BHHS ASR Symposium 2021

FORGING INTO THE UNKNOWN “Going into the unknown is invariably frightening, but we learn what is significantly new only through adventures.” — Morgan Scott Peck Logo by Matthew Gaetano (’19) and Dr. Caroline Matthew The 32nd Dr. Robert Pavlica Authentic Science Research Symposium Wednesday, June 2, 2021

- Dedication - This year's Symposium is dedicated to the late Mr. Vincent Greco, who will be dearly missed by our program, the school, and the community. Thirty-three years ago, a vote was brought before the Byram Hills Board of Education to decide whether to approve a proposal for a science research program in the school. It was questionable if the program would be feasible to implement as the expenses required were high, and similar programs weren’t as widespread at the time. Two board members voted against the program, and two board members voted in favor of it. This left the deciding vote to Mr. Vincent Greco. That day, decades ago, he took a leap of faith and voted to approve the Dr. Robert Pavlica Authentic Science Research Program (ASR). The legacy of Mr. Greco, who sadly passed away this February, is everlasting; he not only began the program, but he also impacted each and every student in it. While many ASR students never met Mr. Greco, nearly everyone in the program knows his name and the crucial impact he made. ASR is a community, and Mr. Greco is seen as the “grandfather” of it. Alumnus Alan Chang, now a student at the University of Pennsylvania, says that “Mr. Greco believed in the vision of ASR, and decades later, we have come so far. Having ASR was not only something that I will treasure forever, but has also certainly impacted hundreds of students as well.” In fact, more than 500 students have graduated from the program to date. The program teaches students how to write, present, and handle a heavy workload. However, most importantly, it teaches students skills they can use in any discipline: how to think, how to problem solve, and how to make-a-tangible-difference. The first student in the ASR program, Abe Shahim, is now a doctor working at Lenox Hill Hospital. ASR puts students on the STEM path, enabling them to help invent new technology, cure diseases, and expand the scope of scientific knowledge. Many students struggle to find their identity in high school. However, ASR provides the opportunity for students to explore their interests and learn more about themselves and the world around them. Mr. Greco paved the way for hundreds of students to have this self-discovery. After the first ASR student graduated, the program expanded substantially. Since 1998, there has been at least one Regeneron (formally Intel) Top Scholar each year, a highly prestigious accomplishment. The program has guided 123 students towards becoming Regeneron Scholars, twenty-one of which have become finalists. Students share their work in competitions and some even publish papers. They are given opportunities that are usually unattainable for high school students. As Mr. Kenneth Kaplan, a previous ASR teacher, explains, “Mr. Greco was 2

always instrumental in keeping in touch with the program that he helped get off the ground.” Following the announcement of a Regeneron Scholar, Mr. Greco would always go into the classroom and congratulate the student and teachers. He was so greatly invested that the school had an ID badge custom-made for him although he wasn’t a teacher. Mr. Kaplan remembers, “He always used to walk in with a name tag around his neck, introducing himself to people, and stopping in the office.” Mrs. Stephanie Greenwald, the current program director, concurs, remembering, “Every year, whenever ASR students were acknowledged for their accomplishments through awards and commendations, Mr. Greco would soon appear in our room to congratulate our students and marvel as they shared their topics.” She continues, saying, “his constant support of our program was inspirational to us and his warmth and love will be missed.” Mr. Greco has impacted other aspects of the high school as well. Each year, a graduating senior receives an award named after Mr. Greco for showing great resiliency and adding value to the community. Mr. Walsh, the Byram Hills High School principal, says that “It has been one of the highlights of each year to present this award in his name.” He continues, recalling that “Mr. Greco never failed to attend the ceremony, and he went out of his way to get to know the recipient of the award. It was incredibly rewarding to see the impact that he had on the award winners.” Ms. Jen Laden, the social studies chairperson, elaborates that “The award recognizes a student who has overcome significant challenges. Each student who has won the award represents the best of what we are at Byram Hills by focusing on the potential of all of our students and our belief in the ability of each and every student to both grow and succeed.” Always a believer in the potential of the next generation, Mr. Greco was willing to take a leap of faith by casting his deciding vote. He opted to vote in favor of the program because he was compelled by the vision of what it could become. Mr. Walsh recalls his positive attitude, calling Mr. Greco one of the most “ethical and optimistic people I have had the pleasure of knowing.” He continues, saying, “He took tremendous pride in the school and understood that great communities should be measured by the way that they educate their children.” Mrs. Rhonda Santini, the Science Research program’s administrative assistant, adds, “Our program is better and stronger in part from Mr. Greco’s belief in the magic of science and our students. I have no doubt that he had a tremendous effect on all who got to know him as well as the Byram Hills Central School District as a whole.” Where others saw only obstacles and budget cuts, Mr. Greco envisioned a program endowing students with invaluable lessons and opportunity. Mrs. Megan Salomone, a current teacher in the research program, captures his values perfectly, reflecting that “he understood one of the most fundamental principles of education: Never underestimate the potential of young people to accomplish great things.” For this, the program extends our deep gratitude for the life, legacy, and faith with which Mr. Greco entrusted us thirty-three years ago. ~ Sydney Levy and Nora Lowe 3

- Livestream Program - Welcome Address Lucy Kwittken & Nora Lowe Director's Remarks: Mrs. Stephanie Greenwald Introduced by Nora Lowe Principal's Remarks: Mr. Christopher Walsh Introduced by Sydney Levy Senior Remarks: Chloe Weissman Introduced by Lucy Kwittken Regeneron Submission Video Introduced by Arianna Tabankin Senior Awards Introduced by Julia Lucchino Senior Diplomas Introduced by Lucy Kwittken & Sydney Levy Sophomore & Junior Awards Introduced by Arianna Tabankin Closing Remarks & Explanation of Virtual Rooms Introduced by Sydney Levy Scan this QR code with your personal device to access the livestream and virtual presentation hall. Alternatively, please visit byramhills.org and navigate to the Science Research tab. 4

- Letter from the Editor - To the Authentic Science Research Community, “To make your unknown known—that’s the important thing,” reflected Georgia O'Keeffe. Though she was an artist, O’Keeffe articulated so well a principle integral in all scientific disciplines. Science Research is a leap, not of faith, but of careful planning and calculation. Yet, it is still a leap into the unknown nonetheless. By nature, in science, we cast a net into the ambiguity of the unknown in hopes of grasping something tangible; a piece of knowledge, a fact, a finding. Science Research is a constant reminder of what we don’t know. Yes, we can attest to the breadth of scientific knowledge in the form of prior literature, which is composed of a seemingly insurmountable stock of journal articles and instructional materials. However, our robust findings pale in comparison to what has not yet been found, what is still unknown. That is precisely where science’s beauty lies. The unknown will always be infinitely larger than the known. A scientist’s work is never truly complete. Again and again, we reach into that abyss which is the unknown, hoping to add to our growing knowledge base. As scientists and learners, we embrace the ongoing cycle. The year of 2021 has been the epitome of this notion. Science Research is lauded for operating as a well-oiled machine because through careful instruction and assignments, students are invariably primed for their projects and prepared to write a culminating research paper. But this year presented a distinct challenge: How would sophomores secure mentors during the pandemic? How would juniors be able to conduct studies remotely? How would seniors compete virtually? In the end, we exhibited tenacity as always. Sophomores persevered, steadfastly emailing, phone calling, zooming, skyping, google meeting, until they secured a mentor. Many of the juniors watched as the contingency plan for their study became their only plan, but they accepted the change, shifting their topic focus and preparing to perform computational studies. The seniors competed virtually, perfecting both their PowerPoints and their Zoom backgrounds, finding ways to maintain that same standard of camaraderie as in years past. In true scientific fashion, students and teachers approached the situation just as they would any scientific problem. We faced the ambivalence head on. We did not face the unknown passively. Instead, we made the conscious decision to forge into it, hands outstretched. Warmly, Nora Lowe Editor-in-Chief 5

- 2021 Symposium Committees - Program Committee: Madison Lee Chair: Nora Lowe Lindsay Miller Edith Bachmann Peter Mon Sophia Berland David Pavlenishvili Chloe Bernstein Emily Pizzorusso Amelia Chung Samantha Schaevitz William Dyer Katerina Schmidt Abby Eickelbeck Marianna Vataj Alicia Huang Jane Zeltner Samantha Milewicz Kaela Newman History & Invitations Committee: Hannah Rippy Chair: Arianna Tabankin Olivia Addeo Web Design Committee: Derek Araki-Kurdyla Chair: Sydney Levy Jack Blackmar Carolina Baquero Gabriella Colabello Ethan Cherry Elizabeth Deeks Beth Corelli Ella Fleischer Rohini Das Alana Foreman Rebecca Frieden Aliza Hammond Eliza Goldman Tyler Lynch Jake Goldman Remi Matza Ella Javorsky Tanya Postian Jamie Kaplan Emily Stangel Ilana Kersh Sebastian Vasquez John Ndocaj Caleb Palappillil Tech Committee: Eva Shrayer Chair: Lucy Kwittken Max Teitelbaum Alex Berkman Hayden Weiss Zachary Berkowitz Sydney Charron Press & Publicity Committee: Dani Eder Chair: Julia Lucchino Owen Fleischer Josh Arnold Dylan Haber Morgan Aronsky Callie Higgins Max Colella Jessica Kahn Alana Curley Ethan Kimmel Alaska Fairbanks Wes Siege Danielle Freedman Samantha Grech 6

