Nutrition and Diet Therapy

["426 APPENDICES Alcohol: Avoid alcohol if you\u2019re taking theophylline medications because it can increase the risk of side Codeine can also be used to suppress cough. Some of effects such as nausea, vomiting, headache and these medications can be found in combination with non- irritability. narcotic drugs such as acetaminophen, aspirin, or cough syrups. Use caution when taking these medications: take CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS them only as directed by a doctor or pharmacist because they may be habit forming and can cause serious side ef- There are numerous medications used to treat cardio- fects when used improperly. vascular disorders such as high blood pressure, angina, irregular heart beat, and high cholesterol. These drugs Some examples are: are often used in combination to enhance their effective- codeine combined with acetaminophen \/ TYLENOL ness. Some classes of drugs can treat several conditions. #2, #3, & #4 For example, beta blockers can be used to treat high morphine \/ ROXANOL, MS CONTIN blood pressure, angina, and irregular heart beats. Check oxycodone combined with acetaminophen \/ with your doctor or pharmacist if you have questions on PERCOCET, ROXICET any of your medications. Some of the major cardiovascu- meperidine \/ DEMEROL lar drug classes are: hydrocodone with acetaminophen \/ VICODIN, LORCET Diuretics Interaction Sometimes called \u201cwater pills,\u201d diuretics help eliminate water, sodium, and chloride from the body. There are dif- Alcohol: Avoid alcohol because it increases the seda- ferent types of diuretics. tive effects of the medications. Use caution when motor skills are required, including operating ma- Some examples are: chinery and driving. furosemide \/ LASIX triamterene \/ hydrochlorothiazide \/ DYAZIDE, ASTHMA MAXZIDE hydrochlorothiazide \/ HYDRODIURIL Bronchodilators triamterene \/ DYRENIUM bumetamide \/ BUMEX Bronchodilators are used to treat the symptoms of metolazone \/ ZAROXOLYN bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. These medicines open air passages to the lungs to relieve Interaction wheezing, shortness of breath, and troubled breathing. Food: Diuretics vary in their interactions with food Some examples are: and specific nutrients. Some diuretics cause loss theophylline \/ SLO-BID, THEO-DUR,THEO-DUR of potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Triamter- 24, UNIPHYL, ene, on the other hand, is known as a \u201cpotassium- albuterol \/ VENTOLIN, PROVENTIL, COMBIVENT sparing\u201d diuretic. It blocks the kidneys\u2019 excretion epinephrine \/ PRIMATENE MIST of potassium, which can cause hyperkalemia (in- creased potassium). Excess potassium may result in Interactions irregular heartbeat and heart palpitations. When taking triamterene, avoid eating large amounts of Food: The effect of food on theophylline medications potassium-rich foods such as bananas, oranges and can vary widely. High-fat meals may increase the green leafy vegetables, or salt substitutes that con- amount of theophylline in the body, while high- tain potassium. carbohydrate meals may decrease it. It is impor- tant to check with your pharmacist about which Beta Blockers form you are taking because food can have differ- ent effects depending on the dose form (e.g., reg- Beta blockers decrease the nerve impulses to the heart ular release, sustained release or sprinkles). For and blood vessels. This decreases the heart rate and the example, food has little effect on Theo-Dur and Slo- workload of the heart. Bid, but food increases the absorption of Theo-24 and Uniphyl which can result in side effects of nau- Some examples are: sea, vomiting, headache, and irritability. Food can atenolol \/ TENORMIN also decrease absorption of products like Theo-Dur metoprolol \/ LOPRESSOR Sprinkles for children. propranolol \/ INDERAL nadolol \/ CORGARD Caffeine: Avoid eating or drinking large amounts of foods and beverages that contain caffeine (e.g., chocolate, colas, coffee, and tea) because both oral bronchodilators and caffeine stimulate the central nervous system.","APPENDIX C DRUGS AND NUTRITION 427 Interaction fluvastatin \/ LESCOL lovastatin \/ MEVACOR Alcohol: Avoid drinking alcohol with propranolol \/ pravastatin \/ PRAVACHOL INDERAL because the combination lowers blood simvastatin \/ ZOCOR pressure too much. Interactions Nitrates Alcohol: Avoid drinking large amounts of alcohol be- Nitrates relax blood vessels and lower the demand for cause it may increase the risk of liver damage. oxygen by the heart. Food: Lovastatin (Mevacor) should be taken with the Some examples are: evening meal to enhance absorption. isosorbide dinitrate \/ ISORDIL, SORBITRATE nitroglycerin \/ NITRO, NITRO-DUR, TRANSDERM- Anticoagulants NITRO Anticoagulants help to prevent the formation of blood clots. Interaction An example is: Alcohol: Avoid alcohol because it may add to the blood warfarin \/ COUMADIN vessel-relaxing effect of nitrates and result in dan- gerously low blood pressure. Interactions Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Food: Vitamin K produces blood-clotting substances Inhibitors and may reduce the effectiveness of anticoagulants. So limit the amount of foods high in vitamin K ACE inhibitors relax blood vessels by preventing an- (such as broccoli, spinach, kale, turnip greens, cau- giotensin II, a vasoconstrictor, from being formed. liflower, and brussel sprouts). Some examples are: High doses of vitamin E (400 IU or more ) may prolong captopril \/ CAPOTEN clotting time and increase the risk of bleeding. Talk enalapril \/ VASOTEC to your doctor before taking vitamin E supplements. lisinopril \/ PRINIVIL, ZESTRIL quinapril \/ ACCUPRIL INFECTIONS moexipril \/ UNIVASC Antibiotics and Antifungals Interactions Many different types of drugs are used to treat infections Food: Food can decrease the absorption of captopril caused by bacteria and fungi. Some general advice to fol- and moexipril. So take captopril and moexipril one low when taking any such product is: hour before or two hours after meals. ACE in- hibitors may increase the amount of potassium in \u2022 Tell your doctor about any skin rashes you may have your body. Too much potassium can be harmful. had with antibiotics or that you get while taking this Make sure to tell your doctor if you are taking medication. A rash can be a symptom of an allergic re- potassium supplements or diuretics (water pills) action, and allergic reactions can be very serious. that may increase the amount of potassium in your body. Avoid eating large amounts of foods high in \u2022 Tell your doctor if you experience diarrhea. potassium such as bananas, green leafy vegetables, \u2022 If you are using birth control, consult with your health and oranges. care provider because some methods may not work HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors when taken with antibiotics. \u2022 Be sure to finish all your medication even if you are Otherwise known as \u201cstatins,\u201d these medications are used feeling better. to lower cholesterol. They work to reduce the rate of pro- \u2022 Take with plenty of water. duction of LDL (bad cholesterol). Some of these drugs also lower triglycerides. Recent studies have shown that Antibacterials pravastatin can reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, or miniature stroke in certain patient populations. Penicillin Some examples are: Some examples are: atorvastatin \/ LIPITOR penicillin V \/ VEETIDS cerivastatin \/ BAYCOL amoxicillin \/ TRIMOX, AMOXIL ampicillin \/ PRINCIPEN, OMNIPEN Interaction Food: Take on an empty stomach, but if it upsets your stomach, take it with food.","428 APPENDICES Tetracyclines Some examples are: Quinolones Some examples are: tetracycline \/ ACHROMYCIN, SUMYCIN doxycycline \/ VIBRAMYCIN ciprofloxacin \/ CIPRO minocycline \/ MINOCIN levofloxacin \/ LEVAQUIN ofloxacin \/ FLOXIN Interaction trovafloxacin \/ TROVAN Food: Take on an empty stomach one hour before or Interactions two hours after meals. If your stomach gets upset, Food: Take on an empty stomach one hour be- take with food. However, it is important to avoid fore or two hours after meals. If your stomach taking tetracycline \/ ACHROMYCIN, SUMYCIN gets upset, take it with food. However, avoid with dairy products, antacids and vitamins con- calcium-containing products like milk, yogurt, taining iron because these can interfere with the vitamins or minerals containing iron, and medication\u2019s effectiveness. antacids because they significantly decrease drug concentration. Nitroimidazole Caffeine: Taking these medications with caffeine- An example is: containing products (e.g., coffee, colas, tea, and chocolate) may increase caffeine levels, leading to metronidazole \/ FLAGYL excitability and nervousness. Interaction Cephalosporins Some examples are: Alcohol: Avoid drinking alcohol or using medications that contain alcohol or eating foods prepared with cefaclor \/ CECLOR, CECLOR CD alcohol while you are taking metronidazole and for cefadroxil \/ DURICEF at least three days after you finish the medication. cefixime \/ SUPRAX Alcohol may cause nausea, abdominal cramps, cefprozil \/ CEFZIL vomiting, headaches, and flushing. cephalexin \/ KEFLEX, KEFTAB Antifungals Interaction Some examples are: fluconazole \/ DIFLUCAN Food: Take on an empty stomach one hour before or griseofulvin \/ GRIFULVIN two hours after meals. If your stomach gets upset, ketoconazole \/ NIZORAL take with food. itraconazole \/ SPORANOX Macrolides Interactions Some examples are: Food: It is important to avoid taking these medica- azithromycin \/ ZITHROMAX tions with dairy products (milk, cheeses, yogurt, clarithromycin \/ BIAXIN ice cream), or antacids. erythromycin \/ E-MYCIN, ERY-TAB, ERYC erythromycin + sulfisoxazole \/ PEDIAZOLE Alcohol: Avoid drinking alcohol, using medications that contain alcohol, or eating foods prepared with Interaction alcohol while you are taking ketoconazole\/ NIZORAL and for at least three days after you fin- Food: Take on an empty stomach one hour before or ish the medication. Alcohol may cause nausea, ab- two hours after meals. If your stomach gets upset, dominal cramps, vomiting, headaches, and flushing. take with food. MOOD ORDERS Sulfonamides Depression, Emotional, and Anxiety Disorders An example is: Depression, panic disorder, and anxiety are a few exam- sulfamethoxazole \u03e9 trimethoprim \/ BACTRIM, ples of mood disorders\u2014complex medical conditions SEPTRA with varying degrees of severity. When using medications to treat mood disorders it is important to follow your Interaction doctor\u2019s instructions. Remember to take your dose as Food: Take on an empty stomach one hour before or two hours after meals. If your stomach gets upset, take with food.","APPENDIX C DRUGS AND NUTRITION 429 directed even if you are feeling better, and do not stop un- skills, people who are depressed should not drink less you consult your doctor. In some cases it may take alcohol. several weeks to see an improvement in symptoms. Food: These medications can be taken with or without food. Monomine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors STOMACH CONDITIONS Some examples are: phenelzine \/ NARDIL Conditions like acid reflux, heartburn, acid indigestion, tranylcypromine \/ PARNATE sour stomach, and gas are very common ailments. The goal of treatment is to relieve pain, promote healing, and Interactions prevent the irritation from returning. This is achieved by either reducing the acid the body creates or protect- MAO Inhibitors have many dietary restrictions, and ing the stomach from the acid. Lifestyle and dietary people taking them need to follow the dietary habits can play a large role in the symptoms of these con- guidelines and physician\u2019s instructions very care- ditions. For example, smoking cigarettes and consum- fully. A rapid, potentially fatal increase in blood ing products that contain caffeine may make symptoms pressure can occur if foods or alcoholic beverages return. containing tyramine