grade4sst

GettingAhead in Sociaf Studies Glass 4

.:'1 r!.. . e Abha Sahgal Sushmita Malik Orient BlackSwan

N0lv G{illinfl,{n0ail in li0|;ial ||ludl0$ -- pfovrd€s s€veral rools Ior rhe clfecril.c rcAching and rFut-r i€arning olsocial studit-s uses tried and lesred m€rhodologl in rhe reaching of social srudies tocuses on building conc€prs rhrough the use ot easy-to-understand examples, clear and simple language, rich illusrrarjons and images, and abundant maps Main Features a vanery ol qus$ions tha est a child's undeAtandinq ot rhe chapt€r mprove $udents 0ndersiand n0, anarytrcat and probteh-sotvtns ski s Chapter Overview l\"ll0l{!i\\iG /qfiEilD i\\/iii{m 0pl:t\\tEu is caretully graded to enabte gives the studenrs an overview ot _.+drawsstudents intothe tesson and y _understandingandtsvisua _.> p.epar€sthem for new teaming NCW F! SI(tts AND !A Ji:S NEW WEn LiiltKS students tead heatihy and lit\\h!8s:lhl Provide access to interesting hands-on activities additional infomarjon on the topic IUEW --,e,nrorcescon(Fpr5thio.r8h

+FF help a$ess the u.deAlanding enable nudenb to use lT to explore the top d in greaterdeplh! ol rh6 stdmts in a mo@ holislic . spoken and witlen assignmonts . modelfiakinq, €xpe me. s rc nlorces concepts th.ou0h \\t.1tt.t. ;l . slleclive communicauon . ,i.i i.,ti.,,irrt.nol'[ ) !i rtI ri. ']:iitrriirri;inr iilrr ri li'i i ir, iiil:t :l I NEW luEw r Now KNr.)n DtD ygt, KNS\\1V? summansestheresson W0BDS T0 *,rhprolides rhe suderr' €naorc' east 'evrsron llEIviElvlBEB rinteer€rstiang rbieis odf inrototmhaetcio-hn\")a' prer -'> kordrderines important Y l:fi;,Jr;l;.*'-'\" MC0s providetimely ExEnc'|si:s 5:H:i\"17 ruEW selfieamlng \":,}j\":::j[1i::il'u __wdringactivities,\\rodsearchano ' N0TS *;ff\"n,\"ftffJl1ff:illli - inctudeawidevadetyof IIUEW ru-:Effi;w':ffi:5;h;,:,'1\"$ii,f--questi0ns-'onsdndsiortans\\'€r

Every attempt has been made to tace holders ofcopyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the time ofgoing to press or where, in the absence ofcomplete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources ofmaterials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate acknowledgement it future rep nts/editions of this book. NEW GETTINGAHEAD IN SOCIAL STIJDIES 4 ORIENTBLACKSWAMRIVATELIMITED Registered Olfice 3-6 752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India email: centraloffice @ orientblackswan. com Other Ofrices Bengaluru, Bhopal, Chennai, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Noida, Parna, Visakhapatnam O Orient Blackswan Privare Limited 2009 This Edition 2018 Repdnted 2018,2019 ISBN: 978-93-5287-170-4 ffi Typeset at Tdnity Designen & Typesetters Chennai 600 041 Printed in India at Manipal Technologies Limited, Manipal 576 104, Kamaraka Published by Orient Biackswan Pdvate Limited 3-6-752 Himayatnagar, Hyderabad 500 029, Telangana, India email: info@ orientblackswan.com

. Contents 1 L. Landforms of the World q 2. India 3. The Northem Mountains 15 4. The Northern Plains 24 5. The Great Indian Desert JZ 6. The Southern Plateau 39 7. The Coastal Plains and Islands 48 8. The Climate of Our Country 57 9. Natural Resources 63 68 10. Soils of India 74 11. Forests of India 81 12. Our Water Wealth 86 92 13. Our Mineral Wealth 99 14. Agriculture and Industries 106 15. Means of Transport L12 119 16. Sending Messages 126 132 17. Our Culture and Heritage tJb 18. People \\A/ho Made a Difference 19. Our Rights and Duties 20. Our National Symbols 21. Saving the Environment

Landforms of the World Mind opener I Looking Ahead What kind of land is pretent oround your ln this lesson you rrill leam obwt the difterent landforms of the Eorth: house and school? ls it flat or is it hi\\y? Are . llountains, volleys ond posses there any water bodies like lakes, rivers . Ploteous, plains ond deserts or the seq? Have you been to ploces where . Coasts, peninsulos, boys and islands the land is different ftom where you live? . IRivers Dscribe it in class. The land covering the Earth's surface is not uniform. At some places it rises high, while at other places it is flat. The different features that make up the Earth's surface are called l.rndfolrrrs. There are four main landforms. These are mount.rirrs, plaitrs, Pl.rteaus and dcscrts. Some landforms are formed by forces that act on the surface of the Earth such as water, wind and ice. Some are formed by processes occurring deep inside the Earth. Mountains, Vallegs and Ditterent types ot land{orm5 Passes Mountains and hills are rocky masses of land that rise higher than the surroundings. The main difference between mourtains and hills is that mountains have very steep slopes andhigh peaks.Hillsare smaller and lower. Mountains usually occur in long rows called mountain ranges. The Himalayas in the north of India is the highest mountain

range in the world. Mount Everest, the Did you know? highest mountain peak in the world, is The Himalayan ranges (and Mt Everest)were located in the Himalavas in Nepal. formed about 60 million years ago when India, moving northwards, crashed against the rest Some mountains are formed when two ofAsia. large landmasses push against each and sliding of large blocks of land. other. They are called fold mountains. Examples are the Sierra Nevada *::a:f{Bl Mountains in the USA and the Black ,in North Forest Mountains in Germany. Amerlca anct Formation of fold mountains the Alps in Europe are fold mountains. The Siefra Nevada Mountain is a blo(k mountain. Note the steep face of the mountain. Some mountains are formed when Dld you know? molten rock from deeo inside the Earth High mountain ranges have glaciers or slow rises to the surface, forming a volcano. moving rivers of ice. Large rlvers orlginate from They are called volcanic mountains. these glaciers, MountFu;'iinJapanand MountVesuvius in Italy are volcanic mountains. Another kind of mountains are block mountains formed by splitting Formation of block mountains The Rocky Mountains, USA Formation of volcanic mountainj Mount Fuji, Japan @

The lowland between hills or mountains Plateau in the Himalayas is the highest is called a valley. Valleys are normally plateau in the world. It is known as the 'roof of the world'. The Columbia and formed by glaciers or rivers wearing the Colorado Plateaus are in the USA. away rocks on mountains. A number of valleys have rivers flowing through them. Famous valleys in India are the Kashmir Valley and the Brahmaputra Valley. A valley with a river flowing through it Plains Mountains have low, narrow, natural Plains are flat lands with gentle slopes. gaps called passes. People cross the mountains through these passes. The Rivers flowing from the mountains Khyber Pass in the Himalayas cormects bring fertile soil to the plains. So crops Afghanistan and Pakistan. grow well here. Plains are therefore the most thickly populated areas in the world. The Northern Plains of India and the Prairies of the USA produce large amounts of wheat and other grains. The Khyber Pa55 (onnects Afghanistan Plaleaue Deserle A large area of land that is higher than the Deserts are large, extremely dry areas of surror.rndings and more or less flat at the land. There is very little rainfall and very few plants grow in deserts. Deserts have top is known as a plateau. The Deccan Plateau in South India covers almost the entire Indian Peninsula. The Tibetan