- Table of Contents - General Dedication to the late Mr. Vincent Greco....................................... 2 Livestream Program........................................................................ 4 Letter from the Editor......................................................... ………... 5 2021 Symposium Committees......................................................... 6 Overview of the Science Research Program.................................... 10 Thank You........................................................................................ 12 Superintendent’s Message............................................................... 14 Board of Education’s Message......................................................... 15 Principal’s Message.......................................................................... 16 Director’s Message........................................................................... 17 A Message to the Seniors……………………………………………………….. 20 Senior Abstracts............................................................................... 21 Senior Photo Gallery........................................................................ 53 Dr. Matthew's Limericks.................................................................. 66 A Message to the Juniors……………………………………………………….. 69 Junior Abstracts............................................................................... 70 A Message to the Sophomores………………………………………………… 93 Sophomore Abstracts....................................................................... 95 Alumni of Science Research............................................................ 108 Alumni Awards................................................................................ 138 Senior Abstracts Lauren Amico…………………………………………………………… 21 Luke Briody……………………………………………………………… 22 Marleigh Canter………………………………………………………… 23 Olivia Canter…………………………………………………………….. 24 Joseph Cipriano………………………………………………………… 25 Alexa Cohen……………………………………………………………… 26 Alexander Dec………………………………………………………….. 27 Lily Deitelzweig………………………………………………………… 28 Lorraine DiSano……………………………………………………….. 29 Mia Dittrich……………………………………………………………… 30 Kristin Eickelbeck……………………………………………………… 31 Dylan Ertel………………………………………………………………. 32 Skyler Goldin……………………………………………………………. 33 Bailey Goldstein………………………………………………………… 34 Ali Hafez………………………………………………………………….. 35 Haley Harris……………………………………………………………… 36 Jared Ilan………………………………………………………………… 37 Alexa Jindal……………………………………………………………… 38 Raquel Kanner………………………………………………………….. 39 Anika Kumar…………………………………………………………….. 40 7

Elizabeth Manowitz…………………………………………………… 41 Griffen Nenner...……………………………………………………… 42 Elaina Piecyk…………………………………………………………….. 43 William Quinn………………………………………………………….. 44 Gabrielle Ripka…………………………………………………………. 45 Melissa Rivera…………………………………………………………… 46 Chloe Sampere………………………………………………………….. 47 Tessa Schwartz………………………………………………………….. 48 Drew Siskin………………………………………………………………. 49 Sophie Stumacher……………………………………………………… 50 Jake Teitelbaum……………………………………………………….. 51 Chloe Weissman ………………………………………………………. 52 Junior Abstracts Olivia Addeo........................................................................ 70 Derek Araki-Kurdyla.......................................................... 70 Morgan Aronsky................................................................. 71 Edith Bachmann................................................................. 71 Alex Berkman...................................................................... 72 Sophia Berland................................................................... 72 Jack Blackmar.................................................................... 73 Sydney Charron.................................................................. 73 Amelia Chung..................................................................... 74 Gabriella Colabello............................................................. 74 Beth Corelli......................................................................... 75 Alana Curley....................................................................... 75 Elizabeth Deeks.................................................................. 76 Dani Eder............................................................................ 76 Ella Fleischer...................................................................... 77 Owen Fleischer................................................................... 77 Alana Foreman................................................................... 78 Danielle Freeman............................................................... 78 Rebecca Frieden................................................................. 79 Eliza Goldman.................................................................... 79 Jake Goldman..................................................................... 80 Samantha Grech................................................................. 80 Dylan Haber....................................................................... 81 Alicia Huang....................................................................... 81 Jessica Kahn....................................................................... 82 Jamie Kaplan...................................................................... 82 Ilana Kersh......................................................................... 83 Lucy Kwittken..................................................................... 83 Sydney Levy........................................................................ 84 Nora Lowe.......................................................................... 84 Julia Lucchino.................................................................... 85 John Ndocaj....................................................................... 85 8

David Pavlenishvili............................................................. 86 Emily Pizzorusso................................................................ 86 Tanya Postian..................................................................... 87 Hannah Rippy..................................................................... 87 Katerina Schmidt................................................................ 88 Eva Shrayer......................................................................... 88 Arianna Tabankin............................................................... 89 Sebastian Vasquez.............................................................. 89 Marianna Vataj................................................................... 90 Hayden Weiss..................................................................... 90 Jane Zeltner........................................................................ 91 Sophomore Abstracts Joshua Arnold.................................................................... 95 Carolina Baquero................................................................ 95 Zachary Berkowitz.............................................................. 96 Chloe Bernstein.................................................................. 96 Ethan Cherry...................................................................... 97 Max Colella......................................................................... 97 Rohini Das.......................................................................... 98 William Dyer...................................................................... 98 Abby Eickelbeck................................................................. 99 Alaska Fairbanks................................................................ 99 Aliza Hammond................................................................. 100 Callie Higgins ..................................................................... 100 Ella Javorsky...................................................................... 101 Ethan Kimmel.................................................................... 101 Madison Lee....................................................................... 102 Tyler Lynch......................................................................... 102 Remi Matza........................................................................ 103 Samantha Milewicz ........................................................... 103 Lindsay Miller..................................................................... 104 Peter Mon........................................................................... 104 Kaela Newman.................................................................... 105 Caleb Palappillil.................................................................. 105 Samantha Schaevitz........................................................... 106 Wes Siege........................................................................... 106 Emily Stangel...................................................................... 107 Max Teitelbaum................................................................. 107 9

Overview of the Dr. Robert Pavlica Authentic - Science Research Program - Authentic Science Research affords all students the opportunity to participate in the community of scientific research and scholarship as a part of their high school experience. Students taking the three-year course accomplish the following: • Students choose and explore any topic of passion, including the physical sciences, social sciences, computer science, life science, and applied sciences. To facilitate their research, students conduct in—depth—bibliographic—searches—and—develop—valuable communication skills. • Students select a wide array of relevant journal articles and create a comprehensive literature review. They also present, via PowerPoint, an overview of the current state of research. • Students contact authors of the most relevant journal articles in their field, asking them to serve as their mentors. These mentors provide suggestions for future research, answer any student inquiries, and share their expertise to help students formulate ideas for an authentic research project. • Students then engage in an original piece of research under the supervision of their scientist mentor and their classroom research teacher. The research experience may include working in labs at a mentor institution or working independently at home. The classroom teacher meets with individuals on a regular basis. Students periodically communicate with mentors electronically through email, Skype, Google Meet, and Zoom. • Students may present their findings to their class, school district, regional/statewide/national-symposia,-and/or-professional conferences. All steps in the students' progress are carefully and systematically monitored to assure that students fully engage in each phase of scientific research and attain the desired degree of competence. Some students may publish their work in prestigious academic journals. 10

A Validated Research Program In January of 1996, the State Education Department conferred the honor of \"Validation\" upon the Byram Hills Authentic Science Research Program. The program is now a part of the \"Sharing Success Program\" in New York State. Presently, over 100 school districts throughout the state have performed research according to the Byram Hills model. The University in the High School The Science Research program takes great pride in that the State University of New York grants up to 12 college credits to students who apply for credit and successfully complete the three years and two summers of research as prescribed by the course curriculum. Course credit is granted through the State University and is transferable to many colleges throughout the country. 11

- Thank You - On behalf of the senior class of 2021, we would like to give our deepest thanks to the following individuals. Thank you to: Dr. Jen Lamia, Dr. Tim Kaltenecker, Ms. Gina Cunningham, Mr. Kelly Seibert, and the Byram Hills Board of Education for continuing to support and place confidence in both the program and its students. Mr. Christopher Walsh, Ms. Kristen Sautner, and Ms. Colleen O’Connor for making Byram Hills a warm and inclusive learning environment, thus enabling each of us to grow further as students. Ms. Stephanie Greenwald, Dr. Caroline Matthew, Ms. Megan Salomone, and Mr. James Gulick for your patience and encouragement during our struggles and for celebrating our achievements. Ms. Rhonda Santini for your constant support of the program with your hard work, organization, and kindness. Our fellow sophomore and junior classmates for being our perpetual cheerleaders and critics. Your continued support has been invaluable to us throughout our years, and we wish you the best on your future journeys in Science Research. Mr. Ken Kaplan for helping to edit our many Regeneron papers and observing presentations, as well as providing your sage advice and kind support. Ms. Debra Cayea for providing loving support for the science department and its students. Your continuous devotion to what happens in our program is greatly noted and appreciated. Ms. Leticia Nardone and the librarians of the high school for supporting our research by offering various online and in school books and databases. Your shared enthusiasm for locating the perfect resource is greatly appreciated. Mr. Andrew Taylor, Mr. Peter Lichten, Ms. Pat McElroy, Mr. Richard Bent, Mr. Mauricio Varges, and Ms. Johanna Siragusa for always being ready to pull us out of our many technological predicaments with patience and humor. Ms. Kristina Wilson, Ms. Meaghan Carnevalla, Ms. Keara Hunt, Ms. Laine Levenbrook, Mr. Gary McCarthy, and Mr. Greg Quirolo for your continued support throughout the Regeneron application process. Mr. Christopher Walsh, Mr. Steven Borneman, Ms. Julie Gallagher, and Dr. Carolyn Lanfredi for serving on the IRB committee and helping us develop our studies while protecting our subjects. Mr. Brian Melso and Ms. Elise Trainor for helping us put together our virtual Symposium. Without your time, effort, and knowledge, we would never have been able to accomplish our incredible event during these challenging times. Much appreciation to you for spreading the word of our accomplishments to the community. 12