are consumed while taking MAO Inhibitors. Histamine Blockers Alcohol: Do not drink beer, red wine, other alcoholic Some examples are: beverages, non-alcoholic and reduced-alcohol beer cimetidine \/ TAGAMET or TAGAMET HB and red-wine products. famotidine \/ PEPCID or PEPCID AC ranitidine \/ ZANTAC or ZANTAC 75 Food: Foods high in tyramine that should be avoided nizatadine \/ AXID OR AXID AR include: \u2022 American processed, cheddar, blue, brie, moz- Interactions zarella and Parmesan cheese; yogurt, sour cream. \u2022 Beef or chicken liver; cured meats such as Alcohol: Avoid alcohol while taking these products. sausage and salami; game meat; caviar; dried fish. Alcohol may irritate the stomach and make it more \u2022 Avocados, bananas, yeast extracts, raisins, sauer- difficult for the stomach to heal. kraut, soy sauce, miso soup. \u2022 Broad (fava) beans, ginseng, caffeine-containing Food: Can be taken with or without regard to meals. products (colas, chocolate, coffee, and tea). Caffeine: Caffeine products (e.g., cola, chocolate, tea, Anti-Anxiety Drugs and coffee) may irritate the stomach. Some examples are: DRUG-TO-DRUG INTERACTIONS lorazepam \/ ATIVAN diazepam \/ VALIUM Not only can drugs interact with food and alcohol, they alprazolam \/ XANAX can also interact with each other. Some drugs are given together on purpose for an added effect, like codeine and Interactions acetaminophen for pain relief. But other drug-to-drug interactions may be unintended and harmful. Prescrip- Alcohol: May impair mental and motor performance tion drugs can interact with each other or with over-the- (e.g., driving, operating machinery). counter (OTC) drugs, such as acetaminophen, aspirin, and cold medicine. Likewise, OTC drugs can interact with Caffeine: May cause excitability, nervousness, and hy- each other. peractivity and lessen the anti-anxiety effects of the drugs. Sometimes the effect of one drug may be increased or decreased. For example, tricyclic antidepressants such Antidepressant Drugs as amitriptyline (ELAVIL), or nortriptyline (PAMELOR) can decrease the ability of clonidine (CATAPRES) to lower Some examples are: blood pressure. In other cases, the effects of a drug can paroxetine \/ PAXIL increase the risk of serious side effects. For example, sertraline \/ ZOLOFT some antifungal medications such as itraconazole (SPO- fluoxetine \/ PROZAC RANOX) and ketoconazole (NIZORAL) can interfere with the way some cholesterol-lowering medications are bro- Interactions ken down by the body. This can increase the risk of a se- rious side effects. Alcohol: Although alcohol may not significantly in- teract with these drugs to affect mental or motor","430 APPENDICES Doctors can often prescribe other medications to re- teract with antifungal medications. Be sure to tell your duce the risk of drug-drug interactions. For example, doctor about all medications\u2014prescription and OTC\u2014 two cholesterol-lowering drugs\u2014pravastatin (PRAVA- that you are taking. CHOL) and fluvastatin (LESCOL)\u2014are less likely to in- Source: Food and Drug Administration and the National Consumers League 1998.","APPENDIX D CDC Growth Charts 431","432 APPENDICES TABLE D-1 Boys: Birth to 36 Months Weight-for-Age lb kg lb 40 18 40 97th 95th 38 Weight-for-age percentiles: 17 Boys, birth to 36 months 38 36 90th 16 36 34 75th 34 15 32 32 50th 14 30 30 25th 13 10th 28 28 5th 26 3rd 12 26 11 24 24 10 22 22 9 20 20 18 18 8 16 16 7 14 14 6 12 10 12 8 5 6 10 4 8 3 6 2 4 4 lb kg lb Birth 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 Age (months) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 433 TABLE D-2 Girls: Birth to 36 Months Weight-for-Age kg lb Weight-for-age percentiles: lb Girls, birth to 36 months 40 40 97th 18 95th 38 38 90th 36 17 34 36 75th 16 32 34 15 50th 30 32 14 25th 28 30 10th 26 24 13 5th 28 3rd 12 26 11 24 10 22 22 9 20 20 18 18 8 16 16 7 14 12 14 10 6 8 6 12 5 10 4 8 3 6 2 4 4 lb kg lb Birth 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 Age (months) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","434 APPENDICES TABLE D-3 Boys: Birth to 36 Months Length-for-Age cm in in 42 42 105 Length-for-age percentiles: 97th 41 Boys, birth to 36 months 95th 40 41 90th 40 100 75th 39 39 50th 38 25th 37 38 95 10th 36 35 37 5th 3rd 36 90 35 34 34 85 33 33 32 32 80 31 31 30 30 75 29 29 28 28 70 27 27 26 26 65 25 25 24 24 60 23 23 22 22 55 21 21 20 20 50 19 19 18 18 45 17 17 cm in in Birth 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 Age (months) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 435 TABLE D-4 Girls: Birth to 36 Months Length-for-Age cm in in 42 42 105 Length-for-age percentiles: 97th 41 Girls, birth to 36 months 95th 40 41 90th 39 38 40 75th 37 100 36 50th 35 39 34 25th 38 95 10th 5th 37 3rd 36 33 90 35 34 85 33 32 32 80 31 31 30 30 75 29 29 28 28 70 27 27 26 26 65 25 25 24 24 60 23 23 22 22 55 21 21 20 20 50 19 19 18 18 45 17 17 cm in in Birth 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 Age (months) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","436 APPENDICES TABLE D-5 Boys: Birth to 36 Months Weight-for-Length kg lb lb 23 50 Weight-for-length percentiles: 50 Boys, birth to 36 months 48 22 48 46 97th 44 21 46 95th 42 40 20 44 90th 38 36 19 42 75th 34 32 40 50th 30 18 28 25th 26 38 10th 24 17 5th 22 3rd 20 36 18 16 16 14 34 12 15 10 8 32 6 14 4 2 30 lb 13 28 12 26 11 24 10 22 9 20 18 8 16 7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8 3 6 24 12 kg lb in 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 cm 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Length Revised and corrected June 8, 2000. Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 437 TABLE D-6 Girls: Birth to 36 Months Weight-for-Length kg lb lb 23 50 Weight-for-length percentiles: 50 Girls, birth to 36 months 48 22 48 46 97th 44 21 46 95th 42 40 20 44 90th 38 36 19 42 75th 34 32 40 50th 30 18 28 25th 26 38 10th 24 17 5th 22 3rd 20 36 18 16 16 14 34 12 15 10 8 32 6 14 4 2 30 lb 13 28 12 26 11 24 10 22 9 20 18 8 16 7 14 6 12 5 10 4 8 3 6 24 12 kg lb in 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 cm 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 Length Revised and corrected June 8, 2000. Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","438 APPENDICES in TABLE D-7 Boys: Birth to 36 Months Head Circumference-for-Age cm in 56 22 22 54 Head circumference-for-age percentiles: 21 Boys, birth to 36 months 52 20 21 50 97th 95th 48 19 90th 46 18 75th 20 50th 25th 19 10th 5th 3rd 18 44 17 17 16 42 16 40 38 15 15 36 14 14 34 13 13 32 12 12 30 in cm in Birth 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 Age (months) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 439 TABLE D-8 Girls: Birth to 36 Months Head Circumference-for-Age in cm in 56 22 Head circumference-for-age percentiles: 22 Girls, birth to 36 months 21 54 21 97th 95th 52 90th 20 20 75th 50 50th 48 19 19 46 25th 18 10th 44 5th 17 3rd 18 42 17 16 16 40 15 38 15 36 14 14 34 13 13 32 12 12 30 in cm in Birth 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 Age (months) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","440 APPENDICES TABLE D-9 Boys: 2 to 20 Years Weight-for-Age kg lb lb 105 230 230 97th 100 220 Weight-for-age percentiles: 220 Boys, 2 to 20 years 95 210 95th 210 90 200 200 90th 190 85 190 180 180 80 75th 170 170 75 160 160 50th 70 150 150 65 25th 140 140 10th 130 5th 60 130 3rd 120 55 120 110 50 110 45 100 100 90 40 90 80 70 80 60 35 50 40 70 30 30 20 lb 60 25 50 20 40 15 30 10 20 kg lb 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age (years) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 441 TABLE D-10 Girls: 2 to 20 Years Weight-for-Age kg lb lb 105 230 230 100 220 220 95 210 Weight-for-age percentiles: 210 Girls, 2 to 20 years 90 200 200 97th 190 85 190 95th 180 80 180 170 170 75 90th 160 160 70 75th 150 150 140 65 50th 130 140 120 60 25th 130 10th 110 55 120 100 5th 50 110 3rd 45 100 40 90 90 80 80 70 35 60 50 70 40 30 30 20 60 lb 25 50 20 40 15 30 10 20 kg lb 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age (years) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","442 APPENDICES TABLE D-11 Boys: 2 to 20 Years Stature-for-Age cm in in 200 78 78 Stature-for-age percentiles: 97th 76 Boys, 2 to 20 years 95th 74 195 90th 72 76 75th 190 74 70 50th 185 72 68 25th 180 70 10th 66 5th 64 175 3rd 68 62 170 66 60 165 58 64 56 160 62 54 155 52 60 50 150 58 48 145 46 56 44 140 54 42 135 40 52 38 130 36 50 125 48 120 46 115 44 110 42 105 40 100 38 95 36 90 85 34 34 80 32 32 75 30 30 cm in in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age (years) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 443 TABLE D-12 Girls: 2 to 20 Years Stature-for-Age cm in in 200 78 78 76 195 Stature-for-age percentiles: 74 76 Girls, 2 to 20 years 72 190 74 97th 70 95th 68 185 90th 66 72 75th 180 70 50th 64 175 25th 62 68 60 10th 170 5th 66 3rd 165 58 64 56 160 62 54 155 52 60 50 150 58 48 145 46 56 44 140 42 54 135 40 52 38 130 36 50 125 48 120 46 115 44 110 42 105 40 100 38 95 36 90 85 34 34 80 32 32 75 30 30 cm in in 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age (years) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","444 APPENDICES BMI TABLE D-13 Boys: 2 to 20 Years Body Mass Index-for-Age 34 BMI 97th 34 Body mass index-for-age percentiles: 32 Boys, 2 to 20 years 95th 32 30 30 90th 28 28 26 85th 24 26 22 75th 20 24 18 50th 22 25th 10th 20 18 5th 3rd 16 16 14 14 12 12 kg\/m\u00b2 kg\/m\u00b2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age (years) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 445 TABLE D-14 Girls: 2 to 20 Years Body Mass Index-for-Age BMI BMI 97th Body mass index-for-age percentiles: 34 Girls, 2 to 20 years 34 32 95th 32 30 30 28 90th 28 85th 26 26 75th 24 24 22 22 50th 20 25th 20 10th 18 5th 18 3rd 16 16 14 14 12 12 kg\/m\u00b2 kg\/m\u00b2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Age (years) Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","446 APPENDICES TABLE D-15 Boys: 2 to 5 Years Weight-for-Stature Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","APPENDIX D CDC GROWTH CHARTS 447 TABLE D-16 Girls: 2 to 5 Years Weight-for-Stature Source: Developed by the National Center for Health Statistics in collaboration with the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2000).","","APPENDIX E Weights and Measures TABLE E-1 Common Weights and Measures Measure Equivalent Measure Equivalent 28.35 g 3 tsp 1 tbsp 1 fl oz 2 tbsp 1 oz 1\u20442 c 120 g 4 tbsp 1\u20444 c 1c 240 g 8 tbsp 1\u20442 c 1 lb 454 g 16 tbsp 1c 1g 1 ml 5 ml 2c 1 pt 1 tsp 15 ml 4c 1 qt 1 tbsp 30 ml 4 qt 1 gal 1 fl oz 240 ml 1 tsp 5g 1c 480 ml 1 tbsp 15 g 1 pt 960 ml 1 oz 28.35 g 1 qt 1000 ml 1L 449","450 APPENDICES TABLE E-2 Weights and Measures Conversions U.S. System to Metric Metric to U.S. System Metric Measure U.S. Measure Metric Measure U.S. Measure Length 25.0 mm Length 0.04 in 1 in 0.3 m 1 mm 3.3 ft 1 ft 1m Mass 64.8 mg Mass 0.015 g 1g 28.35 g 1 mg 0.035 oz 1 oz 1g 1 lb 0.45 kg 1 kg 2.2 lb 1 short ton 907.1 kg 1 metric ton 1.102 short tons Volume 16.0 cm3 Volume 0.06 in3 1 cu in 5.0 ml 1 cm3 0.2 tsp 1 tsp 15.0 ml 1 mL 0.07 tbsp 1 tbsp 30.0 ml 1 mL 0.03 oz 1 fl oz 0.24 L 1 mL 4.2 c 1c 0.47 L 1L 2.1 pt 1 pt 0.95 L 1L 1.1 qt 1 qt (liq) 0.004 m3 1L 1 gal 0.009 m3 1 m3 264.0 gal 1 pk 0.04 m3 1 m3 113.0 pk 1 bu 1 m3 28.0 bu Energy Energy 1 cal 4.18 J 1J 0.24 cal Temperature To convert Celsius degrees into Fahrenheit, multiply by 9\u20445 and add 32. To convert Fahrenheit degrees into Celsius, subtract 32 and multiply by 5\u20449. For example: 30\u00b0C = (30 \u00d7 9 + 32)\u00b0F = (54 + 32)\u00b0F = 86\u00b0F 90\u00b0F = (90 \u2212 32) \u00d7 5 \u00b0C = 58 \u00d7 5 \u00b0C = 32.2\u00b0C 5 99","APPENDIX F Food Exchange Lists SOURCE AND CREDITS BACKGROUND The information in this appendix has been derived from Planning is based on this specifically prepared nutrient the September 2007 edition of the Food Exchanges Lists database of almost 700 foods. The serving sizes of the for Diabetes and is used with the permission of the foods in each list (starches, fruits, milks, vegetables, American Dietetic Association. For ease of reference, it meats, fats, etc.) reflect the mean macronutrient and en- will be referred to as the Lists throughout this appendix. ergy values for each of the groups in this database. When professionals apply the tables in this appendix, Foods included are those commonly eaten by a major- they follow the comprehensive guidelines presented in ity of individuals in the United States. Many are core the original booklet. Students and nonprofessionals foods in the U.S. food supply, while some foods represent should not apply the tables in this appendix without the ethnic or other eating preferences (e.g., vegetarian). In al- supervision of one or both of the following: most all instances, the foods from each list are based on commercially prepared products rather than homemade 1. The instructor using this book recipes, because of the extreme variability of the latter. 