Nutrition and Diet Therapy

["526 POSTTESTS Situation which of the following adjustments will she need to make? Mrs. O., age 58, 5\u04081\u0408\u0408 tall, 165 lb, is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Further tests confirm the a. change methods of preparation presence of cholelithiasis. The doctor tells her that surgery will b. decrease total quantity be necessary, but that she will be dismissed with a modified-diet c. omit all snacks plan and return for surgery at a later date. The following ques- d. change type of foods consumed tions pertain to this situation. e. a, b, and d 22. From the information given, which of the follow- Alter the following items from Mrs. O.\u2019s diet history to ing diet prescriptions would be appropriate for make them suitable for her present modified diet require- Mrs. O.? ments (substitutes may be made if necessary): a. 500 calorie high-protein (100 g) soft diet 25. fried eggs: b. 1000 calorie moderate-fat (100 g) diet c. 1200 calorie, 60 g protein, 50 g fat, regular diet 26. fruit in sugar syrup: d. low-cholesterol, regular diet 27. lunch meat: Mrs. O.\u2019s diet history reveals the following information: 28. pie or cake: Breakfast: 2 fried eggs, sausage or bacon, 2 pieces buttered toast, 1 glass milk, 29. cheese: coffee with cream and sugar 30. avocado salad: Mid-morning snack: 1 cup dry cereal with sugar and half-and-half cream 31. ice cream: Lunch: sandwich (2 slices lunch meat, 1 32. lettuce: tbsp mayonnaise, lettuce, 2 slices bread), 1 glass milk, 1 cup canned Mrs. O. returns to the hospital after a few months for a fruit in sugar syrup cholecystectomy and an uneventful recovery. Dinner: fried pork chop or hamburger 33. The diet she was on prior to surgery will be steak with gravy, 1 c mashed pota- toes with butter, avocado salad, a. suitable for her convalescence. pie, cake or ice cream for dessert, b. changed to meet her recovery needs. coffee with cream and sugar c. permanent to maintain her weight. d. discontinued and TPN used. Bedtime snack: leftover dessert or cheese and crackers or handful of peanuts, 34. While in surgery, Mrs. O. was given an injection of glass of cola beverage vitamin K. The purpose of this was to 23. This diet pattern a. counteract bleeding tendencies present follow- ing a cholecystectomy. a. contains adequate amounts of all the basic food groups. b. prevent rapid blood clotting. c. prevent anemia. b. is short in the bread-cereal group. d. follow routine postoperative orders. c. is short in the meat group. d. is short in the milk group. 35. A diet very low in fat may also be low in e. is short in the fruit-vegetable group. a. thiamin. 24. In order to modify her diet to prepare for surgery, b. vitamin C. c. vitamin A. d. calcium.","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 20 Diet Therapy for Renal Disorders 8. Hemodialysis treatments for a person in renal fail- ure will Multiple Choice a. increase the protein requirement. Circle the letter of the correct answer. b. decrease the protein requirement. c. maintain the protein synthesis. 1. Antiotensin II, which is secreted by the kidneys, is d. not affect the protein requirement. a(an) 9. The principles of dietary treatment for urinary a. proteolytic enzyme. calculi center around which of the following? b. vasoconstrictor. c. precursor to erythropoietin. a. diet therapy based on stone chemistry d. indicator of kidney disease. b. an attempt to change urinary pH c. a large fluid intake 2. Lack of erythropoietin results in d. all of the above a. anemia. 10. The most common type of kidney stone is that b. albuminuria. composed of c. hematuria. d. hypertension. a. calcium. b. uric acid. 3. Lack of active vitamin D hormone will c. cystine. d. magnesium. a. result in high blood pressure. b. cause an imbalance of calcium and phospho- 11. The type of diet recommended for a calcium stone would be rus. c. cause metabolic acidosis. a. alkaline ash. d. result in oliguria. b. acid ash. c. protein restricted. 4. Acute glomerulonephritis is the result of d. protein increased. a. hereditary defects. 12. Which of the following foods would you expect to b. hypertensive crisis. be prohibited on an acid-ash diet? c. acute malnutrition. d. streptococci infection. a. bread, macaroni, eggs, cranberries b. oranges, bananas, lima beans, olives 5. Dietary management of renal disease requires c. meat, cheese, eggs, plums correction of imbalances in which of these? d. spaghetti, prunes, eggs, meat a. fluids and electrolytes 13. Which of the following foods would you expect to b. acidosis or alkalosis find on an alkaline-ash diet? c. blood pressure and weight d. all of the above a. meat, cheese, eggs, corn b. milk, coconut, chestnuts, oranges 6. Blood protein loss is ____ in hemodialysis than in c. prunes, cranberries, plums, honey peritoneal dialysis. d. peanuts, walnuts, bacon, rice a. greater True\/False b. lesser c. the same Circle T for True and F for False d. not lost in either 14. T F Each kidney contains over a million nephrons. 7. A major disruption in renal functioning affects 15. T F Vitamin D activity is maintained by the kid- the metabolism of which of these nutrients? neys. a. carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins 16. T F Hyperphosphaturia lowers serum calcium. b. protein, minerals, and water 17. T F Dietary management of CRF is more moderate c. blood, acids, and alkalines d. cellulose, chlorides, and calcium than the diet for acute glomerulonephritis. 527","528 POSTTESTS 29. If Mrs. J. is still hungry after eating all of her meal, which of the following snacks would you 18. T F Deterioration of the nephrons can cause suggest to comply with her restrictions? anemia. a. banana and sugar wafers 19. T F Diet therapy for renal disease is a standard pre- b. arrowroot cookies with whipped topping scription of 500 mg sodium 25 gm protein. c. cottage cheese and fruit cocktail d. puffed wheat with milk and sugar 20. T F 500 ml of water to cover insensible loss is added to the amount of urine excreted. 30. Mrs. J.\u2019s usual eating pattern includes many pro- tein foods with low biological value, which must 21. T F Medical nutrition therapy is critical to the ef- be avoided. Which of the following foods would fective treatment of patients with renal dis- you restrict? ease, and trained dietitians are best suited to provide such nutritional intervention. a. cereal grains and vegetables b. milk and eggs 22. T F Marked improvements in the administration c. cream, honey, and most fruits of dialysis have been observed by the protein d. meat, fish, and poultry and calorie therapy. 31. Mrs. J.\u2019s output for the previous 24 hours is 500 Matching ml, so she receives 1000 ml of fluids the next 24 hours. This fluid intake Match the terms on the left with their definitions listed on the right. a. should come from water and be consumed all at once. 23. diaphoresis a. a foreign invader of the 24. glomerulus body b. should come from foods, water, and other flu- 25. nephron ids and be divided equally throughout the day. 26. antigen b. cluster of capillaries in a 27. antibody capsule c. should be given by I.V. drip. d. should be a saline\/dextrose solution. c. destroyer of foreign invaders 32. Mrs. J. develops a fever and diarrhea. Her fluid in- take should d. profuse perspiration e. basic unit of the kidneys a. remain the same. b. be further restricted to curtail the diarrhea. Situation c. be increased to compensate for the fluid loss. d. be administered via tube feeding. Mrs. J. has a diagnosis of uremia. After an individualized as- sessment of her status, she is placed on a 2000-calorie, 1000- mg sodium, 2500-mg potassium, 60-g protein diet. Her fluid intake is restricted to 500 ml plus the amount excreted the prior 24 hours. 28. This diet regime will fulfill which of the following treatment objectives? a. correct electrolyte imbalance b. minimize protein catabolism c. avoid dehydration\/overhydration d. all of the above","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 21 Nutrition and Diet Therapy for Fill-in Cancer Patients and Patients with HIV Infection 6. Name six characteristics of cachexia: a. Multiple Choice b. c. Circle the letter of the correct answer. d. e. 1. The most common detection and diagnostic tools f. for cancer are: 7. Name three metabolic changes characteristic of a. CT (or CAT) scans, MRI cancer patients: b. ultrasonography a. c. endoscopy b. d. biopsy c. e. any combination of the above 8. Current cancer therapy takes four major forms: 2. Nutritional and metabolic changes characteristic a. of both cancer and AIDS individuals are directly b. related to: c. d. a. the body\u2019s response to the disease b. treatment methods 9. The most apparent side effects in chemotherapy c. surgical procedures are changes in d. psychological and emotional responses a. e. any combination of the above b. c. 3. Factors that influence food intake include: 10. The basis for planning care with patients on a. Income chemotherapy includes: b. Psychosocial factors a. c. Dependency issues b. d. Psychological factors c. e. Ethnic and cultural considerations f. All of the above 11. Common mouth problems with patients on chemotherapy are: 4. Fat intake in HIV infection and AIDS should be a. limited to: b. c. a. 0% d. b. 10% c. 20% 529 d. 30% 5. A severely malnourished patient may require a daily intake of: a. 1500 to 2500 kcalories b. 2000 to 3000 kcalories c. 2500 to 3500 kcalories d. 3000 to 4000 kcalories","530 POST TESTS 12. Name four problems associated with vitamin and 25. T F Enteral and\/or parenteral methods of feeding mineral megadoses: patients is preferred during cancer treatment. a. b. 26. T F HIV infection has a dormant phase in the body. c. 27. T F Food and nutrient interactions with antiretro- d. viral medications are common, making it dif- True\/False ficult for a patient to adhere to the medical regime. Therefore, proactive nutrition therapy 13. T F Beta cells are common lymphocytes that pro- is not necessary. duce immunogloblins. They originate in the 28. T F The stress response of the body to the immune bone marrow cells and involve many cells in system\u2019s efforts to protect the body is a dis- the body in the immune response. crete process. 29. T F At the terminal stage of HIV infection, or AIDS, 14. T F Cancer occurs when cells become abnormal the patient is marked by declining T lympho- and keep dividing without control or order. cyte production from the normal level of \u0d211000\/mm3. 15. T F Anorexia, the most common symptom, is re- 30. T F Death in the end stages of HIV syndrome is lated to altered metabolism, type of treatment, correlated with the degree of loss of lean body or emotional distress. mass. 31. T F Small frequent feedings of high quality pro- 16. T F Head and neck surgery or resections have no tein are better tolerated than full meals. major effect on intake, and thus the diet does 32. T F Planning a diet for the person with HIV infec- not require any modification. tion does not have to be individualized. 33. T F Excess vitamin C often causes rebound scurvy 17. T F Bone marrow effects due to radiation therapy when discontinued. include interference with production of both 34. T F Laetrile has never been proven to be benefi- white and red blood cells, producing anemia, cial in the treatment of chronic disease. infection, and bleeding. 35. T F Blue-green algae improves digestion, mental functioning, and strengthens the immune 18. T F Carbohydrate should supply most of the en- system. ergy intake of cancer patients with fat re- 36. T F Nutritional needs for children infected with stricted to about 20 percent of total calories. HIV or with AIDS have the same RDA as their age group. 19. T F Vitamins A and C are components of tissue 37. T F Infants with HIV or AIDS should be fed with structure. kcal-dense formulas, supplements of MCT, or glucose polymers. 20. T F Vitamin D is not related to metabolism of 38. T F Lactaid (a commercial preparation) is added blood serum. to milk products to improve their digestibility and should be fed to all HIV and AIDS patients. 21. T F Vitamins that are popular in megavitamin and 39. T F The impaired immune systems of HIV and mineral therapies are A, C, B12, and thiamin, AIDS patients are unable to fight food borne and the minerals iron, zinc, and selenium. infections. 40. T F Patients with HIV or AIDS should be encour- 22. T F Both vitamin and mineral megadoses do not aged to use self-prescribed nutrition therapy as hamper immune function and are safe at high they are complementary and alternative in levels. nature. 23. T F Nutrition therapy in cancer patients must be proactive but not aggressive. 24. T F Providing the patients with information re- garding symptoms they are experiencing usu- ally will discourage the patient from accepting nutrition therapy.","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 22 Diet Therapy for Burns, Immobilized 6. Daily protein need for a patient with a burn injury Patients, Mental Patients, and Eating Disorders is calculated at g\/kg normal body weight and g\/kg percent of body surface burned. Multiple Choice a. 2, 4 b. 1, 3 Circle the letter of the correct answer. c. 0.8, 1.2 d. 2, 2.5 1. Interferences to successful feeding of burn pa- 7. The amount of vitamin C given to a burn patient tients include all except which of these? is usually a. food brought from home a. 2\u201310 times RDA. b. difficulty swallowing or chewing b. 10\u201320 times RDA. c. psychological trauma c. 20\u201330 times RDA. d. anorexia d. 1000 mg daily. 