JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018-2019) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Karnataka Belgaum Bangalore Mysore INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018) A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Karnataka International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS List of Tables: Preface Executive Summary Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents Chapter 3: Population Profile Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure Chapter 5: Community Profile Chapter 6: Jain way of Life
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Surnames of Jain respondents Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution Table 2.3: Marital Status Table 2.4: Education Table 2.5: Medium of Education Table 2.6: Occupational Status Table 2.7: Income Table 2.8 Per capita income of Jains estimated Table 3.1: Total Sample Population Table 3.2: Family Size Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio Table 3.5: Sex Ratio Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Karnataka Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth Table 4.6: Size of land holding Table 4.7: Commercial property value Table 4.8: Residential property value Table 4.9: Size of the Business Table 4.10: House ownership
Table 5.3: Marital Status Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage preference Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage Table 5.13: Divorce Table 5.14: Organization and Associational Distribution Table 5.15: Jainism and Hinduism Table 6.1: Visit to temple Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) Table 6.3: Food after sunset Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) Table 6.5: Drinking Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) Table 6.7: Dietary Habits Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth) Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) Table 6.11: Religious education Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) Table 6.17: Suggestions for religious education
PREFACE International School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly been involved in promoting academic studies of Jainism amongst the overseas students and scholars through its Summer School programmes. So far 686 participants have benefited from these programmes. ISJS also conducts research on Jain philosophy, way of life and the Jain community, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and an online journal “ISJS-Transaction”. ISJS, during in 2017 – 2018, executed a series of population-related field studies to find out the population dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some evolving trends regarding population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series the first survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one was conducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data, voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studies confirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 census in the range of 60% to 90%. “A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Karnataka State” is the 6th report (1st is Madhya Pradesh State) with the primary emphasis on the sociological profile. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage, Jain way of life and identity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth etc. The survey also explored the trend of late marriage and marrying outside the community or not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro for better economic opportunities. The above findings, it is hoped, would be useful to the Jain community leaders and academicians alike in order to initiate suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of the community. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies of Belgaum, Pune, Solapur, Kolhapur, Udaipur, Chennai, Bengaluru, Mysore and Mumbai and Ahmedabad are in progress. I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for their prompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to Shri Prafulla Parakh for coordinating the survey work in Belgaum and Dr. Tejraj Singhvi for Mysore and Bengaluru survey work. I also thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Akhilesh K Jain and Mr. Shivam Saxena for their tireless efforts in completing this study. New Delhi Dr. Shugan C Jain Date: March 30th , 2019 Chairman International School for Jain Studies
About Karnataka Karnataka is situated in the south western region of India. It is one of the most prosperous states in India. Karnataka has made tremendous progress in the fields of education, industry, agriculture, literature and tourism. Bengaluru is the capital of Karnataka. Bengaluru is known as the Silicon Valley of Asia due to its flourishing Information Technology industry. Karnataka was formed on 1st November 1956 when the States Reorganisation Act came into effect. At that time Karnataka was known as the State of Mysore. It was renamed Karnataka in the year 1973. Karnataka is known as the IT hub of India. About 400 of the Fortune Global 500 companies outsource their IT services to companies in Bengaluru. The state has 47 IT/ITeS SEZs and three software technology parks. Karnataka houses the fourth largest technology cluster in the world. Apart from IT and ITeS sector, Karnataka is also making tremendous progress in Agro & Food processing, Automotive & Aerospace, Education, Machine Tools, Mining & Minerals, Energy and Textile. Geographical Profile of Karnataka Karnataka is the seventh largest state in India in terms of area. It has 30 districts. Karnataka is bound by the Arabian Sea and the Laccadive Sea on the west, Goa on the north-west, Maharashtra on the north, Telangana on the north-east, Andhra Pradesh on the east, Tamil Nadu on the south-east and Kerala on the south-west. The major rivers flowing through Karnataka are Cauvery, Kabini, Krishna and Tungabhadra. There are three distinct geographical regions in Karnataka: The Coastal Plains, the Western Ghats and the Deccan Plateau. Karnataka covers about 750 km from North to South and about 400 km from East to West. The coastline of Karnataka stretches for about 320 km. Demographic Profile of Karnataka Karnataka ranks ninth in terms of population in India. The population density of the state is 319 per sq. km. The decadal growth rate of Karnataka’s population is 15.7%. Karnataka’s population was recorded as 61.13 million as per 2011 Census of India. Out of this, 61.43% reside in the rural areas. The sex ratio for the state is 973 which is higher than the all-India average of 940. The sex ratio for rural Karnataka is 979 while for urban Karnataka it is 963. The child sex ratio for Karnataka stands at 948. This figure is again higher than the national average of 914. The overall literacy rate for the state of Karnataka is 75.4%. The male literacy rate is 82.47%. The female literacy rate stands at 68.08%. Climate
Karnataka has a dynamic weather. The state experiences three types of climate: arid, semi- arid and humid tropical. The climate changes from place to place due to the region’s altitude, topography and the distance from the sea. Karnataka receives mean annual rainfall of around 1355 millimetres. The southwest monsoon brings maximum rainfall to the state. Karnataka Geographical Map
Some important statistics about Karnataka GDP: Rs 15.88 Lakh crores GDP Rank; 5th GDP Growth; 14.7% Per Capita income: Rs 1,78,121 Literacy rate: 75.4 % Sex- ratio: 973:1000 Child Sex-Ratio; 948:1000 The population: 6,10,95,297 in the 2011 census with 4,40,280 Jains.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The present study of Jain community in Karnataka study is the 6th Report (1st Madhya Pradesh, 2nd Rajasthan, 3rd Maharashtra, 4th Gujarat & 5th Tamil Nadu) survey of its kind in India and is expected to provide an insight into the distinctive features of Southern India’s Jain population along with its concomitant attributes. Another highlight of this survey is the study of Jain youth population, which was carried out to understand the hopes, aspirations and their views on Jainism. The present sample survey report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community of the Karnataka State in terms of population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and change in the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Major findings of the survey are based on two sets of questionnaires. The work on data collection began in October, 2018 and continued till the end of December, 2018. Data collection was done by volunteers of ISJS and some philanthropic organization devoted to social cause to improve the status of Jain community in India. Report is based on the data so collected. In all 583 respondents were interviewed and requested to fill the questionnaires (representing 14,419 Jains as family members). Beside 598 Jain youth also participated in the survey. Summary of our findings is given below: Socio-economic-respondents: o Only 11.0 % of the respondents use Jain as their surnames, while 79.5 % of them use other surnames. o 38.7 % male & 36.4 % female Jain respondents are at least graduates. Still 3.1% Jain male and 3.5 % % Jain female adults in Belgaum district are illiterate. o Majority of Jains in Karnataka (48.5 % male & 48.6 % female) go to Kannada medium schools. o Running own Business (43.3 % male & 22.4 % female) is the dominant occupation of the Karnataka State, while dominant occupation particularly in Belgaum district is Agriculture (50.2 % male and 40.0 % female). o 46.6 % male & 61.7 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000. o The average per capita income of Jain comes to Rs 4,06,632 which is approximately 2.3 times of the per capita income for the state. Population Profile: o Gender distribution of Jains is 51.7 % male & 48.3 % female resulting in 933 females per 1000 males.
o Child sex ratio (0-6) at 685 females per 1000 male o Average family Size: 5.2 (or say 5 members) o 67.1 % Jains are aware of the shortage of girls in the Jain Community. o 70.7 % Jains are in age group of 15-59, compared to 66.5 % National average. o Young dependency ratio 196 and old dependency ratio 171 compared to 187 and 311 as national average (Census,2011) respectively. Educational, Occupational characteristics: o 87.3 % male and 84.1 % female Jains are literate includes 11.7 % male and 14.8 % female, did not respond about their educational status. o 42.0 % male & 33.9 % female holding graduation and above educational qualifications, while 18.9 % male 16.3 % female educated up to Senior Secondary level. o 63.3 % male Jain youth and 74.3 % female Jain youth have graduate and above qualifications. o Own business (33.2 % male and 29.9 % female) continue to be the preference with government/private service moving up to 23.5 % male and 22.5 % female opting for it with a shift to professional jobs (36.1 % male and 39.3 % female) o 39.2 % Jains having commercial property above 20 Lakhs while a large number 49.3 % did not report the economic value of their commercial property. o 89.2 % Jains live in their own homes and 70.4 % Jains showed more openness while sharing the value of their residential property. Community Profile: o 39.3 % of the families were reported to be joint, while 50.5 % families show the emerging trend towards nuclear families. o 54.5 % males and 54.0 % female reported as being married while 24.3 % males & 24.4 % females only reported unmarried o 78.0 % Jains were aware of the growing trend of Inter caste marriage. However, 78.6 % are not in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriage. o 31.8 % responded that they prefer late marriage compared to early marriages. o 73.9 % support remarriage of widows while 6.0 % not responded. o 68.9 % Jains consider Jainism as an independent religion with its own identity. Jain Way of Life: o 54.3 % males and 59.8 % female adults visit temples/sthanakas daily. o 46.2 % male and 44.9 % female youth visit temples/sthanakas daily. o 83.2 % Jain adults and 78.4 % Jain Youth take food after Sunset. o A large majority (68.7) of Karnataka’s Jains believed that its youths are drifting away from Jain philosophy and way of life, while 24.2 % did not agree to the
preposition. o 70.8 % Jain youth admitted that Jain youth in general are drifting away from Jainism. o 86.9 % believed that religious education should be made mandatory. Other factors of significance: Jains are essentially urban dwellers with growing preference for the same due to higher economic benefits. This creates a situation demanding greater effort by the Jain community to initiate appropriate actions like providing formal and informal Jain Value education to young children for minimizing drift away from Jainism. Also, steps have to be initiated to ensure young male and female are prepared with Jain Way of life (like Smart Girl program by BJS) and encouraging active formation of Young Jain boys’ and girls’ associations (like YJA in USA) where the Jain youth meet without parents and socially interact with each other and have some religious talks/discussions periodically or through articles published by them. Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings in details and form Action groups at state and local levels to implement the findings and recommendation along with a dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021 Census. ISJS will be happy to lead such Jain community initiatives.