2. A registered dietitian Wherever possible, nutrition values represent generic rather than name brand, or are an average of several na- For the permission to include the data in this appen- tionally available name brands. Some foods may be in dix, the publisher and the authors express their appreci- the database in more than one form. Vegetables, for ex- ation to: ample, are fresh raw as well as fresh or frozen cooked, and canned. Some foods are in two lists (e.g., beans, peas, 1. The American Diabetes Association, Inc., and the and lentils), and some are in two lists but in different American Dietetic Association serving sizes (peanut butter, for example). 2. Those individual professionals who reviewed and up- The first column of each of the tables indicates the dated the original document: source of the nutrient data. \u2022 Madelyn L Wheeler, MS, RD, FADA \u2022 Anne Daly, MS, RD 1. The most common source of energy and nutrient val- \u2022 Alison Evert, MS, RD ues for foods is the United States Department of \u2022 Marion Franz, MS, RD Agriculture (USDA) Nutrient Database for Standard \u2022 Patti Geil, MS, RD Reference.a It is the foundation for most food compo- \u2022 Lea Ann Holzmeister, RD sition databases in the public and private sectors and \u2022 Karmeen Kulkami, MS, RD is identified by the USDA 5-digit number beginning \u2022 Emily Loghmani, MS, RD with a 0, 1, 2, or 4. \u2022 Tami A. Ross, RD 2. Some foods are from the USDA\u2019s Food and Nutrient As discussed in Chapter 18, the principles of using the Database for Dietary Studiesb and are identified by a List are the same for the 2003 and 2007 editions. How- 5-digit number starting with 5, 7, or 9. ever, the 2007 list contains more than 700 foods and the levels of the major nutrients are also provided for each 3. The other main source is an average of nutrition facts food. In view of the size of the Lists, it will not be repro- from food labels of similar foods and is designated duced here. Instead, a number of selected foods are \u201cLabel.\u201d presented. 4. Occasionally nutrition information was obtained from a recipe and is designated \u201cRecipe.\u201d Recipes used for the List are on file with this data. aUSDA, Agricultural Research Service, 2006. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 19. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. http:\/\/www.ars.usda.gov\/ba\/bhnrc\/ndl. Accessed August 17, 2007. bUSDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies, 1.0. (2004). Beltsville, MD: Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group. http:\/\/www.barc.usda.gov\/ bhnrc\/foodsurvey\/fields_ intro.html. Accessed August 17, 2007. 451","452 APPENDICES Whole milk Dairy-like foods The food names and serving size columns cross- Fat list reference the same designations in the List. The fourth Monounsaturated fats list column, grams per serving, is the metric weight of the Polyunsaturated fats list portion, providing more definition for words such as Saturated fats list \u201cmedium,\u201d as well as providing specifics for those who are Fast-foods list doing carbohydrate gram counting as a meal planning Breakfast sandwiches method. The rest of the columns represent the energy Main dishes\/entrees and nutrients used in the Nutrition Facts portion of food Oriental labels. Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids Pizzas are included because of the configuration of the fat list. Sandwiches The following abbreviations are used: Salads Sides\/appetizers SFA \u03ed saturated fatty acids trans \u03ed trans-fatty acids Desserts PUFA \u03ed polyunsaturated fatty acids Combination foods list MUFA \u03ed monounsaturated laity acids Entrees chol \u03ed cholesterol Frozen entrees\/meals sod \u03ed sodium Salads (deli style) carb \u03ed carbohydrate Soups pro \u03ed protein Free foods list ETOH \u03ed 200 proof alcohol Low carbohydrate foods Modified-fat foods with carbohydrate LIST CATEGORIES Condiments Free snacks The Lists include the following: Drinks\/mixes Alcohol list Starch list Bread Table F-1 presents an example of nutrient data for Cereals and grains each of the entries above. Crackers and snacks Starchy vegetables MEASUREMENT, NUTRIENTS, AND LISTS Beans, peas, and lentils To apply information in the lists in this appendix, we Sweets, desserts, and other carbohydrates list need the two groups of data presented in Tables F-2 Beverages, sodas, and energy\/sports drinks and F-3. Brownies, cake, cookies, gelatin, pie, and pudding Candy, spreads, sweets, sweeteners, syrups, and The following provides some example of foods in the toppings Lists including name of food, serving size, and exchanges. Condiments and sauces It is important to realize that none of the nutrient data Doughnuts, muffins, pastries, and sweet breads in Table F-1 is presented. If the levels of sodium and fat Frozen bars, frozen desserts, frozen yogurt, and ice are important to the patient a healthcare provider will cream provide details about the nutrient data of the foods. For Granola bars, meal replacement bars\/shakes, and details, your instructors can provide assistance. trail mix Starch List Fruit list Fruits Serving size for one exchange for some examples in this Fruit juices list is: Vegetables (nonstarchy) list 1. 1\u20442 c of cooked cereal, grain, or starchy vegetable Meat and meat substitutes list 2. 1\u20442 c of cooked rice or pasta 3. 1 oz of a bread product, such as 1 slice of bread Lean meat 4. 3\u20444 to 1 oz of most snack foods (some snack foods may Medium-fat meat High-fat meat also have added fat) Plant-based proteins (for beans, peas, and lentils, One starch exchange equals 15 g of carbohydrate, 3 g see starch list of protein, 0\u20131 g of fat, and 80 calories. Milk list Fat-free and low-fat milk Reduced fat","TABLE F-1 An Example of Nutrient Data for Each List and Sub-list from the 2007 Food Exchange Lists Source Fooda Serving Grams per Fat SFA Trans PUFA MUFA Chol Sod Carb Fiber Sugars Pro Size serving Cal (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg) (g) (g) (g) (g) Starch 134 12.4 191 17.4 Breads 0 13.1 111 18.0 18069 Bread, white 1 sl 28 69 1.2 0.3 ND 0.5 0.2 0 4 17.0 0.6 1.0 2.0 0.3 0.1 ND 0.1 0.1 0 0.1 1.8 1.2 Cereals 0.3 0 ND 0.1 00 1 23.9 0.8 0.6 2.2 0.8 0 ND 0 00 3.0 0.1 2.2 08065 Rice krispies 0.75 c 20 77 0.1 0 00 00 110 14.0 1.5 1.4 1.5 88 18.1 Grains\/Rice\/Pasta 0.5 0.1 ND 0.2 00 5.8 2.0 7.9 34 13.2 20121 Spaghetti, cooked, firm 0.33 c 48 85 0 0 00 00 0 14 0 4.6 1.2 ND 0.6 2.5 5 587 19.0 0.6 10.4 1.4 Crackers\/Snacks 0 0 00 00 232 30.4 0 9.5 0 19050 Tortilla chips 0.75 oz 21 82 0.2 0 0 0.1 00 102 15.0 0.3 13.7 0 Starchy vegetables 83 18.3 11.5 3.3 ND 1.7 6.0 18 1.3 11.7 3.7 11367 Potato, white, peeled, 3 oz 85 73 1 14.7 10.0 4.5 ND 0.4 2.7 23 3 14.7 0 1.5 3.0 cooked 5.6 1.0 ND 3.4 1.2 0 3 10.7 1.5 6.5 2.9 Beans\/Peas\/Lentils 0.1 0 00 00 15 0 1.6 10.8 0.6 0 0 00 00 0.9 11.3 0.5 16038 Beans, navy, cooked 1\u20442 c 91 129 0.2 0 0 0.1 00 16 0 1.5 6.5 1.4 366 0.3 Sweets, Desserts and other carbohydrates 0.2 0.1 ND 0.1 0 23 14 1.9 0 0 8.5 Beverages, Sodas, and Energy\/Sports Drinks 5.1 2.2 ND 0.2 2.3 26 0 0 8.7 8.8 3.1 ND 1.1 3.9 23 0 0.3 5.6 Label Sports drink 1 c 237 50 4.7 1.0 ND 2.0 1.4 0 1.0 0.7 9.3 Brownie, Cake, Cookies, Gelatin, Pie, and Pudding Brownie, small, unfrosted 1 (1-1\u20444 sq. 28 115 7\u20448\u0408\u0408 high) Candy, Spreads, Sweets, Sweeteners, Syrups, and Toppings 19129 Syrup, pancake type, 1 T 20 50 regular Jelly Condiments and Sauces 06150 Barbecue sauce, 3T 52 79 bottled Doughnuts, Muffins, Pastries, and Sweet Breads Doughnut, yeast type, 1 (3-3\u20444\u0408\u0408 60 239 glazed diameter) Frozen Bars, Frozen Desserts, Frozen Yogurt, and Ice Cream Label Ice cream 1\u20442 c 72 165 Granola Bars, Meal Replacement Bars\/Shakes, and Trail Mix APPENDIX F FOOD EXCHANGE LISTS 19015 Granola bar 1 bar (1 oz) 28 134 Fruits Fresh\/Canned\/Dried Fruits 09266 Pineapple, fresh 0.75 c 116 56 Fruit juices 09294 Prune juice 0.33 c 84 59 Vegetables 11283 Onions, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c 105 46 Meats and Meat Substitutes Lean Meats 05220 Turkey breast (cutlet), 1 oz 28 38 no skin, roasted Medium Fat Meats 13150 Beef, short ribs, cooked 1 oz 28 84 High Fat Meats 07064 Pork sausage, cooked 1 oz 28 104 Plant-Based Proteins (for Beans, Peas, and Lentils, see Starch List) 16126 Tofu, firm 4 oz (1\u20442 c) 114 80 aThe \u201csource food\u201d is indicated by: continues 453 \u2022 an identification number followed by the name of a food; OR \u2022 the word label followed by the name of a food The meaning of these two items is explained under the section background for the Food Exchange Lists.","TABLE F-1 (continued) 454 APPENDICES Source Fooda Serving Grams per Cal Fat SFA Trans PUFA MUFA Chol Sod Carb Fiber Sugars Pro Size serving (g) (g) (g) (g) (g) (mg) (mg) (g) (g) (g) (g) 98 Milk 130 2.2 1.3 257 11.7 150 5.0 3.0 130 12.0 Fat-free milks\/low-fat milks 115 8.0 5.0 120 12.0 4.1 0.5 55 34.0 01088 Buttermilk, low-fat (1%) 1 c 245 48 0 0.1 0.6 10 0 11.7 8.1 40 4.2 0.8 0 0.2 1.4 20 40 1.5 0 12.0 8.1 Reduced-fat milk 39 4.5 0.3 0.2 0.5 2.0 33 0 0 0 12.0 8.0 4.3 2.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 0 0 0 0 32.0 3.0 01079 Milk, reduced-fat (2%) 1 c 244 493 263 34.0 10.0 0.0 1.2 2.0 0 1136 34.0 Whole milks 173 16.5 3.3 ND 3.4 0.6 0 624 14.7 321 5.9 ND 0.5 1.9 4 01077 Milk, whole 1 c 244 242 13.6 1.1 376 24.0 22 14.5 5.6 4.5 3.3 14.2 28 795 34.7 Dairy-like foods 340 0.1 0.8 5.4 6.8 38 500 18.0 5.1 670 18.0 Label Yogurt and juice blend 1 c 236 12.5 0 0 2.6 1.5 47 36 4.4 293 0.1 2.4 4.3 32 Fats 390 11.4. 