extreme temPeratures. In summers, the and is sttrtttttttrlt\\l lty wnl('r on thr days are very hot and the nights are cool. In winters, the days are cool and sides is ctrllt,rl rt 1',.rr r rr,,rr l.r.'l'ltt, sotttht the nights are verY cold. part of ortr trlttttlty lt a pt'trinsrt The tip of .l P('tllll$tll.l in r'illlctl n \"r1 The soutlrcrn-nrtxt tip olr the Incli Peninsula is ctrllt'tl r .r;,r'( orrrrrrirr,'l Arabian l)cnitrstthl iH th(' hrg('st in I world. The Sahara Desert, Africa The Sin i P(xrinsrrl.r, | (lyl)t The important deserts of the world are: A Ir\"rv is a watcr botly rttttttittg itrkr li and surroundcd otr thrt'c sitlt's by la . The Sahara Desert irL North Africa, it The Bay of Bengal, itkrtrg (lrt't'asl is the biggest desert in the world coast of India, is an cxitlllPl('. . The Kalahari Desert in southem Africa . The Atacama Desert in South Amenca . The Thar Desert in India Oid you know? Hanauma Bay, Oahu, Hrwoii Hot and dry areas with very little rainfell are not the only kind of deserts There are also An islarrtl is a land mass surrttttndcr cold deserts. These are regions of permanent cold where very little life exjsts, for example all sides by water. Sri Lankar is trrr islr the Antarctica. Andaman and Nicobar lslands irr Coaels, Peninsulae, Bags and lslande Bay of Bengal are a grotrp of islr A place where land meets the sea is which are a part of India. Austral called a coast Some coasts are sandy the world's largest islarrd. and straight. Others are rockY A land mass which proiects into the sea

Along the course of a river, several smaller rivers join the main river. They are called tributaries of the main river. Before entering the sea, the riverbecomes very slow. It carries a lot of sediment. This keeps getting deposited on the way, and causes the river to break up into Robben lsland, South Africa channels or distributaries. These soread out like a triangle before falling into the oid you know? sea. Such a resion is called a delta. The delta made bv the Brahmaputra and the A strait is a narrow passate of water Canga is Lhe largest in the world. connecting two seas ortwo large areas of water. An example is the Palk Strait that lies The Nile in Egypt is the longest river in between lndia and sri Lanka. the world. Some other important rivers Rivers are the Mississippi in the USA, the Congo in Africa and the Ganga in India. Long streams of water are called rivers. In history we find that great civilisations Many rivers start in the mountains have always developed along rivers, as from melting snow in glaciers. They the soil is richest here and the rivers have water throughout the year and are provide water for drinking, domestic called perennial rivers. Most rivers in and agriculture purposes. North India are perennial rivers. In South India, rivers are formed by rainwater. They do not have water throughout the year. Such rivers are called seasonnl rivers. Rivers, ultimately, flow into the sea. A tributary joining the main river The delta formed by the River Nile (Picture o€dit Avarrian)

*'..\" I now know 1. The important landforms of the world are mountains, plains, plateaus and deserts 2. A mountain is a rocky mass of land that rises higher than the surroundings 3. A plateau is a large area of land that is higher than the surroundings, and more or less flat on top. 4. A plain is a flat land with gentle slopes Deserts are large, extremely dry areas of land 5. coasts, peninsulas, bays and islands are other landforms 6. A long stream of water that ultimately flows into the sea is called a river' ) Words to remember Deninsula: a land mass which projects into the sea and is surrounded by water on three sides cape: the tiP of a Peninsula bay: water body surrounded on three sides by land island: land mass surrounded on all sides by water tributaries: smaller rivers that join a main river distributaries: the channels into which a main river breaks up delta: a triangle-shaped landform formed where a river flows into the sea \\,/\" Exercises Fill in the blanks. 1. The lowland between two mountains is called 2. The Plateau is known as the roof of the world. 3. A triangular piece of land near the mouth of a river is called 4. A perennial river starts in the 5. The tip of a peninsula is called a -B. Name these. 1. The largest desert in the world: 2. The longest river in the world: 3. The highest peak in the world: An island country in the lndian Ocean: 5. A plateau in lndia: C. Answer the following questions. 1. What are landforms? Name the main landforms of the Earth' 2. What are fold mountains? Give an example. 3. What is the dif{erence between a mountain and a plateau?

4. What is a peninsula? Give an example. 5, What is the difference between a perennial and a seasonal river? 6. What is the difference between a tributary and a distributary? 7. What is a desert? Name some of the important deserts of the world D. Map work. on an outline map of the world, mark the following with the help of an atlas' a. Mountains: Himalayas, Alps, Rockies b. Deserts: Sahara, Kalahari, Atacama, Thar c. Rivers: Nile, congo, Ganga d. Plateaus: Tibetan Plateau, Deccan Plateau e. lslands: Australia, Greenland. Andaman and Nicobar lslands o'..,1, Multiple choice questions 1. The Black Forest Mountains are a. fold mountains b. block mountains c. volcanic mountains d. glaciers 2. Lowland between hills or mountains is called a a. pass b. valley c. Peak d. Plateau 3. The landforms that are most heavily populated are a. coasts b. plateaus c. plains d mountalns 4. The Kalahari Desert lies in d. Europe a. southern Africa b. South America c. North Africa 5. small rivers that flow into the main river are called a. distributaries b. tributaries c. perennial rivers d. seasonal rivers HOTS: Think and Answer laisalmer is a town in the desert area of Rajasthan. Allahabad is a town in the Northern Plains where two rivers meet. In which town will you expect the population to be more? Why? 2. When we study history, we find that most civilisations develop along rivers. Why is that so? Enrichment Activities Speak oul: Your parents are planning a holiday to a beach resort. You would rather go to the hills. Tell your class how you changed your parents' mind. Make sure you sDeak clearlv

Write righi: Write a letter to yourJriend describing your holil\"y.ill.1nd include at ilasi itio oi tne fand{orms mentioned in the chapter' Describe them ) plcture of any of the landforms you read about in this Arl work: Draw and paint a caPhr.oaolpeltlce\"lgr.w\".oYrko: ,McaakneuasePdosiftfeerreonrta,cno\"lil\"arqi\"ettetnotittltetdo*'Laainffdefroermntslaonf dthfoermEsa'rtlihk'eTsoamndaktoe show a desert. Hands on! Making models of f andforms with clay of modelling clay, pictures of dif{erent ,ur\"iuriur, *orir\"a, A tray, 2-3 different colours landforms, glue, sand, soil and grass the tray Form the strip into peak, and then To make a mountain range, press a long strip.of.clay into p-\"\"kt, some with flat tops' *i,ft pointed tops and ,.k\"--\"io u uol.uno, push the clay into the tray to form a triangular mTeOoianomkcneegaaktahteeehdaocnleslahisydaloaphenwa.dsn,Tdhiprtsreieencds,es,fnidaltlersetchm'oeraaltltreamytonwuenitldhanosdfofomclraemywsinawttoeitrht'hesatnrady' to form either a round or soil or grass These can be stuck to the landforms uslng 9lue' )k iilr Skills and values Sa{ety tips on an adventure triP z' .|a1fvi.ootulG*\"iwvito\"ti,lahiininfig\"\"tg\"'\"ttgroptoaguitho-pf-.o.stn\"\"nrs\"taoaoinlnltohghawaadpotivnproegehtnhniskteauinrDfregpoet,eystnrohtiopopiptleuesssptairniwarneyimtthwhaienwinthdhao'iyi|nnls-fsrr,oloeipmarptcoehyeroyYxuposruo|golrceroaesun|spaeh'naodseisslycwcaaiptlhlefsossmr uhoceohltphaisf s. soles can sPell disaster on hllls' dark in the hills or in a forest' c\"try ar.l't. lt can get suddenly 4. Carry \"insect repellents and a first aid kit' 5.U. Carry water and something to eat group should carry a fully charged cell phone' O,,** rorn\" tembers in the Weblinks htto://www.enchantedlearning com/geography/landforms/ php niilr***O,Otn* com/geology-for-kids/0031 -what-are-landforms

India Mind opener I Looking Ahead Which country do you live in? Arc you prqrd to belong to this country? Why? IIn this lesson you will leam about: . lndio dnd its locdtion in Asia . lndia's physicot features . The stotes and union teftitories of lndio ond thei capitols India is a land of diverse landforms and culfures. Some of the tallest mountains of the world, vast and fertile plains, rugged plateaus, hot dry deserts and long sandy beaches can be found in India. India is a vast land-it The diverse landforms of India is the seventh largest country of the world in terms of area, and its population is the second largest in the world. People speaking more than 23 different languages and belonging to many different religions can be found here. In spite of these differences, all Indians are united by the love they have for their countrv.