2. Aggressive nutritional therapy aims to keep 8. A food high in zinc includes weight loss at less than percent of preburn a. seafood. b. liver. body weight. c. eggs. d. all of the above. a. 35 b. 25 9. The burn patient with edema and\/or ascites may c. 15 also be d. 10 3. Fluid and electrolyte replacement are crucial to a. fatigued. recovery from burns. Which of these two elec- b. nervous. trolytes are most likely to be deficient? c. thirsty. d. confused. a. iron and zinc b. glucose and calcium 10. What method(s) is\/are used to combat renal c. sodium and potassium calculi in an immobilized patient? d. phosphorus and magnesium 4. Immediate replacement of fluid and electrolytes is a. provide a low-calcium diet necessary to prevent b. increase fluids c. assist early ambulation a. edema and ascites. d. all of the above b. hypovolemic shock. c. hyperphosphatemia. Fill-in d. anaphylactic shock. 11. Untreated hypercalcemia can lead to: 5. Daily caloric need for a patient with a burn injury a. b. is calculated at kcal\/kg of normal body c. d. weight and kcal\/kg percent of body surface burned. a. 25, 40 b. 10, 30 c. 40, 40 d. 25, 50 531","532 POSTTESTS 24. T F Nutritional status of mental patients can be improved by proper care. 12. Treatment for acute hypercalcemia may include: 25. T F Malfunctioning hypothalmus can reduce the a. desire for food. b. 26. T F Anorectic patients eat better when hospitalized because they don\u2019t have to make decisions. c. 27. T F Most anorectics wish they didn\u2019t have a starved d. appearance. 13. Nutritional education programs for mental pa- 28. T F A liquid diet may be more acceptable to the tients that have been proven successful include: anorectic as it appears to contain fewer calories than solid foods. a. Fill-in b. 29. Name eight physical symptoms of bullemia c. nervosa: True\/False a. 14. T F The likelihood of mortality from second and b. third degree burns decreases with age. c. 15. T F Immobilized patients require less protein in- take than normal people. d. 16. T F With extended immobilization, muscle loss e. can be reversed with high-protein diet. f. 17. T F During the beginning of bed-confinement, weight loss may be avoided by a high calorie g. intake. h. 18. T F Calorie intake of all immobilized patients are generally the same. 30. Name five manifestations of the chronic dieting syndrome 19. T F Patients with spinal cord injury have a higher risk of genitourinary tract infection. a. 20. T F Intake of fluid for immobilized patients should b. be controlled carefully relative to their urina- tion volume. c. 21. T F Immobilized patients develop either diarrhea d. or constipation problems easily. e. 22. T F In general, hospitalized mental patients have a satisfactory nutritional status. 23. T F Mental patients may be confused about food and eating.","Principles of Feeding a Sick Child POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 23 Multiple Choice c. Put the new diet in writing and let the mother start the child on the diet when they get home. Circle the letter of the correct answer. d. Use different kinds of utensils and foods to 1. Which of these factors decrease the probability of spark interest in the new diet. adequately feeding a sick child? 7. Which of these responses would be the most a. fear, anxiety, anorexia appropriate for the hospitalized child who is not b. pain, fatigue, lethargy eating? c. vomiting, nausea, medications d. all of the above a. \u201cIf you don\u2019t eat better than this, the doctor will stick a tube down your throat.\u201d 2. Which of the following is not a factor in planning nutritional care for a hospitalized child? b. \u201cYou can\u2019t have your dessert unless you clean your plate.\u201d a. individual likes and dislikes b. personal eating patterns c. \u201cWould you help me select your food for the c. home feeding environment next meal?\u201d d. type of disease d. \u201cDo you want to upset your mother by refusing 3. Which of these considerations has little influence to eat?\u201d on the dietary care of a sick child? 8. A child\u2019s food intake may be improved by using all a. nutritional status of the child before hospital- of the following measures except ization a. allowing self-selection. b. the onset and duration of symptoms b. serving familiar foods. c. rehabilitation measures needed c. providing a cheerful environment. d. the presence of others at mealtime d. requiring a child to \u201cclean the plate.\u201d 4. From which of these factors are feeding problems 9. Instructions given to children on modified diets unlikely to develop? should be a. child\u2019s past experience with food a. given to both parent and child. b. child\u2019s nutritional status when admitted b. given slowly, repeated, and responses noted. c. child\u2019s unreasonable demands c. based on the child\u2019s readiness to learn. d. child\u2019s fear and anxiety d. all of the above. 5. Which of these functions would not be appropri- 10. The hospitalized child who is allowed freedom in ate for the pediatric nurse to perform? choosing the foods he or she eats a. Suggest changes in diet orders to the physician a. may become malnourished. when deemed necessary. b. may eat more food. c. may get diarrhea. b. Request supplemental fluids\/foods as needed. d. may become unmanageable. c. Ask the parents to refrain from being present 11. Sick children fail to receive adequate intake for at feeding time and upsetting the child. which of the following reasons? d. Record incidences of feeding tantrums and\/or a. Their gastrointestinal tract malfunctions. manipulation. b. They have high metabolic demands. c. They have neurological and psychological 6. If a child must have a modified diet, which of the following guidelines will be likely to increase disturbances. acceptance? d. All of the above. a. Start the new regime immediately in order to 12. Diarrhea in very young children teach the child to comply. a. is often caused by overfeeding. b. Move into the new diet gradually in order to b. causes fluid and electrolyte imbalances. give the child time to adjust. c. requires hospitalization. d. causes colic. 533","534 POSTTESTS Matching Situation Match the assessment data listed on the left to the type Johnny, age six, was hospitalized for tests, due to weight loss, of assessment it represents at the right. (Terms may be irritability, diarrhea, and a low-grade fever. used more than once.) 26. Which of the following statements is most accu- 13. hemoglobin\/ a. anthropometric rate regarding Johnny\u2019s nutritional status? hematocrit b. physical c. laboratory a. He probably has pneumonia. 14. head circumference b. He has extensive nutrient and fluid loss. 15. distended abdomen c. He has lactose intolerance. 16. X-rays d. His condition may be due to neglect by his 17. skinfold thickness mother. True\/False 27. Johnny has food and fluids withheld for tests. Circle T for True and F for False When he is allowed to eat again, which of these interventions is most appropriate? 18. T F The same diet principles used for feeding a well child apply to feeding a sick child. a. Make up missed meals with supplements. b. Provide six small meals instead of three large 19. T F A diet that meets the RDAs and is based on the basic food groups satisfies the needs of all ones. growing children. c. Ask for soft solids instead of regular food. d. All of the above. 20. T F Children of different ethnic origins should be fed the same foods in order to not discriminate. 28. Johnny does not seem to care for hospital food. The nurse should allow 21. T F The food choices for sick children should not be limited regardless of the disease process. a. food brought in from home or a fast food outlet. 22. T F Children like to eat in groups rather than alone. b. him to skip meals he doesn\u2019t like. c. only what the diet order calls for. 23. T F Psychosocial problems may contribute to a d. none of the above. child\u2019s failure to eat adequately. 24. T F Children like to try new and different foods. 25. T F It is not unusual for a five-year-old to want to be fed.","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 24 Diet Therapy and Cystic Fibrosis 7. The goals of diet therapy for cystic fibrosis include which of the following? Multiple Choice a. increase body weight Circle the letter of the correct answer. b. control or prevent rectum prolapse c. control or improve emotional problems associ- 1. Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disease that prima- rily affects the ated with the disease d. all of the above a. mucous and sweat glands. b. lungs and liver. 8. Which of these statements is correct regarding c. pancreas and mucous and sweat glands. the use of pancreatic enzymes? d. digestive system. a. Infants and small children are given injections 2. Malnutrition in the child with cystic fibrosis is of enzymes. caused primarily by b. Enzymes are given at least one hour before a. lack of digestive enzymes. mealtimes. b. excessive electrolytes in sweat. c. lung infections. c. Prolonged use of enzymes can cause psycho- d. vomiting and diarrhea. logical problems. 3. Failure to thrive, which is a manifestation of d. Enzymes may cause ulceration. cystic fibrosis, describes the child who 9. Which of the following statements is true regard- a. is small for gestational age. ing use of medium chain triglycerides? b. shows reduced weight gain or height appropri- a. They increase energy intake. ate for age. b. They promote fat absorption. c. is malnourished. c. They reduce malabsorption. d. dies before reaching maturity. d. All of the above. 4. The proper diagnosis of a child with cystic fibrosis 10. Nutrient dense supplements useful in diet therapy is determined from for cystic fibrosis include all except which of these products? a. X-rays of the chest. b. clinical symptoms. a. protein hydrolysate solutions c. sodium chloride in sweat. b. beef serum, commercial supplements d. all of the above. c. medium-chain triglycerides and glucose 5. Lack of which of the following secretions creates solutions the malabsorption syndrome in cystic fibrosis d. fat polymers children? Matching a. lipase, trypsin, amylase b. sodium, potassium, iron Match the principles of dietary management listed on c. antibodies the left with the rationale listed on the right. d. fat-soluble vitamins 11. high-calorie diet a. to compensate for 6. Early diagnosis and treatment of cystic fibrosis 12. high-protein diet pancreatic a. can restore normal body size and appearance. b. cannot prevent mental retardation. 13. low- to moderate- deficiency c. prevents delayed sexual development. d. all of the above. fat diet b. to compensate 14. generous salt in diet for fecal losses 15. vitamin supplements c. to meet high 16. pancreatic energy demands d. to limit steator- rhea e. to replace electrolyte losses f. to meet need for three times the RDA enzymes 535","536 POSTTESTS 29. Briefly explain the reason for each of the follow- ing diet orders: True\/False a. fat-soluble, water-miscible vitamin supplements Circle T for True and F for False. b. pancreatic enzymes 17. T F Children with cystic fibrosis produce heavy vis- c. medium-chain triglyceride supplements cid mucus. d. extra fluids 18. T F Children with cystic fibrosis digest very little of their protein. 30. List four important instructions to be given to Jos\u00e9 and his family regarding his diet when he re- 19. T F Up to 12 percent of cystic fibrosis patients are turns home. diagnosed at birth because of a bowel obstruc- a. tion. b. c. 20. T F The child with cystic fibrosis usually is d. anorexic. 31. List the four major nursing implications required 21. T F General feeding techniques used for all chil- to adequately implement nutrition principles for a dren cannot be applied to cystic fibrosis chil- cystic fibrosis patient. dren. a. b. 22. T F Use of pancreatic enzymes definitely improves c. the nutritional status of the child with cystic d. fibrosis. 23. T F A child with cystic fibrosis may have deficient linoleic acid. 24. T F The caloric need for children with cystic fibro- sis may be 80%\u2013110% above normal require- ments. 25. T F Lactose deficiency is sometimes a complica- tion in cystic fibrosis. 26. T F When CFTR is abnormal, it blocks the move- ment of chloride ions and water in the lungs, pancreas, colon, and genitourinary tract with secretion of abnormal mucus. 27. T F The abnormal CFTR protein is also called deltaF508 CFTR, and accounts for all CF cases. Situation Jos\u00e9 is a fourteen-year-old male with cystic fibrosis admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. He is short of breath, is cough- ing, and has a temperature of 102\u00b0. His appetite is poor and he is approximately 20 lb underweight for his age and height. The orders are for a 3500 calorie high-protein, low-fat, soft diet. He also is prescribed pancreatic enzymes, water-miscible fat- soluble vitamin supplements, medium-chain triglyceride sup- plements, and extra fluid. 