3.8 608 40.0 130 21.3 ND 1.7 6.9 44 Monounsaturated fats 116 7.0 10.0 00 00 230 85.0 1.5 16098 Peanut butter 1.5 T 8 1 5.0 3.7 0.8 7.5 1 776 27.9 0.5 0.6 2.0 22 0 000 Polyunsaturated fats 26 1.4 6.7 1.7 0.6 3.5 47 778 39.3 000 7 0.7 1.0 160 16.0 04510 Oil, safflower 1t 4 0 0 1198 19.8 106 Saturated fats 0 04002 Bacon grease 1t 4 Fast foods Breakfast sandwiches Label Sausage biscuit sandwich 1 biscuit 137 0.7 3.0 13.0 0 0 14.7 Main Dishes\/Entrees Label Chicken nuggets 1 serving: 93 ~6 nuggets Oriental Label Fried rice, no meat 1\u20442 c 98 1.5 0 5.4 Pizzas Label Cheese\/pepperoni 1 sl (1\u20448, 14\u0408\u0408 117 1.6 4.0 14.0 pizza, regular crust pizza) Sandwiches 21118 Hot dog with bun, plain 1 98 1.0 2.7 10.4 0.8 3.0 1.7 Salads 21052 Salad, side 1 serving 138 (no dressing or cheese) Sides\/Appetizers Label Onion rings. Breaded, 3 oz serving 94 1.0 4.0 4.0 fried French fries Desserts Label Milkshake, any flavor 1 small serv- 363 1.3 38.0 13.7 ing. ~12 oz Combination foods Entrees 22570 Lasagna with meat 1c 227 ND 0.6 3.7 43 3.4 10.7 19.4 and sauce ND 4.5 8.9 54 2.7 1.3 9.7 Frozen Entres\/Meals ND 4.1 1.5 5 2.0 14.0 1.0 ND 0.5 0.5 0 4.4 3.3 5.6 Label Pot pie, double crust 1 pie (7 oz) 198 Salads (Deli-Style) Label Coleslaw, deli style 1\u20442 c 100 Soups 06402 Soup, bean 1 c 247 Free foods Low carbohydrate foods Modified fat foods with carbohydrate Condiments Free snacks Drinks\/mixes 06150 Barbecue sauce 2 t 12 0 00 0 0 130 4.2 0.1 3.0 0 1.3 ND 0 0 0 01069 Creamer, non-dairy, 1T 4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0 7 2.2 0 2.2 0.2 powder 0 00 0 0 18228 Saltine-type crackers, 2 crackers 6 0 00 0 0 64 4.3 0.2 0 0.8 free food size 11457 Spinach, fresh, raw 1c 30 24 1.1 0.7 0.1 0.9 14355 Tea, brewed 1c Alcohol 14096 Wine, red (14.0% alcohol) 5 fl oz 148 7 2.5 0 2.5 0.3","APPENDIX F FOOD EXCHANGE LISTS 455 Cereals and Grains TABLE F-2 Common Measurements Bran cereals 1\u20442 c 3 tsp \u03ed 1 tbsp 4 oz \u03ed 1\u20442 c Bulgur 1\u20442 c 4 tbsp \u03ed 1\u20444 c 8 oz \u03ed 1 c Cereals, cooked 1\u20442 c 5-1\u20443 tbsp \u03ed 1\u20443 c 1 c \u03ed 1\u20442 pint Cereals, unsweetened, ready-to-eat 3\u20444 c One starch exchange equals 15 g of carbohydrate, 3 g of Cornmeal (dry) 3 tbsp protein, 0\u20131 g of fat, and 80 calories. Couscous 1\u20443 c Flour (dry) 3 tbsp Bread Granola, low-fat 1\u20444 c Bagel, 4 oz 1\u20444 (1 oz) Grape-Nuts 1\u20444 c Bread, reduced-calorie 2 slices (1-1\u20442 oz) Bread, white, whole wheat, Grits 1\u20442 c 1 slice (1 oz) pumpernickel, rye 4 (2\u20443 oz) Kasha 1\u20442 c Bread sticks, crisp, 4 in. \u03eb 1\u20442 in. 1\u20442 English muffin 1\u20442 (1 oz) Millet 1\u20444 c Hot dog bun or hamburger bun 1\u20444 Naan, 8 \u03eb 2 in. 1 Muesli 1\u20444 c Pancake, 4 in. across, 1\u20444 in. thick 1\u20442 Pita, 6 in. across 1 (1 oz) Oats 1\u20442 c Roll, plain, small 1 slice (1 oz) Raisin bread, unfrosted, 1 slice 1 Pasta 1\u20443 c Tortilla, corn, 6 in. across 1 Tortilla, flour, 6 in. across 2 1\u20442 Puffed cereal 1 1\u20442 c Tortilla, flour, 10 in. across Waffle, 4 in. square or across, 1 Rice, white or brown 1\u20443 c reduced-fat Shredded Wheat 1\u20442 c Sugar-frosted cereal 1\u20442 c Wheat germ 3 tbsp One starch exchange equals 15 g of carbohydrate, 3 g of protein, 0\u20131 g of fat, and 80 calories. TABLE F-3 The Amount of Macronutrients in One Serving of Each Food Represented in Each Food Group or List Groups\/Lists Carbohydrate Protein Fat Calories (grams) (grams) (grams) Carbohydrate Group 15 3 0\u20131 80 Starch 15 varies varies varies Sweets, desserts, and 15 \u2014 \u2014 60 other carbohydrates list 5 2 \u2014 25 Fruit Vegetables (non-starchy) \u2014 7 0\u20133 35\u201355 Meat and meat substitutes \u2014 7 5 75 \u2014 7 8 100 Lean varies varies varies varies Medium-fat High-fat 12 8 0\u20133 90 Plant-based protein 12 8 5 120 Milk 12 8 8 150 Fat-free and low-fat varies varies varies varies Reduced-fat \u2014 \u2014 5 45 Whole varies varies varies varies Dairy-like foods varies varies varies varies Fats varies varies varies varies Fast foods Combination foods Free food","456 APPENDICES 8 Beans, Peas, and Lentils 3 Crackers and Snacks 3\u20444 oz Count as 1 starch exchange, plus 1 very lean meat 4 slices exchange. Animal crackers 24 Graham cracker, 2 1-in. square Beans and peas (garbanzo, 1\u20442 c Matzoh 3c pinto, kidney, white, split, 2\u20443 c Melba toast 3\u20444 oz black-eyed) 1\u20442 c Oyster crackers 2 3 tbsp Popcorn (popped, no fat added, 6 Lima beans Lentils or low-fat microwave) 15\u201320 (3\u20444 oz) Miso Pretzels Rice cakes, 4 in. across 2\u20135 (3\u20444 oz) Sweets, Desserts, and Other Carbohydrates List Saltine-type crackers Snack chips, fat-free or 1\u20443 c In general one exchange equals 15 grams of carbohy- 1\u20442 c drate, or 1 starch, or 1 fruit, or 1 milk. In view of the wide baked (tortilla, potato) 1\u20442 cob (5 oz) variety of foods covered in this list, exchanges per serving Whole wheat crackers, will vary. In the following, foods are selected from differ- 1c ent groups within the list and the possible exchanges per no fat added 1\u20442 c serving are indicated. Note each food contributes multi- 1\u20442 c ple types of exchanges. Starchy Vegetables 1\u20442 c or Fruit List Baked beans 1\u20442 medium Corn (3 oz) In general, one fruit exchange is: Corn on cob, large 1\u20444 large (3 oz) Mixed vegetables with 1\u20442 c 1. 1 small fresh fruit (4 oz) 2. 1\u20442 c of canned or fresh fruit or fruit juice corn, peas, or pasta 1c 3. 1\u20444 c of dried fruit Peas, green 1\u20442 c Plantain One fruit exchange equals 15 g of carbohydrate and 60 Potato, boiled calories. The weight includes skin, core, seeds, and rind. Potato, baked with skin Potato, mashed Squash, winter (acorn, butternut, pumpkin) Yam, sweet potato, plain","APPENDIX F FOOD EXCHANGE LISTS 457 TABLE F-4 Number of Exchanges Represented by Each Serving of Selected Foods Food Serving Size Exchanges per Serving Angel food cake, unfrosted \u20441 12 cake (about 2 oz) 2 carbohydrates Brownie, small, unfrosted 2 in. square (about 1 oz) 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat Cake, unfrosted 2 in. square (about 1 oz) 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat Cake, frosted 2 in. square (about 2 oz) 2 carbohydrates, 1 fat Cookie or sandwich cookie with creme filling 2 small (about 2\u20443 oz) 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat Cookies, sugar-free 3 small or 1 large (3\u20444\u20131 oz) 1 carbohydrate, 1\u20132 fats Cranberry sauce, jellied 1\u20444 c 1\u20442 carbohydrates Cupcake, frosted 1 small (about 2 oz) 2 carbohydrates, 1 fat Doughnut, plain cake 1 medium (1\u20442 oz) 1\u20442 carbohydrates, 2 fats Doughnut, glazed 3\u20444 in. across (2 oz) 2 carbohydrates, 2 fats Energy, sport, or breakfast bar 1 bar (1\u20443 oz) 1\u20442 carbohydrates, 0\u20131 fat Energy, sport, or breakfast bar 1 bar (2 oz) 2 carbohydrates, 1 fat Fruit cobbler 1\u20442 c (3-1\u20443 oz) 3 carbohydrates, 1 fat Fruit juice bars, frozen, 100% juice 1 bar (3 oz) 1 carbohydrate Fruit snacks, chewy (pureed fruit concentrate) 1 roll (3\u20444 oz) 1 carbohydrate Fruit spreads, 100% fruit 1-1\u20442 Tbs 1 carbohydrate Gelatin, regular 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate Gingersnaps 3 1 carbohydrate Granola or snack bar, regular or low-fat 1 bar (1 oz) 1\u20442 carbohydrates Honey 1 tbsp 1 carbohydrate Ice cream 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate, 2 fats Ice cream, light 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat Ice cream, low-fat 1\u20442 c 1\u20442 carbohydrates Ice cream, fat-free, no sugar added 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate Jam or jelly, regular 1 tbsp 1 carbohydrate Milk, chocolate, whole 1c 2 carbohydrates, 1 fat Pie, fruit, 2 crusts 1\u20446 of 8 in. commercially prepared pie 3 carbohydrates, 2 fats Pie, pumpkin or custard 1\u20448 of 8 in. commercially prepared pie 2 carbohydrates, 2 fats Pudding, regular (made with reduced-fat milk) 1\u20442 c 2 carbohydrates Pudding, sugar-free or sugar-free and fat-free 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate (made with fat-free milk) 1 can (10\u201311 oz) 1\u20442 carbohydrates, 0\u20131 fat Reduced-calorie meal replacement (shake) 1c 1 carbohydrate Rice milk, low-fat or fat-free, plain 1c 1\u20442 carbohydrates Rice milk, low-fat, flavored 1\u20444 c 1 carbohydrate Salad dressing, fat-free 1\u20442 c 2 carbohydrates Sherbet, sorbet 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat Spaghetti or pasta sauce, canned 8 oz (about 1 c) 1 carbohydrate Sports drinks 1 tbsp 1 carbohydrate Sugar 1 (2-1\u20442 oz) 2-1\u20442 carbohydrates, 2 fats Sweet roll or Danish 2 tbsp 1 carbohydrate Syrup, light 1 tbsp 1 carbohydrate Syrup, regular 1\u20444 c 4 carbohydrates Syrup, regular 5 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat Vanilla wafers 1\u20442 c 1 carbohydrate, 0\u20131 fat Yogurt, frozen 1\u20443 c 1 carbohydrate Yogurt, frozen, fat-free 1c 3 carbohydrates, 0\u20131 fat Yogurt, low-fat with fruit","458 APPENDICES 1 (4 oz) Cranberry juice cocktail, 1c 1\u20442 c reduced-calorie 1\u20443 c Fruit 4 rings 1\u20443 c Apple, unpeeled, small 4 whole (5-1\u20442 oz) Fruit juice blends, 100% juice 1\u20442 c Applesauce, unsweetened 8 halves Grape juice 1\u20442 c Apples, dried 1\u20442 c Grapefruit juice 1\u20442 c Apricots, fresh 1 (4 oz) Orange juice 1\u20443 c Apricots, dried 3\u20444 c Pineapple juice Apricots, canned 3\u20444 c Prune juice Banana, small 1\u20443 melon (11 oz) Blackberries Vegetable (Nonstarchy) List Blueberries or 1 c cubes Cantaloupe, small 12 (3 oz) In general, one vegetable exchange is: 1\u20442 c Cherries, sweet, fresh 3 \u2022 1\u20442 c of cooked vegetables or vegetable juice Cherries, sweet, canned 1\u20442 large or \u2022 1 c of raw vegetables Dates Figs, fresh 2 medium One vegetable exchange (1\u20442 c cooked or 1 c raw) equals (3-1\u20442 oz) 5 g of carbohydrate, 2 g of protein, 0 g of fat, and 25 Figs, dried 1 1\u20442 calories. Fruit cocktail 1\u20442 c Grapefruit, large 1\u20442 (11 oz) Artichoke, cooked 1\u20442 Grapefruit sections, canned 3\u20444 c Artichoke hearts, canned, drained 1\u20442 Grapes, small 17 (3 oz) Asparagus, frozen, cooked 1\u20442 c Honeydew melon 1 slice (10 oz) Beans (green, wax, Italian) 1\u20442 c or 1 c cubes Bean sprouts, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c Kiwi 1 (3-1\u20442 oz) Beets, canned, drained 1\u20442 c Mandarin oranges, canned 3\u20444 c Broccoli, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c Mango, small 1\u20442 fruit (5-1\u20442 oz) Brussels sprouts, frozen, cooked 1\u20442 c or 1\u20442 c Cabbage, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c Nectarine, small 1 (5 oz) Carrots, fresh, cooked, strips or slices 1\u20442 c Orange, small 1 (6-1\u20442 oz) Cauliflower, frozen, cooked 1\u20442 c Papaya 1\u20442 fruit (8 oz) or Celery, fresh, raw, strips 1c 1 c cubes Collard greens, fresh cooked 1\u20442 c Peach, medium, fresh 1 (4 oz) Cucumber, with peel, 1c Peaches, canned 1\u20442 c Eggplant, fresh, cooked, 1-in. cubes 1\u20442 c Pear, large, fresh 1\u20442 (4 oz) Green onions (spring) or scallions, 1c Pears, canned 1\u20442 c Kohlrabi, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c Pineapple, fresh 3\u20444 c Leeks, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c Pineapple, canned 1\u20442 c Mixed vegetables (without corn, peas, Plums, small 2 (5 oz) 1\u20442 c Plums, canned 1\u20442 c or pasta) 1c Plums, dried (prunes) 3 Mushrooms, fresh 1\u20442 c Raisins 2 tbsp Okra, fresh, cooked 1c Raspberries 1c Onions, fresh 1c Strawberries 1-1\u20444 c whole Pea pods (snow), fresh 1c berries Peppers, green bell, raw, slices 1c Tangerines, small 2 (8 oz) Radishes 1\u20442 c Watermelon 1 slice (13-1\u20442 oz) Sauerkraut, canned, rinsed, drained 1\u20442 c or 1-1\u20444 c Spinach, canned, drained 1\u20442 c Fruit Juice cubes Squash, summer, fresh, cooked 1\u20442 c Apple juice\/cider Tomatoes, canned, regular 1c Cranberry juice cocktail 1\u20442 c Tomatoes, raw 1\u20442 c 1\u20443 c Tomato sauce 1\u20442 c Turnips, fresh, cooked, diced 1\u20442 c Vegetable juice 1\u20442 c Water chestnuts, canned, drained 1c Zucchini, raw, slices","APPENDIX F FOOD EXCHANGE LISTS 459 Meat and Meat Substitutes List Cheese, string 1 oz Chicken, meat and skin, fried, 1 oz Meat and meat substitutes that contain both protein and fat are on this list. In general, one meat exchange is: flour-coated 1 oz Corned beef brisket, cooked 1 oz of meat, fish, poultry, or cheese Duck, wild, meat and skin, 1 oz 1\u20442 c of beans, peas, or lentils 1 (not cooked) 1 oz Lean Meat and Substitutes Egg, fresh 1 oz Fish, fried, cornmeal coating 1 oz One exchange equals 0 g of carbohydrate, 7 g of protein, Lamb, ground, broiled 1 oz 0\u20133 g of fat, and 35\u201350 calories. Meatloaf 1 oz Pork, Boston blade, roasted Beef, chuck, pot roast, 1 oz Sausage, hard lean only, cooked 1 oz Plant-Based Proteins Beef, frank steak, lean, cooked 1 oz Beef, rib roast, lean, roasted 1 oz For beans, peas, and lentils, see starch list. Catfish, cooked 1 slice Since the contribution of one serving of each of the fol- Cheese, American, fat-free 1 oz Cheese, mozzarella, fat-free 1 oz lowing foods may vary with the formulation for its manu- Chicken breast, meat only, cooked 1 oz facture, you instructor will provide assistance on this issue. Chicken, dark meat, no skin, roasted 1 oz Clams, fresh, cooked 1 oz Breakfast patty, meatless (soy-based) 1 patty Cod fillet, cooked 0.25 c Cottage choose, creamed, 4.5% milk fat 1 oz (1-1\u20442 oz) Crab, steamed 1 oz Flounder, cooked 2 Cashew butter, plain 1 tbsp Egg white 1 oz Ham, boiled lean deli, sandwich type 1 oz Frankfurter (hot dog), meatless Ham, canned, fully cooked 1 oz Hot dog or frankfurter 1 oz (soy-based) 1 frankfurter Lamb leg, sirloin, roast, lean 1 oz Liver, chicken, cooked 1 oz (1-1\u20442 oz) Lobster, fresh, steamed 6 medium Oysters, cooked 1 oz Meatless burger (soy-based) 1 patty (3 oz) Pork chop, cooked 1 oz Rabbit, cooked 1 oz Meatless \u201cbeef\u201d crumbles Salmon, fresh, broiled or baked 2 small Sardines, packed in oil, drained 1 oz (soy-based) 2 oz Sausage, smoked 1 oz Scallops, fresh steamed 1 oz Peanut butter, smooth or crunchy 1 tbsp Shrimp, fresh, cooked in water 1 oz Steak, porterhouse, lean, broiled 1 oz Tofu, firm 4 oz (1\u20442 c) Steak, T-bone, lean, broiled 1 oz Trout, cooked 1 oz Milk List Tuna, fresh, cooked Turkey breast (cutlet), 1 oz One milk exchange equals 12 g of carbohydrate and 8 g 1 oz of protein. no skin, roasted 1 oz Turkey ham Fat-Free and Low-Fat Milk 1c Veal roast 1c There are 0\u20133 g fat per serving. 