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTION Karnataka, a state in South India has a long association with Jainism, a religion which enjoyed patronage of major historic kingdoms in the state such as the Western Ganga, Kadamba and Chalukya dynasties and the Hoysala Empire. Jainism in Karnataka Jainism in Karnataka flourished under the Ganga, the Chalukya and Rashtrakuta dynasties. Due to the impetus given by them, Jainism prospered like never before and what we see today is the exquisite creativity that flowered under these dynasties.The Jain legacy in Karnataka can be traced back to a great event that occurred in 297 BC when Chadragupta, the founder of the Mauryan dynasty, abdicated his throne and came to Sravanbelagola in Karnataka to become a Jain ascetic at the instance of his mentor, Bhadrabahu. He breathed his last at this Jain centre and the place where he is said to have sought recluse is appropriately name Chandragiri. A basadi (Jain monastery or temple) at Sravanabelagola also carries his name. In a number of later records, he is referred to as Pradbha Chandra Muni. The earliest dated structure is a basadi at Halasi built under the Kadamba dynasty of Banavasi thus laying the foundation for Jain architecture in Karnataka. Besides the Kadambas, dynasties such as the Gangas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas made liberal endowments towards the propagation of art and architecture to which the Jain contributions have been of classical significance. The Chalukyas of Badami built cave temples at Badami and Aihole. Puligere was a strong centre of religious activities of the Jain monks during this era. Many Jain basadis erected by them are proof of their secular spirit in encouraging this religion. However, it was the reign of the Gangas of Talkad and the Rashtrakutas, that were very noteworthy in the annals of Jainism. Jain Architecture in Karnataka Jain architecture can be classified into two categories namely basadis and bettas. Basadi is a Jain monastery or temple where an image of one of the twenty-four tirthankaras (saints) is installed and worshipped and most of them are located in Sravanbelagola. They were built in the Dravidian style and the oldest basadi can be traced back to the 8th century AD. Betta is a hill with an open courtyard containing the image of Gommata or Gommateswara. These hills form a special feature of the native art and the most outstanding examples can be found at Sravanbelagola, Karkala, Venur and Mudabidri in south Kanara district. The image at Karkala is nearly 42 ft tall and was erected in 1432 AD, the details of which are described in the work Karkalada Gommateswara Charite by Chandrama. The statue at Venur was set up in 1609 AD and is 35 ft in height. Mudabidri, which is hailed as the Kashi of the South has eighteen basadis, the most important of them being the Tribhuvana Tilaka Choodamani Basadi. Completed in circa 1430 AD after about 50 years of painstaking craftsmanship,
this basadi has one thousand exquisite carved pillars each embellished with different designs and with no two pillars alike. The sanctum possesses an image of Chandranatha which is more than seven feet in height and is made of five alloys. In addition, the temple has an invaluable collection of dazzling icons of Jinamurthis made out of translucent marble, raw emeralds and other semi-precious stones which, when illuminated, create an ethereal effect. There is also an attractive Manasthamba, the free-standing pillar, and a bronze Sahasrakoota Mantapa adorned with over 1000 images of Jinamurthis and 32 hanging lamps. Apart from the above, Lakkundi and Humcha have, over the centuries, been some of the important centres of Jains, in South India. Replicas of the statue of Gommata can also be found at Gommatagijri near Mysore and at Basti, Hosakote and Tipur near Mandya. Panchakuta Basadi in Nagamangala taluk of Mandya district has a group of seven shrines that are considered the oldest Jains monuments of the State. However, the most magnificent among all Jaina works of art is the colossal rock cut statue of their saint Gommata at Sravanbelagola. It was built in circa 982 AD and is described as one of the mightiest achievements of ancient Karnataka in the realm of sculptural art. Also referred to as Lord Bahubali, the image is nude in a stand upright in the posture of meditation known as kayotsarga, reaching a height of nearly 57 ft atop the Vindyagiri of Doddabetta hills accessible through a flight of 500 steps. The image of Gommata has curly hair in ringlets and long, large ears. His eyes are open as if viewing the world with detachment. His facial features are perfectly chiselled with a faint touch of a smile at the corner of his lips and embody calm vitality. His shoulders are broad, his arms stretch straight down and the figure has no support from the thigh upwards. There is an anthill in the background which signifies his incessant penance. From this anthill emerge a snake and a creeper which twine around both his legs and his arms culminating as a cluster of flowers and berries at the upper portion of the arms. The entire figure stands on an open lotus signifying the totality attained in installing this unique statue. Amazingly, in spite of being constantly exposed to weather elements, the image has remained as new as ever. On either side of Gommata stand two tall and majestic chauri bearers in the service of the Lord. One of them is a yakshi and the other one is ayakshi. These richly ornamented and beautifully carved figures complement the main figure. Carved on the rear side of the anthill is also a trough for collecting water and other ritual ingredients used for the sacred bath of the image. Around the statue is an enclosure of a pillared hall where one can find 43 images of tirthankaras in different cloisters. There is also a figure of a woman called Gullikayajji sculpted with a good built and wearing exquisite ornamentation, typical of the sculptures of the Ganga period. The Akandabagilu or the massive door, carved out of a single rock with an elaborately carved Gajalakshmi in her typical posture flanked by two elephants, is another meritorious work of Jain craftsmanship. This also said to have been under the guidance and inspiration of Chaundaraya, the illustrious minister who served under the successive rulers of the Gangas namely Marasimha II, Rachamalla IV and Rachamalla V. One of the largest temples in the area is the Chaundarya Basadi dedicated to Neminatha, the 22nd Tirthankara depicted under a seven hooded canopy and flanked by male chauri bearers.
This temple is unique in its style. It belongs to the era of the western Gangas and is evolved out of the Chalukyan styles at Badami and Aihole. One the same hill can be seen the Chandraprabha Basadi dedicated to the 8th tirthankara by the same name. It is one of the oldest basadis on the hill and can be assigned to the early 9th century under the reign of Sivamara, a Ganga king. Shravanbelagola Shravanabelagola is one of the most popular Jain pilgrimage centres in South India. Shravanabelagola is a town located near Channarayapatna of Hassan district in the Indian state of Karnataka and is 144 km from Bangalore. This place is named after the pond in middle of the town (Bela-Kola means White Pond). Shravanabelagola is famous for the Bahubali Statue which is supposed to be the tallest monolithic stone statue in the world with a height of 58 feet carved out of a single block of granite. The Gomateswara temple is built on top of a hill at an altitude of 3347 feet, called as Vindhyagiri hill. About 620 steps provide access to this temple from bottom of the hill. Lord Gomateshwara (Lord Bahubali) was son of the first Jain tirthankara named Lord Adinatha. Lord Adinatha had 99 other sons and when he renounced his kingdom, there was a big fight between the two brothers, Bahubali and Bharatha, over the kingdom. Bharatha lost this battle, but Bahubali did not feel any happiness on seeing his brother's defeat. He then gave the kingdom to his brother and then attained Kevalagnana. The statue was carved during the period of Chamundaraya, a minister of the Ganga King Rajamalla between 982 and 983 CE. The town of Shravanabelagola is famous with several Jain temples and historical sites.The great emperor of Mouryan Dynasty Chandragupta Mourya has spent his last days in Shravanabelagola after becoming a follower of Jainism. His grandson Emperor Ashoka has built a basadi for him on Chadragiri hill in 3rd Century BC. There are more than 800 well preserved inscriptions dated between 6th and 19th century in Shravanabelagola. Once in 12 years, Shravanabelagola celebrates the Mahamastakabhisheka festival which attracts thousands of devotees and tourists from all over India. The last Mahamastakabhisheka was held in the month of February, 2018. While at Sravanbelagola one can also gain insights into Jaina mythology through some of the finest paintings depicted on the walls of the Sri Jains matha. Rich in colours and harmonious in composition, these paintings of the 18th century depict royal processions and festivities, monks, women in brightly coloured sarees, forest scenes of wild animals and other topics that shed light on the domestic, religious and social life of the people. Of particular significance is the durbar (court) scene of Krishnaraja Wodeyar indicating the warm relations that the Wodeyars of Mysore enjoyed with this holy pilgrimage.