Mr. Kelly Seibert, Ms. Susan Palamarczuk, Mr. Bill Wasser, Mr. RK Pandya, and Mr. Kurt Ainsworth for overseeing our yearly budget and ensuring that the program can continue to thrive. Mr. David Eisermann and the rest of our fine custodial staff as well as Ms. Lisa Fanelli, Ms. Courtney Bogren, Ms. Janine Guastella, and others in the administrative staff for your valuable help throughout the entire year. Mr. Thomas Andriello, Dr. Paul Beeken, Mr. Steve Borneman, Ms. Sarah Brocia, Mr. Douglas Carpenter, Ms. Debra Cayea, Mr. Dennis Covert, Mr. Evan Horowitz, Mr. Ken Kaplan, Mr. Christopher Lewick, Ms. Heather Manriquez, Ms. Pat McElroy, Ms. Amy Menasche, Ms. Maria Montalbano, Ms. Leticia Nardone, Ms. Giovanna Rioviezzo, and Mr. Eric Savino for allowing us to carry out our studies with your students, as well as helping to edit our papers, posters, and presentations. Lastly, thank you for continuing to inspire us to be our best. Yasamin Bayley, Alan Chang, Kevin Chang, Josh Freedman, Dylan Massoni, Alexa McGrath, Zachary Milewicz, Jonathan Mui, Alex Remnitz, Audrey Saltzman, Julia Zaborowsky for being an active team of successful alumni from our program who gave time and energy throughout the year, attending virtual help sessions, editing papers, serving as judges at competitions, and overall, being our biggest inspiration in convincing us that anything is possible. John Pizzorusso, Lara Stangel, Deborah Reynolds, Rori Tolkov Goldin, Sharon Eder, Angelina Columbo, Kerri Lowe, Deborah Goldman, Lynda Baquero, Aaron Kwittken, Carol Siege, Jessica Piecyk, Heather Harris, Lori Dyer, Doron Ilan, Rajarshi Das, Carolina Bernardez, and everyone else who visited our virtual Senior Showcase and provided us with feedback for being editors of our papers and presentations, as well as volunteering to judge at local competitions. Your critical feedback and generous support have helped to make us better scientists. Local merchants who traditionally have supported our annual Symposium (The Beehive, Beascakes Bakery, Country Kitchen, DeCicco & Sons, Troy’s Garden Nurseries, Sugar Hi, and Cherry Blossom Farm). Although this year we have created a virtual Symposium, we are certain that under normal circumstances you would not have hesitated to donate to our live event. The Sophomore Super 6 (Abby Eickelbeck, Alaska Fairbanks, Aliza Hammond, Ella Javorsky, Remi Matza, and Max Teitelbaum) for preparing our virtual Senior Showcase, which gave us the opportunity to present our research in preparation for WESEF and for helping to set up our “Nerd Prom.” The “Fab 5” (Lucy Kwittken, Sydney Levy, Nora Lowe, Julia Lucchino, and Arianna Tabankin) for the dedication and detail you brought to the preparation of our annual Symposium. Know that it was greatly appreciated. We thank you for giving us a memorable celebration. Good luck with your future research. Lastly, our parents and siblings for permitting late-nights of working, giving us pep talks when we felt defeated, celebrating our accomplishments, and fully believing in us when we needed it most. 13

- Message from the Superintendent - Dear Friends of Science Research, Follow the science! Follow the science! These words have been spoken daily as our nation and the world have navigated life during a pandemic. What we have learned as a global community is that research and exploration have resulted in the hope for a promising future. Scientists, government officials, manufacturers, business owners and individuals share essential questions and research to propel us forward. We have seen changes in health guidelines, critical care, and vaccinations, while community members have supported others in need. Essentially, our nation pooled its resources and learned how to study, collaborate, and plan. As Science Research students, you have also had to change the form of your research to adapt to this new reality; you have navigated a much different journey this year, modeling others around you, and you have done it admirably and successfully. Last year at this time, the World Health Organization issued a draft of three potential COVID-19 vaccines in clinical evaluation and 67 vaccines in preclinical evaluation. Last year, from January 1st to April 20th, 2020, there were only 15,000 peer-reviewed scholarly articles available to guide us. Now, over 13% of New York residents have been fully vaccinated (over 80% of teachers in Byram Hills too!) with 10,217,925 doses delivered in New York as of March 25, 2021. In the past 15 months, 106,000 peer-reviewed scholarly articles have also emerged— that is quite an increase from the 15,000 scholarly articles from last year. Everyone is doing their part. To our graduating seniors, you have been the model for the work to come in the Science Research program and in your own lives beyond Byram Hills. You have been mentors to us all, showing us that perseverance, great discoveries and improvements can propel us forward. You inspire us and give us confidence. Congratulations to all! Sincerely, Jen Lamia, Ed.D. Superintendent of Schools 14

- Message from the Board of Education - Dear Supporters and Members of the Byram Hills School District, This year, as we again face the challenge of COVID-19 and hold our Symposium virtually, we are reminded how critical science research is to our societal well-being. Research conducted around the clock and across the world has yielded vaccines with promising results. We are humbled by the fact that here at Byram Hills, students in the Authentic Science Research program contribute to scientific investigation and discovery at such a young age. They represent the future. Students have the opportunity to follow their passion and study a topic of their choosing, which is not typically part of a traditional high school curriculum. Throughout the Science Research journey, program participants learn how to develop ideas, investigate, analyze, synthesize, and present highly complex material. They gain experience working independently and collaborating with classmates and mentors outside of Byram Hills. Ultimately, they contribute to scientific literature by completing an authentic piece of research, an accomplishment typically reserved for students in graduate school. Byram Hills is continually recognized as one of the preeminent science research high schools in the world. We want to extend our continued gratitude to our esteemed Science Research faculty, our administrators, and the community more broadly for their unwavering support for this outstanding program. Whether students continue to focus on science research in the future or decide on another path, we trust this experience has taught them the importance of finding their passion and purpose. We have no doubt that their curiosity and drive will serve them well as they become leaders of the next generation. On behalf of the Board of Education, congratulations to you all! Regards, Ira M. Schulman President, Board of Education 15

- Message from the Principal - Dear Friends of the Authentic Science Research Program, On behalf of the high school administration and the Authentic Science Research faculty, I am honored to welcome you to the 2021 Science Research Symposium. The world was a much different place when our current seniors entered the program in the Fall of 2018. It was the start of their sophomore year and pandemics were the topics of Hollywood movies, not something that would fundamentally change nearly everything about their day to day lives. This time last year, they were unsure if they would be able to conduct their research in a world that was totally locked down. Each of them had to find a mentor, develop their study, propose a plan for conducting it, and do it all from their homes. Through hard work, determination, and sheer grit, they not only completed their research, but also found entirely new and ingenious ways to do it. They planned, they scrapped plans, they locked down, they renovated spaces in their homes, they hit the reset button, they failed, and they did it again until they got it right. They found new ways to innovate and conduct their research. They found ways to collaborate and connect with others through their research at a time when human connections were becoming increasingly difficult. Every year I like to highlight how all of these seniors have added to the collective knowledge of humanity through their research. They can live the rest of their lives knowing that they have contributed in some way to helping us become more enlightened. Their accomplishments in a normal year would be amazing; this year, they are simply incredible. I also like to highlight our tremendous faculty members who have guided and supported them through their scientific journey. Mrs. Stephanie Greenwald, Dr. Caroline Matthew, Ms. Megan Salomone, Mr. James Gulick, and Mrs. Rhonda Santini have been with them every step of the way; from the “deer in the headlights” early days of their sophomore year to the senior give back and the Symposium. They have cultivated a community of learners who care deeply about each other’s success. They truly are a family. When others ask, “What is the secret to our program’s success?” I point to the dedication, hard work, and caring of the faculty members who lead it. Another consistent thread that runs throughout the history of the program has been support from parents, mentors, teachers, alumni, and friends. I want to thank each and every one of them who have supported our seniors in-the-program. Sincerely, Chris Walsh 16

- Message from the Director - Every spring, the junior class meets to have what we call our “Rising Seniors” meeting. Here, we discuss all that is anticipated for the upcoming summer and start of senior year. From sharing expectations of working in a lab, to providing hints for completing the rigorous Regeneron application, to giving time-tested advice to avoid procrastination, while still enjoying summer fun, this meeting has traditionally been filled with both excitement and a little trepidation. However, I vividly remember last year’s “Rising Seniors” meeting with the class of 2021. We were not crowded in our little room, squeezing too many people on a sofa built for three or cracking clever jokes while sharing ASR mints. Instead, I was sitting before my home computer staring at the faces of these young people, looking back at me, hoping I would tell them everything was going to be okay. With the sudden onset of COVID-19, their carefully crafted plans were no longer. Rather than traveling across the globe to labs far and near, rather than organizing study groups to meet at the North Castle Library to supportively complete their home projects...it had all suddenly changed. New protocols had to be created, hypotheses had to be revised, and most importantly, a new sense of purpose had to be set. And all of those faces looked at me for the answers. I definitely shed a few tears at that meeting. For the first time in a long time, I just didn’t know what to do. I wasn’t sure my words of inspiration would be enough, I wasn’t sure our mentors would be able to devise new protocols and I wasn’t certain our rising seniors would persevere. So I did what I usually do when I need my own inspiration. I looked back at the faces of the class of 2021 to see what they could give to me. I searched for Lauren and Chloe to find empathy, as I had witnessed their concern for those living with cancer reflected in their work. I moved across the screen and glanced upon Griffen, Lorraine, Skyler and Haley, whose love of animals made me realize what a beautiful world we live in and that we must continue to help all our magnificent creatures survive. My sense of awe about our majestic universe was reinforced by our astronomers, Kristen, Joe, Melissa and Will. And I searched the screen further for hope. I thought of how essential it is for scientists to create metrics that are clear, precise and genuine; and the work of Alex, Marleigh, Drew and Alexa helped me realize we could not give up. I marveled at the innovative work these young scientists were on the cusp of conducting, as they embraced new technologies or embarked on a world where artificial intelligence could create the unimaginable, and I saw the faces of Tessa, Elaina, Jake and Ali staring back at me. I knew I had to relinquish any sense of doubt. I thought of the words I would say to them, and I was reminded of the power of language that inspired the studies of Chloe, Gabby and Lizzie. I was witnessing the growth of these emerging adults and saw how a deep appreciation for human development motivated these rising seniors, from the infant research of Sophie to the studies of adolescence by Alexa, Raquel and Dylan, and finally, the investigation of the aged by Lily. We had to persist; we had to forge onward. If doors were suddenly shut and labs would not permit these students to enter, they would just have to alter course, and I knew they could. If Anika, Mia and Olivia were not allowed to work in a lab, they would simply search through existing data and make ground-breaking findings nonetheless. Nothing would stop them from having their impact on the scientific world. If need be, these young people would do whatever necessary, whatever had to be done, whether it be Jared growing meat in his garage, Bailey 17

