JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Solapur District Karmala Barshi Madha Malshiras MaholINTERNATIONA Pandharpur Mangalvedhe Solapur Akkalkot SNoolratphurSouth SangolaL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Solapur District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 3Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 7Chapter 3: Population Profile 11Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 15Chapter 5: Community Profile 21Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 27Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 29Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 37Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 41
LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 2.1: Surnames of Solapur Jain respondents 3Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 3Table 2.3: Marital Status 3Table 2.4: Education 4Table 2.5: Medium of Education 4Table 2.6: Occupational Status 4Table 2.7: Income 7Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Solapur District 7Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 8Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 8Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 9Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 9Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 9Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 9Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 10Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 10Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 11Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Solapur 11Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Solapur 11Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 12Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 12Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 13Table 4.6: Size of land holding 13Table 4.7: Commercial property value 13Table 4.8: Residential property value 13Table 4.9: Size of the Business 14Table 4.10: House ownership 15Table 5.1: Family type 15Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 15Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Solapur Respondents 16Table 5.4: Marital Status 16Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 16Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 16Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 17Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 17Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 17Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 17Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 18Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 18Table 5.14: Divorce 18Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 18Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 19Table 6.1: Visit to temple 21Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 21Table 6.3: Food after sunset 21Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 21Table 6.5: Drinking 22Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 22Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 22Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 22Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 22Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 23Table 6.11: Religious education 23Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 23Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 23Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 24Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 24Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 25vi
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has mainly beeninvolved in promoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholarsthrough its Summer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited fromthe programme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Solapur District” is the fourth report in thisseries, though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the populationenumeration. The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education,occupation and income levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life andidentity in terms of daily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and theproblem of drift away from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests latemarriage, too many not marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroadfor better economic opportunities.The above findings, it is hoped, would be quite useful to the Jain and academicians alike inorder to take suitable corrective and constructive measures to address the problem of thecommunity. In order to find out the India-wide trends similar studies already have beencompleted about Belgaum and Pune, and others are under-way at Kolhapur, Mumbai,Ahemadnagar, Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Sagar, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad,Banglore and Chennai.