28. In order to increase calories, he receives a choco- late milk shake between meals, which he likes. The most probable outcome of this kind of sup- plement is that a. he will regain some lost weight. b. he will get diarrhea. c. he will receive excessive amounts of choles- terol. d. he will get acne.","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 25 Diet Therapy and Celiac Disease 7. Which of the following foods must be excluded from the diet of the person with celiac disease? Multiple Choice a. rye, wheat, barley, and oats Circle the letter of the correct answer. b. potatoes, corn, rice, and malt c. arrowroot, soybean, and tapioca 1. The protein to which patients are intolerant when d. all of the above they have celiac disease is 8. Which of the following foods would be suitable for a. phenylalanine. a celiac patient? b. casein. c. gluten. a. chicken fried steak, breaded veal cutlet, fish d. glycogen. sticks 2. Celiac patients have mucosal atrophy of the small b. roast beef, baked chicken, broiled salmon intestine. This means that c. fried chicken, meat loaf, lobster thermidor d. marinated herring, chili con carne, lamb chops a. villi are lacking. b. the villi are flat instead of round. 9. Which of the following statements is appropriate c. only small amounts of digestive enzymes are when teaching a celiac patient regarding his diet therapy? secreted. d. all of the above. a. \u201cYou must read all labels carefully.\u201d b. \u201cLet\u2019s talk about ways to prevent infections.\u201d 3. Which of the following are presenting symptoms c. \u201cThese substitutes are needed to help you bal- of celiac disease? ance your diet.\u201d a. diarrhea, steatorrhea, irritability d. a, b, and c are all appropriate b. irregular heartbeat, fever, lethargy c. anorexia, eczema, dehydration 10. When the offending foods have been removed d. hyperactivity, infections, weight loss from the diet of the celiac patient, which of these nutrients are most likely to be deficient? 4. Which of these symptoms indicate malnutrition in the celiac patient? a. vitamins A, D, E, and K b. thiamin, niacin, and iron a. cheilosis, glossitis, anemia, tetany c. sodium, protein, and carbohydrates b. hyperosmolarity, arrhythmias, acidosis d. all of the above c. hypoglycemia, flatulence, cramps d. all of the above Matching 5. The basic principle of diet therapy for celiac dis- Match the food in the left column to its appropriate use ease is to in the right column. a. exclude all sources of glycogen. 11. crisped rice cereal a. permitted b. exclude all sources of gluten. c. exclude all sources of lactose. 12. ice cream cone b. prohibited d. exclude all sources of casein. 13. pancakes c. limited 6. Celiac disease in children can be cured in which of the following time frames? 14. fruit a. 1\u20132 weeks 15. potatoes b. 1\u20135 years c. time varies with each child 16. chocolate candy d. celiac disease is never cured 17. peanut butter 18. malted milk shake 19. cornbread and butter 20. catsup 537","538 POSTTESTS 31. Loss of which of the following nutrients would be of greatest concern for Bonnie? True\/False a. water, sodium, potassium b. fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins Circle T for True and F for False. c. fats, calcium, carbohydrates d. all of the above 21. T F Children are the major population group to have celiac disease. 32. Plan a one-day menu pattern that could be used as a teaching tool for Bonnie\u2019s mother. 22. T F A lowered prothrombin time indicates that the blood clots too quickly. 33. List three commercial products useful in supple- menting the diet of the child with celiac disease. 23. T F Adult patients seem to recover from celiac dis- a. ease better than children. b. c. 24. T F Celiac diet therapy usually requires vitamin supplements. 34. Bonnie\u2019s mother asks how long she will have to be on this diet. Your most appropriate answer would 25. T F The symptoms of celiac disease and cystic fi- be brosis are very similar. a. to recommend the diet be continued indefinitely. 26. T F Celiac disease is the most common genetic dis- b. three to six months. ease among Europeans and their descendants, c. until she is at least six years old. about 1 in 150\u2013200 people may have it. d. until she is a teenager. 27. T F Treatment is important because people with celiac disease could develop complications like cancer, osteoporosis, anemia, miscarriage, congenital malformation of the baby, short stature, convulsions, and seizures. 28. T F A person with celiac disease will show symptoms. 29. T F Diagnosis involves blood tests such as anti- body tests against gluten and biopsy. Situation Bonnie is an 18-month-old infant brought to the clinic after her mother called the nurse there to ask what she might do to al- leviate the problem of 3 or 4 foul smelling, foamy stools per day. The mother had been offering Bonnie lots of fluids but she refused them. A diagnosis of celiac disease was made. 30. What additional information would you need in order to plan diet therapy?","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 26 Diet Therapy and Congenital 7. Caretakers of children with congenital heart dis- Heart Disease ease should be taught Multiple Choice a. to omit sodium from the diet. b. principles of a balanced diet. Circle the letter of the correct answer. c. to read labels. d. all of the above. 1. Which of the following manifestations, in a child with congenital heart disease, affects nutritional 8. Which of these discharge procedures should the status? nurse follow when a child with congenital heart disease is going home? a. malabsorption of nutrients b. elevated body temperature a. Provide teaching and referrals for follow up. c. excessive urinary output b. Provide psychiatric counseling. d. all of the above c. Provide special products. d. All of the above. 2. Caloric need is higher for children with congeni- tal heart disease than for healthy children because 9. Which of these guidelines provides appropriate distribution of nutrients for the child with con- a. the metabolic rate is higher. genital heart disease? b. the antibody production is low. c. the kidneys are malfunctioning. a. 40% carbohydrates, 20% proteins, 30% fat d. all of the above. b. 35%\u201365% carbohydrates, 10% proteins, 3. Which of these nutrients are primarily responsi- 30%\u201350% fat ble for renal overload? c. 30% carbohydrates, 30% protein, 40% fat d. none of the above a. water, oxygen b. sodium, potassium 10. Which of the following statements best describes c. calcium, iron a milliequivalent? d. phosphates, chlorides a. a metric unit of volume 4. Which of these foods are not tolerated well by b. amount of solute dissolved in a milliliter of so- children with congenital heart disease? lution a. fats and sugar in quantity c. concentration of an ion in solution b. proteins d. amount of solution in a metric unit c. fluids in quantity d. vitamin supplements Matching 5. Which of these factors result in vitamin\/mineral Match the dietary alteration at the left to the correct ra- deficiencies in children with congenital heart tionale at right. disease? 11. MCT oil a. prevent dehydration a. amount of food consumed is too small to be adequate 12. folic acid b. prevent renal over- b. allergy to foods containing vitamins 13. extra juices, water load c. nonprescription vitamins do not contain all the 14. extra energy c. prevent vitamin child needs d. a and c supplements deficiency 6. The introduction of solid foods to a child with 15. limited sodium, d. provide adequate fat congenital heart disease is delayed in order to potassium absorption a. keep the sodium content in the diet low. b. avoid the problem of diarrhea. e. increase caloric intake c. reduce the workload on the heart. d. prevent dehydration. 539","540 POST TESTS True\/False 27. List three suitable energy supplements for Teresa that should assist in weight gain. Circle T for True and F for False. a. b. 16. T F A child with congenital heart disease may vol- c. untarily reduce food intake. 28. Provide a one-day menu pattern that Teresa\u2019s 17. T F The only cure for congenital heart disease is mother may use to plan her food intake. successful surgery. 29. Describe four feeding problems Teresa\u2019s mother 18. T F The child should weigh at least 30 pounds be- may encounter and solutions to each. fore surgery is performed. a. b. 19. T F Regular foods are not used at all for children c. with congenital heart disease. d. 20. T F A congenital disease means that it is inherited. 30. List four important dietary principles Teresa\u2019s 21. T F Heart disease in children is readily identified at mother should learn. a. birth. b. 22. T F The cause of congenital heart disease is un- c. d. known. 23. T F The mortality rate for children with congeni- tal heart disease is not as high for small chil- dren as for larger ones. 24. T F Children with congenital heart disease tend to be overdependent. 25. T F Children with congenital heart disease and parents may need counseling for psychological problems as well as dietary ones. Situation Teresa is eight months old and has a ventricular septal defect (V.S.D., a common congenital heart defect). She needs to gain a minimum of 10 pounds before she can have surgery to close the hole in the septum. 26. The major nutritional management for this child is to a. provide essential nutrients that are easily digested. b. provide high calorie food and fluids without overloading the kidneys. c. provide small, frequent feedings rather than three large meals. d. all of the above.","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 27 Diet Therapy and Food Allergy Matching Multiple Choice Match the potential offender on the right with the food source on the left. Answers may be listed more than once. Circle the letter of the correct answer. 8. mayonnaise a. legumes 1. Maldigestion or malabsorption of food may be 9. tartrazine b. corn termed 10. chocolate c. milk 11. tangerine d. eggs a. a food allergy. 12. pumpkin pie e. kola nuts b. malnutrition. 13. custard f. citrus fruits c. a food intolerance. 14. licorice g. spices d. an immunological reaction. 15. corn syrup h. artificial food colors 2. Substances that trigger allergic reactions are True\/False a. allergens. Circle T for True and F for False. b. enzymes. c. antigens. 16. T F Most people exhibit symptoms of a food allergy, d. a or c. but are unaware that these symptoms are the result of a food allergy. 3. Less than ____ of all people in the United States have some form of food allergy. 17. T F Skin testing is an accurate method of detect- ing food allergies. a. 8% b. 25% 18. T F An infant with a risk for developing allergies c. 50% should receive solid foods as early as possible. d. 1% 19. T F Depending on the number of foods eliminated, 4. Allergens are usually an antiallergic diet may be nutritionally inad- equate. a. food additives. b. proteins. 20. T F Food allergies are relatively easy to diagnose c. sugars. and confirm. d. food preservatives. 21. T F Once the offending food has been determined, 5. Food allergies are more prevalent in it should never be reintroduced into the pa- tient\u2019s diet. a. adolescence. b. childhood. 22. T F Raw foods are more likely to be allergens than c. adulthood. the cooked form. d. b and c. 23. T F Occurrence of undeclared allergens usually 6. The most common food allergy in children is an arises from cross-contamination of allergens allergy to in ingredients or equipment used in the pro- duction of products. a. nuts. b. wheat. 24. T F Current regulations require that all added in- c. soy. gredients be declared on the label including d. cow\u2019s milk. allergens. 7. The milk of choice for an infant from a family prone to allergies is a. cow\u2019s milk. b. soy formula. c. breast milk. d. evaporated milk. 541","542 POSTTESTS 28. From close monitoring of Bobby\u2019s diet, it has been determined that Bobby is allergic to cow\u2019s Fill-in milk and wheat. Besides fluid milk, name five sources of cow\u2019s milk that Bobby may also be 25. To protect the consumers, both adults and chil- allergic to. dren, each FDA food inspector is asked to pay spe- cial attention to the following when inspecting an a. establishment that manufactures processed food products: b. a. b. c. c. d. d. Situation e. Bobby is exhibiting the following symptoms: skin rash, diar- Name five sources of wheat Bobby may need to rhea, and nasal congestion. His mother is concerned that he avoid. may be allergic to something he is eating. 26. What would be your first course of action in de- f. termining whether a food allergy is actually the g. cause of the symptoms? h. i. j. 29. As Bobby grows older, should he try to reintro- duce milk or wheat products back into his diet? Why or why not? 27. You notice that Bobby is routinely eating some of the foods listed among the top ten offenders for children. These are cow\u2019s milk, wheat, eggs, and corn. What would you suggest to Bobby\u2019s mother at this point?","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 28 Diet Therapy and Phenylketonuria 7. After the clinical condition of a one-year-old child with PKU stabilizes, what information concerning Multiple Choice blood tests is most appropriate? Circle the letter of the correct answer. a. The blood should be tested twice weekly. b. The blood should be tested daily. 1. Which of the following statements most accurately c. The blood should be tested weekly. describes the etiology of PKU (phenylketonuria)? d. The blood should be tested monthly. a. There is an inability to convert phenylalanine 8. The diet for PKU children must meet which of into tyrosine. these criteria? b. There is a lack of synthesis of phenylalanine. a. Provide for normal growth and development. c. There is a lack of the essential amino acids. b. Maintain phenylalanine within safe limits. d. There is a lack of leucine conversion to lysine. c. Permit liberalization to conform to culture. d. a and b 2. The most serious effect of untreated PKU is 9. The steps necessary for planning the diet for a a. behavior disturbances. PKU child include which of these? b. convulsive seizures. c. mental retardation. a. Determine age, weight, and activity level. d. reticulosarcoma. b. Determine daily phenylalanine required and 3. Children with PKU usually have lighter com- amount of protein to be given. plexions, hair, and eyes than normal children c. Determine calories received from formula, because of milk, and food. a. their genetic makeup. d. All of these steps are necessary. b. lack of tyrosine. c. failure to thrive. 