The vast inheritance of early and medieval Jaina architecture has been effectively carried into the modern world by Shri Veerendra Hegde by setting up a statue of Gommata at Dharmasthala near Mangalore to assert the fact that Karnataka has been and continues to be the adobe of Jaina art and architecture. Karnataka had the 5th largest concentration of Jain population (4,40,280) i.e. 9.9 % of the total population of Jains in the country as per 2011 Census. Jainism has a strong presence and influence here. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 6.7 % which is better than the all India decadal growth rate of Jains at 5.4%. The other demographic features of Jains include 88.3 % literacy rate (male: 92.9 % and female: 83.5 %) in Karnataka, comparative to national averages 94.9% (96.8% male and 92.9% female). Sex-Ratio in Karnataka in 2011 census was 952 and child sex-ratio (0-6 age group) was 902 compared to the national Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Work participation rate (WPR) of Karnataka state for the Jains in 2011 census was 39.4 % (59.3 % male and 18.4 % female) compared to national averages 44.0 % (56.0 % for males and 31.0 % for females). The WPR is highest among the Jain males (56.0 %). However, it is lowest amongst Jain females (14.1 %) despite having highest literacy rate (88.3 %) amongst all communities of the nation. Brief description of each district along with briefs of Jain’s is given below: Belgaum District: Belgaum district is located in the Northwest region of Karnataka State. The ancient name of the Belgaum was Venugrama (in Sanskrit) meaning village of Bamboos. Till 1961, Belgaum was a part of the Bombay state. With creation of states based on the languages, Belgaum was brought under Karnataka State. The Belgaum district is bounded on the west and north by Maharashtra state, on the east by Bagalkot district, on the northeast by Bijapur district, on the southeast by Gadag district, on the south by Dharawad district and Uttara Kannada district, and on the southwest by the state of Goa. Belgaum district had the largest concentration of Jain population (1,78,310) in 2011 Census in Karnataka. The decadal growth rate during 2001-2011 was 5.22 % which is lower than that of Karnataka (6.7 %). The other demographic features include 84.0 % literacy rate (Male: 90.5 % and Female: 77.3 %). Sex-Ratio in Belgaum district was 945and child sex-ratio was 863, the sex-ratio and child sex-ratio both being marginally higher compared to the respective national averages (954 and 889) of the Jain population. Work participation rate for the Jains in 2011 census was 41.4 % (59.1 % for males and 22.7 % for females). Bengaluru District: Bengaluru (also called Bangalore) is the capital of Karnataka state. The center of India's high-tech industry, the city is also known as both the \"Garden City\" and \"The Silicon Valley of India. It is a techie’s paradise, boasting the highest concentration of IT companies in the country. Bengaluru has the second largest concentration of Jain population in Karnataka. In 2011 census the Jain population in Bengaluru district was 83,090 (Male: 42,383 and Female:
40,707). The decadal growth rate of Jain population was 20.91 %. Among another demographic indicators sex-ratio in the district was 960 and child sex ratio 925 compared to the National Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Literacy rate in the Jain population was found to be 95.5 % (Male: 97.4 % and Female: 93.6 %). Work participation rate was 36.3 % (Male: 60.3 %, Female: 11.3 %). Mysore District: Mysore (or Mysuru), a city in India's southwestern Karnataka state, was the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1399 to 1947. Famously known as The City of Palaces, it wouldn’t be wrong to say that Mysore is one of the most flamboyant places in the country. Located in the foothills of the Chamundi Hills, Mysore is the third most populated city in the state of Karnataka, and its rich cultural heritage draws millions of tourists all year round. Mysore has the 5th largest concentration of Jain population in Karnataka. In 2011 census the Jain population in Mysore district was estimated at 14,419 (Male: 7,387 and Female: 7,032). The decadal growth rate of Jain population was -3.58 %. Sex-ratio in the district was 952 below the National Jain average of 954 and child sex ratio 968 above the National Jain average of 889 respectively. Literacy rate in the Jain population was found to be 94.2 % (Male: 96.5 % and Female: 91.8 %). Work participation rate was 35.5% (Male: 59.0 %, Female: 10.8 %). The present sociological survey of the Jain community in Karnataka is designed as an exploratory study with the following objectives: Objectives of the Survey: 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Karnataka State. 2. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To review the infra-structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area to enable Jain youth move up the economic ladder. 5. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. Research Methodology: The three regions of significance and representative of Jains in the state, accounting for more than 50% Jain population in the state, were selected for field survey and analysis. These are: Bengaluru (Capital city) Jain population 83,090 1,78,310 Belgaum Jain population 14,419 Mysore Jain population 4,40,280 Total Jain population in Karnataka Note: All figures as per census 2011
A carefully developed Questionnaire (common for PAN-INDIA survey) was used for data collection. The questionnaire consisted of about 50 questions. The data were collected from the 3 districts of the Karnataka namely Belgaum, Bengaluru and Mysore. In all, 583 respondents (male: 476 and female: 107) generally being head of family, were contacted for filling the questionnaire. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data and acquaintance of our staff members with Jain community. Along with general Jain population (heads of families), Jain youth – both male and female were also interviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youth were generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 598 youth (411 male and 187 female) were interviewed. In most cases the selected youth belonged to the same families which participated in the Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted at appropriate places in the report. The method to arrive at state averages from the survey data for three regions is follows: State average (say for surname) = (% in Belgaum * Population in Jains in Belgaum + % in Bengaluru * Population of Jains in Bengaluru + % in Mysore * Population of Jains in Mysore)) / Population of Jains in the three districts, where % is % of Jains reported as using Jains as surname from the survey data. Mathematically, it can be represented as State Average of factor ‘f’. = Summation of (ai* pi)/ P where ‘a’ is % of factor ‘f’ and ‘p’ represents the population of Jains in region ‘i’ and ‘i’ ranges from 1 to 3 for Belgaum, Bengaluru and Mysore. P is the total population of Jains in the four regions or values of ‘i’. Significance of the Study It is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural, demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Karnataka in general as no anthropological/sociological work on the subject has so far been done. Map: Fieldwork sites in Karnataka
Chapter – 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTS This chapter presents data on socio-economic background of the respondents of the Belgaum, Bengaluru & Mysore districts of Karnataka State in terms of age and gender, marital status, education, Medium of Education, occupational status, and income. There are 583 (476 male and 107 female) respondents who participated in our survey which includes 376 persons of Belgaum, 85 of Bengaluru and 122 of Mysore districts respectively. Total respondents surveyed Population as per 2011 census Respondents Total No. No. % of District Total No. No. % of % of No. Male Female Male % of 376 291 85 77.4 Female Belgaum No. Male Female Male Female Bengaluru 85 75 10 88.2 22.6 Mysore 1,78,310 91,671 86,639 51.4 48.6 122 110 12 90.2 11.8 583 476 107 81.6 9.8 Total 83,090 42,383 40,707 51.0 49.0 18.4 State Population 14,419 7,387 7,032 51.2 48.8 2,75,819 1,41,441 1,34,378 51.3 48.7 4,40,280 2,25,544 2,14,736 51.2 48.8 - - - - - We also surveyed the Jain youth as respondents. Their profile is given in the Table below. Their responses will be used later at appropriate places only. Youth Respondents Youth Respondents District Total No. Male No. Female % of % of No. Male Female Belgaum 370 248 Bengaluru 148 108 122 67.0 33.0 Mysore 80 27.0 Total Respondents 598 55 40 73.0 31.3 411 31.3 25 68.8 187 68.7