Oid Vou know? The qouthc/n tr'rtl r)i lrrd:ilrtsoul ntothe sea.,This is callccl th(' Indian Penlnsula. People following differe t religion! live together India has scvclal ncighbours. To in lndia the north-wcst arc Afghanistan and Pakistan; to tht' trorth are China and Let us learn some more ASIA Nepal; Bl.rutarr Iics to lhe north-east and about this beautiful to the east arc Myatltlrar aud Bangladesh Across the ocearrs, Intlia has the islanc of Maldives ou tlrc south-west, Sr Lanka on lhe coutll, .tnd lttdonesia ot the south-east. -, country of ours. Localion EUROP India is located in the IN9IA jf/Dr4ll south of the continent ol Asia, the largest of the seven continents. The northern part of lndia is surroundcd bv land. The southern part of India is surrounded bY water on three sides. It has the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the west and the BaY of Bengal on the east. Ouestions . Last year, oceans of the world Can you you had learnt about the continents and n\"a\" th\" ,\"u\"n continents? How many oceans are there in the world? can you name them? _____-__......-|

Phgsical Fealures One is the Central Government and India is a land ofvastlyvaried landforms. the other is the State Governmenr. There are plains, hills. mountajns, a India is divided into 29 statcs and 7 desert, plateaus, a long coastline, forests !!11i{)r1 tcrrit(}ries. Each state has its own and islands, These are known as the government, which is chosen by the physi('ni iciturcs of the land. people of that state. The union territories A large number of rivers flow through however, are directly governed by the .pnrr:l o.l\\.arnmpnr the land such as the rivers Canga, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, The map on the next page shows the Narmada and Mahanadi. states and union territories of India, and their capitals. On thebasis ofits physical features,India can be dir ided into live main regions: . the Northern Mountains o the Northern Plains . the Deccan Plateau o the Coastal Plains and Islands . the Western Desert A map showing the kind of land a country has is called a phvsic.ll trap. This is a physical map of India. Slales and Union Terrilories As you har.e read in your previous class, there are two sets of government in India.

rl +The spelling of places on the map of India is as per the suruey of India .Questions Find your own state in the map, and its capital. Find the states that neighbour your state. . Now look at the map on the previous page. Mark your state on it. Find its physical featu res. JF, I now know 1. lndia is a oart of the continent of Asra. India has a variety of physical features. 3. lndia is divided into 29 states and 7 union territories.

jl$ Words to remember diverse: different, not the same rugged: rocky, uneven physical features: the natural landforms found on the Earth's surface Y Exercises A. Fill in the blanks. '1. lndia is the largest country in the world. 2. lndia's neiohbours on the north-west are ano 3. To the south of the Indian peninsula lies the Ocean. 4. lndia has states and union territories. B. Answer the following questaons. 1. Where is India located? Who are its neighbours? 2. Which are the ocean bodies that surround peninsular India? 3. Why do we say that India is a land of vastly diverse landforms? 4. What is the difference between a state and an union territorv? \\,-,', MultiDle choice auestions 1. India is located in the continent of a. Europe b. Asia c. North America 2. Based on area, what place does India occupy among the countries of the world? 'a. second b. fifth c. seventh 3. The country which lies to the north-east of India is a. Bhutan b. Bangladesh c. Myanmar 4. study the physical map of India. Into which ocean/sea does the River Godavari flow? a. Bay of Bengal b. Arabian Sea c. Indian Ocean \"n HOTSI Think and Answer 1. The Himalayan mountain ranges are said to have a great influence on India's climate. How do you think a mountain range can influence a country's climate? 2. Why do we say that India is a unique country?

*'' Enrichment Activities . gpeak oul: 'lndia is a land of diverse landforms and cultures\" Speak for a few minutes on this topic. Make sure you speak clearly' .Wrileright:Duringyourho|idays,youtravelledbytrainfromKo|katatoMumbai. the.different Write Jletter to y'our friend describing the.iourney. Describe the kinds of clothes tteaid people speak' landforms you saw the languages yol you saw and the food You ate' . Art work; Draw and colour a picture showing a beach' mountain or a desert' . Find oul; Study a map of the world from your atlas' a. Which are the countries that are larger than lndia? b. Which are the groups of islands belonging to lndia? . ysp work; Draw an outline map of India, and show the different states' therr capitals, union territories and their headquarters' . Project work: Working in groups, make a poster or a collage entitled 'lndia' unity in diversity'. ';\"!: Hands on! Let us make a model of India model of India using clay. Use more clay to make the d ifferent physical Create a of India (the mountarns, the plain, the plateaus' the desert and the coastal features areas). Colour the clay in suitable shades

The Northern Mountains Looking Ahead ln this lesson you will learn about: . The feotures of the Northern ltlountans . The thrce ranges of the Himalayas-the . Himodti, the Himachal and the Shirrolik The life of the people in eoch of the states through which the Northern liountoins run _\" ,[ The Northern Mountains stretch like a great rt'all across the northern and north-eastern parts of our country. It includes the Karakoram, Ladakh and the Himalavan ranges of mountains. Thev are the highest n.rountain ranges in the r,r'orld. The Himalayars extend for 2500 kilometres from Jammu antl Kashmir in the north to Arunachal l)radesh in the norrh-east. It is about 450 km rviclc in Kasirmir anci / ,!..'\\ ., + trrre r.roniiEnill CHIN MOUNTAINS ]. ND I sE/ A. i ,!r\"o\"ro\" BENGAL @

narrows down to about 160 kilometres in The Himadri of Orealer the north-east. The word 'himalaya' in Himalagae Sanskrit means 'abode of snow'. A large part of the Himalayan l(ange is covered This is the northem-most range of the with snow throughout the year. Himalayas. It is the highest of the three Nine of the 10 highest mountain peaks in ranges, and contains all the highest the world are in the Himalayan Range. peaks, including Mount Everest. The highest mountain peak is Mount Most peaks in the Himadri remain Everest in Nepal. It is 8848 mehes high. permanently covered with snow. Kanchenjunga and Annapurna are two of the highest mourtain peaks of these ranges. Kanchenjunga (8586 metres) is the highest peak in IrLdia. A man looking at Mount Everest. the highest mountain in the world Dld you know? The snow (overed peaks of the Himadri A pass is the lowest point in a range of Dld you know? mountains. Passes are ofgreat help to The second highest mountain peak in the travellers and traders wanting to cross world is Mount Godwln Austen (also calleo hieh mountain ranges. The Rohtang pass in K2). lt h 8611 m hlgh, and lt lles In the Himachal and Nathu La in Sikklm are important Karakoram Range, The Karakoram Range lles passes in the Himalayas. north of the Himalayas. The Himalayas consists of three Several rivers such as the Ganga, mountain ranges that run parallel to Yamuna, Brahmaputra, Indus and Satluj each other. arise from the Himadri. They arise from . The Himadri or the Greater moving sheets of ice called glaciers. Himalayas As the glaciers move down to warmer regions, the ice melts, and gives rise to r The Himachal or the Middle rivers. The river Ganga starts from the Gangotri glacier. Himalayas . The Shivalik or the Outer Himalayas

-Ihe Gangotri glader the beginning Manali, Himadlal Pradesh Mussoorie town, Uttarakhand of the river canga Oictur€ credit Conrad Ank€y) The Himachalor Middle Deforestation in the Shiwalik and the terai region for wood and farmland Himalagas has destroyed many of the forests. The The Himachal Range lies to the south Govemrnent has made several protected of the Himadri Range. The mountains forest areas such as the Corbett National are not as high as in the Himadri Range. Park and the Kaziranga National Park to stop deforestation and protect animals. This region consists of forest-covered Planting of hees is also being taken up. mountain ranges, and fertile and beautiful valleys. Only some peaks are covered with snow throughout the year. Most people live in hill towns such as Mussoorie, Shimla and Darjeeling, or in valleys such as Srinagar, Nainital and Kangra. The Shiwalik or Ouler Wild buffaloes in the Terai, Kaziranga National Park, Assam Himalagas The lmportance of lhe The southem-most and the lowest range Himalagas of the Himalayas is the Shiwalik. The slopes are covered with thick forests, The Hirnalayas are very important for our which are home to a variety of wild country. They help us in many ways. animals. The area at the foothills of . The Himaiayas act like a wall on our the Shiwalik Range is called the Terai northern borders, and protect our region. It receives heavy rainfall and the land is fertile. country from enemies.