- Message from the Director Continued - testing plants in his bathroom and closet or even Luke, who would have to teach himself a whole new coding language as well as learn about a new disease. I knew our students were extraordinary, and I had a robust body of evidence to prove it...I mean demonstrate it (inside joke). So I looked back at the faces of the “Rising Seniors” of 2021 and the words just flowed. We talked about assignment due dates, revised timelines and all the minutiae that goes into preparing for the start of the next stage of the journey. We did what we always do to move forward: We planned and planned and planned. Although we were forging into the unknown, these students had already faced so many uncharted challenges over the last few years that what they encountered last spring was simply another list of obstacles to overcome. So seniors...you did it! You faced a world that gave you some of the most insurmountable hurdles I have ever seen. And once more, with your bright, determined faces and your unwillingness to hear the word ‘no,’ you accomplished the unimaginable and you succeeded. And thus, on behalf of your fellow classmates, your school community, Mr. Gulick, Mrs. Salomone, Mrs. Santini, Dr. Matthew and myself...congratulations. We are very, very proud of all of you. Much love, Stephanie Greenwald 18

Seniors 19

- A Message to the Seniors - Nearly 13 years ago, you stepped into unchartered territory in kindergarten, many of you here at Coman Hill. You were met with new faces, surroundings, rules, and responsibilities. You forged the beginning relationships with each other and those with the passion to educate you. These elements of life changed over time, as everyone has their own reality, including challenges, successes, personalities, goals, and interests. You may be sitting next to your BFF from third grade–take a moment to smile at the silly memories. You may run into a teacher who inspired you to try again in eighth grade–take a moment to say thank you. Look back at what was special in your generation of graduates: an eye-opening political and social landscape, growing up with social media, and the surreal pivoting facing you during the pandemic. You’ve grown so very much. You are about to enter the college years, physically apart from family and friends, but with the opportunity to start so many new lifelong relationships and experiences. What is extra exciting and special about the group of you sitting here today is the challenge you accepted by entering the Authentic Science Research Program (ASR). “Do your best at every task, no matter how unimportant it seems at the time.” This quote, said by the late Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O’Connor, reflects the foundation of this unique experience. The skills you learned from writing formal emails, having eye contact when presenting, and preparing a meticulous application will take you far. Moreover, you each faced the unknown: What will I study? How will I find a mentor? What on Earth will I do during this totally unexpected pandemic? You took chances, you were brave, you learned new skills, and you did it! You’ve also had the support of a team of teachers, other school professionals, and your mentors. The collective unparalleled support you received through this process was a gift. Pass it forward and mentor young people as you grow. The late nights, shared excitement for good times, and supportive conversations during the challenging ones–especially the pandemic–have been truly remarkable. On behalf of our Byram Hills community of families, we express our deepest respect and gratitude to the ASR team. After perusing the graduates from ASR over the span of nearly 30 years at the virtual Symposium last spring, is it clear that today’s leaders in a multitude of professions started in the very seats you sit in today. There is no possible way to describe how the ASR experience will carry you through the years in your educational, personal, familial, and professional life. That being said, happiness and success in life will be defined inside of you. Be true to yourself, trust your inside voice, support those around you, and continue to be grateful for health, opportunities and the love your community has for each and every one of you. No words can express the pride every parent and teacher feels towards you today. Dr. Jennifer Canter and Mr. Wade Canter 20

Investigating risks for developing depression in parents of children with cancer Lauren Amico Pediatric cancer is a serious disease that requires long periods of treatment and continuous care. Symptoms of the disease and intense side effects of its treatment can hinder quality of life for cancer-stricken children. This strain carries over onto these children’s main caregivers, often their parents. Yet, little is known about the risk factors that contribute to poor mental health in this population. This study is the first of its kind to develop a comprehensive appraisal of factors that put parents of children with cancer at risk for depression. An exploratory secondary data analysis was conducted, drawing on data derived from the Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation’s My Childhood Cancer (MCC) Survey Series, which explored the emotional consequences of a childhood cancer diagnosis and treatment on the family unit. Chi-squared tests were used to assess differences between 12 factors, including financial status of family, type of cancer, and the outcome of parent-reported depressive symptoms. Four risk factors were associated with parents of children with cancer reporting feeling more depressed: being non-white (P = 0.002), unmarried or partnered (P < 0.0001), having an additional child in the household (aRR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.01-1.76), and having a relatively low income level (P = 0.0001). This study could help to inform strategies to identify and support members of high-risk groups. A deeper knowledge of these risk factors can help to educate cancer care providers, social workers, and others who deal with caregivers to better guide them through this difficult process. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Behavioral & Social Sciences BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Devon Check Duke University Durham, NC Will be attending: University of Southern California 21

Elucidating mechanisms and impacts of age-related alteration in blood-CNS barriers: A transcriptome study of the aging blood-brain barrier and the dry age-related macular degeneration retina Luke Briody Causal relationships have been established between blood-brain barrier (BBB) and inner blood-retina barrier (iBRB) dysfunction and many age-related CNS disorders. However, the mechanisms governing age-related barrier dysfunction and its impacts on neural tissues remain unexplored. This study used machine learning and biostatistical approaches to characterize brain endothelial transcriptomes of African green monkeys across their lifespans and retinal transcriptomes of mice subject to a novel model of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—an age-related form of blindness—induced by dysregulated iBRB permeability. Pathway and gene co-expression network analyses of brain endothelial transcriptomes provided the first molecular indication of premature brain endothelial aging and established plausible mechanisms for age-related BBB dysfunction as well as chronic, endothelial dysfunction-driven, pan-neurological disease risk beginning in adulthood. Investigations of retinal transcriptomes detailed temporal changes in dry AMD gene expression signatures for the first time. Disease progression culminated in downregulation of GABAergic neurotransmission, the first evidence of a transcriptional link between barrier dysfunction and hypoinhibition. Deconvolution analyses identified correlations between disease and the estimated proportions of retinal cell types, providing the first indication that horizontal cells may degenerate in dry AMD. Overall, these findings help to unravel the endothelial contribution to age-related CNS disease. Based on findings from both the endothelial and retinal RNA-seq experiments, putative therapeutic mechanisms are proposed and explored in depth. By clarifying age- related changes in brain endothelial cell function and resultant changes in neural tissues, this study provides a path towards prevention and treatment for an array of neurological and ophthalmological diseases. Honors and Awards: 2021: International Science and Engineering Fair Poster Presenter Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Grand Finalist Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd Place in Neuroscience Westchester Science and Engineering Fair George D. Yancopoulos Young Scientist Award in Neuroscience Tri County Science and Technology Fair 1st Place in Biology New York State Science Congress Participant Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium 2nd Place in Biomedical Science Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 2nd Place in Neurology/Genetics Abe Shahim Award for Science Research BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: Chair of the BHHS ASR Symposium Press & Publicity Committee BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentors: Dr. Matthew Campbell and Dr. Conor Delaney Trinity College Dublin Neurovascular Genetics Laboratory Dublin, Ireland Will be attending: Brown University 22

Identical but not the same: Utilizing the aging and lifestyle epigenome to discriminate monozygotic twins in forensic scenarios Marleigh Canter Current forensic DNA analysis consists of comparing trace and reference samples—typically derived from established databases—in hopes of identifying matches that are conclusive enough to be used in court. However, this methodology is unable to distinguish between monozygotic (MZ)— identical—twins because of their identical genomes, thereby creating complications when finding admissible evidence. The epigenome—the chemical compounds that modify gene expression without altering the expression of the physical genomic sequence—offers a potential solution to this problem. The main epigenetic mechanism, DNA methylation, occurs from environmental, sequential, and stochastic events in which methyl (CH3) groups are attached to cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotide sequences. These DNA methylation patterns in an epigenome can reveal an individual’s personal exposures, resulting in quantifying and locating methyl groups to create unique forensic epigenetic profiles. Thus, this research utilizes the variant epigenome to explore differentiation between MZ twins by performing prediction-based profiling with regards to chronological aging and smoking status. Using the R programming language and RStudio, genome-wide methylation profiles spanning 485,512 CpG sites of each individual were analyzed to correlate MZ twins and chosen subsets. Determining the origin of epigenetic modifications in relation to specific environmental exposures will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the epigenome as a whole and foster the ability to distinguish MZ twins. By and large, the exploration of epigenetics could remodel current forensic applications and improve the world of criminal and civil justice through investigating new means of DNA analysis. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd Place in Cellular and Molecular Biology BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Athina Vidaki Erasmus University Department of Genetic Identification Rotterdam, Netherlands Will be attending: Vanderbilt University 23

Birds of a feather age together: Telomere dynamics and social behavior predict lifespan in female Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) Olivia Canter Longevity is a major focus in biomedical exploration and evolutionary ecology, but little is known about the underlying processes that cause variation in lifespan. Telomere shortening may be one such mechanism; the erosion of this “biological clock” at chromosomal ends can affect organismal aging. Other factors, such as social interaction, may also influence longevity. Here, 36 female Japanese quail from six family groups were studied to explore how cellular aging mechanisms and social factors influence lifespan. Telomeres were analyzed with the Telomere Restriction Fragment assay, and behavioral data, collected through pecking interactions, was evaluated to determine dominance, aggression, and coalition status. Telomere loss in the first and last year of life significantly predicted lifespan, signaling the key roles that early and late life play in survival. Telomere length at 11 and 23 months of age was significantly related to longevity, proposing a biomarker of lifespan. Within the six families, family had a significant effect on telomere length at one month, indicating a heritable component for initial telomere length. Furthermore, dominance significantly predicted increased lifespan, while aggression significantly predicted decreased lifespan, suggesting that being dominant with a light touch maximizes survival. Coalition status was significantly related to telomere loss, perhaps explaining why coalition members exhibited increased lifespan. Finally, family was significantly related to submissive behavior, proposing a heritable component of vulnerability. Ultimately, this groundbreaking longitudinal study provides a window into cellular and social factors that can be targeted to prevent or delay the aging phenotype, and in turn, maximize survival. Honors and Awards: 2021: Regeneron Science Talent Search Top Scholar National Junior Science and Humanities Symposium Poster Presenter Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium 1st Place in Biological Sciences Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium 3rd Place Overall Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 1st Place in Behavioral and Social Sciences Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 1st Place in Biological Sciences Dr. Robert Pavlica Award for Science Research BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: Chair of the BHHS ASR Symposium History & Invitations Committee BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Mark Haussmann Bucknell University Department of Biology Lewisburg, PA Will be attending: Duke University 24