Surnames In the survey data of the State, about only 11.0 % of the respondents used Jain as their surnames while 79.5 % of them use other surnames. Belgaum, Bengaluru and Mysore had majority of Jains who did not use Jain as their surname. Mysore district was different though where more than 33.6 % Jains used surname Jain. It is very likely that “Jain” surnames are used by migrant Jains from states of Northern India. It is also observed that 9.5 % Jains did not respond to this item, with Bengaluru district (14.1 %) & Mysore district (24.6 %) respectively accounting for the most. Table 2.1: Surnames of respondents (%) Districts Jain Other Surnames No Response Belgaum Bengaluru 4.8 91.8 3.5 Mysore State Average 5.9 80.0 14.1 33.6 41.8 24.6 11.0 79.5 9.5 Age and Gender The respondents include 81.6 % males and 18.4 % female (Table 2.0). Further on, 75.0 % of male and 87.8 % female respondents are in the age group 15-59 years. Senior citizens (60+), numbered 22.5 % male and 10.3 % as females. (Table 2.2). Table 2.2: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 15-59 60+ No Response MF MF MF Belgaum 81.4 89.4 Bengaluru 72.0 70.0 16.5 8.2 2.1 2.4 Mysore 60.0 91.7 25.3 30.0 2.7 0 State 36.4 8.3 3.6 0.0 Average 75.0 87.8 22.5 10.3 2.5 1.9 Marital Status About 92.9 % male and 82.1 % female respondents are married. The corresponding figure for male or female as married is almost even throughout the state. 4.8 % male and 13.1 % female respondents are unmarried, while.1.3 % male and 3.8 % were widower or widow respectively. Table 2.3 Marital Status District Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average MF MF MF MF 92.0 80.0 98.2 83.3 92.9 82.1 Married 91.1 82.3 1.3 0.0 0.9 8.3 4.8 13.1 6.7 20.0 0.9 8.3 1.3 3.8 Unmarried 7.2 15.3 Widow/ 0.0 1.2
Widower Divorce 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 separated No Response 1.7 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 Education The survey data and its analysis (Table 2.4) shows 38.7 % male & 36.4 % female are at least graduates at the state level i.e. 38.3 % Jains in Karnataka are at least graduate, compared to 42.5 %. in census 2011. Further, it has 21.8 % male and 21.5 female with education up to Middle level only. However, in depth analysis of the four districts reveal significant figures as indicated below: Belgaum district has highest percentage (3.1 % male & 3.5 % female) of illiteracy, which is significant for further analysis. Bengaluru district has 58.7 % male and 60.0 % male Jains with graduate and above qualified, while 20.0 % male and 30.0 % female are with education up to secondary level Mysore has maximum percentage of female (49.1 %) senior secondary level education among all district of Karnataka. However, 16.7 % only males have education up to same level of education. Table 2.4: Education (%) District Illiterate Up to Middle Up to S. Sec Graduate & No response Above Belgaum MF MF MF MF Bengaluru 3.1 3.5 26.8 22.3 31.6 43.6 MF 2.4 0.0 Mysore 1.3 0.0 14.7 10.0 20.0 30.0 36.1 30.6 5.3 0.0 State 1.8 0.0 13.6 25.0 49.1 16.7 58.7 60.0 3.6 0.0 Average 31.8 58.3 2.5 2.8 21.8 21.5 33.8 39.3 3.2 0 38.7 36.4 Medium of Education Majority (48.5 % male and 48.6 % female) of Jains in the state go to Kannada medium schools except in Mysore (14.5 % male and 8.3 % female) as shown in Table 2.5. Bengaluru district has 61.3 % male and 70.0 % female who attended English medium schools. These figures are obvious as Bengaluru district, being a metropolitan city has a number of English medium schools available. Normally the medium of education in school shows its effect in higher education, particularly going for professional courses and hence become higher income generators.
Table 2.5: Medium of Education (%) District Kannada English Hindi Other No response MF MF MF MF MF Belgaum 70.1 58.8 17.5 17.7 0.7 7.1 9.6 9.4 2.1 7.1 Bengaluru 14.7 10.0 61.3 70.0 14.7 10.0 1.3 0.0 8.0 10.0 Mysore 14.5 8.3 54.5 83.3 29.1 8.3 1.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 State average 48.5 48.6 33 29.9 9.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 2.5 6.5 Occupation The dominant occupation of the respondents in the state was found to be Own Business 43.3 % male & 22.4 % female). However dominant occupation in Belgaum seems to be agriculture (50.25 males and 40.0% females). Detailed analysis reveals likely trend of own business (as trading business/shop) in Mysore (75.5 % male) and Bengaluru (54.7 % male) while Belgaum (28.2 % male) may have small to mid-size shops. 13.8 % male & 17.7 % female were engaged in service while 3.2 % male & 1.9 % female are engaged in professions. Expectedly, a large number of women respondents (14.1 %) did report themselves to be engaged in house hold affairs. Table 2.6: Occupational Status District Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Agriculture MF MF MF MF Own Business 50.2 40.0 18.7 10.0 6.4 8.3 35.1 33.6 Service 28.2 18.7 54.7 30.0 75.5 41.7 43.3 22.4 (Govt/Private) Professional 14.4 17.6 14.7 10.0 11.8 25.0 13.8 17.7 Managing 6.7 0.0 Household 3.4 2.4 0.0 0.0 3.2 1.9 Others 1.3 30.0 Students 0.3 11.8 2.7 10.0 2.7 16.7 1 14.1 No response 0.0 0.0 2.4 7.1 1.3 10.0 3.6 8.3 2.7 7.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 0.3 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.8
Income About 46.6 % male & 61.7 % female respondents reported their monthly income less than Rs 25,000/-. Belgaum represents a disappointing figure of 56.3% males and 63.5% females indicating their income less than Rs 25,000 (due to agriculture being the main occupation). The figures for Rs 25000-50000 per month is also similar with 20.2 % male & 12.1 % female. However, the figures are different for the monthly income group of Rs.50,000/- to Rs. 1,00,000/- with 12.6 % male & 6.6 % female. About 13.6 % male & 1.9 % female reported incomes of Rs 100,000 or higher per month. A higher percentage of women (75.0 % in Mysore and 63.5 % in Belgaum) indicating their having low paid jobs. No respond (7.0 % male & 17.7 % female) to the question, perhaps due to their not engaged in activities involving financial remuneration. The results, however, show different results as against our expectation of higher income levels. This is perhaps due to higher income Jains either being not represented as the respondents or the figures given by them were not properly understood. Also, Jains by nature tend to under state their actual financial power. Table 2.7: Income District Less than 25,000 25,000 – 50,000 Income (Rs.) Above 1,00,000 No response MF MF MF MF Belgaum 56.6 63.5 21.0 9.4 50,000-1,00,000 11.7 2.4 5.2 18.8 Bengaluru 21.3 30.0 14.7 40.0 MF 26.7 0.0 8.0 30.0 Mysore 37.3 75.0 21.8 8.3 5.5 5.9 10.0 0.0 10.9 0.0 State 29.3 0.0 Average 46.6 61.7 20.2 12.1 20.0 16.7 13.6 1.9 7 17.7 12.6 6.6
Per Capita Income Based on the above analysis, we tried to estimate the per Capita income of Jains in the four districts and the state as whole. Per capita income is the mean hence, income calculated for population of Jains in Karnataka State, does not represent the actual income of any single respondent. Table 2.8 shows the calculated per capital income for the four districts as well as the average for the state. The average for the state shows Jain per capita income to be 406632/178221 or approximately 2.3 times the per capita income for the state. Table 2.8 Per capita income of Jains estimated District Per Capita (Monthly) Rs. Per Capita (Annually) Rs. Belgaum 24370 292440 Bengaluru 52515 630180 Mysore 36711 440532 State Average 33886 406632 Concluding remarks Following summary indicates results of the survey for respondents: Total number of respondents: 583 with 476 males (81.6 %) and 107 females (18.4 %). Age-wise distribution is 75.0 % male and 87.8 % female in the age group 15-59. 11.0 % of the respondents use 'Jain' as their surnames, while 79.5 % of them preferred to use some other surnames. 92.9 % males and 82.1 % female were married; 4.8 % male and 13.1 % female were unmarried; 1.3 % male and 3.8 % female were widower/widows. 33.8 % male & 39.3 % female has education up to Senior Secondary. 38.7 % male and 36.4 % female had graduate or higher education. Disturbing factor is 21.8 % male and 21.5 % female had education up to middle class only. Majority of Jains in the state (48.5 % male and 48.6 % female) go to Kannada medium schools except in Mysore (14.5 % male and 8.3 % female). Also, in Bengaluru district 61.3 % male and 70.0 % female attended English medium schools. It seems that upward economic mobility of Jains is related to the medium of Language used in high schools. Occupation: 43.3 % male and 22.4 % female were engaged in their own business. 13.8 % male and 117.7 % female were in service (government or private). Agriculture (cultivators and workers) work is performed by 35.1 % males and 33.6 % females. Income: 46.6 % male and 61.7 % female reported income less than Rs 25000 per month. 20.2 % male and 12.1 % female reported income between Rs 25-50000 per month. 12.6 % male and 6.6 % female reported income between Rs 50-100000 per month. The balance fewer in higher income groups with 13.6 % male and 1.9 % female, not responding to the query.