. TheY also Protect us from the cold Houses onboats called houseboats float on the lakes. These are mostly used as winds blowing from Central Asia' hoteis. Small boats called shikaras are used for boating and as floating shops' o The Himalayas stoP the monsoon winds from going further north' A houseboat on the Dal Lake and thus bring heavy rainfall to the Northem Plains of India' . The forests in the Himalayan region are home to several wild animais' TheY are also a soutce of wood' medicines and other useful things' . Several rivers originate in the HimalaYas. TheY Provide us with water, and make out land fertile' Dams built over these rivers provide us with eleciricity' Li{e in the Norihern Mountains A number of states are located in Northern Mountains These are Jammu and Kashmir, Himachai Pradesh' Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal' A shikara carryrng woman in Phiran Assam, Nagaland, ManiPur' Mizoram' vegetables for sale Tripura, MeghalaYa and Amnachal The iiaditional loose kurta worn b is calle Pradesh. mpheinraann.dTwoomkeeenPinwKaarsmhminir winter Jnuuu nruo Krcuutn people in Kashmir keep an earthen pt with burning coal, known as a kangr The state is almost entirely mountainous' beneath their Phiran' It is very cold in winters' Srinagar rs the summer caPitai and jammu the winter capital of the state The beautiful Kashmir Valley is a favourite of tourists' It is surrounded bY snow-covered I mountains and has the lovely Dal and A box made o{ Papier- l Wular lakes. mache

The people of Kashmir make beautiful People of Himachal Pradesh handicrafts from wood, brass, silver Hindi is the official language of the and papier-mache. Saffron is a special state but people mostly speak in Pahari. crop of the state. The main festivals are Dusshera and Kashmiri, Dogri, Urdu and Ladakhi Diwali. The Dusshera celebrations of are the languages spoken here. Eid and Kulu are famous. Shivaratri are the main festivals Urnnnrxnruo This recently formed hill-state contains Hruncsnl Pnnorgu Himachal Pradesh, with its snow-clad the Garhwal ard Kumaon Ranges. mountains, is a very beautiful state. Dehra Dun is the capital of the state. Mussourie in Garhwal and Nainital in Its capital is Shimla. Thousands of Kumaon are important hill siations. The slopes are covered with thick forests of tourists visit the hill stations of Shimla, pine, oak, deodar and fir trees. They are Dalhousie, Kulu and Manali every year. home to a variety of birds and animals. The 'toy train' which takes people from Gangotd, Yamunotri, Badrinath and Kalka to Shimla is a special attraction. Kedamath are important places of 'Toy train'taking people from Kalka to Shimla religious and tourist interest. The climate here is ideal for the growth The Shiva temple at Kedarnath of fruits like apples, cherries, p1ums, apricots and peaches. The traditionalclothes of womeninclude tight piamas arrd loose kurtas, with scaryes around their heads. The rnen wear tight pf amas and loose shirts, with colourful caps.

Srrrrrvr Tne Nonrx-ElsrERN STATEs Gangtok is ihe capital of this small Towards theeast, the Himalayan Ranges hill state. Kancheniunga in Sikkim is run across the seven states of Arunachal the third highest mountain peak in Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, the world. The state is famous for its Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram. They orchids. Most of the people here belong are called the seven sisters. to the Lepcha, Bhutia or Nepali tribe. Most of Arunachal Pradesh is covered by mountains. The Brahmaputra river The women of the state traditionally wear long skirts called baku and enters India through this state.Its capital is Itanagar. colourful jewellery made from beads. Assam is the one of the largest states in Orchids Traditional dress of the this region. Its capital is Dispur. It has Bhutias ot sikkim large tea plantations where thousands of people work. Assam is famous for its Wesr Brruonl silk. Parts of Assam are covered by the Northern Plains. The Northern Mountains are confined The capital of Meghalaya is thebeautiful to the northem parts of this state. hill station of Shillong. The state gets Darleeling is a hill station situated in the northem part of West Bengal. It is the heaviest rainfall in the country. famous for the tea grown on the slopes Nagaland is the home of the Nagas. of the hills. Its capital is Kohima. The Nagas wear colourful shawls. The capital of Manipur is Imphal. The Manipuri dance is famous all over the counny. Picking tea leaves, Darjeeling Women of the Apatani tribe. People of Nagaland in their Arunachal Pradesh lradllional dothes

Dld you know? Housls ln mountrlnt hrvr rlopl rootr tothrt nln.nd snow n tlldr off rllyfnrm thr rooft, Manipuri dance GirlJrom the Reang tribe,liipura Tripura is surrounded on three sides by Bangladesh. Its capital is Agartala. Mizoram is situated in the south of the region. Its capital is Aizawl. The main The people of the state make beautiful language of the state is Mizo. things from cane and bamboo. S, l now know The Northern Mountains includes the Karakoram, Ladakh and the Himalayan ranges of mountains. The Himalayas consist of three mountain ranges-Himadri, Himachal and Shiwalik. The Himadri is the highest and the Shiwalik the lowest of the ranges. 3. Mt Everest in the Himalayas is the highest mountain in the world. The area at the foothills of the Shiwalik Range is called the Terai region 5 The Himalayas are useful to us in many ways. 6. The region of the northern mountains includes the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura, Meghalaya and Arunachal Pradesh. l$ worat to remember deforestation: the cutting down of trees on a large scale Terai: foothills of the Shiwalik Range houseboat: a house on a boat, found in Kashmir and mostly used as a hotel shikara: a small boat in Kashmir mostly used for boating for pleasure, and as floating snops phiran: a long loose gown worn by people in Kashmir kangri: earthern pot with burning coal carried by people in Kashmir in winter baku: long skirts traditionally worn by the women of Sikkim

Y Exercises Jor summative assessment A. Fill in the blanks. 1. A long row of mountains is called a mountain 2. The highest mounta'in range in the Himalayas is the 3. The area at the foothills of the Himalavas is called the re9ron. 4. Rivers in the Northern Mountains arise from movinq sheets of ice called 5. People of Kashmir carry a under their ohiran to keeo warm in winter. B. Match the columns- a. Mt Everest 1. Highest peak in India b. Kanchenjunga 2. Lowest range in Himalayas c. Kashmir 3. Origin of river Ganga d. Gangotri 4. Saffron e. Shiwalik 5. 8848 m C. Answer the following questions, 1. Where do the Himalayas get their name from? 2. Name the ranges that make up the Himalayas. Which is the highest, and which is the lowest? 3. How do rivers originate in the Himalayas? 4. What is being done to reduce the damage caused by deforestation in the Himalayas? 5. How do the Himalayas affect the climate of the Northern Plains of India? 6. What kind of climate does the Northern Mountain region have? 7. How do the people of Kashmir keep themselves warm during winters? 8. Name two states in the Northern Mountain region where tea is a major crop. 9. What are the'seven sisters'? Name them. u\". Multiple choice questions 1. The highest mountain peak in India is d. Mt Godwin Austin a. Mt Everest b, Annapurna c. Kanchenjunga 2. The river Ganga originates from a. Gangotri b. Himadri c. Mt Kailash d. Mt Everest 3. Which state gets the heaviest rainfall in the country? a. Manipur b. Assam c. Arunachal Pradesh d. Meghalaya 4. Mussoorie is an imoortant hill station in the state of a. Sikkim b. Uttarakhand c. Himachal Pradesh d. Assam 5. Small boats that are used for boating and as floating shops in Kashmir are called a. Kangrl b. phiran c. shikara d. Dogri