Calculating atmospheric disequilibrium of exoplanets as a possible biosignature Joseph Cipriano Many exoplanets have been discovered in the past decade; however, the next steps needed to evaluate the plausibility of life on these planets are still ambiguous. This study analyzed atmospheric disequilibrium of various exoplanets by examining the actual composition of elements/compounds that make up the atmosphere of a given model planet. This disequilibrium was calculated using MATLAB code. The MATLAB code has been used in the past by Joe’s mentor, Dr. Krissansen-Totton, to calculate the atmospheric disequilibrium present in the atmospheres of the planets in our solar system. Joe altered this code to fit the needs of his study. Understanding atmospheric equilibrium provides knowledge of gases known to exist when normal organic reactions occur, allowing scientists to determine the potential of life existing on a planet through analysis of this disequilibrium. These results challenge the notion that large atmospheric disequilibrium is always a sign of life because findings indicate a large atmospheric disequilibrium may not be directly related to the presence of life on a given planet. This work will further our knowledge of exoplanets, and more importantly, how disequilibrium can be used as a new means of categorizing planets in the future. This study could serve as a landmark study in the path of analyzing planetary atmospheric disequilibrium as a biosignature. Honors and Awards: 2021: BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Joshua Krissansen-Totton University of California, Santa Cruz Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics Santa Cruz, CA Will be attending: Purdue University College of Engineering 25

Exploring parental expectations for children’s educational degree attainment and its relationship with a child’s actual educational degree, parental involvement in the college search process, and a child’s overall well-being Alexa Cohen As adolescents transition from high school to college, they gain a level of independence. Therefore, the college search process is an important stepping stone in transition to adulthood. In observing this process, it is important to analyze parental involvement and parental expectations. This is because a potential relationship between the two variables could explain the current increase of parental involvement and the stress associated with the college search process. The recent Varsity Blues college scandal has shed light on the increase in parental involvement; however, a gap in the literature remains. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine if parental expectations are predictive of a child’s educational attainment, parental involvement in the college search process, and a child’s overall well-being. Additionally, this study explored the impact of confounding variables on these relationships. Using an archived data set from the University of Minnesota’s Twin and Family Research Center, it was determined that parental expectations are predictive of a child’s educational degree and parental involvement in the college search process. Additionally, the mean well-being score was greater when a child exceeded parent expectations but somewhat less when a child fell short or met parent expectations. Results from this study are extremely valuable as college admission competition continues to intensify. Understanding the relationships explored in this study may prove useful in mitigating stress amongst students and helping parents find the appropriate balance of involvement in one of their child’s most important stepping stones to adulthood. Honors and Awards: 2021: Author of article published by International Youth Research Conference Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Behavioral and Social Sciences BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Matthew McGue University of Minnesota Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN Will be attending: University of Michigan 26

Manual identification of feline injection site sarcoma features in optical coherence tomography images for the eventual training of a novel image identification algorithm to detect the presence of neoplasia Alexander Dec Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel imaging technique that allows for rapid acquisition of high-resolution scans of biological tissues. This technique has historically been used in ophthalmology because of the translucent nature of optical tissue. However, the implementation of OCT for surgical margin assessment in both human and veterinary patients is the natural step forward. This transition between specialties is incredibly important as we currently lack imaging methods that have both maneuverability and allow for real time acquisition. In order to start this process, we first must be able to quantitatively determine the presence of neoplasia within OCT images. In his study, Alexander utilized OCT images of the surgical margins of feline injection site sarcoma (FISS) in order to test the viability of OCT in quantitatively distinguishing tissue types. The objective of the study was to determine if he could confidently differentiate muscle, adipose, and sarcoma tissues through the manual measurement of tissue depth (TD) and histogram data. In the end, Alexander found that although sarcoma was not distinguishable from both adipose and muscle, there were clear distinctions in minimum and maximum TD as well as histogram data, which demonstrate OCT’s ability to differentiate tissues. This suggests that future research in this field is warranted and should be focused on determining if OCT can be used as an automated imaging method to assess surgical margins. All in all, he hopes to have provided a preliminary structure for further studies to improve the capabilities of such a promising imaging technique. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Cellular & Molecular Biology BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Laura Selmic Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine Columbus, OH Will be attending: University of Colorado at Boulder 27

Elucidating the link between Alzheimer’s disease and type II diabetes: Kir6.2-/- APP/PS1 exhibit behavioral deficits without an increase in amyloid-beta plaque load Lily Deitelzweig Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that affects 32% of adults ages 85 and older. In AD, the peptide amyloid-beta (Aβ) forms toxic plaques that impair neuronal function. Patients with type II diabetes (T2D) are two to four times more likely to develop AD. Furthermore, patients with T2D have elevated blood glucose levels, and thus, a link could be through an aberrant glucose metabolism. The ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are one mechanism in which increased glucose exacerbates the accumulation of Aβ. Lily's study attempted to determine whether or not different KATP channel activity altered Aβ plaque burden, along with various behavioral effects. She determined that amyloid plaque burden was not affected by the loss of KATP channel activity in either the knockout (KO) or heterozygous Kir6.2 mice; however, Lily found behavioral changes did exist. Results showed that the Kir6.2-/-APP/PS1 against WT x WT had significant memory deficits (p = 0.0001) as well as heightened anxiety (p = 0.0069), both AD phenotypes. These behavioral changes add to the new, growing hypothesis that plaque burden is not sufficient to drive cognitive deterioration of AD patients. By exploring this connection, we can better understand AD pathology and expand means of treatment and preventative measures. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Neuroscience Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 3rd Place in Neurology/Genetics Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium Poster Presenter BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: Alzheimer's Association International Conference Poster Presenter BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Shannon L. Macauley-Rambach Wake Forest School of Medicine The Macauley Lab, Winston-Salem, NC Will be attending: The University of Texas at Austin 28

Exploring the relationship between human presence and in-kennel stress behaviors in shelter dogs Lorraine DiSano Approximately 3.3 million dogs enter U.S. animal shelters every year, with 1.7 million dogs remaining unadopted. Stressors are plentiful in animal shelters and can majorly impact shelter dogs, especially with regards to their ability to become adopted. Living in an animal shelter represents a stark and dramatic environmental change with loud noises, new smells, and overcrowding; yet, few studies evaluate in-kennel stress behaviors. Additionally, little is known about the simple proximity of a person and its influence on dog behavior. Thus, Lorraine’s study specifically aimed to examine the relationship between the mere presence of humans and the occurrence of in-kennel stress behaviors in shelter dogs. Over the span of a four-day period at the NYC Animal Care Centers, video recordings of 34 shelter dogs’ in-kennel behavior were reviewed and behaviors were recorded. Contextual behaviors (kennel position, activity, and head direction) were evaluated. Furthermore, twelve canine stress behaviors, as identified from previous literature, were tabulated to provide a cumulative stress score. Overall, data showed a large variation, which may be related to the dog's past. Therefore, future research should not only continue learning about the effects humans have on shelter dogs, but also take into account each dog’s individual history. All things considered, it is important to mediate the stress shelter dogs’ experiences in order to increase their chances of adoption. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Animal Science BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere Hunter College Thinking Dog Center New York, NY Will be attending: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 29

Epigenetic editing of Cdk5 leads to sexually dimorphic stress responses Mia Dittrich Women are more prone to disorders such as PTSD and depression. Yet, most preclinical psychopathological research solely uses male subjects, causing a paucity of sex-specific studies. Thus, Mia investigated sex-specific responses to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and fear conditioning (FC). Additionally, she examined the role of epigenetic regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), implicated in stress, fear, and depression. Section one of this study used data pre-collected from mice exposed to CUMS or targeted epigenetic repression of Cdk5 in the nucleus accumbens. Mia scored four tests that modeled behaviors linked to stress disorders and measured Cdk5 protein levels. Results showed Cdk5 repression decreased compulsive and depressive-like behaviors in female, but not male, mice (compulsive: p = 0.0177; depressive: p = 0.0027). Anesthesia/surgery increased anxiety and depressive-like behavior in male mice only (anxiety: p < 0.0001; depressive: p = 0.0035). These results suggest that targeted Cdk5 repression has potential for female-specific therapeutics. Section two of this study used data pre-collected from mice exposed to FC, either with or without targeted epigenetic activation of Cdk5 in the hippocampus. Results showed, during long-term fear retrieval, females alone exhibited darting behavior—rapid locomotion in response to fear (p = 0.0446). Overall, this study elucidated sex-specific stress responses linked to epigenetic regulation and suggested Cdk5 repression for potential female-specific therapeutics. Beyond the intricacies of Cdk5, this study shows disregarding sex in neuropsychiatric research is detrimental to understanding stress disorders. Thus, researchers must prioritize sex differences, laying the foundation for more effective and equitable treatments. Honors and Awards: 2021: Regeneron Science Talent Search Top Scholar Pending publication in an academic journal International Science and Engineering Fair Poster Presenter Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Grand Finalist Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 1st Place in Neuroscience Westchester Science and Engineering Fair George D. Yancopoulos Young Scientist Award National Junior Science and Humanities Symposium Poster Presenter Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium 5th Place Overall Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium 1st Place in Biomedical Sciences Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 2nd Place in Neurology/Genetics BHHS ASR Excellence in Science Research Award BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: Editor-in-Chief of the BHHS ASR Symposium Program BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Outstanding Sophomore Award BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentors: Dr. Elizabeth Heller and Dr. Ajinkya Sase University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Heller Laboratory of Neuroepigenetics Philadelphia, PA Will be attending: Stanford University 30