1c Medium-Fat Meat 1c Fat-free milk 1\u20442 c 1\/2% milk 1\u20443 c dry 1% milk 1c Buttermilk, low-fat or fat-free Evaporated fat-free milk 2\u20443 c (6 oz) Fat-free dry milk 2\u20443 c (6 oz) Soy milk, low-fat or fat-free Yogurt, fat-free, flavored, sweetened with nonnutritive sweetener and fructose Yogurt, plain fat-free One exchange equals 0 g of carbohydrate, 7 g of protein, Reduced-Fat 5 g of fat, and 50\u201375 calories. There are 5 g fat per serving. Beef patty, ground regular, 1 oz 2% milk 1c pan broiled (75% lean) Acidophilus milk, 2% 1c 1 oz Beef, prime rib, roasted 1 oz Cheese, mozzarella (part skim milk)","460 APPENDICES Whole Milk Saturated Fats List One fat exchange equals 5 g of fat and 45 calories. There are 8 g fat per serving. 1c Bacon, cooked 1 slice Whole milk 1\u20442 c (20 slices\/lb) Evaporated whole milk Bacon, grease Yogurt, plain 3\u20444 c Butter: stick 1 tsp 1 tsp (made from whole milk) whipped 2 tsp reduced-fat 1 tbsp Dairy-Like Foods Chitterlings, boiled 2 tbsp (1\u20442 oz) Nutrient levels vary. Instructor will provide assistance. Coconut, sweetened, shredded 2 tbsp Coconut milk 1 tbsp Eggnog, whole milk 1\u20442 c Cream, half and half 2 tbsp Soy milk, regular, plain 1c Cream cheese: regular 1 tbsp (1\u20442 oz) Yogurt with fruit, reduced-fat 1-1\u20442 tbsp (3\u20444 oz) 1 Shortening or lard 1 tsp low-fat, container, 6 oz Sour cream: regular 2 tbsp reduced-fat 3 tbsp Fat List Fast-Foods List In general, one fat exchange is: Because of variations in nutrient contents of fast foods, 1. 1 tsp of regular margarine or vegetable oil exchanges per serving are expressed in a combination, 2. 1 tbsp of regular salad dressings e.g., one serving of pizza (with meat) may provide 2-1\u20442 carbohydrate exchanges plus 2 medium-fat meat ex- Monounsaturated Fats List changes. Your instructor will provide you with guidance. One fat exchange equals 5 g fat and 45 calories. The following food samples do not provide exchanges per serving. Avocado, medium 2 tbsp (1 oz) Oil (canola, olive, peanut) 1 tsp Breakfast Sandwiches 1 sandwich Olives: ripe (black) 8 large 1 biscuit 10 large Egg, cheese, meat, green, stuffed 6 nuts English muffin sandwich Nuts: almonds, cashews 6 nuts 10 nuts Sausage biscuit sandwich mixed (50% peanuts) 4 halves peanuts 1\u20442 tbsp Main Dishes\/Entrees 1 serving pecans 1 tbsp Burrito, beef and beans (fast food) (about 8 oz) Peanut butter, smooth or crunchy 2 tsp Sesame seeds Chicken breast, breaded and fried 1 serving Tahini or sesame paste (about 5 oz) Chicken nuggets Polyunsaturated Fats List 1 serving One fat exchange equals 5 g fat and 45 calories. (~6 nuggets) Margarine: stick, tub, or squeeze 1 tsp Oriental 1 c (about 5 oz) lower-fat spread 0.5 c (30% to 50% vegetable oil) 1 tbsp Beef, chicken, or shrimp with 1 tsp vegetable and sauce 1c Mayonnaise: regular 1 tbsp reduced-fat 4 halves Fried rice, no meat 1 tsp Noodles and vegetables in sauce Nuts: walnuts, English 1 tbsp Oil (corn, safflower, soybean) 2 tbsp (chow\/lo mein) Salad dressing: regular 2 tsp Pizzas 1 slice (1\u204418 of a reduced-fat 1 tbsp Cheese\/pepperoni pizza, 14\u0408\u0408 pizza) Miracle Whip salad dressing: 1 tbsp regular crust 1 slice (1\u20444 of a regular Cheese\/vegetarian pica, 12\u0408\u0408 pizza) reduced-fat thin crust Seeds: pumpkin, sunflower","APPENDIX F FOOD EXCHANGE LISTS 461 Sandwiches Pot pie 1 (7 oz) Hamburger, regular plain 1 sandwich 2 1\u20442 carbohydrates, 1 medium-fat meat, 3 fats Hot dog with bun, plain 1 hot dog Submarine sandwich 1 sub (6\u0408\u0408) Soups Taco, hard or soft shell 1 small Bean 1c 1 carbohydrate, 1 very lean meat Salads Cream of mushroom (made with water) Salad, main dish (grilled chicken, 1 carbohydrate, 1 fat 1 c (8 oz) no dressing) 1 serving Salad, side (no dressing or cheese) 1 serving Split pea (made with water) 1\u20442 c (4 oz) 1 carbohydrate Sides\/Appetizers French fries, restaurant style 1 large serving Tomato (made with water) 1 c (8 oz) (about 7) 1 carbohydrate Nachos with cheese 1 small serving Free Foods List Onion rings, breaded, fried (about 4) A free food is any food or drink that contains less than 20 1 serving calories or less than 5 g of carbohydrate per serving. (about 3 oz) Foods with a serving size listed should be limited to 3 servings per day. Be sure to spread them out throughout Desserts 1 small the day. If you eat all 3 servings at one time, it could af- Milkshake, any flavor (about 12 oz) fect your blood glucose level. Foods listed without a serv- ing size can be eaten as often as you like. Soft-serve cone, regular 1 Combination Foods List Low Carbohydrate Foods 1 candy 1\u20442 c Many of the foods we eat are mixed together in various Candy, hard, sugar-free, small size 1\u20444 c combinations. These combination foods do not fit into Gelatin dessert, sugar-free 1 stick any one exchange list. Often it is hard to tell what is in a Carrots, fresh cooked 1\u20442 c casserole dish or prepared food item. This is a list of ex- Chewing gum, regular 2 tsp changes for some typical combination foods. This list will Cucumber, with peel help you fit these foods into your meal plan. Ask your in- Jam or jelly, low or reduced sugar 1 packet structor for information about other combination foods. Sugar substitute 2 tbsp Entrees (Splenda sucralose) Syrup, sugar-free Spaghetti, sauce, meatballs 1c Modified-Fat Foods with Carbohydrate Chili with beans 1c Macaroni and cheese 1 c (8 oz) Cream cheese, fat-free 1 tbsp (1\u20442 oz) Creamer, nondairy, liquid 1 tbsp 2 carbohydrates, 2 medium-fat meats Creamers, nondairy, powdered 2 tsp Mayonnaise, reduced-fat 1 tsp Tuna or chicken salad 1\u20442 c (3-1\u20442 oz) Margarine spread, reduced-fat 1 tsp Salad dressing, fat-free or low-fat 1 tbsp 1\u20442 carbohydrate, 2 lean meats, 1 fat Sour cream, fat-free, reduced-fat 1 tbsp Whipped topping, regular 1 tbsp Frozen Entrees\/Meals Dinner-type meal, frozen generally 14\u201317 oz 3 carbohydrates, 3 medium-fat meats, 3 fats Condiments Meatless burger, vegetable 3 oz Catsup, tomato 1 tbsp and starch-based Horseradish 1 tbsp 1 carbohydrate, 1 lean meat Lemon juice 1 tbsp Pickle relish 1 tbsp Pizza, meat topping, thin crust 1\u20444 of 10\u0408\u0408 Pickles, sweet (bread and butter) 2 slices (5 oz) Salsa 1\u20444 c Soy sauce, regular or light 1 tbsp 2 carbohydrates, 2 medium-fat meats, 2 fats Vinegar 1 tbsp","462 APPENDICES Free Snacks 1\u20444 c Seasonings 1\u20442 c Blueberries, fresh, free food size 1\u20442 oz Be careful with seasonings that contain sodium or are Cheese, fat-free, free food size 1c salts, such as garlic or celery salt and lemon pepper. Lean meat, cooked, free food size 1 Popcorn, light free food size Flavoring extracts Vanilla wafers, free food size Garlic Herbs, fresh or dried Drinks\/Mixes Pimento Spices Bouillon, broth, consomme Tabasco or hot pepper sauce Bouillon or broth, low-sodium Wine, used in cooking Carbonated or mineral water Worcestershire sauce Club soda Cocoa powder, unsweetened 1 tbsp Coffee Diet soft drinks, sugar-free Alcohol 1 can (12 oz) Drink mixes, sugar-free 1.5 fl oz Tea Beer, regular (4.9%) 5 fl oz Tonic water, sugar-free Rum, 80 proof Wine, white","Answers to Progress Checks CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO NUTRITION 19. National Cancer Institute Activity 1: Dietary Allowances, Eating Guides, and Food Selection Systems 20. Upper Limit 1. A unit of energy, commonly used to indicate re- 21. a lease of energy from food. 22. b 2. State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just absence of disease. 23. e 3. A chemical substance obtained from food and 24. f needed by the body for growth, maintenance, or repair. 25. The Food Guide Pyramid is a visual representa- tion of nutritional guidelines. 4. Receiving and utilizing essential nutrients to maintain health and well-being. 26. Coronary heart disease, strokes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes, and some 5. A diet that supplies sufficient energy and essential cancers. nutrients in adequate amounts for health at any stage of life. 27. CHD, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes 6. Guidelines to promote healthy eating habits 28. The dietary guidelines designate recommended (Dietary Guidelines for Americans). changes in lifestyle to promote good health, in- cluding weight management, physical activity, 7. Levels of nutrients recommended for daily con- food safety, use of alcohol, and so on, whereas the sumption for healthy individuals according to age pyramid concentrates on specific foods that meet and gender. the dietary recommendations and tips on how to implement the changes. 8. Maximum intake by an individual that is not likely to have adverse effects in a specified group. 29. a) carbohydrate group, b) meat and meat substi- tutes, c) fat group. 9. A set of four reference values used for assessing and planning diets for individuals and groups. 30. Any three of the following: other carbohydrates, free foods list, combination food list, and fast food 10. An estimate of average requirements when evi- list. dence is not available to establish RDAs. 31. RDA, Dietary Guidelines, and Food Guide Pyramid 11. Food and Nutrition Board are three major sources of information. 12. National Research Council Self-Study: Your individual answers will provide infor- mation for your personal health status. 13. American Dietetic Association or American Diabetes Association (common usage: \u201cthe associations\u201d) Activity 2: Legislation and Health Promotion 1. 1 c 14. Estimated Average Requirements 2. Number of servings 15. United States Department of Agriculture 3. Fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, or sodium 16. American Heart Association 4. Dietary fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, and 17. National Cholesterol Education Program iron 18. American Institute for Cancer Research 463","464 ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 4. F 9. F 14. b 18. a, b, c, d 5. It is recommended that you stay below\u2014eat \u201cless 5. T 10. F 15. d 19. d than\u201d\u2014the Daily Reference Value nutrient amounts listed per day on the label. 6. T 11. F 16. b 20. b 6. If a serving of food is high or low in a nutrient 7. F 12. T 17. b 21. a, b, c, d 7. \u201cLegal\u201d conventional foods (natural or manufac- 8. F 13. F tured) that contain bioactive ingredients Activity 2: Some Effects of Culture, Religion, 8. Adding a bioactive ingredient especially one with and Geography on Food Behaviors nutritional value to a dietary or an OCT drug The student is responsible for submitting the answers. 