HOTS: Think and Answer 1. Name one place in the Himalayas you would like to go to for a holiday during the summers. Why would you want to go there? 2. Why do you think the state of Himachal Pradesh has been given the name 'Himachal'? Enrichment Activities gpeak oul: Have a group discussion in class on the topic 'We need to protect our forestsl' Wrile righl: Write a story about a group of children who saved the forest near their village from being destroyed by a factory owner. Arl work: Draw and colour a Dicture of'Sunset in the mountains'. Map work: Locate the following on the map of India in your atlas and mark these on an outline map of India. Take the help of your teacher. a. Mt Everest. Mt Kanchenjunga b. Rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Satluj, Brahmaputra c. Hill stations Nainital, Mussoorie, Darjeeling Find ouf; Find out about one more place in India where houseboats are commonly used as hotels. Hands on! Working in groups, do a project on any of the states through which the Northern Mountains run. collect information about the physical features, the climate, the crops grown, the industries, the people, the languages spoken. dress and food of the state. V. tiJ\" Skills and Values Saving the environment Two simple ways in which you can help save trees and forests are: 1. Participate in tree plantation drives 2. Do not waste paper and reduce your usage of paper. Use both sides of paper for writing and printing. Use recycled paper instead of the usual paper. Since paper is made from wood, you will save trees if you save paper.

The Northern Plains flooting Anead ::t i<.^,c of ia::'l i'.:.- . -:l;lii! ::. tri: .tn this lesson You will leorn obout: '44 - . t'.'. ?. The main phYsicol feotures of the n:rrs c. i iq ,( . .., ':. : , : . ;\"t . Northern Ploins Plains -_ l Life in the Northern .i ,,. thitik. .e :,, .t ..:....,'. i .t':: ',f if irn ttl : ;:i' ':'etia tl-,e :: a.i::: '::: - . - .' ' As we go south from the Himalayas, we come to the vast Northt:rn Plains of India' They rrin parallel to the Himalayas, from Puniab in the west to Assam in the east' Many rivers that originate in the Himalayas, such as Ganga' Br'rhmaputra' Indus and iatluj, flow through the Northern Plains As these rivers arc mainly fed by the @

melting snow in the Himalayas, they Indira Gandhi Canal, which starts from the Satluj, provides water to many dry have water throughout the year. The rivers bring with them fine soil called areas of Raiasthan. silt or alluvium. Alluvial soil is very fertile. It makes the Norther4 Plains one of the most fertile regions of the world. The flat and fertile land of the Northern Plains Bhakra Nangal Dam Olcture credit Aksve€d The Ganga Basin The main rivers have several tributaries The Ganga is the most important river or smaller rivers joining them. An area of the Northem Plains. The Ganga Basin watered by a river and its tributaries is is spread across Uttar Pradesh, Bihar called a basin. The Northern Plains can be divided into three basins. and West Bengal. . The Satlui Basin in the west The Ganga originates from the glacier . The Ganga Basin in the middle Gangotri. In the mountains, it is fed by . The Brahmaputra Basin in the east several tributaries such as Alaknanda, Ihe Salluj Basin Mandakini and Bhagirathi, before it The river Satluj and its tributaries flow enters the Northem Plains at Haridwar. towards the south-west, through Punjab. As it flows along slowly in the plains, it They join the Indus River in Pakistan. is joined by several tributaries like the The Indus finally flows into the Arabian Yamrna, Gandak, Ghagra, Kosi and Gomti. Sea. Punjab and Haryana lie in the Satluj basin. The Ganga at Harldwar The Bhakra Nangal dam has been built on the Satluj River. It provides electricity, and water for irrigation. The

After flowing through Uttar Pradesh Life in the Norlhern Plains andBihar, the Ganga entersWestBengal' PuNtna Here, it splits into many branches or Punjab is fed by thc Satluj, Ravi and distributaries. The two main branches Beas rivers, and is vr:rY fcrtile are HooghlY and Padma\"The HooghlY Chandigarh is thc copital of both Punjab flows through Kolkata, and then into and Haryana lt is a wcll-planned city' the Bay of Bengal. The Padma enters The famous (ioldcn l ctnple is situated Bangladesh. Here it ioins the Jamuna in the city of Anrritslr' Other important (please note: the Jamuna and-Yamuna cities are Ludhiana and Jalandhar' are two different rivers), the marn lndustries such as textiles' sports branch of Brahmaputra in Bangladesh' goods, hosiery and motor parts are well before entering the BaY of Bengal' The delta made bY Ganga and developed. Brahmaputra is the largest in the world' The people speak Prrrriabi and Flindi' It is called the Sunderbans' Gurpurb, Baisakhi, Holi and Diwali are the main festivals celebrated in Puniab' The BrahmaPulra Basin Bhangra and Giclda are the PoPular The Brahmaputra Basin is a narrow strrp folk dances of Punjab' in the state of Assam The Brahmaputra is the longest o{ the three great rivers of Women of Punjab dan(ing the Gidda North India lt starts in Tibet where it is called Tsar.rgpo. It enters India through Arunachal Pradesh and flows through Assam into Bangladesh Here it joins the Padma, and forms the Sunderbans Delta before flowing into the Bay of Bengal' ' -\"M o'u ln p L,_!,9J The Golden TemPle, Amrit5ar

HmYnrun There are many monuments of historical Haryana is also situated in the Satluj importance in Delhi such as the Qutb Basin, and the land here is also very Minar, Red Fort, Jama Masjid, India fertile. Gurgaon in Haryana has the Gate, Jantar Mantar and the Bahai or Lotus Temple. largest car rnanufacturing plant in the country, the Maruti factory. People Urran PMossH speak Hindi and Haryanvi-a dialect of Hindi. Uttar Pradesh is a large and thickly Delur populated state. Its capital is Lucknow. The land in Uttar Pradesh is very fertile, Delhi is the capital of India. The offices as the state is situated in the Ganga of the President and Prime Minister of India, and ail Central Govemment Basin. offices are located in New Delhi. People Leather, metal and textiles are some of the major industries. from ail states of India live in Delhi. All The main languages spoken are Hindi the major festivals of India are celebrated and Urdu. Diwaii, Holi, Dusshera, Eid here. The main languages spoken here and Christmas are the main festivals. are Hindi, English, Punjabi and Urdu. Delhi is one of the oldest citiei of the world Bada lmambara, Lu(know The modern Delhiwith India Gate Th€ dark green waters of the Yamuna meet in the background the yellow waters of the Ganga at the Sangam (picture credit Indiamike.(om)