Per capita income of Jains come to Rs 4,06,632 which is more than 2.3 times the state average but low from Jain perspective. However, this figure is be seen keeping the following factors in mind 1. Our survey perhaps did not cover the high net-worth Jains as surveyors are generally reluctant to meet such persons and such persons do not wish to talk on these matters. 2. Jains in particular and Indians in general tend to understand their financial status due to many reasons 3. Clubbing of above Rs 1 lakh income at Rs 1 lakh only. Belgaum district which reported monthly income of less than Rs 25,000 seems to have a large number of low-income (56.6 % male and 63.5 % female) Jains as a majority of them (50.2 % male and 40.0 % female) are involved in agriculture.
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILE This chapter presents the survey results of the Jain population of the three districts of Karnataka in terms of the family size, age structure, sex and child sex ratios, etc. Table 3.1 shows the Jain population in the three districts surveyed (583 respondents accounting for 3,078 Jains). Jain population covered by field survey Table 3.1 presents the population profile of the Jain community in the three districts along with estimated average for the state for Karnataka as a whole. As per our survey, 583 respondents and their family members took part in the survey giving a total Jain population of 3,078 individuals (1,592 males and 1,486 females). The female sex ratio was found to be 933 per 1,000 males. The percentage of children in 0-6 years age group was found to be at 5.0 %. Table 3.1: Total Sample Population 0-6 Total Male Female % % % District Number Male % Female % Age Group Belgaum 1,855 952 Bengaluru 476 239 51.3 903 48.7 50 2.7 2.2 3.2 Mysore 747 401 State 50.2 237 49.8 27 5.7 5.9 9.7 Average 53.7 346 46.3 29 3.9 6.2 7.2 3,078 1,592 51.7 1,486 48.3 150 5.0 5.6 5.8 Family Size Table 3.2 presents survey data about Jain family size in the State. The range of the family size was chosen between single and 10+ members. It is clear from the table that the largest number of families (29.7 %) is a 4-member unit followed by 5-member units (20.8 %), 6- member (14.9 %) and 3-member families (10.5 %). These four categories of families account for over 75.9 % of the Jain families in the Karnataka State. The upper limit (with 10+ members) of the family size was 4.0 % of the total sample size, while 1-member constituted 1.2 %. The average family size comes to 5.2 or say 5 members.
Table 3.2: Family Size (%) Family Size Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average 1-Member 0.5 3.5 1.6 2-Member 5.1 4.7 4.1 1.2 3-Member 11.2 10.6 8.2 4.8 4-Member 34.8 27.1 15.6 10.5 5-Member 21.0 15.3 23.8 29.7 6-Member 14.5 16.5 14.8 20.8 7-Member 3.5 4.7 6.6 14.9 8-Member 2.7 5.9 4.9 4.3 9-Member 1.9 2.4 5.7 3.6 10-Member 2.4 3.5 7.4 2.8 10+-Member 2.4 5.9 7.4 3.6 4.0 Age structure and Dependency Ratios Tables 3.3 and, 3.4 present data on Jain population in terms of age, age group categories and dependency ratios respectively. Table 3.3 summarizes the age-structure of the Jain community surveyed. Jain adults (15-59 age group), that is economically active constitute 70.7 % of Jain population (70.1 % male and 71.4 % female) compared to state average of 65.5 % (65.5 % male and 65.4) % female as per Census,2011 in the same age group. Only 13.9% (14.3 % male & 13.5 %) population fall in age group (0-14) and 12.1% (12.3 % male & 11.8 % female) in 60+ age group. The comparative figures of the age structure of Jain population in India as per 2011 census data were as follows: 23.1 % (23.8 % male and 22.4 % female) below 15 (0-14) years of age, 65.5 % (65.5 % male and 65.4 % female) between 15-59 years and about 11.4 % (10.7 % male and 12.2 % female over 60 years of age (See Jain, Dheeraj 2017:7). Dependency ratio gives the proportion of persons whom the persons in economically active age group need to support. Dependency ratio can be divided into two parts: (i) young dependency ratio, and (ii) old dependency ratio. Dependency ratio can be calculated as the number of persons in age group 0-14 plus the number of persons in age group 60 years or more divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Dependency Ratio= Number of persons in 0−14 years + Number of Persons above 60 years divided by Number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Young dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 0-14 years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 and multiplied by 1,000.
Young Dependency Ratio= Number of Persons in 0−14 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Similarly, old dependency ratio can be calculated by number of persons in age group 60+ years divided by number of persons in age group 15-59 years and multiplied by 1,000. Old Dependency Ratio = Number of Persons above 60 years divided by number of Persons in 15−59 age group X 1,000. Table 3.4 presents dependency ratios for the three districts and the state averages. It is observed that overall dependency ration for the state (367) is much lower than the national (597 as per census 2011). Further analysis shows that the young dependency ratio is also very low in the Karnataka State (196 calculated) compared to the Jain national figure of (311) while the old dependency ratio was marginally higher in the case of Karnataka State survey (171) compared to national average (187). This implies ageing Jain population in the state with lesser number of children being added by Jain community. Table 3.3: Age and Gender distribution by States/Districts District 0-14 15-59 60+ No Response MF MF MF MF Belgaum 14.0 13.9 71.9 71.8 11.4 11.8 2.7 2.5 Bengaluru 13.4 14.3 68.2 68.8 13.4 11.8 5.0 5.1 Mysore 15.5 11.8 66.8 72.3 14.0 11.6 3.7 4.3 State Average 14.3 13.5 70.1 71.4 12.3 11.8 3.3 3.3 Table 3.4: Dependency Ratio District Dependency Young Dependency Old Dependency Ratio Ratio Ratio Belgaum 355 193 162 Bengaluru 386 202 184 Mysore 288 199 185 State Average 367 196 171
Sex and Child Sex Ratios The sex ratio (number of females per 1,000 males) as per our survey was found to be 933, which was lower as compared to the Karnataka (952), and national averages (954) as per 2011 census data. The child (0-6) sex ratio at 685 is significantly very low in comparison to the 2011 Karnataka (902) and National (889) as per Census 2011. Data from Mysore are particularly representing on both the indicators. Table 3.5: Sex Ratio District Sex Ratio Child Sex Ratio (0-6 year age group) Belgaum 948 724 Bengaluru 991 929 Mysore 863 160 State Average 933 685 Awareness about shortage of girls As seen in Table 3.6 over 67.1 % of the respondents said yes to the question about their awareness of shortage of girls in the Jain community with 5.5 % saying no. Table 3.6: Awareness about shortage of girls District Question: Are you aware that there is shortage of girls against boys in the Jain community? Belgaum Yes No No Response Bengaluru Mysore 66.5 29.0 4.5 State Average 58.8 36.5 4.7 74.6 16.4 9.0 67.1 27.4 5.5 Awareness about feticide Female feticide is considered as the prime suspect in declining child sex ratio among the Jains. Our sample data suggest that about 67.1 % of respondents were aware of this while 27.4 % were not. It seems that in Mysore district’s Jains are more aware of this than in other districts.
Table 3.7: Knowledge about feticide among Jains District Question: Have you heard of any case of feticide among Jains in your area? Belgaum Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore State Average 16.2 77.7 6.1 22.4 68.2 9.4 20.5 68.9 10.7 18.0 74.5 7.5 Discrimination against girls Although Jain families are more egalitarian than those in other community in India; yet due to patriarchy, some discrimination is also seen in the Jain families. Accordingly, 14.2 % of the respondents replied in the affirmative, while 80.4 % relied in the negative. About 5.4 % of the respondents had no response (Table 3.8). Youth perception about discrimination against girls in the Jain community is slightly at variance as 58.1 % of the youth were aware while 32.6 % were not and did not believe it to be true. (Table 3.9). Table 3.8: Opinion about discrimination against girls District Question: Do you believe that in Jain family’s girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Belgaum education and health provisions Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore State Average 12.5 82.4 5.1 17.6 80.0 2.4 17.2 74.6 8.2 14.2 80.4 5.4 Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) District Question: Do you believe that in Jain family’s girls are discriminated against in regard to food, Belgaum education and health provisions Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore State Average 78.7 9.3 12.0 15.5 81.1 3.4 41.3 51.3 7.5 58.1 32.6 9.3
Concluding Remarks Our conclusions are based on the sample population of 3,078 Jains. Jain population profile is projected for the Karnataka state as follows: Gender distribution: 51.7 % male & 48.3 female. Sex Ratio: 933 females per 1000 male and child sex ratio (0-6) at 685 per 1000 male these findings are disturbing compare to census figures of 2011 (0- 6) for Karnataka (902) and the national average (889) for Jains. Family Size: 5.3 or say 5 Persons. Age distribution: 70.7 % in age group 15-59 compared to 66.5% national average and 65.5 % state average; 13.9 % were in the age group in 0-14 years compared to 20.7 % national average and 23.1 % state average - a very serious issue leading to a likely sharp decline in Jain population in future. Elderly population (60+) is 12.1 % compared to 12.8 % national average and 11.4 % state average indicating more ageing population. Dependency ratio: Overall dependency ratio 367 compared to national average of 597; Young dependency ratio 196 and old dependency ratio 171 compared to 311 and187 as national average respectively. Awareness (female issues): 14.2% Discrimination against girls (respondents) 58.1% Discrimination against girls (youth) 67.1% Awareness about shortage of girls 18.0% Awareness about female feticide Issues concerning Jain community which need to be addressed urgently are: Rapid decline in birth rate: Only 5.0 % were in the age group 0-6 years; young dependency ratio 196 compared to 311 national average Aging Jain population: old dependency ratio 171 compared to 187 national average. Mysore gives a dismal picture of the status of girl child and attitude of Jains towards girls of which they are very well aware.
Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURE This chapter analyses the survey data on Jain families, their educational and occupational structure, income levels, employment, unemployment, land holding, ownership of commercial and residential property, scale of their businesses and house ownership in the state. Education Census 2011 shows that 42.5 % Jains in the Karnataka state are graduates and above. Our survey shows 42.0 % male and 33.9 % female for the overall state average of 38.1 % who responded with their education were at least graduate. 11.7 % male respondents and 14.8 % respondent did not respond about their qualification. An unfortunate part revealed was that even though women (33.9 %) continue to do better than their male (26.4 %) counterparts till Middle education, yet their number dropped down considerably by the time they reached graduation level. On the happier side, 63.3 % male & 74.3 % female Jain youth have graduation and above qualifications (Table 4.2). 27.7 % male & 18.7 % female Jain youth have studied up to senior secondary classes, about 5.6 % male & 5.9 % female Jain youth studied up to Middle classes. Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population (%) District 0-6 Age 6-18 Age Illiterate Up to Up to Graduate No Group Group Middle Senior & Above response Belgaum MF Secondary Bengaluru MF MF 1.2 1.0 MF MF MF MF Mysore 2.2 3.2 17.1 15.5 1.3 3.4 31.8 40.2 21.6 18.8 36.7 27.0 8.7 13.0 State 5.9 9.7 12.6 15.5 0.5 0.0 17.6 21.1 10.0 7.2 52.3 43.0 18.8 25.3 Average 6.2 7.2 15.5 17.3 1.0 1.1 18.7 26.3 17.7 16.2 48.4 45.7 14.7 11.8 5.6 5.8 16.0 16.0 26.4 33.9 18.9 16.3 42.0 33.9 11.7 14.8 Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth (%) District Illiterate Up to Up to Senior Graduate & No response Middle Secondary Above Belgaum MF MF MF MF Bengaluru 1.6 0.0 6.1 4.9 31.5 18.9 MF 0.4 0.8 Mysore 2.8 0.0 6.5 2.5 27.8 20.0 60.5 75.4 2.8 0.0 State Average 1.8 0.0 1.8 16.0 10.9 16.0 60.2 77.5 3.6 4.0 1.9 0.0 5.6 5.9 27.7 18.7 81.8 64.0 1.5 1.1 63.3 74.3
Vocational preference for next generation Table 4.3 reveal that 39.3 % female respondents prefer jobs with professional qualifications for their youngsters compared to 22.5 % preferring government service. However, in Bengaluru, none of female respondent prefer their youngsters to be employed in Government service with 29.9 % female prefer their youngsters to be engaged in Family business. Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation (%) Occupation Line District Family Business Government Professional education No Response or New Business Services (Engineering, Medicine, Belgaum Law, Accountancy etc.) MF Bengaluru MF 7.2 9.4 Mysore 29.9 27.1 MF M F 8.0 10.0 State Average 30.7 40.0 6.4 0.0 43.6 41.7 33.0 27.1 29.9 36.5 7.2 8.3 33.2 29.9 10.7 0.0 50.7 50.0 7.3 8.3 42.7 50.0 23.5 22.5 36.1 39.3 Occupation 11.2 % male and 14.7 % female respondents chose not to respond to this query. Of the remaining who did respond, own business for 32.1 % male and perhaps household work for 33.7 % female occupy the highest occupation level. Agriculture (16.2 % male) and Government and private service occupations by 12.2 % Jain males occupy the next preferred occupation respectively. Surprising very few Jains (3.3 % male & 4.5 % female) prefer professional career even though they are highly educated. (Table 4.4) Table 4.4: Occupational status by Gender distribution Occupation Type Gender Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Agriculture M 24.4 7.1 2.1 16.2 F 4.5 1.7 1.1 3.3 Own Business M 19.0 35.6 61.3 32.1 Services F 3.5 5.1 16.1 6.7 M 14.8 7.1 9.1 12.2 (Govt/Private) F 6.1 1.7 8.6 6 Professional M 2.1 6.7 4.0 3.3 Managing F 1.0 4.2 14.0 4.5 Household M 1.4 1.7 0.9 1.3 F 46.5 30.8 2.2 33.7 Others M 2.3 0.8 1.2 1.8 F 1.1 0.4 1.1 1 Students M 24.8 11.3 21.3 21.9 F 24.7 11.4 57.0 30.1 No Response M 11.2 29.7 0.0 11.2 F 12.5 44.7 0.0 14.7
Occupational status by Gender for Youth Jains youth (63.3 % male and 74.3 % female) are at least graduates (Table 4.2). This gets reflected in their occupation as well as can be seen from the following table with professional females being less perhaps due to their getting married and living elsewhere. Expectations (from youth) of Respondents and perception of Youth (Table 4.3) (Table 4.5) male female male female 8.0% Own business 33.2% 29.9% 21.2% 11.7% 8.1% Service 23.5% 22.5% 24.4% Profession 36.1% 39.3% 7.1% Table 4.5: Occupational status by Gender distribution for Youth (%) Occupation Type Gender Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Agriculture M 21.0 18.5 16.5 F 4.1 2.5 8.0 19.6 Own Business M 12.9 18.5 63.6 4.3 Services F 8.2 7.5 8.0 21.2 M 18.2 45.4 10.9 8.0 (Govt/Private) F 9.8 20.0 8.0 24.4 Professional M 8.9 4.6 3.6 11.7 F 10.7 5.0 0.0 7.1 Others M 35.1 6.5 1.8 8.1 F 50.8 12.5 48.0 23.1 Students M 0.0 2.8 0.0 42.2 F 0.0 27.5 0.0 0.7 No Response M 4.0 3.7 3.6 5.9 F 16.4 25.0 28.0 3.9 19.8 Land Holding Surprisingly, 44.6 % of Jains did not respond to this query indicating reluctance by respondents in general not to discuss financial matters with others. Based on those who responded, land holding pattern by Jains show 14.6 % having no agriculture land ,59.5 % holding 5 acres or less, 15.1 % holding 5-10 acers and 10.8 % only holding more than 10 acres.