9. According to scientists, limited evidence suggests The instructor may wish to have the student discuss a an association between consumption of these fatty client\u2019s diet plan, or give a grade for this assignment. acids in fish and reduced risks of mortality from cardiovascular disease for the general population. CHAPTER 3: PROTEINS AND HEALTH Activity 1: Protein as a Nutrient 10. One claim, among others, is the positive effect of this vitamin on clinical disorders such as birth 1. If you are uncertain about your answers, look at defects. the tables provided and\/or discuss with your teachers. 11. Some claims, among others, are that some chemi- cals in this tea can neutralize free radicals (re- 2. Because all essential amino acids (present in good sponsible for aging) and may reduce risk of quality protein) must be present at one time in cancer. the body or the body cannot utilize them to build body proteins. 12. One claim, among others, is that certain chemi- cals in this botanical or dietary supplement can 3. No. (However, it is relatively more common improve memory and blood flow to the brain and among low-income groups.) may help cure Alzheimer\u2019s disease. 4. c 6. b 8. d 10. T 13. Primary prevention of CHD in persons with high 5. b 7. c 9. T levels of LDL. Activity 2: Meeting Protein Needs and 14. Intensive management of LDL cholesterol in per- Vegetarianism sons with CHD. 1. a 5. b 9. a 13. d 15. Focus on primary prevention in persons with 2. b 6. a 10. b 14. T multiple risk factors. The three approaches are 3. a 7. a 11. b more intensive LDL lowering in certain groups of 4. a 8. c 12. a people; soluble fiber as a therapeutic dietary op- tion, with strategies for promoting adherence to 15. A diet history with as much detail as possible. List the diet; and treatment beyond LDL lowering in of food likes, dislikes, and allergies. Mary\u2019s present people with high triglycerides. knowledge of nutritional needs and of food com- position, especially protein. Her knowledge of 16. Define these acronyms: complementary proteins and methods of food a. National Institutes of Health preparation. Type of vegetarianism practiced. b. Coronary heart disease History of pre-pregnancy eating and exercise c. Low-density lipoprotein habits. d. High-density lipoprotein e. Food and Drug Administration 16. Protein: 30 g extra daily; must be high quality. f. National Cholesterol Education Program There is also need for 300 more kcal per day as g. Adult treatment panel well as extra vitamins and minerals. See RDA chart. CHAPTER 2: FOOD HABITS Activity 1: Factors Affecting Food Consumption 17. 40 g (110 lb \u03ec 2.2 \u03ed 50 kg \u03eb 0.8 \u03ed 40.0). 1\u20133. Personal responses: Need to include factors that 18. Mary is underweight for her height, even if she is apply to your particular individual situation, such of small frame and very athletic. It will depend as where you live, your finances, emotions, tradi- upon her physician\u2019s decision, of course, but she tions, seasonal considerations, and the like. probably needs to gain extra weight.","ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 465 19. It will be more difficult, because plant proteins Activity 2: Fats: Characteristics and have lower biological values than animal. It will Effects on Health also be difficult to get enough calcium and fat- soluble vitamins as well as other essential nutri- 1. c ents contained in animal foods. Extra soy milk, 2. b fortified with vitamin B12, should be consumed 3. a with each meal. Leafy green vegetables (without 4. True oxalates), sunflower seeds, and fortified soy milk 5. False for calcium should be part of the diet. 6. False 7. True 20. To spare protein for its primary function of build- 8. False ing new cells. 9. 140\/90 mmHg or higher 10. less than 40 mg\/dl 21. Positive nitrogen balance. The body retains more 11. 40% nitrogen than it excretes during pregnancy. 12. low-density lipoproteins 13. A lipoprotein is made up of fats (cholesterol, CHAPTER 4: CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH triglycerides, fatty acids, etc.), protein, and a small amount of other substances. Activity 1: Carbohydrates: Characteristics and 14. Coronary heart disease Effects on Health 15. Eicosapentaenoic acid 16. Docosahexaenoic acid 1. 4 1 orange 2 1 c whole kernel corn 1 \u20441 of a devil\u2019s food cake with icing (from a mix) 10 3 1 slice of wheat bread 5 1\u20442 c zucchini squash 3 1\u20443 c cooked oatmeal 2. Vegetables: CHAPTER 5: VITAMINS AND HEALTH 3 1\u20442 c green beans, cooked Activity 1: The Water-Soluble Vitamins 3 1\u20442 c cooked carrots 2 1 baked potato 1. a 6. b 11. a and b 16. d 1 1 sweet potato 4 1 stalk broccoli 5 1\u20442 c lettuce, chopped 3. It is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue. 2. b 7. d 12. d 17. a 4. Any 3 of these: promotes regular elimination, 3. a 8. c 13. a 18. a helps prevent diverticulitis, helps control appetite, binds bile salts to help lower cholesterol, slows 4. b 9. c 14. b carbohydrate absorption (important in diabetes), and helps prevent cancer. 5. b 10. d 15. d 5. Good sources include raw fruits and vegetables, Activity 2: The Fat-Soluble Vitamins bran, whole grains, legumes, oats, and seeds. 1. b 5. d 9. c 13. d 6. (1) Dental caries; and (2) diets of poor nutritional 2. c 6. a 10. a 14. c quality that are high in calories can result in 3. d 7. d 11. b obesity. 4. c 8. d 12. a 7. Because they increase the risk of ketosis, dehydra- Progress Check on Chapter 5 tion, diarrhea, and loss of muscle mass. 1. c 9. c 17. b 25. c 8. c (1000 \u03ec 4 \u03ed 250) 26. d 2. a 10. b 18. a 27. d 28. a 9. b 15. a 21. b 27. c 3. d 11. T 19. a 29. b 22. c 28. a 30. b 10. b 16. b 23. a 29. b 4. e 12. T 20. b 24. c 30. a 11. b and d 17. c 25. b 5. b 13. T 21. a 26. a 12. b 18. d 6. d 14. T 22. b 13. b 19. e 7. e 15. T 23. b 14. a 20. d 8. a 16. T 24. a","466 ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS CHAPTER 6: MINERALS, WATER, AND BODY d. 1\u20442 c. cooked vegetables PROCESSES e. 1 tsp solid fat or oil f. 1 oz lean meat Progress Check on Chapter 6 7. 1. c 1. b 17. a 33. b 49. F 2. a 2. c 18. d 34. c 50. T 3. b 3. d 19. c 35. b 51. F 4. b 20. b 36. b 52. T Activity 2: The Effects of Energy Imbalance 5. c 21. b 37. a 53. T 6. d 22. a 38. c 54. T 1. F 11. T 21. b 7. b 23. b 39. a 55. T 2. T 12. T 22. c 8. d 24. b 40. a 56. T 3. T 13. F 23. a 9. c 25. c 41. a 57. T 4. F 14. T 24. e 10. b 26. c 42. c 58. T 5. F 15. F 25. a, b 11. a 27. b 43. b 59. T 6. F 16. F 26. b 12. c 28. a 44. d 60. e 7. T 17. T 27. c 13. d 29. b 45. T 61. a 8. T 18. T 28. a 14. b 30. c 46. F 62. c 9. F 19. a, b, c, d 29. c 15. c 31. c 47. T 63. b 10. T 20. b 16. c 32. a 48. T 64. d 30. a. 700 calorie reduction plus 300 calories used in CHAPTER 7: MEETING ENERGY NEEDS activity \u03ed 1,000 kcal per daily reduction; 1,000 kcal per day \u03eb 7 days per week \u03ed 7,000 Activity 1: Energy Balance kcal deficit per week; 7,000 \u03ec 3,500 (kcal in 1 lb body fat) = 2 lb 1. a. The basal metabolic rate. per week. b. Activity or voluntary energy expenditures. c. The thermic effect of food. b. 20 lb \u03ec 2 lb per week \u03ed 10 weeks. October 1 to December 7 \u03ed 10 weeks. 2. 89 kcal. The answer is yes. 4 \u03eb 4 = 16 kcal protein 5 \u03eb 9 = 45 kcal fat c. 300 kcal burned \u03eb 7 days per week = 2,100 7 \u03eb 4 = 28 kcal carbohydrate calories per week deficit; Total 89 kcal 2,100 \u03ec 3,500 \u03ed .6 lb per week 3. Your caloric intake is in balance with your energy d. October 1 to December 7 \u03ed 10 weeks; needs when you maintain the same weight. Excess calories are converted to fat and stored in 10 weeks \u03eb 0.6 lb per week \u03ed 6.0 lb loss in adipose tissue (fat cells). 10 weeks. 4. Potatoes are grouped with bread and pasta (rich No; it would take 331\u20443 weeks to lose 20 lb at in carbohydrates) and as such contain only four 0.6 lb per week (20 lb \u03ec 0.6 \u03ed 331\u20443). calories per gram. Activity 3: Weight Control and Dieting 5. a. Present intake: 12,600 calories per week (1,800 \u03eb 7 \u03ed 12,600) 1. d 5. F 3,500 cal \u03ed 1 lb body fat \u03eb 3 (desired weight loss) 2. c 6. F \u03ed 10,500 cal 3. c 7. T 12,600 cal \u03ea10,500 cal 4. (a) altered metabolism; 8. T 2,100 cal per week \u03ec 7 days \u03ed 300 calories (b) fluid and electrolyte imbalance; per day (c) nutrient deficits. b. 300 calories per day are inadequate and repre- sent semi-starvation. CHAPTER 8: NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AND HEALTH CARE MODEL 6. a. 1 c skim milk b. 1\u20442 c unsweetened fruit Activity 1: Assessment of Nutritional Status c. 1 slice bread 1. Physical, anthropometric, laboratory, and histori- cal data. 2. The health education areas needed will depend on the problems you identified with your client in the Practices.","ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 467 3. See Table 8-1. 35. Food is provided in group social setting; some nu- trition education is provided. 4. See Table 8-3. 9. b Activity 4: Exercise, Fitness, and Stress 5. a 7. b 10. b Reduction Principles 6. a 8. a 1. Duration, intensity, frequency, type. CHAPTER 9: NUTRITION AND THE LIFE CYCLE Activity 1: Maternal and Infant Nutrition 2. Predicted rate that won\u2019t cause chest pain. 1. c 9. d 17. c 25. F 3. Any three if these increased strength, flexibility, endurance. Weight control. Lower blood pressure, 2. c 10. a 18. a 26. T lower cholesterol, increase cardiovascular strength. 3. b 11. b 19. d 27. F 4. Warm up, endurance, competition, cool down. 4. c 12. a 20. c 28. F 5. Optimal nutrition, RDAs or above, adequate calo- 5. b 13. b 21. b 29. F ries, low in fat, high in complex carbohydrates. 6. a 14. a 22. d 30. F 6. c. 365 \u03eb 100 \u03ed 36,500 \u03ec 3500 \u03ed 10 lb (app.) 7. b 15. a 23. c 7. Depression, heart disease, hypertension, angina. 8. b 16. c 24. T 8. Any of these: exercise, relaxation techniques, proper diet, socialization, enough rest\/sleep, Activity 2: Childhood and Adolescent Nutrition counseling. 1. b 9. a 17. d 25. F 9. Scientific data only may be used to evaluate the product. 2. a 10. a 18. d 26. T 10. Those measures that enable a person to stay 3. d 11. b 19. T 27. T young and healthy in body and mind. 4. b 12. d 20. T 28. F 5. d 13. b 21. F 29. F 6. c 14. c 22. F 7. c 15. a 23. T 8. d 16. b 24. T 30. Any four of these: milk, wheat, seafood, chocolate, CHAPTER 10: DRUGS AND NUTRITION egg white, citrus, nuts. Background Information Activity 3: Adulthood and Nutrition Answers 1\u20138 found in Glossary at the beginning of the 1. b 8. d 15. a 22. F chapter. 2. c 9. a 16. a 23. T 9. Any five of these: a. Damage intestinal walls 3. a 10. c 17. d 24. T b. Lower absorption c. Destruction of accessory organs 4. d 11. d 18. a 25. F d. Destroy or displace nutrients e. Change the nutrient 5. a 12. d 19. b 26. T f. Render nutrients incapable of acting g. Cause nutrient excretion 6. c 13. c 20. T 27. T 10. a. diarrhea\/constipation 7. c 14. d 21. T 28. F b. nausea\/vomiting c. altered taste\/smell 29. They may not have transportation or the stamina for lengthy shopping trips. 11. a. drug b. dosage 30. Reduced BMR; reduced activity level. c. time d. frequency 31. Remain the same. e. health status 32. a. complication of existing or developing health 12. a. Drug interference problems; b. Drug-induced antagonists b. interference with movement; and 13. Any five: niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, c. increased risk of injurious falls. ascorbic acid, folic acid, B12, protein, fat, glucose, iron, copper, calcium, zinc, magnesium 33. Decreased consumption of meat (perhaps due to high cost or difficulty in eating) and other iron- rich foods. 