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Solapur district, and some other places in Maharashtra. Ialso thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey andstaff members Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for their tirelessefforts in completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: September 13th, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Solapur sociological survey, which was carried out duringMay-June 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community in termsof population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and changein the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Major findings ofthe survey based on three sets of sample population of Solapur district are as follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=147Married N=219 N=1,031Sex Ratio 23.80%Child Sex Ratio Population Characteristics -Family Size - 91.78% 52.38% -Graduate +Medium of instruction - 851 64.63%(i) Marathi -(ii) English - 548 63.26%Agriculture - 4.4 persons 33.33%Own Business EducationProfession and Service 1.3%Students 53.4% 44.91% 45.6% 33.12%Less than Rs. 25,000/- -- 3.8%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- 83.5% - -Awareness -Not in favour of 10.0% -Reasons (co-education/ Occupation -co-working) 82.3%Widow/Divorcee 15.5% 6.12%remarriage 6.8% 31.5% 19.73%Daily temple visitFood after sunset 44.3% 22.45%Eat Non-Vegetarian foodDrink alcohol - 5.44%Discrimination against Incomegirls 34.2% - 31.9% - Inter-faith marriage 45.2% - 83.5% 43.3% - 84.62% - - Jain way of life - 39.4% 58.0% - 65.3% 65.0% - - 0% 0% - 0% 1.37% 8.16% 8.68%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in school and college, besidesSunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away from Jainism.A good majority of our respondents (78.8%) considered Jainism as a separate communityand religion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONSolapur has the tenth largest concentration of Jain population in Maharashtra. In 2011 censusthe Jain population in Solapur district was estimated at 28,134 (Male: 14,635 and Female:13,499). The decadal growth rate of Jain population was only 0.82%. Among otherdemographic indicators sex-ratio in the district was 922 and child sex ratio 854. Both theseindicators are far below the National Jain average of 954 and 889 respectively. Literacy ratein the Jain population was found to be 95.0% (Male: 96.7% and Female: 93.3%). Workparticipation rate was 36.3% (Male: 54.6%, Female: 16.4%).Solapur Map
The sociological survey of the Solapur Jain community is designed as an exploratory studywith the following objectives.Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Solapur district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. 7. To assess the overall impact of social change and modernization on the Jain community.Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The study was conducted in the Solapur district. Thedata were collected from 11 tehsils (sub-districts) of the Solapur district, namely Karmala,Barshi, Madha, Malshiras, Pandharpur, Mahol, Solapur North, Solapur South, Sangola,Mangalvedhe, and Akkalkot. In all, respondents from 219 Jain families participated in thesurvey. Besides the questionnaire the report also relied on secondary sources, includingbooks, newspaper and magazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Solapur, Jain youth – both male and female – were alsointerviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youthwere generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 147 youthwere interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families which participated inthe Solapur Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted atappropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community inSolapur in particular and Karnataka in general as no anthropological/sociological work on thesubject has so far been done. Page 2 of 46
Chapter – 2SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Solapur Jain respondentsJain % Other % No Response % Surnames5Total 2.28 211 96.35 3 1.37 219Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 25 2 0.91 1.10 025-34 14 6.39 2 6.63 0 5.2635-44 31 14.16 12 15.47 2 7.8945-54 70 31.96 28 29.83 3 42.1155-64 61 27.85 54 28.73 16 23.6865-74 26 11.87 52 9.94 9 21.0575-84 11 5.02 18 6.08 8 085+ 2 0.91 11 1.10 0 0No response 2 0.91 2 1.10 0 0 2 0Total 219 100 181 100 38 100 (82.64%) (17.36%)Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 6 2.74 5 2.76 1 2.63Unmarried 201 91.78 170 93.92 31 81.58 10 4.57 5 2.76 5 13.16Married 0 0Widow/Widower 2 0.55 219 100Divorce /separated 00 00No response 0.91 1 1 2.63Total 100 181 38 100