Allahabad, Varanasi, Agra and Kanpur are some important cities. The rivers Ganga and Yamula meet at the Sangam in Allahabad. It is considered to be a holy place by the Hindus. Brsrn Bokaro Steel Plant Bihar is towards the east of Uttar jharkhand is very rich in mineral Pradesh. It is also situated in the Ganga deposits such as coal, iron, copper and Basin and is a thickly populated state. aluminium ores. One of India's largest Its capital is Patna. steel plants is located at Bokaro in The soil of Bihar is extremely fertile Jharkhand. which makes it ideal for agriculture. Wssr BeNoeL Further east of Bihar is West Bengal. The main industries here are based on agriculture. Kolkata is the capital of the state. Hindi, Urdu and Maithili are the main Since West Bengal has a long coastline, languages of the state. Eid, Diwali fishing is an important occupation of and Dusshera are the main festivals the people. celebrated here. Chhatt is an important Jute, textile and silk industries in the traditional festival. state are well developed. Nalanda and Bodh Gaya are cities of historical importance in Bihar. The people speak Bengali. Sweets of Junnrunruo WestBengalsuchasrasgullaandsandesh are popular all over India. Durga Puja The capital of this new state is Ranchi. is the most important festival. Mahabodhi Temple, Celebraling (hhatt Durga Puja, Kolkata Bodh Gaya

AssA[a {orAssam is famous Tea planlation, Assam Dispur is the capital of Assam. It is it5 golden <oloured situated near Guwahati, the biggest Moga silk city in the state. The pe.ople speak oil, sericulture (rearing of silkworms Assamese. Their main festiva.l is Bihu. for silk) and handicrafts are important The Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary of industries of Assam. Assam, the home of the one-homed rhinoceros, is very famous. The state has huge deposits of petroleum. Tea production, refining of fi, t now know The Northern Plains are to the south of the Himalayas, and are very fertile due to several rivers that flow through them. The Northern Plains can be divided into three river basins: the Satluj Basin, the Ganga Basin and the Brahmaputra Basin. The Northern Plains includes the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Eengal, and parts of Assam and Tripura. The rivers in the plains make the land very fertile. 5. The region is thickly populated, and farming is the main occupation of the people. )S Words to remember alluvium: fine soil brought by rivers from the hills basii: an area watered by a river and its tributaries sanctuary: a safe place !.Exercises A, Fill ln the blanks. 1. The silt that rivers bring with them to the plains is also called The Bhakra Nangal Dam is built on the river The Northern Plains can be divided into three river 4. ano are folk dances of Punjab. is a traditional festival of Bihar. 6. The Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary is famous for the one-horned

B. Write T for true and F for false sentences. 1. Thesoil that rivers bringwiththem makethe Northern Plaln: vrry fertile. 2. Punjab has rich deposits of coal and iron ore. 3. The Hooghly and Padma are tributaries of the Ganga. 4. Durga Puja is an impoftant festival of West Bengal 5. Brahmaputra is also called Tsangpo in Tibet C. Answer the following questions. .'1 Why do the important rivers of the Northern Plains have water even in summer? 2. What makes the Northern Plains so fertile? 3. What do you mean by a river basin? Which river basins make up the Northern Plains? 4. Name the main states that lie in the three river basins in the Northern Plains. 5. Name two maior cities each in the three river basins in the Northern Plains 6. What are the main languages spoken in the following states? a. West Bengal b. Assam c. Uttar Pradesh 7. List three important industries of Punjab. 8. Name four major occupations of the people living in the Northern Plains Multiple choice questions 1. Which of these states does not lie in the Northern Plains? a. Uttar Pradesh b. Rajasthan c. Bihar d Assam 2. Which of these is a distributary of the Ganga? d. Hooghly a. Alaknanda b. Kosi c. Gomti 3. Which of these towns in the Northern Plains lies on the banks of a river? a. Allahabad b. Delhi c. Kolkata d. all of these 4. Which of these states has huge deposits of petroleum? a. Jharkhand b. West Benoal c. Uttar Pradesh d. Assam .- HOTS: Think and Answer 1. several rivers in India are considered to be sacred. Do you think our ancestors had a purpose behind calling them 'sacred'? (Hint: How do people take care of'sacred' things?) 2. Flooding of a river causes a lot of destruction to life and property. However, flooding also benefits the soil. can you say how?

Enrichment Activities Speak oul: lmagine you are a river. Now imagine a day of your life. you tumble down a mountain, free and happy, then get trapped in a dam, and then flow sadly past factories that'dirty you. Think and then speak for a few minutes on the topic 'One day in the life of a river'. Wfie righl: You could write an essay on the same topic-'One day in the life of a nver'. Map work: Study the map of the Northern Plains on page 24, or in an atlas. Note carefully the positions of the following: Rivers: Ganga, Yamuna, Satluj, Brahmaputra, Hooghly Cities: Delhi, Allahabad, Kolkata, Ludhiana, Guwahati Now mark these on an outline mao of lndia. Find oul: There are many styles of painting prevalent in the different regions of the Northern Plains. One of the most famous is Madhubani. Find out where this style originated, the style followed and the colours used. lf there is a specific painting style of the region where you live, find out about it. Art work: Make a painting in either of the above styles, or collect pictures of paintings from magazines or the Internet and use them to make a posrer. l1' Hands on! Make a website on either of the topics given below. To make the website, you could go to www.students.websiteforever.com. . the River Ganqa a style of painting followed in the states of the Northern plains * tif, Skills and values Prolecting the environment The more populated a place, the more likely it is to get dirty. When a place is dirty, we generally blame the Government. This is not right. lt is the duty of each one of us to contribute to keeping our city clean Here are some simple rules to help maintain cleanliness in your city. . Do not spit or urinate on the roadside or at public places. . Do not throw waste such as chocolate wrappers and plastic bags in public places. Throw them only in dustbins. . Do not allow water to stagnate in and around your house. Stagnant water provides a perfect breeding place for mosquitoes.

The Great lndian Desert ffiktnglhead ln this lesson ydl Ytlll laorn obot/t the Crcot lndion ojtfr!'io\"ori*, .. ITtisho; eroctpeteo,fiht\"oetwiinrisdmrtc.,slnsv,t.hgloa.ntgafhutoloogrneDoanenddsfleoensrdttifvootmlssI TItoisthaebwoeust t8o0f0thkeiloNmoerttrheesmloPnlgainasndlie5s00thkeiloGmreeattreIsndwiaidneD' eItsecortvoerrsthae Thar Desert' maior palt of west Raiasthan. The land here is partly rocky and Partly sandy' . To the north-east of the Thar Desert is the Satlui River Basin' o To the south is a salt marsh known as the Rann of Kachchh' . To the south-east is the Aravali Range of hills' . The desert extends west into Pakistan' till the Indus River Basin'

Mdn leading his carnelover th€ sdnd dunes In dre occurs. The desert has many small hills of sand called sand dunes. Sand dunes Climate The climate in the desert is extreme. are formed when sand starts piling During the surrrner, the days are hot around any barrier that blocks the sand- and dry. As the Sun sets, it becomes laden desert wind. These dures do not cooler. This is because the sand heats up remain at one place. The strong winds of quickly in the day, and cools down fast the desert keep moving the dunes from at night. In winter, the days are pleasant but the nights become very cold. one place to another. The hot winds carry a lot of sand with them and severe sand gtorms are common, There are some places in the desert where underground water comes up to the surface in the form of springs. Date palms, kikar and babul trees, and grasses grow in these areas. Such an area in the desert, with water and greenery, is called an oasis. Vegelalion An oaris in the Thar Desert There is very little rainfall in the desert. Life in the Desert Regone of Not many plants grow in the region RaJasthan Life in the desert areas of Raiasthan is because of the sandy soil and lack of very hard due to shortage of water and water. You can only see a few scattered the dry sandy soil. As few crops can be bushes and thomy shrubs. There are a growr! many people rear camels, and few streams which fill up only when cattle such as sheep and goat. there is rain. There is a severe shortage of drinking water for the people who live there. Iandfoltns As the land is dry, and there is very little vegetation, soil erosion due to wind