Table 4.6: Size of land holding (%) How much Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State agricultural Average land you own? 12.5 0.0 0.0 No agriculture 43.8 15.3 12.3 8.1 Land 10.4 7.1 3.3 Up to 5 acres 6.4 7.1 4.1 33.1 5 to 10 acres 26.9 70.6 80.3 8.4 Above 10 acres 6.0 No response 44.4 Commercial Property Valuation The pattern here is similar to land holding with 49.3 % not responding to the query. Based on those who responded; 32.7 % owned commercial property up to Rs 5 lakhs, 28.0 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 39.2 % mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Table 4.7: Commercial property value (%) Market Value Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State 10.6 0.8 Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 23.1 7.1 5.7 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 18.6 16.6 20 lakhs 30.6 36.1 14.2 Above Rs. 20 12.2 51.8 57.4 lakhs 46.1 19.9 No response 49.3
Residential Property Only 29.6 % respondents were forth coming in sharing the value of their residential property. Based on those who responded, surprising 45.2 % claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 24.4 % declared the same between Rs. 5-20 lakhs and 30.5 % declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs. Table 4.8: Residential property value (%) Market Value Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State 2.4 1.6 Average Up to Rs. 5 lakhs 32.2 Rs. 5 lacs to Rs. 23.4 9.4 3.3 21.5 20 lakhs 17.2 Above Rs. 20 15.2 56.5 65.6 lakhs 29.2 31.8 29.5 31.8 No response 29.6 Scale of the Business 21.9 % respondents did not respond to this query (Table 4.9). Out of those who responded, 40.6 % respondents reported their business of medium scale, while 54.7 % reported the same as small scale and only 4.6 % of large scale. Table 4.9: Size of the Business (%) Small Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Medium Average Large 47.6 37.6 31.1 No response 27.1 35.3 43.4 42.7 3.5 3.5 4.1 31.7 21.8 23.5 21.3 3.6 21.9 House Ownership An overwhelming majority of Jain respondents (89.2 %) in Karnataka State had their own house instead of living in a rented house. Those living in rented accommodation formed a 10.8 % of the respondents while 14.1 % did not reveal the status of their residence. This implies a majority of Jains do own their residential property, a natural trend amongst Jains to own a house for providing emotional stability and financial security to the family. Table 4.10: House Ownership (%) Own Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Rented 88.0 63.5 50.8 76.6 No response 6.4 14.1 14.8 9.3 5.6 22.4 34.4 14.1
Concluding Remarks Education: up to middle 26.4 % male & 33.9 % female up to SS School 18.9 % male % 16.3 % female Graduation and above 42.0 % male & 33.9 % female. However, for the youth, education level moves as 27.7 % male and 18.7 % female have SS school education at least with 63.3 % male & 74.3 % female have graduation and higher degrees. Existing occupation: 32.1 % male & 6.7 % female are engaged in own business; 12.2 % male & 6.0 % female working in government or private business and (3.3 % male & 4.5 % female) engaged in professional service. 33.7 % female reported managing household as their occupation. 11.2 % male & 14.7 % female did not respond to the query which may mean their being student /looking for a job. Vocational preferences Own business (33.2 % male & 29.9 % female) to be the second preference and first preference (as a large shift of respondents) to be professions (36.1 % male & 39.3 %female). Government /private service ranked third (14.8 % male 24.2 % female) So, a major shift in occupation, based on higher level of education is expected with perhaps not enough infrastructure available. This might be a reason for emigration of Jains from villages/small towns to bigger cities. Land holding: 44.6 % of Jains did not respond to this query indicating reluctance by respondents in general not to discuss financial matters with others. Of those who responded, land holding pattern by Jains show 59.5 % holding 5 acres or less, 15.1 % holding 5-10 acers and 10.8 % only holding more than 10 acres. Commercial property: The pattern here is similar to land holding with 49.3 % not responding to the query. Amongst those who indicated; 32.7 % owned commercial property up to Rs 5 lakhs, 28.0 % mentioned their property value between Rs 5 to 20 lakhs, and 39.2 % mentioned the value of their such property to be above Rs 20 lakhs. Residential Property: 89.2 % Jains live in their own homes and 10.8 % only living in rented places. Only 70.4 % respondents were forth coming in sharing information about the value of their residential property. Surprisingly 45.2 % claimed their property value above Rs 20 lakhs, while 24.4 % declared the same between Rs 5-20 lakhs and 30.5 % declaring the same at less than Rs 5 lakhs.
Size of business: 54.7 % Jains reported as having small business (perhaps shops (provisions or general merchant); 40.6 % with medium business. A small % (4.6) reported as having large business and 21.9 % did not respond (perhaps as they are probably involved in service or profession).
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILE This chapter analyzes some of the macro and micro social structural attributes and religious practices of Jain community in Karnataka state. It gives a glimpse family type, caste distribution, marital status, vocational preferences, inter-marriage, inter-marriage preference, marriage age, religious rituals, prevalence of dowry, remarriage of widows/divorcees and the perception of Jainism as a separate religion, independent of Hinduism. Family The Karnataka State sample survey of Jain population corroborated the increasing trend of nuclear families (50.5 % of the families) followed by 39.3 % joint families (Table 5.1). Table 5.1: Family type (%) Family type Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Joint 31.9 54.1 51.6 Nuclear 53.5 41.2 47.5 39.3 No response 14.6 4.7 0.8 50.5 10.2 Caste/Sub-Caste Caste-based distribution of Jain population is presented in Table 5.2. About 40.1 % did not respond leading us to believe that they did not know their own caste or the meaning of the same. This is further corroborated by the fact that 7.4 % reported Jain as their caste leading us to believe that they report themselves as Hindus in Census. Only 52.5 % correctly reported their caste. Table 5.2: Caste Distribution of Karnataka Respondents (%) Caste/Sub-Caste Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Jain 8.5 4.7 - Chaturtha 7.0 11.8 - 7.4 Pancham 9.6 0.0 - 8.4 Others 48.9 8.2 - 6.9 No response 26.0 75.3 - 37.3 40.1
Marital Status The survey data of Jain population of Karnataka (based on 583 respondents) reveal that 54.5 % male & 54.0 % female as married. However, the percentage of unmarried at 24.3 % male & 24.4 % female suggest a large number of them may be students (21.9 % male and 30.1 % female reported themselves as students Table 4.4). The population of widowers/widows was 1.0 % male & 4.1 % female. About 20.1 % male & 16.6 % female did not reveal their marital status raising a question about the reasons (social stigma of being unable to get married or being separated/divorced) for the same. Only 0.1 % male & 0.9 % female reported themselves as divorced or separated. Table 5.3: Marital Status (%) District Unmarried Married Widow/ Divorce / No Response Widower separated Belgaum MF MF MF MF MF Bengaluru 0.3 4.2 0 0.7 Mysore 42.1 33.6 51.9 53.5 2.9 4.2 0 3.4 5.7 8.1 State Average 23.4 24.1 58.2 48.5 1.7 3.5 0.5 0 15.5 19.8 21.4 18.8 58.9 62.1 1.0 4.0 0.1 1.0 17.5 15.6 34.2 28.6 54.6 54.7 10.1 11.7 Inter-caste or inter-religion Marriages In recent times such inter-religion marriages have not only increased in number, they have also been extended to include various other castes/sub-castes of Brahamins, Kshatriyas, and even non-Vaishnav Vaishyas. Given the scenario, it should not be surprising that a majority of respondents (78.0 %) in Karnataka are aware of this phenomenon with Bengaluru at 90.6 % and Belgaum lowest at 73.1 %. Incidentally, despite high percentage of awareness about inter-religion marriages, those who prefer such marriages is 17.0 %, which signifies a deficit between awareness and actual choices (Table 5.5). Almost 57.6 % of the respondents felt that Jain arranged marriages are being gradually replaced by self-arranged love marriages, while 7.4 % respondents did not respond. (Table 5.9). Table 5.4: Inter-faith marriage (%) District Question: Are you aware of the growing trends of marriage of Jains Boys/Girls outside the Jain Belgaum community? Bengaluru Mysore Yes No No Response State Average 73.1 22.4 4.5 90.6 7.1 2.4 84.4 8.2 7.4 78.0 17.2 4.8
Inter caste / religion marriage preference An overwhelming majority (78.6 %) did not favour such matrimonial alliances or religious exogamy even though a high 95.4 % were aware of this practice indicting that either suitable matches are not found or more and more boys and girls are preferring love marriage. Some 4.5 % of our sample did not answer the query. (See Table 5.5) The situation with Jain youth is different with 17.0 % favoured inter-faith marriages.77.1 % Jain youth were not in favour of such marriages. This indicates a slow and growing trend amongst youth for such marriages (See Table 5.6). Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage preference (%) District Question: Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages? Belgaum Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore 17.8 79.0 3.2 State Average 12.9 82.4 4.7 17.2 74.6 8.2 17.0 78.6 4.4 Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth) (%) District Question: Are you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages? Belgaum Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore 17.8 74.6 7.6 State Average 12.8 84.5 2.7 21.3 75.0 3.8 17.0 77.1 5.9 Reasons of Inter-faith Marriage While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriages, 52.2 % of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of inter-faith marriages and 21.4 % mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jain community as the second reason (Table 5.7). Among the youth respondents 45.6 % mentioned co-education/ co-work as the main reason of inter-faith marriage and 40.5 % mentioned unavailability of suitable partners in the Jain community as the second reason, while 8.1 % did not respond (Table 5.8).