A realistic model of the Faraday rotation of different light rays from Sgr A* to better understand the gas surrounding black holes Kristin Eickelbeck Understanding how black holes grow can provide information about how galaxies form and evolve. Studying the properties of the gas surrounding black holes and measuring mass accretion rates can provide information about black hole accretion, which is one source of growth. Faraday rotation is an observational effect that can be used to measure the mass accretion rate. Light from a black hole is Faraday rotated as it travels through the accretion disk, which acts as the Faraday screen. The rotation measure (RM) can be calculated to evaluate this Faraday rotation and learn about the properties of the gas surrounding black holes. In past studies, the screen is typically assumed to be uniform and far away from the source, resulting in no internal Faraday rotation. This study aimed to understand what happens when there are fluctuations in the screen and internal Faraday rotation, which are likely conditions around a black hole. The effects of Faraday rotation were modeled by a simplified, controlled experiment type model, which was run through different trials that changed the strength of Faraday rotation, added fluctuations to the screen, and added internal Faraday rotation to the original problem. Faraday rotation around Sgr A* was observed using GRMHD simulation data, which showed promising results for future research. Kristin identified situations where RMs might be biased and suggested ways to detect internal Faraday rotation. These findings help to improve the understanding of Faraday rotation and accretion around a black hole to ultimately understand black hole growth. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 1st Place in Physical Sciences Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium PowerPoint Presenter BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Jason Dexter University of Colorado, Boulder Boulder, CO Will be attending: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University 31

I can’t even imagine: An exploration of teens’ reactions to a friend’s parent affected by amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Dylan Ertel Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is a fatal disease that causes progressive neurodegeneration, eventually leading to cell death and immobilization. As the disease progresses, the ability to speak, move, eat, and breathe is compromised or lost completely, as is voluntary muscle movement, causing individuals to be confined to a wheelchair, eat through a feeding tube, and/or speak through a computer. This study used a novel scale, Reaction to ALS Scale-Teen, written specifically for this study, which uses fictional vignettes to assess teens' reactions to this deadly disease. In addition, this study used the Duke Religion Scale to test participant religiosity, as well as Rotter's Locus of Control Scale in order to see how these factors influence teen reactions to those with ALS. The objective of this study was to find out how teens view ALS in different scenarios, which represented the different stages of this disease. This study identified age and the number of siblings to make a difference in how teens reacted to a friend's parent with ALS. These findings could allow future studies to have a baseline knowledge of what may impact teens when someone they are close with has any debilitating disease. It was unexpected that the amount of siblings would have an impact on the teens’ reactions, and thus should be further explored. In the end, Dylan’s findings could help find ways to make ALS patients feel less alienated. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd place in Behavioral and Social Sciences BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Marcos Montagnini University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI Will be attending: University of Miami 32

Blood and urine concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and effect on inflammatory mediators of flunixin meglumine following transdermal administration to horses Skyler Goldin Flunixin meglumine, brand name Banamine®, provides pain relief to horses experiencing a variety of different prevalent, painful conditions. This substance is a commonly used nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), intravenously administered to horses to reduce pain, inflammation, and fevers. Flunixin is also administered transdermally to cattle; however, this route of administration for this drug has not yet been approved in horses. The benefits of transdermal administration include working quicker, being easier to use, and being less invasive. Consequently, there has been a rise in the use of this product in horses, even though this is not the intended use of the transdermal product. Since transdermal flunixin has not been approved in horses, its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics have not been previously described. Thus, it is necessary to establish these parameters in order to regulate its use. In this study, pharmacodynamics were addressed by analyzing inhibition of eicosanoid, an inflammatory biomarker, as well as the production by flunixin meglumine when transdermally administered to six horses. Overall, the selected eicosanoids were reduced post-administration. These data suggest that flunixin does in fact provide anti-inflammatory effects to horses when transdermally administered. Nonetheless, more quantitative data are needed in order to definitively determine how long these anti-inflammatory effects last for. Hopefully, with further research, the common extra-label use of transdermal Banamine® in horses for analgesia can be regulated. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd Place in Animal Sciences Pending publication as co-author of paper published in the Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics (JVPT) BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: Somers Science Fair Poster Presenter BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Heather Knych University of California, Davis K.L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Davis, CA Will be attending: Lehigh University 33

Investigating differences in the relaxation of non-photochemical quenching and its implications for crop photosynthetic efficiency Bailey Goldstein A greater food supply is desperately needed to support the continuously growing population. Thus, improving the photosynthetic efficiency of our food crops to produce greater yields can increase food production sustainably. One major limiting factor to overall photosynthetic yield lies within a mechanism known as non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), an essential form of photoprotection against high light stress, but characterized by slow disengagement upon transition from high to low light, decreasing overall photosynthetic efficiency. Thus, a study was performed to assess NPQ kinetics in leaves of both a northern red oak tree (a species adapted to its natural environment) and soybeans (a harvested crop) to determine whether or not both have adapted an efficient mechanism that fits their corresponding environments. NPQ was measured utilizing a PhotosynQ device. Changes in NPQ for oak sun and shade leaves were statistically significant, and it was observed that shaded leaves experienced a greater change in NPQ than sun leaves. Compared to both oak cohorts, soybeans demonstrated significantly different changes in NPQ that were generally lower, indicating soybean plants cannot respond to fluctuating light in the same manner as both sun and shade leaves of a naturally growing oak. These data suggest that NPQ is a viable means of improving photosynthetic efficiency, as efforts to improve NPQ mechanics in inefficient crop species can emulate those already found in nature. In the end, these results advance the understanding of NPQ within a natural and crop environment, as well as progress the creation of a sustainable and robust food supply. Honors and Awards: 2021: Regeneron Science Talent Search Top Scholar Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 5th Place in Biological Sciences Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd Place in Plant Sciences BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Outstanding Junior Award Chair of the BHHS ASR Symposium Tech Committee BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentors: Dr. Stephen Long and Dr. Justin McGrath University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Long Lab Urbana, IL Will be attending: Georgia Institute of Technology 34

Using artificial neural networks to accurately simulate carbon nanotube array field-effect transistors Ali Hafez Every computer in the world requires billions of transistors to function. For each of these transistors, there has been exponential growth in processing power in the past few decades, alongside the improvements in transistor technology and decreases in transistor size. However, due to the physical limits of silicon, the improvements have recently slowed. Nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as alternatives to silicon that provide advances in speed and efficiency but fall short in manufacturing ease compared to silicon. Nanomaterials are difficult to produce and manipulate, so transistors made of nanomaterials are tested extensively with simulation before manufacturing; however, accurate nanoscale transistor simulation is computationally inefficient. Thus, as a novel approach to simulating CNT array field-effect transistors (FETs), neural networks were used in this study as an alternative to conventional simulation to mitigate these issues. To create a neural network that can accurately predict the properties of new transistors, thousands of existing transistor data were obtained by simulations performed by a device simulator and subsequently passed into the network for training. After training, the neural network-based simulation provided a speed increase of over 650,000x compared to the device simulator, with an average relative error under five percent. These results may enable future research in transistor engineering by cutting the time researchers need to test transistor designs before creation. Computational speed and efficiency improvements made by the neural network model may also enable larger-scale simulations to be done faster than previously while still retaining the physical realism of a device simulator. Honors and Awards: 2021: Regeneron Science Talent Search Top Scholar Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 2nd Place in Engineering & Technology Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Engineering Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Ricoh Sustainable Development Award in Engineering Upstate Junior Science and Humanities Symposium PowerPoint Presenter BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Jeffrey Bokor University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Will be attending: Yale University 35

The development of dolphin creativity: An investigation of the dolphin’s long term ability to apply strategies when utilizing creativity to complete cognitive tasks Haley Harris Creativity involves the use of cognitive processes and the formation of new ideas. It is defined by novelty as well as how the task at hand is approached. Creativity is observed in a wide range of animals from non-mammals, such as birds, to land and sea mammals, such as chimpanzees and dolphins. Specifically, dolphins express creativity in a variety of ways. Creativity is utilized when dolphins employ new strategies for daily tasks, such as foraging and play. A dearth of information exists on how dolphin strategies develop over time. This literature gap was addressed by retesting two male bottlenose dolphins who had previously learned a “create” game in which dolphins varied their behavior when given a specific hand signal. By conducting this study over two years, a greater understanding was gained about the strategies used and if the amount of time spent practicing the game impacted the complexity of their approach and success. Behavioral patterns were examined by analyzing 1.7 hours of videos of the test trials and comparing each dolphin’s data against themself as well as one another. While subjects were able to recall their past actions successfully, there were some differences in the individual’s approaches to the task, resulting in various levels of success. By conducting this study with dolphins in captivity, understanding of how dolphins use and advance strategies was furthered. That information can be applied to better protect populations in the wild and care for them in captivity. Honors and Awards: 2021: BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Holli Eskelinen University of Miami Dolphins Plus Miami-Dade County, FL Will be attending: Tulane University 36