34. Vitamin A, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and calcium.","468 ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 14. Reabsorption\/transport 2. a. Type of drug b. Concentration of drug 15. Change in urine pH\/Increase in precipitation of c. Time lapse between drug ingestion and breast- some feeding Activity 1: Food and Drug Interaction 3. Anomalies of eyes, ears, heart, CNS, mental retardation 1. a. Change absorption rate Male: enlargement of the mammary glands b. Neutralize effects (gynecomastia) c. Interact Female: overgrowth of vaginal lining d. Influence excretion rate 4. High rate of abortions 2. Alcohol Abruptio placenta Various amines Low birth weight babies 3. Hypertensive crisis 5. a. Length of time used b. Nutritional status 4. a. Drug dose c. Nutritional intake b. Amount of food d. Susceptibility c. Interval between drug and food ingestion d. Patient susceptibility 6. a. Decreased ability to digest, absorb, and meta- e. Condition of the food bolize food 5. Decrease taste sensitivity b. Decreased ability to metabolize and excrete drugs 6. Causing dry mouth, constipation, and urinary retention c. Interaction of multiple drug use Fill in the blanks 7. Aspirin\u2014bleeding (GI) 7. In taking medications, the two most important Laxatives\u2014inhibit vitamin absorption precautions are: Diuretics\u2014decreased K and Ca\u03e9 a. should the medication be taken on empty stomach, or 1\u20132 hours before or after meals. Alcohol\u2014decreased folate, thiamin b. can alcohol be taken with the medication. 8. e 11. F 14. T 9. c 12. F 15. F 10. b 13. F 16. T 8. Some of the negative effects with medications when CHAPTER 11: DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS taken not according to recommendations include: a. irritated stomach Background Information b. reduced absorption c. nausea and\/or vomiting 1. T 3. F 5. h d. headache 2. F 4. T e. irregular heartbeat and palpitation f. loss of potassium, calcium, and\/or magnesium 6. a. set up a new framework for FDA regulation of g. excessive efficiency dietary supplements. h. hyperkalemia i. risk of bleeding b. create an office in the National Institutes of j. flushing Health to coordinate research on dietary sup- k. increased blood pressure plements. l. drowsiness, impaired mental and\/or motor performance c. set up an independent dietary supplement commission to report on the use of claims in 9. c 12. b 15. T dietary supplement labeling. 10. d 13. a 16. T 11. d 14. F 17. T 7. a. Generally recognized as safe b. Good manufacturing practices c. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act d. Food Drug and Cosmetic Act Activity 2: Drugs and the Life Cycle Activity 1: DSHE Act of 1994 1. Renal anomalies 1. a. name and quantity of each dietary ingredient CNS malformation or, for proprietary blends Cleft palate Severe defects b. the total quantity of all dietary ingredients (ex- cluding inert ingredients) in the blend","ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 469 c. identification of the product as a dietary 3. F 8. F 13. F supplement 4. F 9. T 14. T 5. F 10. T 15. T d. the part of the herb or botanical ingredients 6. F 11. F 16. T used in the product 7. F 12. T e. nutritional labeling information (U.S. Activity 4: Tips for the Savvy Supplement User: regulations) Making Informed Decision f. specification(s) in official compendium, if appropriate 2. a. nutrient-content claims 1. F 10. F 19. F b. disease claims c. nutrition support claims, which include 2. F 11. T 20. T \u201cstructure-function claims\u201d 3. F 12. T 21. T 3. a. nutrition information 4. F 13. F 22. T b. ingredient information 5. F 14. T 23. T 6. T 15. T 24. F 4. d 10. F 16. T 7. F 16. T 25. T 5. b 11. T 17. T 8. F 17. F 26. F 6. F 12. T 18. T 9. T 18. F 27. T 7. F 13. T 19. T 28. a. pregnant or breastfeeding b. chronically ill 8. T 14. T c. elderly d. under 18 9. T 15. T e. taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines Activity 2: Folate and Folate Acid 29. Health status is an important clue. Overeating is a 1. F 6. F 11. F human weakness. Product description is your 2. F 7. T 12. T major weapon for self-protection. Education is in- 3. T 8. T 13. F variably a part of any health program. Symptoms 4. F 9. T from taking a dietary supplement are of course 5. F 10. F valuable indications that there is something wrong with the product. 14. a. women of childbearing age b. people who abuse alcohol CHAPTER 12: ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE c. anyone taking anticonvulsants or other med- Background Information ications that interfere with the action of folate d. individuals diagnosed with anemia from folate 1. a. Taught widely in medical schools. deficiency b. Generally used in hospitals. e. individuals with malabsorption c. Usually reimbursed by medical insurance com- f. individuals with liver disease panies. g. individuals receiving kidney dialysis treatment 2. a. physical 15. a. spine (spina bifida) b. mental b. skull c. emotional c. brain (anencephaly) d. spiritual 16. 400 micrograms of synthetic folic acid 3. Any six of the following: acupuncture, oriental massage, qi gong, herbal medicine, diet, medita- Activity 3: Kava kava, Ginko Biloba, Golden tion, exposure to sunlight, controlled breathing, seal, Echinacea, Comfrey, and Pulegone homeopathic medicine, hydrotherapy, spine and soft-tissue spine, electric currents, ultrasound 1. Any five of the following: Kava Kava, Ginkgo biloba, therapy, light therapy, or therapeutic counseling. Goldenseal, Echinacea, Comfrey, or Pulegone. 4. F 6. F 8. F 2. Any five of the following: ava, ava pepper, awa, in- 5. T 7. T toxicating pepper, kava, kava kava, kava pepper, kava root, kava-kava, kawa, kawa kawa, kawa- kawa, kew, Piper methysticum Forst.f., Piper methysticum G. Forst, rauschpfeffer, sakau, tonga, wurzelstock, or yangona.","470 ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS Activity 1: Categories or Domains of d. Where does the information come from? Complementary Alternative Medicine e. What is the basis of the information? f. How is the information selected? 1. a. alternative medical systems g. How current is the information? b. mind-body interventions h. How does the site choose links to other sites? c. biologically-based treatments i. What information about you does the site col- d. manipulative and body-based methods e. energy therapies lect, and why? j. How does the site manage interactions with 2. a. acupuncture b. herbal medicine visitors? c. oriental massage d. Qi gong 5. T 11. T 17. F 6. T 12. F 18. T 3. Any of five of the following: diet, exercise, medita- 7. T 13. T 19. F tion, herbs, massage, exposure to sunlight, or 8. F 14. F 20. T controlled breathing. 9. T 15. F 21. F 10. F 16. T 22. F 4. Any five of the following: diet and clinical nutri- CHAPTER 13: FOOD ECOLOGY tion, homeopathy, acupuncture, herbal medicine, hydrotherapy, spinal and soft-tissue manipulation, Activity 1: Food Safety physical therapies involving electric currents, ul- trasound and light therapy, therapeutic counsel- 1. All of the answers below are correct: ing, or pharmacology. a. failing to wash hands after going to the bathroom 5. a. Qi gong b. not washing hands after handling meat, fish, b. Reiki poultry, or eggs before handling other foods c. therapeutic touch c. failing to clean counters, cutting boards, and cooking equipment 6. T 11. F 16. T d. failing to wash fresh food products thoroughly 7. T 12. F 17. T before preparation 8. T 13. F 18. T e. failing to use clean cloths, sponges, or hand 9. T 14. T towels 10. T 15. T f. handling food if you have upper respiratory in- fections (URIs) Activity 2: Products, Devices, and Services g. working with sores, boils, etc., on hands, face Related to Complementary Alternative h. failing to wash after touching hair, face, or other Medicine body parts before returning to food preparation i. talking, laughing, sneezing during food prepa- 1. a. conduction electromagnetic signals ration b. activation of opioid systems j. poor personal hygiene: dirty clothing, body, c. changes in brain chemistry, sensations, and in- hair, etc. voluntary body functions 2. b 2. Any five of the following: nausea and vomiting, headache, dizziness, bluish discoloration of the 3. Bacteria\u2014the spores themselves and\/or the toxins skin due to a lack of oxygen in the blood, liver produced from them. damage, abnormally low blood pressure, droopy upper eyelid, difficulty walking due to damaged 4. A warm moist place is a perfect environment for nerves, fever, mental confusion, coma, or death. bacteria to multiply. With these favorable condi- tions, they quickly increase by geometric progres- 3. Any three of the following: health care practition- sion (1-2-4-8-16-32-64, etc.). ers, medical libraries, educational organizations, research institutions, professional associations, or 5. All of the answers below are correct: World Wide Web. a. use of pure drinking water b. adequate sewage disposal 4. a. Who runs this site? c. adequate cooking of foods b. Who pays for the site? d. proper storage of foods c. What is the purpose of the site? e. thorough cleaning of foods","ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 471 f. sanitary handling of all foods CHAPTER 14: OVERVIEW OF THERAPEUTIC g. areas free of pests, rodents, vermin, etc. NUTRITION 6. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, flatulence, abdominal Background Information distention. 1. Therapeutic nutrition is based on modifications of 7. F the nutrients in a normal diet. 8. T 2. The purpose of diet therapy is to restore or main- tain good nutritional status. 9. T 3. The diet should be altered to the specific disease 10. T (pathophysiology). 11. This soup may make the residents ill. It was at 4. a. Altering basic nutrients. room temperature overnight and reheating will b. Altering energy value. not destroy any microorganism, especially if con- c. Altering texture or consistency. taminated by staph. d. Altering seasonings. 12. She should throw the cans away. Even if not 5. a. Anxiety and fear about an illness can change bulged, there is an opening at the seam which attitudes and personality. allows for contamination. b. Immobilization compounds nutritional 13. Leaving ingredients such as mayonnaise and eggs problems. out of the refrigerator to stand at room tempera- ture for extended periods of time is a dangerous c. Drug therapy may affect intake and utilization practice. of nutrients. 14. Handling food in this manner is dangerous because d. The disease process modifies food acceptance. a. the cutting board is not washed before using and is stored near pipes 6. The nurse has a key role. He or she assists the pa- b. the cutting board is not washed before chop- tient at mealtimes and explains, interprets, and ping of different foodstuffs, making cross con- supports both the physician\u2019s orders and the ef- tamination possible forts of the dietary staff. The nurse observes and c. the practice of cutting fruits and vegetables charts pertinent information and coordinates the ahead of time and leaving uncovered causes ex- team. The nurse also involves the patient in his or cessive nutrient loss her own care and provides a care plan for other staff members to follow. And, finally, the nurse Activity 2: Nutrient Conservation plans for discharge teaching of the patient and follow-up care. 1. a. If voluntary point-of-purchase information is provided for raw produce, meats, fish, and Activity 1: Principles and Objectives of Diet poultry. Therapy b. Eating establishments where prepared meats 1. a. Cultural aspects are provided. b. Socioeconomic background c. Psychological factors 2. a. It identifies the nutrients. d. Physiological factors b. It aids in balancing diets. c. It may enhance the nutritive value of food. 2. a. The patient is often fearful and rejects hospital food. 3. See Table 11-1. b. Immobilization brings about nutritional stress. 4. See Table 11-1. c. The disease process alters food acceptance. d. Medications may interfere with nutrient 5. See Glossary for this chapter. utilization. 6. See Glossary for this chapter. 3. Diet therapy focuses on the patient\u2019s identified 7. See Glossary for this chapter. needs and problem. 8. a. Enrichment: addition of iron to bread 4. Therapeutic nutrition is based upon modifications b. Fortification: addition of vitamin D to milk of the nutrients in a normal diet.","472 ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 13. One advantage is that it is safer to feed enterally. Other answers may be found in the activity. 5. The purpose of diet therapy is to restore or main- tain good nutritional status. 