Popuurtoru Fnnrutruo The population in the desert area is In areas where water is available, millets small. Most villages in deserts come uP like jowar and bajra, and wheat are around places where watqr is available As a result o{ the shortage of food for grown. The Indira Candhi Canal, which themselves and their cattle many People keep moving from place to place. Such starts from the Satluj River, provides people are called nomads. The nomads of the Thar Desert are called Banjaras water to parts of the Thar Desert. These areas have now become green and the There are very few cities in the desert farmers can grow a variety of croPs. region. Jaisalmer, Jodhpur and Bikaner Tss Snrp oF rHE DESERT are some important cities. The camel is the most useful animal in the desert. It can withstand the desert heat, walk easily on the sand, and live without food and water for several days. It is, therefore, called the shiP of the desert. Today, modern roads link important cities in the Thar Desert, and vehicles run on them. However, the camel still remains an important means of transport in the region. It is used to carry loads, pull carts and plough fields. Also, its milk and meat serve as food for the people. Dnessrs Bright, colourful clothes are common among both men and women in women in cololrful ghaghra<holis Men in dhoti- and odhnis in a lo(al market kurta and turban

Did you know? Bandhani is a form oftie and dye that is specialto Rajasthan and Gujarat. Tie and dye is a process of colouring cloth by which parts oftie cloth are first tied and then coloured or dved, Ra;'asthan. The traditional dress of the Girl5 carrying silver pots while celebrating Te€j women is ghaghra-choli with an odhni to cover the head. The men wear dhoti- kurta and a colourful turban. Laruounoe AND FESTtvAtg Hindi and Rajasthani are the main languages. The main festivals celebrated The Jaisalmer Fort (picture cr€dit Kampu€hi) in Rajasthan are Holi, Diwali, Eid, Dussehra, Gangaur and Teej. TOUn|SU come to Jaisalmer in Rajasthan during the Desert Festival. Old forts and Tourism is an important industry in the historical monuments in Rajasthan are state. People from all over the world a great attraction for tourrsts. >Ik I now know 1. TheTharDesert isa partly rockyand partly sandy area with very little rainfall and vegetation. 2. Sand dunes, which keep shifting, are formed when sand is blown into piles bv the strong desert wind 3. Jaisalmet Jodhpur and Bikaner are important cities in the region. 4. The Indira Gandhi Canal has helped make some areas in the desert qreen. 5. The camel is still an important means of transport in the desert. 6. Tourism is an important industry in the region. .t$ Words to remember desert: a flat area with sandy soil and very little rain and vegetation sand dunes: small hills of sand in a oeserr nomads: people who do not settle down at one place and keep moving around oasis; an area in a desert with water and greenery

Y Exercises A. Flll ln thc blanks' ,..t sandy soil and very little rain and vegetation is called a n flat area with aie small hills of sand that keep shifting in the wind t\"\"A :. A gruJ--r\"u*lth water in the middle of a desert is called an +. Pe-ople who do not settle down at one place and move their home from place to .-'place are called forthe people oftheThar Desertisthe.- a5..t*Th.-eFm-eosst tuisvea{ull animal is held at Jaisalmer every year and is a great tourist attractlon. B. Wrlte T for true and F for false sehtences' .1 The Aravali Range of hills is to the south of the Thar Desert' 2. Sand heats up quickly in the day and cools quickly at night' 3. Sand dunes shift because of soil erosion bywater' 4. In an oasis, underground water is brought out by digging wells' 5. camel milk is popular among the people of Rajasthan' 6. The people of Rajasthan earn a lot of money from tourism' C, Answer ihe following questions' 1. What is a desert? 2. Why are days hot and nights cool in the desert? 3. What is a sand dune? Why does it keep shi{ting? 4. What is an oasis? 5. What has been the effect of the Indira Gandhi canal ontheThar Desert? 6. whyisthecamel still a very important means of transport in the desert? 7. Describe the traditional clothes of the people of Rajasthan' 8. Name a few tourist attractions o{ Rajasthan' 'lr HOTS: Thinkand Answer ffffii%; flifd;ii;l;;;ir;ri-,ii\" f: 5:T:':l*il l\":Alanlodcmalarpkesr.soBnuth, awshheenlpyeodiu\"u'yau,otrtu\"\"hntt\"r\"ayrvtooieu\".loi\"ft1r'vo6tnmuut\"rno\"\"wynoaeb:vlap:bclaakcc'ekyot:aoull,^oaf1ninne\"od'.tuh1tsehirantginytothhuee-asdraeenscdeodrmtupnWleehsteil:ael:ys I What can be the reason for this?

Multiple choice questions 1. Which of these is to the south of the Thar Desert? Basina. Satluj River b. Aravali hills c. Indus River Basin d. Rann of Kachch 2. Which of these best describes the climate in the Thar Desert? a. hot days and nights during summer and winter b. hot days, cold nights during summer and winter c. hot days, cool nights during summer. cool days and cold nights during winter d. hot days and nights during summer, cold days and nights during winter Which of these crops cannot be normally grown in Rajasthan? a, wneat b. rice c. Jowar d. bajra 4. Which of these is called the shiD of the desert? a. horse b. tractor c. donkey d. camel 5. Which of these best describes Banjaras? a. They live in small villages around an oasis. b. They do not settle down at one place. c. They live in large cities and raise cattle. d. They live in fertile areas and grow crops. \" ,. Lnnchment Acttvtues . Map Wo*: Carefully study the position of the following cities on the map on page 32 or an atlas-Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Sri Ganganagar. Now mark their . positions on an outline map of India. Also mark the extent of the Thar Desert. Speak out: 'Deserts are not caused by natural causes. They are caused by human activities like cutting down trees'. Have a discussion in class on this topic. Some can . talk for the topic and some can talk against it. Arf work: Draw and paint a picture of a desert. You can take ideas from any of the pictures found in this chapter. . Write fight: lmagine you have gone on a holiday to the Thar Desert. While you are out in the desert, a sand storm blows up. Describe what the sandstorm was like, . what you felt, and how you managed to get back safely. Projecl work: Ma ny of the deserts of theworld are spreading. Working in groups, find out if the Thar Desert is also spreading, and what can be done to stop this. Prepare a report or create a website based on your findings.

Hands on! Tie and dye a T-shirt Let us try to dye a T-shi4 using the tie and dye method. For this you will need a plain white T-shirt, rubber bands or string and dye. 1. cover a table with plastic aarbage bags and then with newspapers. Lay the T-shirt flat on the newspapers. 2. Pinch your T-shirt at one point and lift it up slightlt at that point; make sure that you pinch and lift up both layers of the shirt. 3. Wrap a rubber band or a string around the lifted part' 4. Do the same at 8-'10 other points on the T-shirt Varythe size of the pinch to get different sizes of circles 5. Take the help of an adult to prepare the dye as directed by the manufacturer' Wear rubber gloves to protect your hands. 6. Askan adultto help you dye the T-shirt Rinse it outwell and put it to dry Once the T-shirt is dry, remove the rubber bands' * ,if\" Skills and values Survival India The Ilannvgouuargseu, mthmee{rohoodl,idtahyes,styyoleurofpadrreensstsintgakaendyothuetocusseteomansoothfetrhasttastetatoef are very diff\"ererit from that of your own state. How would you behave? (Tick whichever is applicable.) a.Yourefusetoeatthe|oca|foodandinsistthatyourparentsgetyouthesamefood that you eat at home every day b. You eat whatever food is served lt mighttaste different, but you enjoy trying out something new when you are away from home c. You laugh at the clothes of the local people' d. You insist on talking in your own language, and make no effort to learn the local language. Explain your answer

The Southern Plateau lLooking Ahead In this lesson you will leon about the Southem Ploteau: . lts location and physical feotures . lts people, their dress, Ionguoge and festivo--ts-JI The Soulhern Plateau To the south of the Northem Plains lies the vast Southern Plateau of India. As you can see in the map, it is triangular in shape, and covers a large part of India. The land here is rocky and uneven. The Southern Plateau is bordered by the following. . The Aravali Range on the north-west . The Rajmahal Hills on the north-east . The hilly region called the Eastern Ghats on the east . The hilly Western Ghats on the west The . Narmada Valley divides the Southern Plateau into two parts. To the north is the Central Highlands and to the south is the Deccan Plateau. Tne CeNrRAl Hroxuruos The Central Highlands include the Malwa Plateau in the north-west, and the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the north-east.