Modulus of elasticity of the ideal decellularized plant material scaffold for the production of cultured meat Jared Ilan Livestock contributes approximately 14.5% of greenhouse gas emissions, furthering our current climate crisis. Additionally, resources to accommodate the rising demand for meat in the growing global population are insufficient. The production of cultured meat is a means to mitigate this problem. Cultured meat requires cells to be grown on a scaffold; however, current scaffolds lack both scalability and sufficient vasculature to transport nutrients for growth. A scaffold composed of decellularized plant materials, however, would be widely available and extremely cost-effective, allowing for massive scaling potential. The goal of this study was twofold: first, to establish the ideal mechanical properties for a cultured meat scaffold; second, to identify a decellularized plant material that fits these ideal properties. This study analyzed the modulus of elasticity of multiple plants and compared it to that of the native scaffold, decellularized skeletal muscle (DSM). Each decellularized plant demonstrated a significant difference in modulus of elasticity from the native scaffold, however, the modulus of elasticity of celery was closer to the ideal range than the previously recorded modulus for the current standard, spinach. In terms of modulus of elasticity, decellularized celery exhibits more potential as a cultured meat scaffold than decellularized spinach. Additionally, moduli of elasticity recorded for various types of DSM were identified as benchmarks for assessing viability of future scaffolds. These benchmarks can be utilized to identify viable and efficient decellularized plant scaffolds for the large -scale production of cultured meat, eventually helping to sustainably feed the world’s growing population. Honors and Awards: 2021: Regeneron Science Talent Search National Finalist Regeneron Science Talent Search Top Scholar Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Local) 1st Place in Math, Engineering, & Technology Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd Place in Engineering Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Ricoh Sustainable Development Award in Engineering BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Glenn R. Gaudette Boston College Boston, MA Will be attending: Cornell University 37

Investigating platelet-rich plasma to improve functional mobility in patients with knee osteoarthritis Alexa Jindal Knee osteoarthritis (OA) affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide, yet there are no widely used disease-modifying treatment methods. One emerging therapeutic is platelet-rich plasma (PRP), which is derived from autologous blood and contains a variety of regenerative growth factors. Many researchers have found positive results for pain and stiffness reduction after PRP injection, as well as increased quality of life scores using patient-reported outcomes (PROs). However, until now, knee OA improvement post-PRP using functional endpoints had not been tested. Thus, the purpose of testing functional mobility was to have both an objective marker of OA improvement and to evaluate which aspects of movement were normalized after PRP. The primary difference between this and previous studies is that objective markers were used rather than subjective questionnaires and pain scales. It was hypothesized that both dynamic and static ability would improve post-PRP injection. For each parameter (gait, range of motion [ROM], and balance), at least one test showed significant improvement from baseline to six weeks post- PRP injection, except for ROM. Out of the three dynamic ability assessments, one significant improvement was found in Timed Up and Go duration. There were also seven significant differences in the balance section of the study. Based on the mostly positive results, it was concluded that future research should use functional mobility tests, in addition to, or instead of PROs. In the end, better OA evaluation will result in a better understanding of knee OA improvement possibly attributable to the use of PRP therapy, thus advancing this innovative and effective therapeutic. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Local) 1st Place in Medicine & Health Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Excellence in Medical Research Award in Medicine & Health BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentors: Dr. Prathap Jayaram and Dr. Gu Eon Kang Baylor University College of Medicine Houston, TX Will be attending: Stony Brook University 38

How do others perceive me? An exploration of the influence of self- disclosure statements on viewer perceptions of emerging adults who stutter Raquel Kanner Disclosing one’s vulnerability is challenging, and this is no different for disclosing a stutter. Stuttering is not a completely concealable condition, so conversing with strangers or familiar faces may yield anxiety and fear of stuttering. Consequently, self-disclosure, or acknowledging a vulnerability, is needed to overcome consternation and apprehension when engaging in conversations. Although some studies have targeted self-disclosure in stuttering, there is one major gap: no study has focused on late adolescence, an important turning point in one’s life. Therefore, this study’s objective was to determine the impacts of different self-disclosure statements on viewer perceptions of emerging adults who stutter. Using an adapted Multidimensional Attitudes Scale Toward Persons With Disabilities (MAS) written specifically for this study, 173 fluent-speaking viewers aged 18 to 24 rated their emotions, cognitions, and behaviors after visualizing an individual self-disclosing their stutter. Viewers envisioned an individual self-disclosing either informatively or apologetically versus no self-disclosure. Results indicate no significant difference between form of self-disclosure and viewer ratings on each of the MAS’ three domains, meaning the form of self-disclosure utilized in written vignettes did not significantly change viewer perceptions when imagining a situation. Even though written methods assessing self-disclosure might be less impactful than spoken self-disclosure when visualizing a scenario, this study was novel in employing self-disclosure in emerging adulthood. These findings invoke future research to include this understudied demographic and draw comparisons between written and spoken self-disclosure in order to measure each method’s effectiveness in changing viewer perceptions of emerging adults who stutter. Honors and Awards: 2021: Regeneron Science Talent Search Top Scholar Tri County Science and Technology Fair 1st Place in Behavior New York State Science Congress Participant Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 2nd Place in Behavioral & Social Sciences Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 5th Place in Behavioral & Social Sciences BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: Somers Science Fair 2nd Place in Behavioral & Social Sciences BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Courtney Byrd The University of Texas at Austin Arthur M. Blank Center for Stuttering Education and Research Austin, TX Will be attending: Cornell University 39

Stem cell treatment for stroke: A meta-analysis of effects on functional and pathophysiological outcomes Anika Kumar Stroke is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. and a leading cause of disability. The most common type of stroke, acute ischemic stroke (AIS), comprises 87% of all cerebrovascular accidents. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, stroke is even more prevalent as coronavirus may be more likely to cause stroke compared to other infectious diseases. Current standard of care for AIS includes use of clot busters and mechanical thrombectomies. Although these therapeutic advances have led to a 30-50% increase in survival rates, more than 50% of stroke survivors have chronic disability. To circumvent these problems, novel treatment strategies need to be developed. Recent studies have shown promise in using stem cell therapy for stroke; however, this has not yet translated successfully to the clinics. On these lines, the primary objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of effects of route of administration and type of stem cell on stroke volume, functional recovery, and pathophysiological outcomes. The analysis indicates that stem cell therapy is effective for both intravenous and intra-arterial routes of delivery, as well as amongst various types of stem cells due to modulation of inflammation. Additionally, when compared to intravenous, intra-arterial therapy administration showed significantly more reduction in stroke lesion volume (p = 0.000). No studies reported gender differences and only one study looked at vascular repair. Overall, findings from this study contribute a mathematical understanding of outcomes measured for stroke and provide the field with an important viewpoint of gaps in research. Honors and Awards: 2021: PowerPoint Presenter at the 11th Annual Traumatic Brain Injury Conference BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Roshni Thakkar University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Coral Gables, FL Will be attending: Boston University 40

Comparing incremental language processing in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing toddlers Elizabeth Manowitz Incremental language processing is essential for communication as it allows a listener to incrementally process the speaker’s words, preventing lags in social interaction. For example, verb semantics in the sentence “eat the cake” can help predict the noun. Many studies have explored incremental processing in typically developing (TD) children, and few have evaluated this ability in autistic children. However, no studies have investigated younger children (toddlers) with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the current study, eye tracking data from 10 TD toddlers and 10 autistic toddlers were analyzed to explore incremental language processing. It was hypothesized that TD toddlers would exhibit greater incremental processing than the ASD group. Further, incremental processing was expected to be correlated with receptive language. Toddlers participated in a looking-while-listening task in which they saw two images while hearing phrases containing neutral and informative verbs (e.g., “find the bike,” “ride the bike”) corresponding to the pictures. Reaction times (time from verb onset until toddler looked to target image) were compared between developmental groups and trial types (neutral vs. informative); results showed no significant differences. Additionally, the only significant correlation between reaction time and receptive language appeared in the ASD group. While generally not statistically significant, the findings trended in the direction of the hypotheses, indicating that further research may yield more conclusive results. Given the crucial role of language in communication, the language impairments seen with ASD, and the importance of early intervention, it is essential to fully understand language development, including incremental processing, in autistic toddlers. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 3rd Place in Behavioral and Social Sciences Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Regional) 5th Place in Behavior BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: Chair of the BHHS ASR Symposium Web Design Committee BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Susan Ellis Weismer University of Wisconsin Little Listeners Laboratory Madison, WI Will be attending: Cornell University 41

Comparing seasonal differences of infection prevalence and intensity of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infected green frogs and eastern newts Griffen Nenner Chytrid is a lethal fungus for many species of amphibians worldwide and has been reported to be the cause of a great decline in amphibian populations since its identification in 1998. The Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) strain specifically is hypothesized to infect more species at higher temperatures, which begs the question of whether or not seasonal temperatures have any impact on this infection. While previous work has addressed the seasonal variation of Bd infection in crayfish frogs, the variations of Bd in green frogs and eastern newts have yet to be reported. Thus, these species were chosen due to both the availability of abundant data, as well as their prevalence in the Northeast. Data from Colchester, VT were used to graph temporal variations of Bd in these species as well as the prevalence (number of amphibians infected) and amount of Bd load during three different seasons. This study found a significant difference between Bd loads for both species. Additionally, a significantly higher amount of load was found in summer (green frogs) and spring (newts). In conclusion, previous data, as well as those found here, support the hypotheses that newts are more resilient during warmer seasons. However, for green frogs, data do not support this. In the end, continued research on chytrid and its impact on green frogs and eastern newts is necessary. These keystone species are an integral part of many ecosystems, and if chytrid remains unchecked, extinction is possible. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Local) 2nd Place in Biological Sciences Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Environmental Perspiration Award in Environmental Science BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentors: Dr. Doug Woodhams, Mr. Brandon LaBumbard, and Mr. Brady Inman University of Massachusetts Boston Woodhams Lab Boston, MA Will be attending: Binghamton University 42

