®-Ã¦È À£ˆº−-Ÿ¯- ½¡º®Ã- ¦È 135

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