The Narmada Valley The Aravali Hills lie to the north- west of the Southern Plateau The Maiwa Plateau lies between the Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Aravali Hills and the Vindhya Hills' It Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh includes parts of Rajasthan and Madhya and Tamil Nadu Pradesh. Some important cities in the There are a number of rivers in the area' The Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and region are Gwalior, Indore and Bhopal' Kaveri flow flom west to east and fall The Chota NagPur Plateau includes into the Bay of Bengal. This is because mOduischha,oBfihJahraraknhdanCdh,haatntidsgParahrtlst of most of the land in the Deccan Plateau is slopes from west to east. rich in minerals like coal, iron, mica The Narmada and Tapi rivers flow from and manganese. Important coal mines east to west and fall into the Arabian are present in Giridih (Bihar), Jharia Sea. fiharkhand) and Raniganj (WestBengal)' The rivers in the Deccan Plateau are not fed by melting snow, like the rivers of Two of India's largest steel plants are the Northern Plains. They are fed by located at Bokaro and Bhilai Panna in rain. Therefore, they have very little Madhya Pradesh has diamond mines' water during the summer months lf Many parts of the ChotaNagpur Plateau the rainfall is not good, they may even are covered with forests from which we dry up during summers. Such rivers are called seasonal rivers. get different kinds of wood and other The rivers in the regionflow much faster forest products. than the rivers of the Northern Plains' Since the land is uneven, theY form a rlHE DeccnN Plarrnu number of waterfalls. The log Falls, on the Sharavati river in Karnataka, is one In the map on page 39, look at the large of the highest waterfalls in India area south of the Satpura Mountains' This is the Deccan Plateau It is bound by the Western and Eastem Ghats' It covers Parts of MadhYa Pradesh,

Rivers like Godavari, Krishna and Differences between the rivers of the Northem Kaveri form deltas before flowing Plain and those of the Deccan Plateau into the Bay of Bengal. These areas are Rivers of the Rivers of the Deccan Northem Plain Plateau especially good for rice cultivation. Permnial (lnve Seasonal (water Large parts of the Deccan Plateau have water throughout can dry up during black soil, where cotton and sugarcane summer) grow very well. the year) Rain-fed Dams have been built on many of these Snow-fed Flow much faster rivers, for example, the Nagarjuna Sagar Flow slowly on than the rivers of the Dam on the river Krishna. These dams reaching the plains Northern Plain store water for irrigation and provide Life in fhe 9ouihern Plaieau electricity. The Southern Plateau region covers a vast area and hence the climate and soil vary from place to place. The region experiences heavy rainfal. However, the climate is moderate in this region- it is neither too hot nor too cold The deltas o{ the rivers Godavari (the one on top) MaHIMgHTRA and Krishna (lhe one below) Maharashtra is located in the north- westem part of the Deccan Plateau. Its capital is Mumbai, an important hade and indushial centre. Mumbai is also the biggest centre for film production in India. Some other important cities of Maharashtra are Pure, Nasik, Nagpur, Aurangabad and Solapur. Godavari and Krishna are the two important rivers in the state. Maharashtra is the largest producer of cotton and the second largest producer of sugarcane in India. The state also produces fruits such as grapes, oranges -\\

r A movie being filmed in Elm City, roil,Cotton growingg in black roil, Oranges growing in a farm. rhtra Nagpur and bananas. The oranges of Nagpur ca1led the 'garden city'. Mysore, Hubli and Dhanvad are other important cities are very famous. of Kamataka. Textiles, automobiles and electronics Krishna and Kaveri are the two are some important industries in important rivers in the state. Maharashtra. The state is a leading producer ofcoffee. Tamasha, a kind of dance-drama is very Teak and sandalwood are its well- popular in the state. The traditional known forest products. clothes of men are dhoti and shirt, with a cap called a Gandhi-topi. Bengaluru is the biggest software development cenhe in India. Some The women wear sarees, which are tied in a soecial wav. Marathi is ttie common other important industries in Kamataka language. The most popular festival in are aeroplane, watches, electronic goods the state is Ganesh Chaturthi. and silk. Most of the gold mined in Knnrulrarn 'Towards the south of Maharashtra lies India comes from the Kolar gold mines in Karnataka. Karnataka. Its capital Bengaluru is Thepeople of Karnataka speak Kannada. The men mostly wear lungis and shirts. Farmer in dhoti and shirt Women performing tamasha wearing Colfee plants. with ripe coffee and Gandhi-topi berries, growing in coorg, sare$ in the traditional style of Karnataka Maharashtra

Most of the women wear sarees. Dasara, Teulronrun Ugadi and Shivaratri are important The state of Telangana was formed in festivals. June 2014. Its capital is Hyderabad. The The many beautiful temples and other important cities of the state are Warangal, Karimlagar, Nizamabad, historical monuments in tlie state, the and Khammam. Brindavan Gardens in Mysore, and ]og Falls are tourist attractions. Two major rivers, Godavari and Aruounn Pmoesu Krishna, flow through Telangana. To the north-east of Kamataka is Andhra Agriculture is the main occupation of the Pradesh. Hyderabad currently sewes as people here. Rice, cotton, sugar cane and the joint capital of Andhra Pradesh and mango are the main crops grown here. Telangana. Other important cities of Andhra Pradesh are Vishakhapatnam There are rich reserves of coal at and Vijayawada. Singareni. Andhra Pradesh is one of the largest Several manufacruring and service producers of rice, red chilli and tobacco. industries are located in and around Hyderabad is an important centre for software development. Hyderabad. The rivers Krishna and Godavari flow Bidriware is a well-known handicraft through the state. Their fertile deltas made here. It is made from a mixture are ideal for the cultivation of rice. This of zinc and copper with inlay work in regionisknownasthe'ricebowlof Lrdia'. silver. The 'people of Andhra Pradesh speak Telugu. The men traditionally wear Telugu and Urdu are the main languages dhoti and shirt. The women wear sarees. spoken here. Gusadi is a popular folk dance. Bathukamma, Bonalu and Eid are the main festivals of the state. Sankranthi, Ugadi, Dasara, Eid and Christmas are the important festivals. Kuchipudi is the famous dance form of Andhra Pradesh. The Venkateshwara Temple Eidri artirts at work Raja and Radha Reddy performing the Kuchipudi in Tirupathi is visited by lakhs of devotees every year.

Taur Nrou The main festival is Pongal. To the south of Andhra Pradesh lies Bharatnatyam is the most popular the state of Tamil Nadu. Its capital is dance form of Tamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu is famous for its temples. Madurai and Chennai. Healy engineering, textiles Thaniavur are famous temDle towns. and handloom are some well-developed Maosu Pmorsu industries in the state. Chennai is an The capitai of Madhya Pradesh is importalt software development cmtre. Bhopal. The textile industry in Madhya The silk sarees of Kanchipuram are very Pradesh is well developed. Large areas famous. in this state are covered with forests. The rivers Kaveri, Vaigai and Palar flow It has several wildlife parks such as through the state. Kanha and Bandhavgarh. Many rivers The people here speak Tamil. The have their origin in this state, such as traditional clothes of men are dhoti (or the Tapi, Chambal arLd Narmada. lungi) and shirt. The women mostly wear sarees. The traditional dress for small girls is pavadai-blouse; slightly older girls wear half-sarees. Children celebrating Pongal in Palayamkottai, A tiger in the Kanha National Park (Picture credit Mukul Sahgal) Cuxnrrrsonnx The capital of this state is Raipur. The land, particularly the Mahanadi Basir, is very fertile. The state is very rich in minerals such as coal, iron ore, aluminium ore and diamonds. Bhilai has one of krdia's biggest steel plants. The famous Brihadeeshwara Temple, Thanjavur