10. Which of these techniques would promote dietary d. lack of amino acid metabolism. compliance in a PKU child? 4. Which of the following statements expresses the a. Remove all desserts until the child eats other dietary management of PKU children? food. a. Rigidly restrict phenylalanine intake. b. Vary taste, texture, and variety within limits of b. Make the diet very low in tyrosine. diet. c. Make the diet very low in galactose. d. Omit phenylalanine and tyrosine entirely. c. Increase the amount of milk in the diet. d. Omit all snacks. 5. If treatment is started after retardation has oc- curred, which of the following outcomes may be Matching expected? Match the foods at the left with their use in the PKU diet a. Normal ability will return completely. at right. b. Retardation will continue, as the process is ir- 11. meats a. permitted reversible. 12. Lofenalac b. prohibited c. Growth and development will slow or stop. 13. fruits c. limited d. Normal ability will not return but the retarda- 14. vegetables 15. cheese tion will not proceed any further. 6. An infant should be provided with enough pheny- lalanine to maintain a serum level of a. 3\u201310 mg per 100 ml. b. 10\u201329 mg per 100 ml. c. 20\u201325 mg per 100 ml. d. PKU infants should not have a serum phenylalanine. 543","544 POSTTESTS Circle the correct response. 26. a. Is the phenylalanine level acceptable? Yes No True\/False b. Is Terry\u2019s weight and height in normal range? Circle T for True and F for False. Yes No 16. T F The only treatment for PKU is diet therapy. 27. What response would be appropriate regarding 17. T F Babies born with PKU can now be diagnosed liberalizing Terry\u2019s diet? a. \u201cYes, I agree it\u2019s time he got other foods.\u201d early enough to prevent serious side effects. b. \u201cYou may ask for a second opinion, but special- 18. T F Once PKU has been diagnosed, all offending ists agree that three years is too early.\u201d c. \u201cWhy don\u2019t you stop feeding the others what substances must be omitted entirely from the Terry can\u2019t eat?\u201d diet. d. \u201cDo you think this is just a phase he\u2019s going 19. T F Emotional support for the family is an impor- through?\u201d tant part of the management of PKU children. 20. T F The symptoms of PKU and cystic fibrosis are 28. Plan a one-day menu suitable for Terry. very similar. 21. T F A baby with PKU can be successfully breast- 29. What substances must be calculated in this diet to fed if the mother is willing to try. make sure it is adequate and safe? 22. T F PKU is self-limiting; the child will outgrow it. a. carbohydrate, protein, fat 23. T F Insufficient phenylalanine will result in men- b. phenylalanine, protein, calories tal retardation. c. calcium, magnesium, iron 24. T F Excessive phenylalanine will result in mental d. phenylalanine, vitamins, calories retardation. 25. T F It is recommended that the special diet be dis- continued by age four. Situation Terry is a three-year-old male who is seen in the pediatrician\u2019s office for a routine checkup. He has PKU but no other problems. He is 40 inches tall and weighs 36 pounds. His mother asks for a consultation with a dietitian because she believes it is time to liberalize Terry\u2019s diet. He still drinks Lofenalac and his mother monitors all the food he eats, but lately he has been crying for the hamburgers and hot dogs his father and older brothers eat. He will also start nursery school soon. His phenylalanine level is 9mg\/100 ml of blood.","POSTTEST FOR CHAPTER 29 Diet Therapy for Constipation, Diarrhea, 7. The dietary management of diarrhea in children and High-Risk Infants includes all except which of these steps? Multiple Choice a. Restore fluid and electrolyte balance. b. Use an elimination diet. Circle the letter of the correct answer. c. Restore adequate nutrition. d. Increase the kcal content of the diet. 1. Safe food(s) that may be used to combat constipa- tion in infants include 8. Added foods that will increase a one year old\u2019s kcal content when the child is recovering from diar- a. prune juice. rhea include b. 1 tsp sugar\/4 oz formula. c. strained apricots. a. eggnog. d. all of the above. b. milkshakes. c. strained cereal. 2. Recommended treatment for dry, hard stools in d. all of the above. an infant is to 9. Caloric needs of the high-risk infant are a. increase formula feedings. b. increase fluids. a. twice those of a normal infant. c. increase laxative intake. b. three to four times those of a normal infant. d. increase activity level. c. approximately six times those of a normal in- 3. Two types of constipation common in children fant. under five years old are d. the same as those of a normal infant; they have a. physiological and psychological. little movement. b. anatomical and environmental. c. psychological and anatomical. 10. High-risk infants need large amounts of fluid for d. environmental and physiological. all except which of these reasons? 4. Parents may initiate a regular pattern of elimina- a. They require extra essential amino acids. tion by which of these methods? b. They have a larger body water content than a. Put the child on a regular schedule. normal infants. b. Increase foods with fluids and fiber. c. Their kidneys can\u2019t concentrate urine. c. Decrease formula to 80 percent of normal. d. They have increased water evaporation. d. all of the above 11. First feedings for high-risk infants include 5. If a child has diarrhea for several weeks, but con- tinues to grow at a normal rate, the problem is a. TPN. classified as b. fluid with extra calories. c. 10 percent glucose IVs. a. celiac disease. d. no feeding until stabilized. b. chronic diarrhea. c. acute diarrhea. 12. A mother can breast feed her premature infant d. allergy diarrhea. when 6. Which of these beverages contain high amounts a. the baby weighs more than 4 pounds. of both sodium and potassium? b. the baby has sucking reflexes. c. the baby gets additional supplements. a. orange juice d. all of the above. b. Pepsi Cola c. skim milk d. grape juice 545","546 POSTTESTS Match the characteristics of normal fecal material on the right to the most likely type of feeding. True\/False 26. Commercial a. similar to adult Circle T for True and F for False. formula b. intense yellow, firm c. highly variable 13. T F Diarrhea is an infrequent occurrence among 27. Breast milk, d. golden, creamy infants and young children. 3 months texture 14. T F Infants and young children with diarrhea can 28. Regular foods, e. compressed, pale be managed at home unless dehydration 10 months occurs. yellow 29. Whole milk, 15. T F Milk is high in sodium. 10 months 16. T F A hypotonic solution contains excess elec- 30. Mixed diet trolytes and glucose. (liquid, solid), 17. T F Low-residue diets are used after diarrhea has 1 year subsided. 18. T F Tyrosine and cystine are essential amino acids. 19. T F Lytren is an essential amino acid especially for children. 20. T F High-risk infants may be able to breast feed. Matching Match the term on the left to the definition that best de- fines it. 21. Meconium a. substance that 22. Mucilage dissolves in water into 23. Benign ions 24. Electrolyte 25. Prematurity b. interrupted before maturity c. not recurrent d. dark green substance in fetal intestine e. aqueous gummy substance","Answers to Posttests Chapter 1 17. c Multiple Choice 18. f 1. b 19. j 2. d 20. e 3. d Situation 4. b 21. Her lunch fits MyPyramid\u2019s recommendation. 5. c 22. a. bread b. fruits 6. b c. vegetables d. meat 7. a e. milk 8. e 23. a. ATP 1 outlined a major strategy for primary prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD) in 9. b persons with high levels of low-density lipopro- tein (LDL) (\u03fe160 mg\/dl) or borderline LDL of Matching 130\u2013159 mg\/dl. 10. c b. ATP 2 affirmed this approach and added a new feature: the intensive management of LDL cho- 11. a lesterol in persons with CHD. It set a new goal of \u03fd 100 mg\/dl of LDL. 12. b c. ATP 3 maintains the core of ATP 1 and 2, but 13. a its major new feature is a focus on primary prevention in persons with multiple risk fac- 14. c tors. It calls for more intensive LDL lowering therapy in certain groups of people and recom- 15. a. AI: adequate intake mends support for implementation. This ap- b. EAR: estimated average requirement proach includes a complete lipoprotein profile, c. IOM: Institute of Medicine high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and d. USHHS: U.S. Department of Health and triglycerides, as the preferred initial test. It en- Human Services courages the use of plants containing soluble e. %DV: % Daily Values fiber as a therapeutic dietary option to enhance f. Discretionary Calorie Allowance: The remain- lowering LDL cholesterol and presents strate- ing amount of calories in a food intake pattern gies for promoting adherence. It recommends after accounting for the calories needed for all treatment beyond LDL lowering in people with food groups using forms of foods that are fat- high triglycerides. free or low-fat and with no added sugars g. Functional foods: \u201clegal\u201d conventional foods 547 (natural or manufactured) that contain bioac- tive ingredients h. Nutraceuticals: Adding a bioactive ingredient, especially one with nutritional value to a di- etary or an OCT drug 16. j","548 ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS Chapter 2 2. No reduced caloric intake at all unless percent of body fat exceeded normal range. 1. c 9. b 17. F 25. T 26. T 3. No vitamin\/mineral supplements, no electrolyte 2. d 10. a 18. T 27. T solutions, no bee pollen. 28. b 3. a 11. c 19. T 29. b 4. No carbohydrate loading for a teenager. 30. b 5. High-fluid intake, especially water, at all times be- 4. b 12. c 20. T fore, during, and after a match. If sweet drinks are 5. b 13. b 21. F used, they should be diluted. 6. d 14. a 22. F 7. a 15. c 23. F 8. c 16. b 24. T Chapter 5 Chapter 3 1. a 8. b 15. d 22. F 2. c 9. a 16. b 23. F 1. a 8. b 15. b 22. F 3. c 10. d 17. c 24. F 2. d 9. b 16. a 23. T 4. b 11. b 18. a 25. F 3. b 10. b 17. b 24. T 5. d 12. a 19. T 26. T 4. c 11. d 18. T 25. F 6. a 13. d 20. T 27. T 5. c 12. a 19. T 26. d 7. d 14. c 21. T 28. T 6. b 13. b 20. F 27. a 29. Storing uncovered and 24-hour advance salad preparation accelerates vitamin loss due to oxida- 7. c 14. a 21. T tion. Dicing potatoes and cooking ahead destroys vitamins. The smaller the cut, the greater the 28. The missing nutrients in Lisa\u2019s diet are all of loss. Cooking foods in large amounts of water those listed in question #26. Therefore, any and over long periods of time increases vitamin loss all of these foods need to be added to her diet: by leaching and oxidation. Soy milk fortified with calcium and vitamin D, rice and bean combinations, legumes, nuts, seeds 30. The water-soluble vitamins, especially vitamin C (i.e., date-nut breads), peanut butter sandwiches which is the least stable of the vitamins, were lost. and peanut butter cookies, corn and beans, meat analogs, combined cereals and legumes, dark 31. Ways to conserve nutrients include: green leafy vegetables such as kale, turnip greens, a. cook vegetables whole and unpared. mustard greens, oranges and orange juice. b. use cooking methods that shorten cooking Suggest: Vitamin B12 supplements, perhaps time. iron and use of iodized salt. As fiber content is c. use the smallest amount of water. high, small frequent meals may be indicated. d. cook covered to use shortest cooking time possible. Chapter 4 e. slice or cut fruits and vegetables just before use to prevent oxidation. 1. a 8. a 15. d 22. T 2. d 9. d 16. b 23. T Chapter 6 3. a 10. a 17. a 24. T 4. d 11. d 18. c 25. b 1. c 8. b 15. c 22. F 5. c 12. c 19. F 26. c 2. c 9. d 16. F 23. F 6. c 13. d 20. T 27. c 3. d 10. d 17. F 24. T 7. d 14. e 21. F 4. a 11. b 18. T 25. T 28. Any of these: 5. d 12. d 19. F 26. T 1. Use the recommended distribution of nutrients. a. 50%\u201360% of total calories from 6. c 13. e 20. T 27. T carbohydrates\u2014mainly from grains, fruits, and vegetables. 7. d 14. a 21. T 28. b b. Protein for a teenage athlete at 1\u20131.5 g\/kg of body weight. 29. calcium 800 mg\u2014See calcium table for food c. Remainder of total calories from fat. sources. iron 18 mg\u2014See iron table for food sources. 30. a","ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS 549 Chapter 7 27. Lisa is striving for autonomy and it is reflected in the eating behavior. As she struggles for control 1. d 8. d 15. a 22. F she wants to do everything her way. It is a phase that will pass. 2. b 9. d 16. b 23. F 28. a. What and how much food does the child eat 3. d 10. b 17. T 24. T per day? 4. b 11. d 18. T 25. T b. Is her weight normal for her height\/age? c. Is she gaining at a regular, slow, steady rate? 5. d 12. c 19. T 26. F d. Do other physical characteristics appear nor- 6. d 13. d 20. T 27. T mal (hair, eyes, teeth, etc.)? e. Does she appear to be a happy child? 7. a 14. c 21. T 28. a 29. The growth rate has slowed since last year and her 29. 