Table 5.7: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (%) Reasons Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State 56.1 47.1 43.4 Average Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match 23.9 27.1 9.8 52.2 in Jain community 10.6 27.9 Other (please specify) 8.0 15.3 18.9 21.4 No response 12.0 12.5 13.9 Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth) (%) Reasons Mumbai Bengaluru Mysore State 50.5 42.6 28.8 Average Co-education/co-work Could not find suitable match 40.5 45.3 31.3 45.6 in Jain community 2.0 26.3 Other (please specify) 3.0 10.1 13.8 40.5 No response 6.0 5.9 8.1 Comparison of Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages by Jain adult and youth respondents is shown in table below. (Table 5.7) (Table 5.8) Description Jain Adults Jain Youth Co-education/co-work 52.2 % 45.6 % Could not find suitable match in Jain community 21.4 % 40.5 % No response 13.9 % 8.1 %
Table 5.9: Arranged vs marriage by choice (%) District Question: Are arranged marriages being replaced by love marriages among Jains in Maharashtra Belgaum Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore State Average 56.9 37.2 5.9 56.5 30.6 12.9 60.7 31.1 8.2 57.6 35.0 7.4 Changes in institution marriage As per our survey, 31.8 % Jains married late. This change can be attributed to higher education and urge to be economically independent before getting married. 68.4 % Jains preferred nighttime wedding ceremony as compared to 19.2 % favouring daytime marriage. Only 18.0 % Jains wished their marriages to be solemnized by a Jain pandit, which again is a surprising revelation. Only 18.6 % Jains favoured selecting their partner by their own choice as against family arranged. This again is surprising for the area surveyed. Table 5.10: Changes in marriage institution (%) Late marriage Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Day-time marriage 42.4 14.8 31.8 Marriage by Jain 35.1 1.2 41.0 19.2 Pandit 16.2 5.9 5.7 18.0 Marriage by own choice 24.7 22.4 18.9 18.6 No response 28.2 19.7 12.4 17.6 6.4
Prevalence of dowry About 55.6 % Jains responded negatively to the prevalence of the dowry in the community. However, 31.4 % of them said that it was prevalent to some extent, while 7.4 % felt that it existed to a larger extent. It appears that the practice of dowry is more prevalent some or large extent (48.3 %) in smaller town/ city like Mysore. Table 5.11: Prevalence of dowry (%) Situation of dowry Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State Average Prevalent to large extent 6.9 5.9 9.8 Prevalent to some extent 28.2 35.3 38.5 7.4 Not prevalent 61.2 50.6 41.8 31.4 No response 3.7 8.2 9.8 55.6 5.6 Widow and divorcee remarriage A great majority (73.9 %) of Jain respondents favoured remarriage of Jain divorcees/widows. However, 20.1 % did not favour such alliances. Table 5.12: Widow and divorcee remarriage (%) District Question: Do you support remarriage of divorcees/widows in Jains? Belgaum No Response Bengaluru Yes No Mysore 4.0 State Average 68.9 27.1 8.2 82.4 9.4 10.7 83.6 5.7 73.9 20.1 6.0 Divorce Only 11.3 % of the respondents reported known cases of divorce within their family or amongst their relatives. Table 5.13: Divorce (%) District Question: Has there been any case of divorce in your family/relations? Belgaum Bengaluru Yes No No Response Mysore State Average 6.9 90.2 2.9 17.6 74.1 8.2 20.5 68.0 11.5 11.3 83.2 5.5
Membership of Jain Associations A great majority of Jains (62.4 %) did not reveal their association or affiliation with any Jain social or religious group. The three major socio-religious associations namely; Jain Conference, Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha and Karnataka Jain Association command 4.5 % of Jains as their members. Surprisingly, 33.1 % Jains were members of other less-known associations or groups. Also surprisingly, Belgaum has the least number of Jains affiliated to any Jain organization. Table 5.14: Organization and Associational Distribution (%) Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State 3.2 Average Karnataka Jain 1.2 0.0 3.2 2.2 Association 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.9 2.1 Jain Conference 78.7 0.0 0.8 41.2 83.6 0.2 Other 57.6 15.6 33.1 62.4 No response Inter-Ethnic Relations As pointed out earlier, in spite of Jainism being a separate religion, Jains are often regarded as Vaishyas in the framework of the Hindu Varna-Vyavastha . Our survey revealed that 68.9 % considered Jains as a separate community independent of Hindus, while 21.6 % felt it to be a part of the Hindu Varna system. Table 5.15: Jainism and Hinduism (%) Within the Hindu Varna Belgaum Bengaluru Mysore State system 22.1 16.5 23.8 Average A separate community 68.6 72.9 67.2 independent of Hindus 9.3 10.6 9.0 21.6 No response 68.9 9.4 Concluding Remarks This chapter is mainly based on the opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining family, marriage and Jain identity, which have repercussions on Jain population dynamics. Family type: Joint family (39.3 %) is still the prevailing family type but 50.5 % nuclear families show the emerging trend towards nuclear families.
Caste System: No clear understanding prevails amongst Jains as 7.4 % reported Jain religion as their caste. Only 52.5 % reported /caste correctly while 40.1 % did not respond. Marital status: 54.5 % male and 54.0 % female reported as being married. 24.3 % male and 24.0 % female reported as being unmarried. Very few people did report their status as widows/widowers or divorcee/separated with 20.1 % male and 16.6 % female not responding about this question. Changes in the institution of marriage: Inter-caste marriage: 78.0 % were aware of the growing trend with Bengaluru at a high of 90.6 % and Belgaum at the low of 73.1 %. Preferences: 78.6 % do not prefer inter caste/religion marriages compared to 17.0 % youth preferring it. Reasons: 52.2 % Jains and 45.6 % Jain youth mentioned co-education and co-working as the main reason. 21.4 % Jain adults and 40.5 % Jain youth cited non-availability of suitable match within the community. 8.1 % youth and 13.9 % adults did not respond to this query. Arranged/love: 57.6 % reported arranged marriages being replaced by love marriages. Other changes: 31.8 % responded late marriage as a major change in the marriage institution, 19.2 % preferred day-time marriages.18.0 % opted yes for solemnized by a Jain pandit. Prevalence of dowry: 38.8 % said that it is prevailing to a large or at least to some Remarriage: extent. 73.9 % support remarriage of widows and divorcees. Increase in divorces: A large majority (83.2%) did not think so that they are increasing. Membership of social organization: Only 37.6 % reported as being member of one or the other Jain social organizations.
Jain identity: 68.9 % Consider Jainism as an independent religion with its own identity while 21.6 % consider Jainism being a part of Hinduism with 9.4 % not responding. The above analysis shows an emerging Jain family status and associated value system in line with growing education and expectations of Jain youth and the nation at large. However, the community leadership has to initiate steps to ensure that Jain values and identity remain intact in the face of on-going the changes.
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFE This chapter analyses the various aspects of Jain way of life, as practiced and followed by Karnataka Jain population. The parameters that account for these practices include visit to temples, dietary habits, teaching of religious practices and the drift of youth away from the tenets of Jainism in modern times. While Ahimsa (non-violence), Aparigraha (non- attachment), self-restrain, Anekantvada, celibacy, vows and fasting are emphasized as the cornerstone of Jain teaching, the survey could include only certain aspects of Jain way of life, as defined in its objectives. For example, Brhamcharya is an important part of Jain way of life. “Jain ethics for householders lays significant importance on Brhamcharya. Lust is also considered as a psychical possession and cause of tainting the pure nature of soul. The vows of celibacy in Jainism for a householder is called Svadarasantoshpariman that limits the sexual relation to one's religiously wedded spouse only and gradually enhanced to complete abstinence.” (Jain, Shugan C, 2017, pp 62) It must be noted that religious ideologies/identities and way of life are often conceptualized in terms of bi-polarity: conservative vs liberal, orthodox vs heterodox, etc. Thus, Hinduism is generally considered as liberal and the Islam as conservative. Jainism can also be characterized by a very high degree of asceticism and orthodoxy. The Jain identity and the way of life get shaped accordingly and is a matter of choice and practice. Karnataka State survey data appear to be suggesting a moderate and flexible way of life on all the indicators except the vegetarian diet which can be regarded as more or less an absolute and universal indicator of Jain identity (see Tables 6.7 and 6.8). In the case of “eating before sunset”, more than 83 % of our respondents said that they found it difficult to follow in their daily routine. Visit temple The Karnataka sample survey of Jain population revealed a large majority of Jains visiting the temple/Sthanak daily, with the practice prevalent among 54.3 % male and 59.8 % female. Although 22.5 % male & 19.6 % female of Jains were found to be visiting the religious places occasionally also followed by visits on the occasion of religious festivals like Paryushan Parv were 11.1 % male & 11.2 % female. Over 2.9 % male & 1.0 % female of the respondents did not respond to the query. Data on distribution of youth respondents’ visit to temple are presented in Table 6.2. Accordingly, about 46.2 % male youth & 44.9 % female youth make daily visit to the temple, whereas about 29.7 % male youth & 26.7 % female youth do this occasionally. Sunday visitors and those visiting only during Paryushan Parv are 21.7 % male youth & 24.6 %
female youth respectively. (See Table 6.2) Thus a distinct drift is noticeable amongst youth in the practice of going to the temple daily. Table 6.1: Visit to temple (%) District Daily Occasionally Sunday During No Paryushan response Belgaum MF MF MF Parv Only Bengaluru 48.5 56.5 24.7 21.2 9.3 8.2 MF MF Mysore 45.3 60.0 38.7 30.0 5.3 0.0 15.1 12.9 2.4 1.2 State Average 75.5 83.3 5.5 0.0 11.8 16.7 6.7 10.0 4.0 0.0 3.6 0.0 3.6 0.0 54.3 59.8 22.5 19.6 9.2 8.4 11.1 11.2 2.9 1.0 Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) (%) District Daily Occasionally Sunday During No Paryushan response Belgaum MF MF MF Parv Only Bengaluru 41.1 46.7 32.7 22.1 10.9 9.0 MF MF Mysore 53.7 42.5 27.8 35.0 12.0 7.5 12.9 18.9 2.4 3.3 State Average 54.5 40.0 20.0 36.0 14.5 16.0 4.6 12.5 1.9 2.5 7.3 0.0 3.6 8.0 46.2 44.9 29.7 26.7 11.7 9.6 10.0 15.0 2.4 3.8
Search