14. a. When the GI tract cannot be used. b. When the patient is severely depleted Activity 2: Routine Hospital Diets nutritionally. 1. a 5. b 9. c 13. c 15. a. Assist the patient\u2019s adjustment to an alternate 2. c 6. b 10. d feeding method. 3. d 7. a 11. b 4. c 8. b 12. c b. Monitor glucose levels. c. Be alert for signs of contaminated solutions 14. Canned fruit cup; oatmeal with milk and sugar; toast with butter (tea with sugar, if desired) and discard them. 15. a. N 16. a. Milk-based formula: milk and cream are pri- b. Y mary ingredients. c. Y d. N b. Blenderized formula: adds strained meats, veg- e. Y etables, and fruits to the milk base. f. Y g. N c. Meat-based formula: milk and cream are h. Y omitted. i. N j. N CHAPTER 15: DIET THERAPY FOR SURGICAL CONDITIONS Activity 3: Diet Modifications for Therapeutic Care Background Information 1. Modify basic nutrients; modify energy value; mod- 1. a ify texture; and modify seasoning. 2. a 2. There are numerous examples that would be cor- rect. For instance, the diet restricted in simple 3. Effective wound healing carbohydrates used for the diabetic whose pan- creas does not produce enough insulin. Calories 4. Increased resistance to infection are not nutrients, so a low calorie diet is not ap- propriate here. 5. Lowered mortality rate 3. a. When the diet imposes severe restrictions. 6. Shortened convalescent period (decreased proba- b. When the patient\u2019s appetite is poor. bility of complications arising during and after c. When digestion, absorption, or metabolism is surgery) impaired. 7. e 12. d 17. T 22. T 4. Within the framework of the correctly modified 8. d 13. e 18. T 23. F diet, the individual\u2019s likes, dislikes, and tolerances 9. a 14. b 19. F 24. T should be built in. Foods of equal value should be 10. f 15. c 20. F substituted to meet the patient\u2019s ethnic and cul- 11. c 16. a 21. F tural desires. Participation by the patient in choos- ing foods within the specified diet is desirable. Activity 1: Pre- and Postoperative Nutrition Activity 4: Alterations in Feeding Methods 1. b and d 5. T 2. c 6. F 1. c 4. F 7. T 10. a 3. a 7. F 2. a 5. F 8. F 11. b 4. F 3. c 6. T 9. c 8. 12. A nutritionally adequate diet of liquified foods ad- ministered through a tube into the stomach or Pro CHO Thia Nia Ribo Fe VitC duodenum. Oyster stew XX X XX Whole wheat XX XX garlic toast XX X Green pepper and XX cabbage slaw XX Raisin rice pudding with orange sauce X X","ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 473 Activity 2: The Postoperative Diet Regime 9. d 10. b 1. Regain normal body weight. 11. b 12. See Nursing Implications: any 8 of 15 2. a. Correct fluid and electrolyte balance. b. Carefully plan dietary and nutritional support. Practice Question c. Monitor food intake. Check your answer with the sample menu in Appendix C. 3. a. Prevent shock\/edema. Your foods do not need to be the same, only within the b. Provide for synthesis of albumin, antibodies, etc. guidelines for a TLC diet, and satisfactory to your client. c. Accelerate wound healing. Activity 2: Heart Disease and 4. a. Blood. Sodium Restriction b. Fluids and electrolytes. c. 5% dextrose. 1. See the Low-Sodium Diet, Activity 2. d. Protein-sparing solutions. e. Vitamin supplement. 2. Example of menu for a 500 mg sodium diet. f. Intralipids single or in any combination. Breakfast Lunch (continued) 5. Clear liquid\u201424 hours (after bowel sounds return). Puffed wheat cereal 1\u20442 c skim milk Full liquid\u20141\u20132 days, should be supplemented with commercial formula if used longer. 1\u20442 c skim milk 1 slice unsalted bread Soft to Regular\u2014remainder of hospital stay. May need supplements. 1 sliced banana special margarine 6. 150\/2.2 \u03ed 68 \u03eb 0.45 \u03ed 30.6 \u03eb 100 \u03ed 3060. Sugar Canned pineapple 7. 3060 \u03eb 0.15 \u03ed 459 kcal\/4 \u03ed 115 g protein 2 slices low-sodium toast Coffee, tea, or decaf- (rounded). with unsalted soft feinated beverage 8. 3060 \u03eb 30 = 1009.8 kcal\/9 \u03ed 112 g fat (rounded). margarine and honey 9. 3060 \u03eb 0.55 = 1683 kcal\/4 \u03ed 420 g carbohydrate (rounded). Coffee or decaffeinated Mid afternoon 10. Your choice. Use exchange lists as needed. Mid morning 1\u20442 c skim milk 1 cupcake* CHAPTER 16: DIET THERAPY FOR 1\u20442 c orange juice CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS Unsalted crackers Dinner Progress Check for Activity 1 Lunch 3 oz roast beef 1. a. high serum cholesterol Baked potato b. high serum triglycerides 2 oz baked chicken* 1\u20442 c glazed carrots* c. obesity 1\u20442 c rice * Lettuce with special d. hypertension 1\u20442 c green peas* e. poor eating habits 1 slice unsalted bread dressing* 2. Therapeutic lifestyle changes with special Bedtime margarine 3. a. reduce saturated fat and cholesterol Sliced peaches Fruit cup b. weight reduction 1\u20442 c skim milk c. physical activity *All food prepared without seasonings that contain 4. Metabolic Syndrome sodium. 5. 25%\u201335% of total calories 3. a. lemon juice\/slices; orange juice\/slices b. thyme, basil, marjoram, oregano, sage, bay leaf 6. abdominal obesity c. onion, garlic (fresh or powdered, not salt) d. chives, dill, mint, parsley, rosemary 7. lowering LDL cholesterol e. unsalted chopped nuts f. green pepper, pimiento 8. nicotinic acid g. cinnamon, nutmeg, brown sugar, ginger h. vinegar, tarragon, curry, black pepper i. mushrooms, cranberry sauce, dry mustard j. fresh tomatoes; unsalted juice","474 ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 2a. Disease or Foods Foods Foods Nursing Condition Allowed Limited Forbidden Implications Progress Check on Nursing Implications Diet Gastric Any Milk, 80 proof See Nursing 1. a. Reducing the workload of the heart. Regular high ulcer tolerated b. Improving cardiac output; promoting patient protein, wine*, alcohol Implications comfort. high c. Restoring and maintaining adequate nutrition. carbohydrate, caffeine beer, d. Controlling any existing conditions such as hy- moderate fat perlipoproteinemia or hypertension. without beverage*, black interval 2. a. Position the patient for maximal benefit; for feedings some hot chilis, example, allow the patient to sit up with the tray on his or her unaffected side. seasonings* caffeine b. Place food in unaffected side of the patient\u2019s 2b. Disease or Foods Foods Foods Nursing mouth. Condition Allowed Limited Forbidden Implications Diet c. Gently stroke the patient\u2019s throat, and teach Dumping See Table Complex Liquids See Nursing the patient to do so to relieve fear of choking Moderate low- syndrome 17-4 (patient feels the food going down). residue, high- carbohydrate, with Implications protein, high- d. Provide feeding devices when necessary. carbohydrate milk* sweets, e. Protect the patient from spillage. Preserve the moderate fat in 6 feedings alcohol, patient\u2019s dignity. Change linens as necessary. f. Take plenty of time to feed or assist self-feeding. sweetened g. Cut food into small bites. Open all packages beverages and cartons. h. Emphasize all successes; praise attempts at *Individual tolerance and doctors orders self-feeding. 3. Better understanding of the causes of gastric ul- i. Talk to the patient whether or not the patient cers, and improved methods of treating them, have changed the principles of diet therapy to cor- can answer. respond with medical treatments. j. Try to find out from the family what foods the 4. Following the guidelines given in the section on patient dislikes and do not feed the patient gastric surgery, choose the menu from Tables 15- those foods. 4 and 15-5 (antidumping diets). An example fol- lows. Activity 3: Dietary Care after Heart Attack and Stroke 8 am 10 am 2 pm 1. Baking powder, baking soda, patent medicines, 1\u20442 rice cereal 1\u20442 melted cheese 2 oz white meat prescribed drugs, commercial mixes, most con- rice sandwich chicken venience foods, frozen and canned vegetables, soft- ened water, cured and dried meats, and vegetables. 1 tsp margarine 1\u20442 c cooked carrots s.c. egg margarine 2. See list of acceptable alternatives to salt (Activities 2 & 3). 4 pm 6 pm 8 pm 3. See Nursing Implications. 2 crackers 2 oz broiled 1\u20442 sandwich: 1 tbsp smooth beef patty 1 slice white toast 4. To rest the heart and reduce or prevent edema. 2 tsp mayonnaise peanut butter 1\u20442 c mashed 2 oz tuna 5. c potatoes 6. b Unsweetened beverages and water between meals. Activity 2: Disorders of the Intestines 1. a. N e. N i. N b. Y f. N j. Y c. N g. Y d. N h. Y 10. d 6. d 11. d 2. a 7. c 3. b 8. c 4. c 9. c 5. c CHAPTER 17: DIET AND DISORDERS OF 12. Choose from this group: INGESTION, DIGESTION, AND ABSORPTION a. any whole grain breads\/cereals b. any fresh fruits Activity 1: Disorders of the Mouth, Esophagus, c. any fresh vegetables and Stomach d. cooked fruits and vegetables may be used in some cases; i.e., broccoli, spinach 1. Disease or Foods Foods Foods Nursing e. prunes, figs, raisins Condition Allowed Limited Forbidden Implications f. nuts, legumes Diet Low-Residue Hiatal hernia See Table 17-2 for guidance See Nursing Implications, Diet Diverticulitis this chapter 13. a. correct nutrient deficits b. restore adequate intake Hemorrhoidectomy c. prevent further losses Ostomics Ulcerative Colitis (U.C.)","ANSWERS TO PROGRESS CHECKS 475 d. promote repair and maintenance of body tissue 33. Your choice. Be sure to use all exchanges, but no e. promote healing more than the number specified. f. control substances that are not absorbed easily 34. c 14. See Nursing Implications for ileostomy, 174 \u03eb 4 \u03ed 696 calories colostomy. 93 \u03eb 4 \u03ed 372 calories 61 \u03eb 9 \u03ed 549 calories 15. T 18. T 16. F 19. F 1617 calories (Total). Round to 1600. 17. F 20. T 35. b 7000 calories = 2 lb body fat CHAPTER 18: DIET THERAPY FOR DIABETES MELLITUS 36. b, c Granola bar and raisin bread each have app. 100 calories; meat, though lean, has 55 calo- Activity 1: Diet Therapy and Diabetes Mellitus ries per oz; 8 oz whole milk has 150 calories. 1. See Answer Sheet for Exercise 18-1 and 18-2 fol- 37. See Answer Sheet for Exercises 18-1 and 18-2. lowing question #34. 38. People with type 2 diabetes usually have one of 2. b and d 9. d 16. F 23. T the following conditions: 3. a 10. c 17. F 24. F a. do not always produce enough insulin. 4. c 11. a 18. F 25. e b. produce insulin too late to match the rise in 5. b 12. b 19. T 26. d blood sugar. 6. d 13. c 20. T 27. b c. do not respond correctly to the insulin that is 7. a 14. F 21. T 28. c produced. 8. d 15. F 22. T 29. a 39. The three criteria that should be considered in 30. See Nursing Implications. choosing insulin are: a. how soon it starts working (onset). 31. See Patient Education: What the diabetic patient b. when it works the hardest (peak time). must know. c. how long it lasts in the body (duration). 32. 40. The basic four types of insulin products are: a. rapid acting Milk, 2 exchanges (2%) Carbo- Protein Fat b. short acting (regular) Vegetables, 3 exchanges hydrate (grams) (grams) c. intermediate acting (NPH) Fruit, 3 exchanges (grams) d. Long lasting Lean meat, 6 exchanges 16 8 Medium fat meat, 2 exchanges 24 6 \u2014 41. The 3 ways that diabetes pills work in the body Fat, 5 exchanges 15 \u2014 \u2014 are: Bread, 6 exchanges 45 42 18 a. stimulate the pancreas to release more insulin. Total \u2014 14 10 b. increase the body\u2019s sensitivity to the insulin \u2014 \u2014 25 that is already present. \u2014 18 \u2014 c. slow the breakdown of foods (especially the 90 96 g 61 g starches) into glucose. 174 g Answer Sheet for Exercises 18-1 and 18-2 Disease or Foods Foods Foods Nursing Limited Forbidden Implications Diet Condition Allowed Foods are limited Sugar, sweets and See section: Calculated Diabetes mellitus All of those listed by amount: desserts that ex- Nursing in the food larger amounts ceed the carbo- Implications. exchanges (see for higher hydrate and Also see section exchange list caloric al- caloric allow- on the child in Appendix F) lowances; ance of the diet with diabetes smaller plan mellitus. amounts for lower caloric allowances"]