2750 \u03ed present consumption. Using the mid- appetite has diminished. Accordingly, she does range of 2000 calories, Mary\u2019s intake is 750 kcal not need as much food as during her first year of life. per day in excess of output. 750 kcal \u03eb 7 days per week \u03ed 5250 extra kcal per week. This is roughly 30. a. \u201cFood jags\u201d are common at this age. As long as 11\u20442 lb per week weight gain. Estimate 6\u20137 lb per the food is nutritious, the grandmother should not be concerned. month \u03eb 6 months. Mary will gain 36 to 42 lb by the end of school. b. Children are no longer forced to \u201cfinish every- thing\u201d because obesity is a problem to be 30. c avoided at any age, but especially early child- hood. After a reasonable time, remove the food 31. While there are 22 items listed under responsibili- from the table without comment. ties of health personnel, 5 that are especially im- portant in Mary\u2019s case are: Chapter 10 a. Do not use any fad diets: a low-calorie diet that contains essential nutrients is to be used. (#18) 1. d 8. a 15. b 22. F b. Become familiar with behavior modification techniques and use them to gain control of eat- 2. e 9. d 16. c 23. T ing patterns. (#22) c. Adopt a more healthful diet instead of giving 3. e 10. e 17. F 24. T up certain foods. (#20) d. Use a balanced diet, proper food preparation, 4. a 11. c 18. F 25. F portion control, sound food guides. (#9) e. Encourage regular exercise (daily), at the same 5. c 12. d 19. F 26. F time as reducing quantity of food. (#15) Note: #16, 19, and 21 are also important, so if you 6. a 13. d 20. F listed any of those you may count them. 7. d 14. c 21. F Chapter 8 27. Anorexia, increase or decrease intestinal motility, change absorption and metabolism of nutrients, 1. d 8. b nausea, vomiting, damage intestinal walls. 2. d 9. c 3. b 10. b 15. a 22. F 28. Antidepressants, antihistamines, oral contracep- 4. b 11. b 16. T 23. T tives and alcohol (small amounts only) 5. b 12. c 17. T 24. T 6. b 13. b 18. T 25. T 29. Amphetamines, Cholinergic agents, some 7. a 14. b 19. F expectorants and narcotic analgesics (Elderly: 20. F tranquilizers) 21. F 30. Penacillamine, streptomycin, KCL, vitamin B complex in liquid form and some chemotherapies Chapter 9 31. Cough syrup, expectorants, elixirs 1. d 8. d 15. a 22. T 32. Antibiotics and parenteral drug solutions 2. c 9. a 16. a 23. F 3. c 10. d 17. b 24. T 4. d 11. b 18. b 25. T 5. b 12. c 19. b 26. T 6. a 13. a 20. F 7. d 14. d 21. T","550 ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS Chapter 11 e. It includes products such as an approved new drug, certified antibiotic or licensed biologic 1. e 2. i 3. a that was marketed as a dietary supplement or food before approval, certification, or license 4. a. Define dietary supplements and dietary ingre- (unless specifically waived). dients. 8. a. Net quantity of contents (e.g., \u201c60 capsules\u201d). b. Establish a new framework for assuring safety. b. Structure-function claim and the statement c. Outline guidelines for literature displayed \u201cThis statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.\u201d where supplements are sold. c. \u201cThis product is not intended to diagnose, d. Provide for use of claims and nutritional sup- treat, cure, or prevent any disease.\u201d d. Directions for use (e.g., \u201cTake one capsule port statements. daily.\u201d). e. Require ingredient and nutrition labeling. e. Supplement Facts panel (lists serving size, f. Grant the FDA the authority to establish good amount, and active ingredient). f. Other ingredients in descending order of pre- manufacturing practice (GMP) regulations. dominance and by common name or propri- g. Require the formation of an executive level etary blend. g. Name and place of business of manufacturer, Commission on Dietary Supplement Labels. packer, or distributor (address to write for h. Establish an Office of Dietary Supplements more product information). within the National Institutes of Health. 9. a. A review of the scientific evidence. b. An authoritative statement from certain scien- 5. a. Detect fraudulent products and deceptive tific bodies, such as the National Academy of advertising. Sciences. b. Purchase quality products if they intend to use 10. a. Dietary ingredients in \u201csignificant amount.\u201d supplements. b. Nutritional ingredients with % RDI. c. Nonnutritional ingredients without % RDI. c. Read product labels. d. Quantity per serving for each dietary ingredi- d. File a report if side effects are experenced. ent (or proprietary blend). e. Recognize that dietary supplements can cause e. Source of dietary ingredients as appropriate. harm and the reasons they can be harmful. 11. a. In what form the product should be taken: f. The types of reactions that may occur. orally, or is it digested to inert forms? g. Reduce the chances of suffering adverse effects b. How much of the substance is in the product from supplement use. and does it contain the active ingredient? 6. a. Raw impurities 12. a. mild gastrointestinal complaints b. Excess levels of ingredients used b. headaches c. Allergic reactions to some ingredients c. dizziness d. Systemic poisoning d. palpitations e. Overdosing oneself e. allergic skin reactions f. Negative reactions in some individuals because of a specific sensitivity 13. T 23. T 33. T g. Safety of the product has not been carefully 14. F 24. T 34. T evaluated 15. F 25. T 35. T 16. T 26. F 36. F 7. a. A product (other than tobacco) that is intended 17. T 27. T 37. T to supplement the diet that bears or contains 18. T 28. T 38. T one or more of the following dietary ingredi- 19. T 29. F 39. F ents: a vitamin, a mineral, an herb or other 20. T 30. T 40. T botanical, an amino acid, a dietary substance 21. T 31. T 41. F for use by humans to supplement the diet by 22. F 32. T 42. T increasing the total daily intake, or a concen- trate, metabolite, constituent, extract, or com- binations of these ingredients. b. A product intended for ingestion in pill, cap- sule, tablet, or liquid form. c. The supplement is not represented for use as a conventional food or as the sole item of a meal or diet. d. It is labeled as a \u201cdietary supplement.\u201d","ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS 551 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 1. a. alone 1. a 9. b 17. F 25. F b. in combination with other alternative therapies 2. a 10. c 18. T 26. b c. in addition to conventional therapies 3. d 11. b 19. T 27. c 4. d 12. a 20. F 28. b 2. a. alternate medicine systems 5. d 13. b 21. T 29. b b. mind-body interventions c. biologically based treatments 6. b 14. a 22. T 30. a d. manipulative and body-based methods e. energy therapy 7. a 15. a 23. F 8. a 16. F 24. T 3. Any five of the following: ongoing sad mood; loss Chapter 14 of interest or pleasure in activities that the person once enjoyed; significant change in appetite or 1. b 8. b 15. a 22. F weight; oversleeping or difficulty sleeping; agita- tion or unusual slowness; loss of energy; feelings 2. c 9. d 16. b 23. T of worthlessness or guilt; difficulty \u201cthinking,\u201d such as concentrating or making decisions; or re- 3. b 10. c 17. d 24. a current thoughts of death or suicide. 4. d 11. d 18. e 25. d 5. c 12. a 19. F 26. d 6. d 13. b 20. T 27. a 7. d 14. c 21. F 4. a. What benefits can be expected from this 28. The most common diet modifications are alter- therapy? ations in basic nutrients, energy value, texture, and seasonings. James needs an alteration in basic nu- b. What are the risks associated with this trients and energy value. Unless further assessment therapy? reveals a need for additional adjustments, the diet prescription should be a high carbohydrate, high c. Do the known benefits outweigh the risks? protein, high vitamin, moderate fat, regular diet d. What side effects can be expected? containing approximately 3500 calories. e. Will the therapy interfere with conventional 29. Rationale: to restore and maintain nutritional treatment? status: James is underweight, apparently mal- f. Is this therapy part of a clinical trial, if so, who nourished, and injured. is sponsoring the trial? g. Will the therapy be covered by health insurance? 5. Body, mind, spirit, and strives to restore the in- 30. c nate harmony of the individual. 6. In large doses produces the symptoms of an ill- Chapter 15 ness, in very minute doses cures it. 7. a. herbal therapies 1. a 8. c 15. T 22. T b. orthomolecular therapies c. biological therapies 2. c 9. d 16. F 23. T 3. a 10. d 17. F 24. T 8. F 20. T 32. T 4. d 11. b 18. T 25. F 9. T 21. T 33. T 10. T 22. T 34. F 5. a 12. c 19. F 11. T 23. T 35. F 12. T 24. T 36. T 6. d 13. d 20. F 13. T 25. T 37. T 14. T 26. T 38. T 7. b 14. a 21. F 15. T 27. T 39. T 16. T 28. T 40. T 26. Because of extensive injuries and surgery, this pa- 17. T 29. T 41. T tient is in a hypermetabolic state. She needs to be 18. T 30. T maintained at the high rate of TPN. 19. T 31. T 27. No. Patients are never placed on reduction diets until after healing has taken place. Other mea- sures to relieve breathing must be considered. 28. See Table 13-1. 29. See Nursing Implications, Chapter 13.","552 ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS Chapter 16 Chapter 18 1. d 9. b 17. F 25. F 1. d* 8. c 15. g 22. T 29. c 26. b 2. c 9. d 16. f 23. T 2. a 10. c 18. T 27. c 3. a 10. a 17. a 24. T 28. a 4. d 11. e 18. F 25. b** 3. d 11. b 19. F 29. d 5. d 12. c 19. T 26. b 30. b 6. b 13. d 20. F 27. b 4. d 12. d 20. T 7. a 14. b 21. F 28. d 5. c 13. c 21. F 6. d 14. e 22. F 7. d 15. a 23. F 8. d 16. T 24. T *(250 \u03eb 4) \u03e9 (100 \u03eb 4) \u03e9 (70 \u03eb 9) \u03ed 2030 **70 lb \u00f7 2.2 \u03ed 32 kg (rounded) Chapter 17 80 g protein \u03ec 32 kg \u03ed 2.5 g\/kg body weight (150 \u03eb 4) \u03e9 (80 \u03eb 4) \u03e9 (50 \u03eb 9) \u03ed 1370 calories 1. b 5. a 9. c 13. b Chapter 19: Part I 2. a 6. d 10. b 3. d 7. a 11. b 1. a 9. d 17. d 25. T 4. c 8. a 12. b 26. c 27. d 14. A high-fiber diet promotes better and faster elimi- 2. a 10. b 18. e 28. d nation, decreasing pressure on the intestines and 29. b helping to prevent future inflammation. 3. d 11. d 19. a 30. c 4. d 12. c 20. T 15. High-fiber diets rapidly eliminate residue from 5. d 13. e 21. F the intestine, so that it is subjected to less bacter- ial action and harmful by-products remaining 6. a 14. a 22. T against the mucosal lining. 7. a 15. b 23. F 8. c 16. c 24. T 16. a. diabetes Chapter 19: Part II b. sleep apnea c. obesity-related heart problems 1. b 7. a 13. T 19. T 17. a. long-term healthy eating behaviors 2. c 8. b 14. T 20. T b. regular physical exercise 3. b 9. c 15. T 21. T 18. a. Vomiting occurs because the small stomach is 4. c 10. d 16. F overly stretched by food particles that have not been chewed well. 5. c 11. a 17. F b. Bypass surgeries cause the stomach contents 6. a 12. F 18. T to move too rapidly through the small intestines. 22. boiled or poached, three times a week 23. fruit, fresh or in natural juice 19. The procedure causes food to bypass the duode- 24. omit, substitute chicken or tuna num and jejunum. 25. omit, substitute fruit 20. Calcium, iron and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, 26. use low-fat cottage cheese only K). In some patients, B12 is also added. 27. omit, use a fresh spinach or other dark green 21. T 25. F 29. b salad 22. T 26. T 30. d 23. F 27. F 31. d 28. substitute sherbet within the caloric allowance 24. T 28. T 29. no alteration necessary 32. Any three of these: restore nutritional deficits, pre- 30. b vent further losses, promote healing, repair and maintain body tissue, improve chances for recovery. 31. a 33. a. fluid intake and output 32. c b. nutrient intake (amount of protein especially important, and vitamins) c. caloric intake and weight changes","ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS 553 Chapter 20 Chapter 22 1. b 9. d 17. F 25. e 1. a 5. a 9. c 2. b 10. a 18. T 26. a 2. d 6. b 10. d 3. b 11. b 19. F 27. c 3. c 7. a 4. d 12. b 20. T 28. d 4. b 8. d 5. d 13. b 21. T 29. b 6. b 14. T 22. F 30. a 11. Untreated hypercalcemia can lead to: 7. b 15. T 23. d 31. b a. kidney failure 8. a 16. T 24. b 32. c b. high blood pressure c. seizures d. hearing loss Chapter 21 12. Treatment for acute hypercalcemia may include: a. intravenous fluid therapy with saline 1. e 2. e 3. f 4. c 5. d b. intravenous diuretic medications and repal- cement of all loss of sodium, magnesium, and 6. Any 10 of the following: anorexia, weakness, early postassium satiety, nonintentional weight loss, loss of muscle c. replacement of any excessive urine loss by fluid and fat stores, decreased mobility and physical ac- (intravenous saline) tivity, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, edema, d. implement of a low-calcium diet. chronic diarrhea or constipation, pain, fever, night sweats, dysphagia, candidiasis, malabsorp- 13. Nutritional education programs for mental pa- tion, or dementia. tients that have been proven successful include: a. teaching some basic facts and skills about food 7. Three of the following: fatigue, anemia, cachexia, budgeting, purchasing, and preparation hypogeusia, dysgeuisa, xerostomia, dysphagia, b. teaching principles of nutritional needs stomatitis, fever, altered metabolic rate, infection, c. teaching known effects of drugs on nutritional nausea, vomiting, or anorexia. status. 