Enhancing the extracellular matrix bioscaffold: Investigating the role of matrix bound nanovesicle-associated interleukin-33 in the macrophage transcriptome Elaina Piecyk In the United States, around two million people are living as amputees. Amputations leave no hope for a cure because treatment is limited to prosthetics, which are often painful, costly, and not functionally ideal. An alternate solution is limb regeneration, which can be achieved through an extracellular matrix (ECM) bioscaffold that influences when stem/progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate. However, tissue growth depends on the body's immune system response to this scaffold. Therefore, this study investigated the role of matrix-bound nanovesicle (MBV) associated interleukin -33 (IL-33) in the macrophage transcriptome to determine genes regulated by IL-33, along with their associated cellular pathways. MBVs were isolated from wild-type and Il33–/– mice and used to treat macrophages derived from wild- type mice. RNA sequencing was then performed for differentially expressed genes between wildtype MBV-treated macrophages and untreated macrophages, as well as between Il33–/– MBV-treated macrophages and untreated macrophages. Treated genes were then sorted by upregulation and downregulation into genes significantly differentially expressed when treated with IL-33 MBVs but not significant when treated with IL-33 knockout MBVs and genes significantly differentially expressed when treated with both IL-33 MBVs and IL-33 knockout MBVs. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was run, and it was found that downregulated genes were associated with inflammatory pathways, thus IL-33 influenced an M2 anti-inflammatory macrophage phenotype, allowing for a positive immune system response to the ECM bioscaffold and tissue. Therefore, it was determined that MBV-associated IL-33 is able to aid in regenerative processes and ultimately entire limb regeneration. Honors and Awards: 2021: BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentors: Dr. Stephen Badylak, Dr. Arthi Shridhar, and Dr. William D’Angelo University of Pittsburgh McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine Pittsburgh, PA Will be attending: Lehigh University 43

Improving the launch velocity capabilities of a hypervelocity launch gun using numerical simulation William Quinn Recently, there has been an increased number of space missions due to the 2,787 satellites orbiting Earth. This spike in space launches has caused increases in space debris in low Earth orbit; consequently, there is a higher chance of ballistic damage of spacecraft and satellites occurring. As a result, shielding is used as protection. However, research continues to investigate the integrity of this shielding in an effort to improve it. In order to simulate ballistic impact, shielding hypervelocity launchers (HVLs) are used. HVLs are guns that shoot projectiles at speeds measured in kilometers per second. The problem is that HVLs are not capable of reaching the estimated debris velocity of roughly 20 km/s, which is necessary to accurately simulate naturally occurring ballistic impact. Thus, the goal of this study was to improve the launch velocity of HVLs utilizing Sandia shock physics code CTH. Seven different simulations were run in CTH, all with different barrel lengths and bore radii. A Von Karman profile bore shape was also used for two of these simulations. The projectile temperature and velocity over the course of the shot were then analyzed, allowing for the conclusion that the design V6, three centimeter barrel with a 2.87 millimeter bore radius was the ideal design to reduce deformation and increase velocity. This improved HVL design allows for more accurate reproduction of ballistic impact, thus better testing of shielding, permitting more protection of spacecraft and satellites. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 4th Place in Engineering BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Mr. Joshua E. Miller University of Texas El Paso El Paso, TX Will be attending: Purdue University 44

“The Hillary Clinton Effect”: Evidence that female politicians use more personal pronouns and fewer collective pronouns than their male counterparts Gabrielle Ripka The rhetoric of political candidates in social media may impact the actions of their constituents. The use of communal language, “we vs. I”, has been shown to help cultivate a shared identity. The use of these personal and collective pronouns may be expected to differ between leaders, based on their gender or their political ideologies, to reflect their personal values and their subsequent professional agendas. In order to explore the pronoun usage between females and males, as well as between Republicans and Democrats, 18 Twitter feeds (over 4,000 tweets) were collected from nine female U.S. governors and nine male U.S. governors, matched by adjacent states and political parties. Tweets addressing pandemic response were collected over a three-month period. Females were found to use fewer collective pronouns (M = 2.52/100) than their male counterparts (M = 3.16/100) and more personal pronouns (M = 1.37/100) than their male counterparts (M = 0.90/100). These findings were consistent regardless of political affiliation. The results confirm a 2013 study that found pronoun use reflects standings in social hierarchies, with high-status people using more collective pronouns. Female governors’ increased use of personal language is indicative of their political positioning, which requires them to defend themselves as individuals and limits their capacity to own collective social categories. These findings could afford women a better understanding of the fine points of political rhetoric, helping them maneuver their way through the American political sphere and attain leadership positions they have been historically excluded from. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Local) 1st Place in Behavior BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Alexander Haslam The University of Queensland Queensland, Australia Will be attending: University of Southern California 45

Analyzing light curves of white dwarf stars observed by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite in search of transits indicative of circumstellar material or eclipsing binaries Melissa Rivera White dwarfs (WDs) are stars that were once like our sun but are now at the end of their lifetime, and understanding them is essential to comprehending stellar evolution. Unfortunately, WDs are difficult to detect because of their small size and dimness, and few astronomers can identify what is located within their orbits. However, NASA’s TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) has all-sky surveys that enable astronomers to analyze light from distant solar systems. Currently, only three WDs have shown evidence of planetary remains in their orbits, and several others have shown to be in eclipsing binary systems. The light curves from each WD demonstrate changes in the amount of visible light over a period of time, indicating the presence of a stellar companion or circumstellar debris. This study presents the analysis of newly identified WDs that demonstrate light curves indicative of a stellar companion. The WDs observed here are more than 100 times fainter than what TESS is optimized for, posing an obstacle in detecting objects in their atmospheres. The photometric data were analyzed using Python packages Lightkurve and eleanor, which generated full-frame images of each WD showing light curves, target pixel files, and periodograms. By determining which WDs showed significant brightness amplitudes, systems consisting of eclipsing binaries were found, where a neighboring star causes changes in brightness from the original WD. Our knowledge of aged solar systems that may resemble ours in several billion years has deepened, providing us a better understanding of the universe. Honors and Awards: 2021: BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. J. J. Hermes Boston University Boston, MA Will be attending: Northeastern University 46

The Benjamin Button effect: Using children’s optimal language acquisition to improve language learning in adults Chloe Sampere Adults often struggle to learn a second language despite half of the world’s population being bilingual. By contrast, early language learners demonstrate greater language learning outcomes because of the increased neuroplasticity of the infant brain. It was hypothesized that language learning can be improved by shifting adults to an infant-like learning mode in two main ways: (1) by promoting the use of the implicit memory system and (2) by reducing the reliance on their native language bias. This was achieved by firstly, taxing the working memory, and secondly, by using a foreign language context while measuring participant accuracy. The foreign language context contained two dimensions, pitch and vowel quality, for participants to integrate both dimensions while responding accurately. This study analyzed the responses of 14 participants after they were tested across four different conditions using auditory stimuli and a working memory task. Analysis revealed significantly higher accuracy in the working memory intact group compared with the taxed working memory group, suggesting participants learned significantly better when their memory was intact. Results of the language context revealed participants scored significantly higher when they were using a native language context instead of the foreign language context. Although these results were not as expected, because participants responded more accurately in native context and when their working memory was intact, perhaps modifying aspects of the experiment could promote open mindedness. This knowledge can be applied to further improve second-language learning in adults. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair American Psychological Association Award in Behavioral & Social Science BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Carolyn Quam Portland State University Child Language Learning Center Portland, OR Will be attending: Washington University in St. Louis 47

The effects of scaling on muscle force production in biological machines Tessa Schwartz Bio-bots are biohybrid machines powered by bioactuators composed of tissue-engineered mammalian cells. These systems, which exceed the standard limitations of programmed machines, promise appealing potential applications in bioengineering fields, such as non-invasive drug delivery and self-healing technologies. However, bio-bots are currently limited by their small size. A lack of investigation into the effects of bio-bot size on force production makes it difficult for researchers implementing more complex geometries to choose a size that would reap the most benefits in efficiency and effectiveness for their experiments. This gap in knowledge is addressed by designing, printing, and stimulating a single bio-bot design at four different sizes to determine the impact scaling size has on muscle deflection, and therefore force production. This study demonstrates a positive correlation between bio-bot size and force production, and the trend produced from this data could serve as a reference curve for future researchers to use when they are looking to alter the size of their own designs. Honors and Awards: 2021: International Science and Engineering Fair Poster Presenter Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Grand Finalist Westchester Science and Engineering Fair 1st Place in Engineering Westchester Rockland Junior Science and Humanities Symposium (Local) 1st Place in Math, Engineering & Technology Tri County Science and Technology Fair 2nd Place in Engineering BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Rashid Bashir University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL Will be attending: Johns Hopkins University 48

Determining effective cycle thresholds for evaluating colonization versus true infection of Clostridium difficile using Xpert assay Drew Siskin Clostridioides difficile, previously referred to as Clostridium difficile, is an anaerobic, spore-producing bacterium and is the most common cause of infectious diarrhea in healthcare settings. All strains of C. difficile carry the toxin gene; however, only some actually produce toxins, making detection via PCR challenging to differentiate between asymptomatic colonization and symptomatic disease. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore a current PCR technique, Xpert C. difficile assay, to determine a more precise protocol for doctors to predict true Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in a clinical setting. Using previously collected data from 45 PCR-positive CDI patients over spring 2019, from a New York metropolitan hospital, PCR products of C. difficile toxins A and B were analyzed and compared to their respective patient’s symptoms, which were assessed for severity. Overall, these severity scores showed statistically significant differences, as demonstrated by their associated amplification of the toxin genes, for each of the three conditions (unlikely, mild/moderate, and severe infection). Interestingly, a significant relationship was also found between the level of one specific indicator, binary toxin, and severity of infection, corroborating the work of previous research that associated the NAP1/ribotype 027 strain of C. difficile specifically with a binary toxin. In all, the results point to quantifiable, statistically significant distinctions via a methodology that uses measured PCR cycle thresholds to distinguish between colonization and true infection. Ultimately, timely and accurate diagnoses of true CDI may lead to more efficient treatments as well as the potential mitigation of antibiotic resistance to Clostridioides difficile. Honors and Awards: 2021: Westchester Science and Engineering Fair Excellence in Medical Research Award in Medicine & Health Author of article published by International Youth Research Conference BHHS ASR Symposium PowerPoint Presenter 2020: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter 2019: BHHS ASR Symposium Poster Presenter Mentor: Dr. Sarah Hochman New York University New York, NY Will be attending: Emory University 49