Table 2.4: EducationEducational & Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 2 0.91 2 1.10 0 0Upto Middle 46 21.00 33 18.23 13 34.21Upto S. Sec 50 22.83 42 23.20 8 21.05GraduateAbove 117 53.42 100 55.25 17 44.74No response 4 1.83 4 2.21 0 0Total 219 100 181 100 38 100Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %Marathi 183 83.56 153 84.53 30 78.95English 22 10.05 19 10.50 3 7.89Hindi 2 0.91 0 0.00 2 5.26Other 9 4.11 7 3.87 2 5.26No response 3 1.37 2 1.10 1 2.63Total 219 100 181 100 38 100Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 34 15.53 31 17.13 3 7.89Own Business 69 31.51 59 32.60 10 26.32Service(Govt/Private) 89 40.64 72 39.78 17 44.74Professional 8 3.65 8 4.42 0 0.00ManagingHousehold 13 5.94 9 4.97 4 10.53Others 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00Students 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00No response 6 2.74 2 1.10 4 10.53Total 219 100 181 100 38 100 Page 4 of 46
Table 2.8: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than25,000 75 34.25 60 33.15 15 39.4725,000 – 50,00050,000-1,00,000 70 31.96 64 35.36 6 15.79Above 1,00,000 26 11.87 21 11.60 5 13.16No response 13 5.94 13 7.18 0 0.00Total 35 15.98 23 12.71 12 31.58 219 100 181 100 38 100Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 2.8%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 82.64%, Female 17.36% (i) Gender Majority 85.84% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 91.78%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 22.83% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 53.42% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 83.56% (i) Marathi 10% (ii) EnglishTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 15.53% (i) Agriculture 31.51% (ii) Own Business 40.64% (iii) Service 3.65% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 34.25% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 31.96% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 11.87% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 5.94% (iv) Above 1,00,000 Page 5 of 46
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Solapur DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Solapur 1031 557 54.03 474 45.97 Group 4.66 48Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 2.74 0.582-Member 6 6.85 6 2.913-Member 15 16.89 30 10.774-Member 37 27.40 111 23.285-Member 60 19.63 240 20.856-Member 43 13.24 215 16.887-Member 29 3.65 174 5.438-Member 8 1.83 56 3.109-Member 4 2.74 32 5.2410-Member 6 1.83 54 3.8810+-Member 4 3.20 40 7.08Total/Average 7 100 73 100 219 1031
Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 124 12.03 74 13.29 50 10.5515-59 690 66.93 369 66.25 321 67.7260+ 165 16.00 88 15.80 77 16.24Noresponse 52 5.04 26 4.67 26 5.49Total 1031 100 557 100 474 100Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 36 3.49 24 4.31 12 2.535-9 43 4.17 25 4.49 18 3.8010-14 45 4.36 25 4.49 20 4.2215-19 72 6.98 43 7.72 29 6.1220-24 81 7.86 47 8.44 34 7.1725-29 86 8.34 48 8.62 38 8.0230-34 71 6.89 42 7.54 29 6.1235-39 66 6.40 31 5.57 35 7.3840-44 78 7.57 35 6.28 43 9.0745-49 74 7.18 38 6.82 36 7.5950-54 76 7.37 36 6.46 40 8.4455-59 86 8.34 49 8.80 37 7.8160-64 52 5.04 33 5.92 19 4.0165-69 45 4.36 24 4.31 21 4.4370-74 27 2.62 9 1.62 18 3.8075-79 26 2.52 15 2.69 11 2.3280+ 15 1.45 7 1.26 8 1.69No response 52 5.04 26 4.67 26 5.49Total 1031 100 557 100 474 100 Page 8 of 46
Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Solapur 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 544 597Young Dependency 752 652 390 311 419Ratio 621 510 180Old Dependency 154 187Ratio 131 142 239Table 3.6: Sex RatiosCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Solapur Survey) 851 548Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 7 3.20Are you aware that thereis shortage of girlsagainst boys in the Jain 188 85.84 24 10.96community? 219TotalTable 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 10.05 186 84.93 11 5.02Have you heard of anycase of feticide among 22Jains in your area?Total 219 Page 9 of 46
Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % 8.68 responseDo you believe that in Jain families 19 184 84.02 16 7.31girls are discriminated against in regard 219to food, education and health provisionsTotalTable 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Do you believe that in Jainfamilies girls are discriminated inregard to food, education and 12 8.16 127 86.39 8 0.05health provisions? 147TotalFindings:Table 3.1: Total sample profile: 54.03% (i) Male: 45.97% (ii) Female: 4.7%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 27.40% (i) Average family size: 16.89% (ii) 4 member family: 19.63% (iii) 3 member family: (iv) 5 member family: 12.03% 66.93%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 16% (i) 0-14 age group: (ii) 15-59 age group: 419 (iii) 60+ age group: 180 239Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: (i) Dependency Ratio: 851 (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 548 (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 85.84%Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: (i) Sex Ratio: (ii) Child Sex Ratio:Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls:Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains: 10.05%Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls: 8.68%Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth): 8.16% Page 10 of 46
Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of PuneEducational Level Total % Male % Female %IlliterateUp to Middle 5 0.48 4 0.72 1 0.21Up to Senior Secondary 283 27.45 135 24.24 148 31.22Graduate & Above 138 13.39 77 13.82 61 12.87No response 463 44.91 274 49.19 189 39.87Total 142 13.77 67 12.03 75 15.82 1,031 100 557 100 474 100Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in PuneEducational Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 0 0 0 0 0 0Upto Middle 11 7.48 8 8.33 3 5.88Upto S. Sec 33 22.45 16 16.67 17 33.33Graduate &Above 95 64.63 66 68.75 29 56.86No response 8 5.44 6 6.25 2 3.92Total 147 100 96 100 51 100Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female % 58 26.48Family Business or 49 22.37 53 29.28 5 13.16New Business 37 20.44 12 31.58 90 41.10Government Services 22 10.05 219 100Professionaleducation(Engineering,Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.) 75 41.44 15 39.47No Response 16 8.84 6 15.79Total 181 100 38 100
Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 35 3.39 31 5.57 4 0.84Own Business 123 11.93 97 17.41 26 5.49Service(Govt/Private) 213 20.66 153 27.47 60 12.66Professional 23 2.23 15 2.69 8 1.69ManagingHousehold 150 14.55 16 2.87 134 28.27Others 25 2.42 16 2.87 9 1.90Students 101 9.80 63 11.31 38 8.02No response 361 35.01 166 29.80 195 41.14Total 1,031 100 557 100 474 100Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 9 6.12 9 9.38 0 0Own Business 29 19.73 25 26.04 4 7.84Service(Govt/Private) 30 20.41 25 26.04 5 9.80Professional 3 2.04 1 1.04 2 3.92Others 59 40.14 30 31.25 29 56.86Students 8 5.44 3 3.13 5 9.80No response 9 6.12 3 3.13 6 11.76Total 147 100 96 100 51 100 Page 12 of 46
Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 48No Agricultural 17 19land 30 21.92 37 20.44 11 28.95 105Up to 5 acres 219 7.76 16 8.84 1 2.635 to 10 acres 8.68 17 9.39 2 5.26Above 10 acres 13.70 30 16.57 0 0.00No response 47.95 81 44.75 24 63.16Total 100 181 100 38 100Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 50 22.83Above Rs. 20 lakhs 23 10.50No response 6 2.74Total 140 63.93 219Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 38 17.35Above Rs. 20 lacs 55 25.11No response 55 25.11Total 71 32.42 219Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %MediumLarge 50 22.83 42 23.20 8 21.05No response 77 35.16 63 34.81 14 36.84Total 8 3.65 7 3.87 1 2.63 84 38.36 69 38.12 15 39.47 219 100 181 100 38 100 Page 13 of 46
Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %Own 81.74Rented 179 11.42No response 25 6.85Total 15 219Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 44.91% (ii) Upto Middle: 27.45%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 64.63%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 26%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 26.48% (ii) Professional Education: 41.10%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 11.93%(ii) Service & Professional: 22.89% (iii) Students: 9.80%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 19.73%(ii) Services & Professional: 22.45% (iii) Other: 5.44%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land: (i) Less than10 Acers: 16.44%Table 4.7: Commercial property value: (i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 10.50%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 25.11% (ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 25.11%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 35.16%(ii) Small: 22.83% (iii) Large: 3.65%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 81.74%(ii) Rented: 11.42% Page 14 of 46
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 122 55.71 108 59.67 14 36.84Nuclear 81 36.99 62 34.25 19 50.00No response 16 7.31 11 6.08 5 13.16Total 219 100 181 100 38 100Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-Sect 187 85.39 154 85.08 33 86.84Digambar 11 5.02 8 4.42 3 7.89ShwetambarMurtipujak 14 6.39 12 6.63 2 5.26Shwetambar 1 0.46 1 0.55 0 0.00Sthanakvasi 6 2.74 6 3.31 0 0.00 219 100 181 100 38 100ShwetambarTerapanthiNo responseTotalTable 5.3: Caste Distribution of Solapur RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 87 39.73Kasar 3 1.37Bissa 19 8.68Oswal 15 6.85Others 46 21.00No response 49 22.37Total 219 100
Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 212 20.56 146 26.21 66 13.92Unmarried 540 52.38 289 51.89 251 52.95 22 2.13 11 1.97 11 2.32Married 0.21 1 0.10 1 0.00 1 1.69Widow/Widower 110 28.90 9 0.87 557 0.18 8 100Divorce / 247 23.96 19.75 137 100 100 474 %separated 1,031 5.02Vowed to %Celibacy 4.11No response %Total 1.36Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 11Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriageof Jains Boys/Girls outsidethe Jain community? 99 45.21 109 49.77Total 219Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain-non-Jain marriages 27 12.33 183 83.56 9Total 219Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 16.33 121 82.31 2non-Jain marriages 24Total 147 Page 16 of 46
Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 95 43.38Co-education/co-work 41Could not find suitable match in Jain 18.72community 83 0.00Other (please specify) 219 37.90 No responseTotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 10 6.80Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 4 2.72community 3 2.04Other (please specify) 130 88.44 147No responseTotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response % 96.55Are arranged marriagesbeing replaced by lovemarriages among Jains inSolapur 96 43.84 95 43.38 28Total 219Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institutionLate marriage Number % Male % Female %Day-time marriage 118 53.88 96 53.04 22 57.89Marriage by Jain 22 10.05 18 9.94 4 10.53PanditMarriage by own 35 15.98 30 16.57 5 13.16choiceNo response 21 9.59 16 8.84 5 13.16Total 23 10.50 21 11.60 219 100 181 100 2 5.26 38 100 Page 17 of 46
Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a largeextent 11 5.02 10 5.52 1 2.63Prevalent to some extent 101 46.12 80 44.20 21 55.26Not prevalent 93 42.47 80 44.20 13 34.21No response 14 6.39 11 6.08 3 7.89Total 219 100 181 100 38 100Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriageQuestion Yes % No % No response % 76.71 40 5.02Do you supportremarriage ofdivorcees/widows inJains 168 18.26 11Total 219Table 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response %Has there been any case 12.32 178 81.27 14 6.41of divorce in your 27family/relations? 219TotalTable 5.15: Organization and Associational DistributionBharatiya Jain Sanghatan Number % Male % Female %Dakshin Bharat Jain 55 25.11 43 23.76 12 31.58SabhaJain Social Group 9 4.11 7 3.87 2 5.26Jain Conference 10 4.57 10 5.52 0 0.00Other 0.00 0.00No response 1 0.46 1 0.55 0.00Total 144 65.75 120 66.30 0 0.00 219 100 181 100 24 63.16 38 100 Page 18 of 46
Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism Number % Male % Female %Within the Hindu Varnasystem 20 9.13 17 9.39 3 7.89A separate community 70.78 122independent of Hindus 155 20.09 42 67.40 33 86.84 100 181No response 44 23.20 2 5.26Total 219 100 38 100Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 37%(ii) Joint: 55.71%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Shwetambar Sthanakvasi: 6.39%(ii) Shwetambar Murtipujak: 5%(iii) Digamber: 85.39%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Belgaum Respondents (i) Jain: 39.73% 6.85% (ii) Oswal: 8.68% (iii) Bissa: 21% (iv) OthersTable 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 52.38%(ii) Unmarried: 20.56%(iii) No response: 24%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 45.21% (ii) No: 49.77%Table 5.6: Inter marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) Yes: 12.33% (ii) No: 83.56%Table 5.7: Inter marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) Yes: 16.33%(ii) No: 82.31%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 43.38%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 18.72% Page 19 of 46
Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 6.80%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 2.72%Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 43.84% (ii) No: 43.38%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 53.88%(ii) Day time marriage 10%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 42.47% (i) Not prevalent: 46.12% (ii) Prevalent to some extent: 5% (iii) Prevalent to a large extent:Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 76.71%Support for 81.27% (i) Yes: 12.32%Table 5.14: Divorce 6.41% Divorce in family (i) Yes: (ii) No: (iii) No response:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Jain Social Group: 4.57%(ii) Others: 0.46%(iii) Bhartiya Jain Sangthan: 25.11% (iv) No response: 65.75%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 70.78%(ii) Within the Hindu Varna system: 93.13%(iii) No response: 20% Page 20 of 46
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 127 65.79Sunday 56 57.99 102 56.35 25 21.05During Paryushan Parv 18 25.57 48 26.52 8 2.63Only 8.22 17 9.39 1No response 10 7.89Total 8 4.57 7 3.87 3 2.63 219 3.65 7 3.87 1 100 100 181 100 38Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth)Daily Number % Male % Female % 58 29.41Occasionally 71 39.46 43 44.79 15 56.86 10 48.30 42 43.75 29 7.84Sunday 6.80 6 6.25 4During Paryushan Parv 7 3.92Only 1 4.76 5 5.21 2 1.96No response 147 0.68 0 0.00 1 100Total 100 96 100 51Table 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No response % 15 6.85Take food after sunset 124 56.62 80 36.53Total 219Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 0Take food after sunset 96 65.31 51 34.69 0Total 147
Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response % 35 15.98Drink alcohol 3 1.37 181 82.65Total 219Table 6.6: Drinking (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 7 4.76Drink alcohol 0 0 140 95.24Total 147Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 33 15.07Eat non-vegetarian food 3 1.37 183 83.56Total 219Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 8 5.44Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0 139 94.56Total 147Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response %Younger generation is 71.69 49 22.37 13 5.94drifting away from 157Jainism 219Total Page 22 of 46
Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Younger generation is 72.79 38 25.85 2 1.36drifting away from 107Jainism 147TotalTable 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response % 103 47.03 8 3.65Religious Education 108 49.32Total 219Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response %Do you think thatreligious education 197 89.95 9 4.11 13 5.94should be made 219compulsory to Jainchildren?TotalTable 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 30 13.70 29 16.02 1 2.63Jainism 123Lack of exposure to 32 56.16 95 52.49 28 73.68Jainism 34Not in tune with modern 219 14.61 28 15.47 4 10.53culture 0.00 0.00 0.00Other 15.53 29 16.02 5 13.16No response 100 181 100 38 100Total Page 23 of 46
Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 24 16.33 16 16.67 8 15.69Jainism 95 64.63 65 67.71 30 58.82Lack of exposure to 21 21.57Jainism 7 14.29 10 10.42 11 3.92 147 4.76 5 5.21 2Not in tune with modern 100 96 100 51 100cultureNo responseTotalTable 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing JainismJain moral education Number % Male % Female %classes in 86 39.27 74 40.88 12 31.58 84 66 18school/colleges 32 38.36 25 36.46 7 47.37 17 16 1Jain Sunday schools for 219 14.61 181 13.81 38 18.42 0.00 0.00 0.00teaching Jainism 7.76 8.84 2.63 100 100 100Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotalTable 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female %classes in 49 33.33 34 35.42 15 29.41 34 24 10school/colleges 58 23.13 35 25.00 23 19.61 6 39.46 3 36.46 3 45.10Jain Sunday schools for 147 0.00 96 0.00 51 0.00 4.08 3.13 5.88teaching Jainism 100 100 100Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotal Page 24 of 46
Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education Number % Male % Female %Spiritual 61 41.50 38 39.58 23 45.10Campus 12 8.16 7 7.29 5 9.80Special 57 38.78 37 38.54 20 39.22Training 17 11.56 14 14.58 3 5.88Religious 147 100 96 100 51 100educationprogramNoresponseTotalFindings: 25.57% 57.99%Table 6.1: Visit to temple 4.57% (i) Occasionally: 8.22% (ii) Daily: (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: 48.30% (iv) Sunday: 39.46% 4.76%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 6.80% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 65% (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: (iv) Sunday: 65.31%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 82.65% (i) Yes: 16%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) 95.24% (i) Yes: 4.76%Table 6.5: Drinking 83.56% (i) No: 15% (ii) No response: 0%Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No: (ii) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No: (ii) No response: (iii) Yes: Page 25 of 46
Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No: 94.56%(ii) No response: 5.44% (iii) Yes: 0%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 71.69%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) (i) Yes: 72.79%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 49.32%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? (i) Yes: 90%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 56.16%(ii) No response: 15.53%(iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 14.61%(iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 13.70%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 64.63% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 4.76% (ii) No response: 14.29% (iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 16.33% (iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 38.36%Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 39.29% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 33.33% 23.13%Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 38.78% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 41.50% 8.16%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education (i) Religious education program: (ii) Spiritual camps: (iii) Special Training: Page 26 of 46
Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSolapur district Jain community sociological survey is based on the responses of 219 Jainfamilies and 147 Jain youth. Most of the youth belonged to the same Jain families. Oursurvey data suggest the total sample Jain population in Solapur district at 1,031 persons. Thegender distribution is in favor of male members (54%). Average Jain family size comes to 4.7members. A majority of family are joint (55%).The study of Solapur district survey revealed the dominant presence of Digambar Jains(85%). There were 6.3% Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jains and 5% Shwetambar MurtipujakJains. The survey also confirmed in most cases the practice of not using 'Jain' as surname bythe local people. In our sample of Solapur district, only about 2.8% of the respondents werefound to be using 'Jain' as their surnames, while 97.2% of them preferred to use othersurnames.A great majority of respondents in our survey was male (82.6%). About 85% of therespondents were in the age group 35-74 years. A large majority (91%) of them weremarried. An overwhelming majority of them were literate, with 53% holding graduation andabove educational qualifications.In Solapur district Service and professions were found to be the dominant occupation ofrespondents (44.3%) followed by own business (31.5%) and agriculture (15.5%). Majority ofrespondents (34.2%) reported their monthly income under Rs 25,000 and 32% between Rs25,000 to Rs. 50,000. About 18% of the respondents reported their income Rs. 50,000 andabove. About 82% respondents owned their homes.The sex ratio in Solapur district was found to be 851 and the child sex-ratio 548. Both thesedemographic indicators are far below the Jain national averages of 954 and 889 respectively.The child sex-ratio, if correct, is alarmingly low. The dependency ratio for Solapur Jainsample population is calculated at 419, the young dependency ratio 180 and old dependencyratio 239. The dependency for young in our survey was found to be low, whereas thedependency ratio for the old was marginally high. In other words, the burden of supportingthe young population on the economically active segment (15-59 years) is a little less thanthat of supporting the old population.As per our survey, 27.4% were educated up to middle school level, 13.39% were educated upto senior secondary level and 44.9% had graduation and above qualification. About 9.8% ofthe sample population was engaged in studies as students. Predictably, the languages ofeducation was found to be Marathi (83.5%) followed by English (10.10%).
In the Solapur district sample the awareness about inter-religion marriages is comparativelynot only low (50%), only a small minority of respondents (12.3%) happened to be in favourof inter-faith marriages. While responding to the reasons of inter-faith marriage, about 43.4%of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason of interfaithmarriage and about 18.7% of them mentioned non-availability of suitable match in the Jaincommunity as the second reason. Among the youth respondents an over-whelming majority(88.4%) of them did not respond to the question about reasons of inter-faith marriage.Responding to the question about the on-going changes in the marriage institution latemarriage figured prominently with as many as 53.88% singling it out as a major change.Among other changes marriage by Jain Pandit, Day-time marriage and marriage by ownchoice also figured. A large number of our respondents (46%) admitted the prevalence ofdowry in the community, whereas 42% of them denied the prevalence of dowry.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Solapur survey result reported difficulties in practicing the Jain way of life, especiallyrelated to food and dietary habits. In our survey the consumption of liquor was not favouredby majority of general population (82.6%) and youth population (95.2%). The same wasfound to be true for non-vegetarianism, with both general population (83.5%) and youthpopulation (94.5%) saying no to it. However, a large number of our respondents, general aswell as youth (about 65%), admitted of taking food after sunset.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (90%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life. The respondents appeared to be following amoderate and relaxed Jain way of life.The Solapur sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways. Whileour survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jain communitysuch as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacy andeducational levels, occupational structure etc, it also highlights a number of features of theJain community of Solapur district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size and typeof family, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in the Jainway of life. An important finding of the survey was that over 78.8% of the Jain respondentsconsidered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent of Hinduism. Page 28 of 46
Appendix – 1
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Appendix – 2
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