8. a. surgery 14. F 19. T 24. T b. radiation 15. F 20. T 25. T c. chemotherapy 16. T 21. T 26. T d. combination of any of the above 17. T 22. F 27. F 18. F 23. T 28. T 9. a. bone marrow b. hair follicles 29. Any 8 of these: blood shot eyes, broken blood ves- c. GI tract sels on face, decayed teeth, bruises on hand, sore throat, swollen salivary glands, intestinal prob- 10. a. thorough personal nutrition assessment lems, fatigue, cessation of menses (women), b. vigorous nutrition therapy to maintain good esophageal tears, rupture of gastric mucosa nutritional status and support c. revision of care plan as individual status 30. Any 5 of these: compulsive overeating, anxiety, changes emotional problems, weight cycling, loss of lean body mass, lowered BMR, altered body composition 11. Sore mouth, dysgeusia, hypogeusia, low salivary production, candidiasis 12. Any four of the following: Toxic at high levels, in- Chapter 23 15. b 22. T creasing problems with skin, bone, central nerv- 16. c 23. T ous system, nausea, hair loss, and depleted 1. d 8. d 17. a 24. F immune function 2. c 9. d 18. T 25. T 3. d 10. b 19. F 26. b 13. T 20. F 27. F 34. T 4. c 11. d 20. F 27. d 14. T 21. T 28. F 35. F 5. c 12. b 21. F 28. a 15. T 22. F 29. F 36. F 6. b 13. c 16. F 23. T 30. T 37. T 7. c 14. a 17. T 24. F 31. T 38. F 18. F 25. F 32. F 39. T 19. T 26. F 33. T 40. F","554 ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS Chapter 24 32. Daily meal pattern (amounts and textures appro- priate for 18-month-old child): Meat, fish, poultry 1. c 8. c 15. f 22. T or meat substitute; potato, rice, grits, sweet pota- toes, vegetables (any appropriate for age); fruit 2. a 9. d 16. a 23. T (any appropriate for age); special low gluten bread or cornbread, margarine; milk. 3. b 10. d 17. T 24. T Between-meal snacks: Chocolate, Kool-Aid, cornstarch, rice or tapioca pudding; fruits or 4. d 11. c 18. F 25. T juices, sherbet, gelatin, cheese (no cheese foods); cookies\/cakes from low gluten, rice or arrowroot 5. a 12. b 19. T 26. T flour. 6. a 13. d 20. F 27. F 33. a. low protein (gluten) flour, cookies, pastas b. MCT 7. d 14. e 21. F 28. b c. water-miscible vitamins 29. a. He cannot absorb the fat-soluble vitamins until 34. a they are made water-miscible. Chapter 26 b. These are effective in assisting the patient to utilize more of his ingested food. c. Medium-chain triglyceride supplements are better tolerated than regular fats and therefore increase caloric intake. d. He has a fever; also extra fluids help dissolve the mucus collection. Note: Extra salt may also be needed. 30. a. The essentials of the daily food guide. 1. d 8. a 15. b 22. T b. How to make appropriate substitutions for high-fat and poorly tolerated foods. 2. a 9. b 16. T 23. T c. How to keep an accurate food record for assess- ment and follow up care. 3. b 10. b 17. T 24. T d. The essentials of low-fat cookery and cooking with medium-chain triglycerides. 4. a 11. d 18. T 25. T 5. d 12. c 19. F 26. d 6. c 13. a 20. F 7. d 14. e 21. F 31. a. Maintain adequate nutrition (see Nursing 27. a. Extra carbohydrate: karo syrup or polycose Implications #1, a\u2013e). b. Extra fats: MCT and corn oil c. Extra low protein, low electrolyte formula in b. Promote growth and development through ad- addition to solids equate nutrition. 28. Breakfast: 3 oz juice; 2 tbsp salt-free cereal; c. Provide support to the family. 1 slice toast d. Educate the child and its family (see Nursing Lunch and dinner: 2 tbsp mashed or junior veg- Implications, #4, a\u2013e). etables; 1 oz chopped or ground meat; 2\u20133 tbsp soft mashed or pureed fruit; 1 tbsp mashed potato Chapter 25 1. c 8. b 15. a 22. F 29. T Snacks: Any high calorie, low protein, low sodium 2. d 9. d 16. b 23. F beverages or formulas, such as SMA. 3. a 10. b 17. a 24. T 4. a 11. a 18. b 25. T 29. Problems: Crying; refusing to eat; using food to get 5. b 12. b 19. a 26. F their way; becoming too tired to eat; turning blue. 6. c 13. b 20. a 27. T Coping: Stay calm; avoid overconcern; do not \u201cin- 7. a 14. a 21. T 28. F validize\u201d; be consistent; don\u2019t feed when the child is tired; divide food into small feedings; foster in- 30. Weight at present. Signs of dehydration, social be- dependence as soon as possible. havior at present. Deviations (loss) of weight. Eating behaviors (anorexia, hunger, etc.). Any 30. All nursing implications should be reinforced for physical signs of malnutrition. the mother to assist her in competently caring for Teresa at home. See also Nursing Implications, 31. d Chapter 24.","ANSWERS TO POSTTESTS 555 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 1. c 7. c 13. c, d 19. T 1. a 8. d 15. b 22. F 2. d 8. b* 14. a 20. F 2. c 9. d 16. T 23. T 3. a 9. h 15. b 21. F 3. b 10. b 17. T 24. T 4. b 10. e 16. F 22. T 4. a 11. b 18. F 25. F 5. b 11. f 17. F 23. T 5. d 12. a 19. T 6. d 12. c, d, g 18. F 24. F 6. a 13. a 20. F *(if made from corn oil, d) 7. c 14. c 21. F 25. To protect the consumers, both adults and chil- 26. a. Yes b. Yes dren, each FDA food inspector is asked to pay spe- cial attention to the following when inspecting an 27. b establishment that manufactures processed food products. 28. Your choice; however, the menu pattern will fol- a. product development low these guidelines. b. receiving c. equipment Breakfast: fruit, 1 serving; allowed cereal, 1\u20442 c; d. processing Lofenalac, 8 oz. 26. Have Bobby\u2019s mother keep a detailed food record Lunch: fruit, 1 serving; green vegetable, 1 serving; of everything Bobby eats for a certain time period. starchy vegetable, 1 serving; crackers (4); butter or margarine; 2 tbsp allowed dessert; Lofenalac, 4 oz. 27. Although diagnosing food allergies is difficult, the Snacks at 10, 2, and bedtime: fruit; arrowroot elimination diet is probably the most successful. cookies (5); Lofenalac, 4 oz. Bobby\u2019s mother should try eliminating the four foods one at a time. When symptoms disappear, try Dinner: green vegetable, 1 serving; vegetable reintroducing one food at a time until symptoms soup, 1\u20444 c; potato, 1\u20442 c; butter or margarine; reappear, the food causing the reappearance of 2 tbsp allowed dessert; Lofenalac, 8 oz. symptoms may be the offender. Make sure Bobby receives substitutes for the foods removed from his 29. b diet, i.e., soy milk for cow\u2019s milk, rice products for wheat products, to avoid nutritional inadequacies. Chapter 29 28. a. ice cream 1. d 9. b 17. T 25. b b. cheese 2. b 10. a 18. T 26. e c. custard 3. c 11. c 19. F 27. d d. cream and cream foods 4. d 12. d 20. T 28. a e. yogurt 5. b 13. F 21. d 29. b f\u2013j. any of the following: most baked goods, 6. c 14. T 22. e 30. c cream sauce, macaroni, noodles, pie crust, 7. b 15. T 23. c cereals, chili, breaded foods 8. c 16. F 24. a 29. Bobby should try to reintroduce these foods into his diet occasionally because allergies may fade over time.","","Index Abortion, 148 Age Amebiasis, 208 Absorption, 162, 166 basal metabolic rate and, 101 Amenorrhea, 336 Acculturation, 217 calorie intake based on, 12 American Diabetes Association, food Acesulfame K, 51 Acid-forming minerals, 80 Aging. See Elderly individuals exchange system of, 15, 218\u2013219, 278, Acidosis, 233, 308 AI. See Adequate Intake (AI) 279 Activity level, 12 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency American Dietary Guidelines, 5 Acuity, 336 American Dietetic Association Acupuncture syndrome). See also HIV (human Food Exchange Lists of, 15 immunodeficiency virus) food exchange system of, 218\u2013219 clinical studies of, 196\u2013197 in children, 330 registration with, 219 explanation of, 191, 193, 196 diet management for, 328\u2013330 Amino acids. See also Protein Food and Drug Administration on, 197 explanation of, 320, 327 dietary requirements for, 37, 39\u201340 Acute hypocalcemia, 91 food-borne illness in patients with, 331 essential, 36, 37, 395 Acute nephrotic syndrome, 307 food service and sanitary practices with explanation of, 35, 36 Acute renal failure, 307, 309\u2013310 patients with, 330\u2013331 nonessential, 36, 37 Additive drug actions, 159 neoplasm risk and, 327 Amino acid supplements, 38 Adenocarcinoma nutritional issues related to, 321, 328 Amitripthyline (ELAVIL), 429 celiac disease and, 374 Albuminuria, 305 Amygdalin, 197 explanation of, 320 Alcoholic consumption. See also Amylase, 363 Adequate diet, 3 Substance abuse Analgesic drugs, 425\u2013426 Adequate Intake (AI), 3, 5 by adolescents, 144 Anemia. See also Iron deficiency Adipose tissue, 107 Dietary Guidelines recommendations in adolescents, 145 Adolescents. See also Children for, 8 in children, 136, 140 acne in, 145 drug therapy and, 163, 165 iron-deficiency, 140, 385 anemia in, 145 in elderly individuals, 149 megaloblastic, 132 body-mass index for, 444, 445 MyPyramid recommendations for, 11 in pregnant women, 133 cardiovascular concerns in, 145 during pregnancy, 133, 406 Angina pectoris, 130 cystic fibrosis in, 365 weight management and, 111 Angioedema, 383 dental caries in, 145 Alcoholism Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), 427 eating behaviors of, 26 in elderly individuals, 149 Angiotensive II, 306\u2013307 eating disorders in, 345 pancreatitis and, 298 Anorexia, 354 nutritional needs of, 143 Aldosterone, 85 Anorexia nervosa nutrition education for, 145\u2013146 Alkaline-forming minerals, 80 clinical manifestations of, 345 obesity in, 144\u2013145 Allergies explanation of, 100, 345 physical development in, 144 breastfeeding and, 385 hospital feeding for patients with, pregnancy in, 131, 145, 156 in children, 142, 384\u2013385 345\u2013346 stature-for-age charts for, 442, 443 drug therapy for, 425 nursing implications for, 346 substance use by, 144 explanation of, 384 Antabuse, 163 weight-for-age charts for, 440, 441 food, 384\u2013390 Anthropometric measurements Adulterated, 172 in infants, 136 of children, 354 Adulthood. See also Elderly individuals Alpha-glucose inhibitor, 285 explanation of, 99\u2013100, 106, 119 effects of stress in, 155 Alternative medicine function of, 120 nutritional needs during, 147\u2013148, 154 acupuncture as, 196\u2013197 illustration of, 121 physical exercise in, 153, 154 background of, 192 Anti-, 160 Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) (National evaluation of research on, 199\u2013200 Anti-anxiety drugs, 429 laetrile as, 197\u2013198 Antibacterials, 427\u2013428 Cholesterol Education Program), 21 nursing implications for, 199\u2013200 Antibiotics Advertisements, false, 151 St.-John\u2019s-wort as, 198\u2013199 explanation of, 427\u2013428 African Americans types of, 193\u2013195 vitamin K and, 162 Alternative therapies, 191 Antibodies, 36, 384 coronary heart disease risk in, 252 Ambulatory, 234 eating patterns of, 30 557","558 INDEX Antibody IgA, 384 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) BUN. See Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Anticoagulants, 427 in adolescents, 143 Burn patients Antidepressant drugs, 429 decline in, 148 Antidumping diet, 266, 267 explanation of, 100, 106 enteral and parenteral feedings for, Antiemetics, 261 factors that effect, 101 337\u2013338 Antifungals, 428, 430 Antigen-antibody response, 305 Basal metabolism, 100, 101 nursing implications for, 338 Antihistamines, 425 B cells, 320 nutritional care for, 336\u2013337 Antioxidants Beans, 10 protein and calorie needs of, 337, 340 Benign, 402 teamwork to care for, 338 explanation of, 67\u201368 Beta blockers, 426\u2013427 Burns, 336 foods containing, 68 Beta-carotene, 68 as preservatives, 69 Beverages Cachexia, 261, 320 as protection against free radicals, 67\u201368 Caffeine, 165 Antipyretic drugs, 425 ascorbic acid in, 70\u201371 Calcification Anxiety, 428\u2013429 sports, 154\u2013155 Apolipoproteins, 247 Biguanide, 285 celiac disease and, 374 Appetite Bile acid, 253 explanation of, 234 drug therapy and, 160 Bile salts, 48 Calcium function of, 28 Bioactive ingredients, 21\u201322 absorption of, 81 ARC (AIDS-related complex), 320 Bioavailability, of drugs, 160 characteristics of, 82 Arthritis Bioelectromagnetic-based therapies, 194 drug therapy and excretion of, 161 development of, 148 Biological-based therapies, 191, 194 explanation of, 81 drug therapy for, 425\u2013426 Biological symbolism, 26, 27 immobilized patients and excessive, 340 Artificial food colors, 388 Biological value of protein (BV), 36, 39 kidney stones and, 314, 315 Ascites, 217, 292 Biotin, 71 osteoporosis and, 149, 175 Ascorbic acid. See Vitamin C (ascorbic Bipolar disorder, 198 Calcium deficiency Birth defects, 132 effects of, 91 acid) Blood glucose, 50\u201351 incidence of, 26 Asian Americans Blood tests osteoporosis and, 81, 83\u201384 (See also to detect allergies, 386 eating patterns of, 30\u201331 to determine nutritional status, 123 Osteoporosis) sample menus for, 421, 422 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 305 Calcium stones, 314, 340. See also Kidney Aspertame, 51, 165 BMI. See Body mass index (BMI) Aspiration, 261 BMR. See Basal metabolic rate (BMR) stones Aspirin, 163 Body-based methods, 191, 194 Calculi, 292 Assessment, 120, 354. See also Nutritional Body composition Caloric density, 100 in adults, 148 Caloric intake assessment basal metabolic rate and, 101 Asthena, 320 explanation of, 100 for adolescents, 145 Asthma measurements of, 105\u2013106 for anorexia patients, 346 Body mass index (BMI) for burn patients, 337 drug therapy for, 426 for adults, 413\u2013415 calculation of, 102\u2013104 explanation of, 383 for children, 444, 445 for children, 142 Atherosclerosis explanation of, 100, 105, 106, 300 for diabetic individuals, 280, 281 in elderly individuals, 149 gallstones and, 300 for immobilized patients, 340 explanation of, 48, 245, 277 Body temperature, 101 for kidney patients, 310 hyperlipidemia and, 249 Botanical ginko, 22 recommendations for, 6\u20137, 10\u201312 on-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Botulinum toxin, 205 sample menus based on, 13\u201314 Botulism, 205 for weight management, 111 and, 278 Bowel functions, 340 Calories (cal) Athletes. See also Physical activity Breastfeeding. See also Lactation body fat and, 101\u2013102 allergies and, 385 in commonly consumed foods, 56 carbohydrates and, 52 drug therapy and, 165\u2013166 explanation of, 3, 100 iron deficiency in, 93 fish consumption and, 57 on food labels, 18 protein supplements and, 36 for high-risk infants, 407, 408 for surgical patients, 237, 239, 240 water requirements for, 93 nutritional benefits of, 134\u2013135 Calories Plus, 364 Athrophy, 369 psychological benefits of, 135 Campylobacter jejuni, 206 Attention deficient hyperactivity disorder Bronchitis, 383 Campylobacterosis, 206 Bronchodilators, 426 Cancer (ADHD), 167 Buddhists, 26 body\u2019s response to, 322 Axotemia, 305 Bulimia nervosa chemotherapy for, 323 Ayurveda medicine, 193 causes of, 100 diet and nutrition recommendations to Azotorrhea, 362 explanation of, 347 management of, 347\u2013348 prevent, 149 Baby bottle syndrome, 263 diet therapy for, 321, 323\u2013325 Bacillius cereus, 206 explanation of, 320\u2013321 Bacteria folic acid and, 178 liver, 295 explanation of, 203 methotrexate and, 178 food temperature and, 204, 208 Bariatric surgery, 272\u2013273, 301","INDEX 559 nursing implications for, 325 Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) criteria for treatment intervention, nutritional status and, 321 diet therapy following, 258, 259 246\u2013247 radiotherapy for, 322\u2013323 explanation of, 245\u2013246 surgery for, 322 drug therapy to manage, 252, 253 tools for detection of, 320 Cereus food poisoning, 206 explanation of, 48, 55, 246, 247, 292 Candidiasis, 320 Challenge diet, 383 HDL, 248 CAPD. See Continuous ambulatory CHD. See Coronary heart disease (CHD) LDL, 57, 58, 247\u2013249, 252 Cheilosis lipid disorders and, 247\u2013248 peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) in meat, poultry, and seafood, 251 Capillary walls, 234 in celiac patients, 370 physical activity and, 154 Carbohydrate loading, 52 explanation of, 62, 369 recommendations to reduce, 57 Carbohydrates Chelate, 160 Cholinergic, 262 Chemotherapy Christians athletic activities and, 52 explanation of, 320, 323 Holy Communion and, 26 for burn patients, 337 side-effects of, 322, 323 religious beliefs affecting diet of, 31 classification of, 49 Children. See also Adolescents; Infants Chronic dieting syndrome, 347 cystic fibrosis and, 364 AIDS in, 330 Chronic disease, 5 deficiency in, 51 allergies in, 142, 384\u2013387 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease explanation of, 48 behavioral patterns of hospitalized, 355 food sources for, 51 body mass index for, 444, 445 (COPD), 362 functions of, 49\u201351 caloric intake for, 142 Chronic renal failure (CRF), 306, 307 health issues related to, 52\u201353 celiac disease in, 370, 374 Chronic renal insufficiency, 309 recommendations for, 8, 51 congenital heart disease in, 378\u2013381 Chronic salicylate therapy, 163 sources of, 51, 52 constipation in, 402\u2013404 Cirrhosis storage of, 51 cystic fibrosis in, 362\u2013365 for surgical patients, 235, 240 dental caries in, 140, 262\u2013263 explanation of, 293 weight management and, 111 diabetes in, 283 nursing implications for, 296 Carcinoma, 320 diarrhea in, 404\u2013405 stages of, 293\u2013294 Cardiac cachexia (CC), 255\u2013256 diet therapy for, 357\u2013358 Citrus fruits, 388 Cardinogen, 320 eating behaviors of, 26 Clear-liquid diets, 221, 224 Cardiovascular disorders. See also fish consumption by, 57 Cleft lip, 262 home nutritional support for, 358\u2013359 Cleft palate, 262 Coronary heart disease (CHD) iron-deficiency anemia in, 140, 142 Clonidine (CATAPRES), 429 adolescents and, 145 menus for, 143, 144 Clostridium perfringens, 205 background on, 246 nursing implications for ill, 356, 359 CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) cholesterol and, 247\u2013249 nutritional and dietary care of sick, 354 Cobalamin. See Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) current consensus related to, 246\u2013247 nutritional issues related to, 139\u2013142 Cobalt, 89 dietary management for, 249\u2013251 nutritional requirements for, 142\u2013143 Cocaine, 406 drug therapy for, 252, 253, 426\u2013427 obesity in, 135, 136, 141 Coenzymes, 62, 234 explanation of, 245 phenylketonuria in, 394\u2013398 Collagen, 62, 234 fish oils and, 252 protein deficiency in, 43 Collagen disease, 306 lipids and, 55, 247\u2013255 protein intake for, 142 Colloidal osmotic pressure, 234 metabolic syndrome and, 249\u2013250, 254 sample menus for, 143, 144 Colon cancer nursing implications for, 252\u2013253 snack foods for, 141 folic acid and, 178 risk factors for, 247 stature-for-age charts for, 442, 443 low-fiber diets and, 50, 53 risk for, 250, 252 teamwork in care of, 355\u2013356 Colostomy, 262, 273 Carotene, 62 vegetarian diet for, 40 Colostrum, 135 Casein, 354 weight-for-age charts for, 440, 441 Comfrey, 181\u2013182 Casein hydrolysate, 394 weight-for-stature chart for, 446, 447 Communication, food as means of, 27 Catazym, 363 Chinese Americans Complementary and alternative medicine CCPD. See Continuous cyclic peritoneal dietary deficiencies among, 32 eating patterns of, 30\u201331 (CAM), 192. See also Alternative dialysis (CCPD) Chinese medicine, 193, 196. See also medicine Celiac disease Complementary proteins, 36, 41, 42 Acupuncture Complementary therapies, 191, 192 complications of, 374 Chlorine, characteristics of, 86 Complete proteins, 36, 37 diet management for, 370\u2013372 Cholecalciferol. See Vitamin D Complex carbohydrates, 48 explanation of, 370 Compulsive overeating, 347\u2013348 nursing implications for, 371, 374\u2013375 (cholecalciferol) Congenital, 378 patient education on, 371 Cholecystectomy, 292, 298 Congenital anomalies sample meal plan for, 373 Cholecystitis, 292, 298 celiac disease and, 374 screening for, 374 Cholecystokinin, 298 explanation of, 130 Cellular immunity, 320 Cholelithiasis, 292, 298 Congenital heart disease Cellulose, 48 Cholera, 206 description and symptoms of, 378\u2013379 Central nervous system (CNS) Cholesterol diet management for, 379\u2013380 effect of excessive vitamins and minerals discharge procedures for children with, cardiovascular disorders and, 247\u2013249 380 on, 165 coronary heart disease and, 58, 252 explanation of, 160, 306","560 INDEX feeding problems related to, 380 Delusion, 336 Dietary Supplement Health and Education nursing implications for, 380\u2013381 Dementia, 336 Act of 1994 (DSHEA), 21, 38, 151 Congestive heart failure, 255\u2013256 Dental caries Connective tissue, 234 background of, 172 Constipation in adolescents, 145 definition of dietary supplement in, 173 causes of, 269\u2013270 in children, 140, 262\u2013263 good manufacturing practices and, 173 diet for, 324 sugar consumption and, 51 provisions of, 172\u2013175 in infants and children, 402\u2013404 Dentures, 262, 263 Dietary supplements. See also specific nursing implications for, 403 Department of Agriculture, 5, 6 in pregnancy, 133 National Nutrient Database for Standard dietary supplements Contaminants, 165 claims related to, 175\u2013176, 185 Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis Reference, 104 evaluation of, 186\u2013187 Department of Health and Human explanation of, 172 (CAPD), 305, 311\u2013312 federal monitoring of, 75, 172\u2013176, 179, Continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis Services (HSS), 5, 6 Depression 181\u2013183, 185, 187\u2013188 (CCPD), 306, 312 ingredient and nutrition labeling on, 174 Contraceptives. See Oral contraceptives drug therapy for, 428\u2013429 legislation related to, 21, 38, 151, 172\u2013175 Conventional therapies, 191 St.-John\u2019s-wort and, 198\u2013199 making decisions about, 184 Cooper, 89 vitamin B6 deficiency and, 162, 166 new dietary ingredients in, 174\u2013175 COPD. See Chronic obstructive pulmonary Dermatitis, 62, 384 nursing implications for, 184\u2013187 Dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), 370 overview of, 172 disease (COPD) Diabetes diet therapy potentially harmful effects of, 186 Corn, 386\u2013387 background of, 278\u2013279 quality of, 185 Coronary, 246 caloric requirements for, 280\u2013282 recalls of, 187, 188 Coronary arteries, 246 for children, 283 reporting problems related to, 185\u2013186 Coronary heart disease (CHD). See also food exchange lists for, 282 side effects from, 182\u2013184 nutrient distribution in, 282 support statements for, 174 Cardiovascular disorders nutrition requirements for, 280 Diet diary, 385 cholesterol and, 58, 252 overview of, 279 Dieting. See also Weight management explanation of, 246 Diabetes mellitus in adolescents, 145 folic acid and, 178 blood glucose levels and, 50\u201351 assessment of approaches to, 120, 122 lipids and, 55, 58 classification of, 279\u2013280 business of, 112\u2013113 physical activity and, 154 drug therapy for, 283\u2013285 guidelines for, 111\u2013114 risk factors for, 247 in elderly individuals, 149 rating weight-loss, 113 Coronary occlusion, 246 explanation of, 48 Diets Corticosteroids, 425 incidence of, 52 antidumping, 266, 267 Course and outcome of pregnancy, 130 nursing implications for, 285\u2013287 explanation of, 4 CRF. See Chronic renal failure (CRF) patient education for, 286, 287 fat-restricted, 299\u2013300 Crohn\u2019s disease, 271\u2013272 sick day guidelines for individuals with, fiber-restricted, 221\u2013223, 269, 270 Cruciform, 48 gluten-restricted, 370\u2013373 Culture 287 hospital, 220\u2013224 explanation of, 3, 25 as surgical risk, 236 lactation and, 133\u2013134 food behavior and, 26\u201332 Dialysis, 306. See also Kidney dialysis liquid, 217, 221, 223, 224, 263\u2013265 role of, 28 Diaphoresis, 306 mechanically altered, 218, 220\u2013221 Cumulative drug actions, 159 Diarrhea recommendations for, 5 Cyanotic, 378 diet for, 324, 325 regular, 220 Cystic fibrosis (CF) explanation of, 270 residue-restricted, 269, 270 diet management for, 363\u2013365 fecal characteristics and causes of, 404 sodium-restricting, 256\u2013257 explanation of, 362 nursing implications for, 405 very low-calorie, 301 nursing implications for, 365 treatment of, 404\u2013405 Diet therapy nutritional needs of patients with, 363 Diary products, 10. See also Milk allergy for AIDS, 328\u2013330 pancreatic enzyme replacement for, 363 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 6th ed basic principles of, 218 parents and caregivers of children with, for burn patients, 336\u2013338 (Government Publishing Office) for cancer, 321, 323\u2013325 364 explanation of, 4 for cardiovascular disorders, 246\u2013259 symptoms and diagnosis of, 362 focus of, 6 for celiac disease, 370\u2013372 Cystic Fibrosis Foundation (CFF), 362 recommendations in, 6\u20139, 15, 249, 256 for congenital heart disease, 379\u2013380 Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) for cystic fibrosis, 363\u2013365 Daily Reference Values (DRVs), 4 for carbohydrates, 49 for diabetes mellitus, 278\u2013287 Daily Values (DV), 19, 20 explanation of, 4 for diarrhea, 270 Dapsone, 370 nutritional assessment using, 122 for diverticulitis, 271 Decosahezaenoic acid (DHA), 252 for pregnant and lactating women, 131, for dysphagia, 223\u2013225 Decubitus ulcers, 234, 336 exchange lists and, 218\u2013219 Defecate, 262 132 explanation of, 217 Dehiscence, 234 for protein, 39, 40 feeding methods for, 226\u2013229 Dehydration, 92, 234, 336, 378 tables of, 5\u20136 Delayed allergic reaction, 384 for vitamins, 76 for water, 93 Dietary standards, 5","INDEX 561 for gallbladder disease, 298, 300 DRVs. See Daily Reference Values (DRVs) explanation of, 4 for hepatic encephalopathy, 294\u2013295 DSHEA. See Dietary Supplement Health physical activity and, 101 for hepatitis, 293 thermic effect of food and, 101 for high-risk infants, 406\u2013407 and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) Energy balance\/imbalance for HIV, 328 Dumping syndrome, 266 body composition and, 105\u2013106 in hospitals, 220\u2013223 Duodenum, 234, 298 explanation of, 100\u2013102 for infants and children, 354, 357\u2013359 Dysgeusia, 320 illustrations of, 102 for kidney disorders, 309\u2013310, 313 Dysphagia, 223\u2013225, 324 variables that influence, 100\u2013104 for kidney stones, 314\u2013315 Dysthymia, 198 weight assessment and, 105, 106 modifications in, 225\u2013226 Energy measurement, 100\u2013101 nursing implications for, 226, 229 EAR. See Estimated Average Requirement Energy metabolism, 100 for pancreatitis, 301\u2013302 (EAR) Energy requirements, 106\u2013117 for peptic ulcers, 265\u2013266 Energy therapies, 191, 194 for phenylketonuria, 395\u2013396 Eating disorders Energy value principles and objectives of, 220 anorexia nervosa as, 100, 345\u2013346 modification of, 225 for renal calculi, 314\u2013316 bulimia nervosa as, 100, 347\u2013348 of selected foods, 103 for surgical conditions, 234\u2013241 causes of, 100 Enrichment, 203 for ulcerative colitis, 271 chronic dieting syndrome as, 347 Entamoeba histolytica, 208 Digestion, of protein, 37\u201338 Enteral nutrition (EN) Digitalis lanata, 175 Eating patterns, reference tables of, 30\u201331 for burn patients, 338 Disaccharides, 49 Echinacea, 181 explanation of, 226\u2013227, 234 Distention, 217 Economic issues formulas for, 228 Disulfiram, 163 Enteric-coated drugs, 163 Diuresis, 234 affecting elderly individuals, 148\u2013149 Enteropathy, 370 Diuretics food consumption and, 28 Enteroviruses, 207 effects of, 91, 161 Eczema, 384, 394 Enzymes, 62 explanation of, 378, 426 Edema Epicatechin (EC), 21 Diverticulitis diet therapy to reduce, 256 Epicatechin gallate (ECG), 21 in elderly individuals, 149 explanation of, 217, 234, 292 Erythropoietin, 307 explanation of, 48, 270\u2013271 sodium intake and, 308 Escherichia coli, 206 Double-blind oral food challenge, 386 in surgical patients, 236 Esophageal varices, 262, 292 Dough products, 73 Education. See Nutrition education Esophagitis, 324 DRIs. See Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) EEG. See Electroencephalogram (EEG) Esophagus, 263 Drug abuse. See Substance abuse Eggs Essential amino acids, 36, 37, 395 Drug-drug interactions, 429\u2013430 allergy to, 388 Estimated average requirement (EAR) Drugs MyPyramid recommendations for, 10 explanation of, 4, 5 absorption of, 160\u2013161 Eicosapentaennic acid (EPA), 252 for protein, 39, 40 actions of, 159\u2013160 Eigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), 21\u201322 Estimating energy requirements (EER), clinical implications of, 163\u2013164 Elderly individuals for diabetes, 285 drug therapy and, 166\u2013167 106\u2013117 differences between dietary supplements false health claims targeted to, 149, 151 Estrogen, 250 health issues of, 149 Etiology, 362 and, 173\u2013174 physical changes in, 148\u2013149 European Americans, 30 effect on foods, 162\u2013163 sample menus for, 150 Evisceration, 234 effects of food on, 162 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 394 Exchange lists. See Food exchange lists enteric-coated, 163 Electrolytes Excretion, nutrient, 161 for hyperactivity, 167 cystic fibrosis and, 364 Exercise. See Athletes; Physical activity incompatibilities between food and, 163 explanation of, 80, 402 Exocrine, 362 ingestion of, 160 maintaining balance in, 92 Extracellular, 80 interactions between dietary in patients with eating disorders, 345 Exudate, 234 in water, 81, 92, 155 supplements and, 183 Electromagnetic fields, 194 Fasting, 26\u201327 interactions between multiple, 429\u2013430 Elimination diet, 384\u2013386 Fat-restricted diets, 299\u2013300 issues related to, 166 ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent Fats. See also Oils lipid-management, 252, 253 metabolic alterations due to, 161 assay), 386 for burn patients, 337 nutrition and, 161, 425\u2013430 Emaciation, 369 carbohydrates and, 50 over-the-counter, 160, 166 Emotional food symbolism, 26, 27 classification of, 54\u201355 overview of, 160 Emotional security, food symbolism and, dietary considerations for, 55\u201357 for peptic ulcers, 265 Dietary Guidelines recommendations for phenylketonuria, 398 26 during pregnancy and lactation, 165\u2013166 Emulsify, 292 for, 8 responsibilities of nurses related to, 168 Encephalopathy, 292 explanation of, 48\u201349, 54 sustained-release, 163 Endogenous, 277 fish consumption and, 57 used by elderly individuals, 166\u2013167 Energy function of, 55 in meat, poultry, and seafood, 251 basal metabolic rate and, 101 carbohydrates as source of, 49 estimating requirements for, 106\u2013107 estimation of body, 102","562 INDEX MyPyramid recommendations for, 10\u201311 for kidney patients, 310, 316 examples of, 27 oxidation in, 71, 73 for surgical patients, 237 explanation of, 26 recommendations for, 57 Fluoride sources of, 26\u201327 storage of, 55 characteristics of, 89 for weight management, 111 for surgical patients, 235, 240 osteoporosis and, 149 Food-borne illness Fat-soluble vitamins. See also specific Fluvastatin (LESCOL), 430 in AIDS patients, 331 Folate. See Folic acid causes of, 204 vitamins Folic acid characteristics of, 205\u2013208 antioxidants and, 67\u201368 cancer and, 178 Food ecology food preparation and, 63 celiac disease and, 374 background on, 204 pregnancy and, 133 characteristics of, 70, 175 bacteria and food temperature and, 204, reference tables for, 72\u201375 explanation of, 21, 177 storage in body of, 76 health effects of, 178 208 water-soluble vs., 63 heart disease and, 178 food additives as nutrients and, 212 Fatty acids, 48 vitamin B12 and, 177\u2013178 food-borne illness and, 204\u2013208 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration for women of childbearing age, 132, food poisoning and, 209\u2013210 food preparation and, 208\u2013209 (FDA) 177, 178 nutrient conservation and, 211\u2013212 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Food Food exchange lists background of, 451 (1958), 172 classified according to acid-base common measurements in, 455 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 182 reactions in body, 316 for diabetes, 278, 281, 282 Feeding methods exchanges represented by servings of effect of drug therapy on, 162 for anorexia patients, 346 effect on drug therapy, 162\u2013163 selected foods in, 457\u2013462 for burn patients, 337\u2013338 emotional attachment to, 26 explanation of, 15, 218\u2013219 enteral, 226\u2013228, 234, 338 explanation of, 4 guidelines for using, 451\u2013452 parenteral, 227, 229, 234, 338 fads related to, 27 for kidney patients, 310 postoperative, 239 functional, 21, 22 list categories in, 452 Females. See also Lactation; incompatibilities between drugs and, 163 macronutrients in food represented in, memories associated with, 27 Pregnancy\/pregnant women modifying texture and consistency of, 455\u2013456 basal metabolic rate in, 101 nutrient data for lists from 2007, coronary heart disease risk for, 250 225\u2013226 eating disorders in, 345, 347 rejection of, 342\u2013343 453\u2013454 nutritional needs of, 148 as status symbol, 27 for phenylketonuria, 219 osteoporosis in, 81, 83, 91, 149 for surgery patients, 238 for renal disorders, 219 Fetal alcohol effect (FAE), 406 taboos related to, 26 types of, 218\u2013219 Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 165, 406 thermic effect of, 100, 101 for weight management, 112 Fetus, 130 Food additives Food groups Fever, 324 drug therapy and, 165 Dietary Guidelines recommendations Fiber explanation of, 172 carbohydrates as source of, 49 Food allergens, 387\u2013390 for, 7\u20138 constipation and, 270 Food allergies MyPyramid recommendations for, 10\u201311 dietary recommendations for, 50, 149 background of, 384 for strict vegetarians, 41 diets with restrictions in, 268\u2013269 in children, 384\u2013387 Food Guidance System (MyPyramid), 9 disease and diet low in, 53, 149 diagnosis and treatment of, 385\u2013386 Food Guide Pyramid, 218 explanation of, 48, 268, 402 food inspections and, 389\u2013390 Food inspections, 389\u2013390 health effects of, 50 nursing implications for, 386\u2013387 Food labels insoluble, 50 types of common, 387\u2013389 contents of, 17\u201320, 22 Fiber-restricted diets, 221\u2013223 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) example of, 18 Fibric acids, 253 on acupuncture, 197 health claims on, 20\u201321 Fibrinogen, 394 on dietary supplements, 172\u2013176, 179, overview of, 17 Filtration, 306 Food poisoning First-degree burn, 336 181\u2013183, 185, 187\u2013188 case histories of, 209\u2013210 Fish. See also Shellfish on fish consumption, 132 types of, 205\u2013208 health effects of, 57 on food inspections, 389\u2013390 Food preparation mercury in, 57, 132 on food labels, 17, 20, 22, 248 to conserve nutrients, 211\u2013213 MyPyramid recommendations for, 10 on food safety, 212 guidelines for safe, 208\u2013209 risks associated with, 57, 132\u2013133 on infant formulas, 136 health personnel responsibilities for, Fish oils, 252. See also Omega-3 fatty acids on St.-John\u2019s-wort, 199 Flatulence, 262 Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), dietary 213 Flavone glycosides, 22, 180 vitamin solubility and, 63 Fluid and electrolyte balance, 80 reference standards used by, 5 vitamins retention and, 69\u201370 Fluids Food behaviors Food processing, 69\u201370 for children with congenital heart Food safety economic issues related to, 28 in fish consumption, 57, 132 disease, 380 effects of culture on, 29\u201332 Food and Drug Administration on, 212 diarrhea and, 404, 405 effects of religious beliefs on, 26\u201327, 29, food-borne illness and, 204\u2013208 31, 32","INDEX 563 food temperature and, 204, 208 Gliomas, 320 High-risk infants recommendations for, 8 Glomerulus, 306 background on, 406 temperature guide to, 208, 209 Glossitis, 62, 370 breastmilk or formulas for, 407 Food symbolism Glucose initial feedings for, 407 biological, 26, 27 nursing implications for, 409 emotional, 26, 27 cautions regarding drugs containing, nutrient requirements of, 406 explanation of, 26 160 premature, 407\u2013408 origins of, 26\u201327 religious beliefs and, 26\u201327, 29, 31, 32 sources of blood, 279 Hindus, 26 sociological, 27 during surgery, 235 Histamine blockers, 429 Foodways, 26 Gluten, 370, 371 HIV (human immunodeficiency virus). Fortification, 204 Gluten-restricted diet, 370\u2013373 Fractured jaw Glycemic index, 278 See also AIDS (acquired diet for, 264\u2013265 Glycogen, 48 immunodeficiency syndrome) explanation of, 263 GMP. See Good manufacturing practices diet therapy for, 328 Francis, Nathan, 389 explanation of, 320, 327 Free radicals, 67\u201368, 180 (GMP) nutritional issues related to, 321, 328 Fruitarians, 40 Goldenseal, 181 stages of, 327 Fruits Good manufacturing practices (GMP), HMB CoA reductase inhibitors, 253 allergy to citrus, 388 HMG CoA reductase inhibitors, 427 MyPyramid recommendations for, 10 172, 173. See also Dietary Holistic therapies, 191, 192 processing of, 71 Supplement Health and Education Homeopathic medicine, 191, 193 Fulminant, 292 Act of 1994 (DSHEA); Federal Food, Homocysteine, 178 Functional foods, 21, 22 Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1958) Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), Good nutritional status, 4 250, 252 Gallbladder Grains, 10, 388 How to Understand and Use the Nutrition diet therapy for disorders of, 298\u2013300 Gram (g), 4, 80 Facts Label (Food and Drug explanation of, 292, 293 GRAS. See Generally recognized as safe Administration), 17 function of, 298 (GRAS) Humoral immunity, 320 major disorders of, 298 Green tea, 21\u201322 Hunger, 28 nursing implications for, 302 Guthrie test, 394 Hydration, 336 Hydrogenation, 48 Gallbladder disease Handicap, 354 Hyper-, 80 diet therapy for, 298, 300 Hand washing, 208 Hyperactivity explanation of, 293 HBV. See High biological value (HBV) drug therapy for, 167 interventions to relieve symptoms of, HD. See Hemodialysis (HD) side effects from medications for, 301 HDL. See High-density lipoproteins (HDL) 182\u2013184 HDL cholesterol, 248. See also Cholesterol Hypercalcemia Gallstones Health, 4 explanation of, 336 causes of, 300, 301 Health claims in immobilized patients, 340 explanation of, 262, 293, 298 Hypercalciuria, 340 explanation of, 172 Hypercholesterolemia, 249. See also Gastrectomy, 262 on food labels, 20\u201321 Cholesterol Gastric surgery Health personnel Hyperglycemia, 50\u201351, 234, 278, 279 responsibilities of, 15\u201316 Hyperglycemic agent, 278 for severe obesity, 272\u2013273 role of, 120 Hyperlipidemia, 249 for ulcer diseases, 266 Healthy People 2000, 5 Hyperlipoproteinemia, 246, 247, 249 Gastritis, 217 Heart disease. See Cardiovascular Hyperosmolarity, 370 Gastroenteritis, 206 Hyperphosphatemia, 306 Gastrointestinal disease, 207 disorders; Congenital heart disease; Hyperphosphaturia, 307 Gastrointestinal (GI) tract Coronary heart disease (CHD) Hyperplasia, 100, 107 effects of stress on, 234 Helicobacter pylori, 262, 263, 265 Hypersensitivity, 384 in elderly individuals, 148 Hematuria, 306 Hypertension explanation of, 262 Hemodialysis (HD), 306, 311 in elderly individuals, 149 peptic ulcers and, 263, 265\u2013266 Hemorrhagic colitis, 206 explanation of, 130, 246 Gastrointestinal surgery Hemorrhoidectomy, 262 pregnancy-induced, 130, 132 explanation of, 240\u2013241 Hepatic, 292 sodium restriction and, 255 gallstones and, 301 Hepatic encephalopathy (coma), 294\u2013295 as surgical risk, 236 Gender, 12. See also Females; Males Hepatitis, 207, 292, 293 Hypertensive crisis, 163 Generally recognized as safe (GRAS), 172, Hepatitis A (HAV), 292 Hyperthyroidism, 100 Hepatitis B (HBV), 292 Hypertriglyceridemia, 249. See also 204, 212 Hepatitis C (HCV), 292 Triglycerides Genetics, 36 Hepatitis D (HDV), 292 Hypertrophy, 100, 107 Geographic regions, 30, 31 Hepatitis E (HEV), 292 Hypervitaminosis, 62 Gestational diabetes, 278 Heritage, 26 Hypo-, 80 Giardia lamblia, 208 Hiatal hernia, 263 Giardiasis, 208 High biological value (HBV), 278, 307 Ginkgo biloba, 22, 180\u2013181, 183 High blood pressure. See Hypertension High-density lipoproteins (HDL), 55, 247","564 INDEX Interstitial, 80, 234 dietary management for, 314\u2013315 Intestinal disorders nursing implications for, 315\u2013316 Hypocalcemia, 91, 306 uric acid, 314 Hypogeusia, 320 colostomy for, 273 Kilocalories (kcal), 4, 100, 101 Hypoglycemia constipation, 269\u2013270 Kohnen, Carley, 389 Crohn\u2019s disease, 271\u2013273 Kola nuts, 387 explanation of, 51, 234 diarrhea, 270 Kuvan (sapropterin dihydrochloride), 398 gastric surgery and, 266 dietary fiber regulation and, 268\u2013269 Kwashiorkor, 36, 43, 320 Hypokalemia, 91 diverticular disease, 270\u2013271 Hypothyroidism, 100 ileostomy for, 273\u2013274 Laboratory tests nursing implications for, 272 to assess nutritional status, 120, 123 IDDM. See Insulin-dependent diabetes ulcerative colitis, 271\u2013274 for children, 354 mellitus (IDDM) Intracellular, 80 Intraluminal, 262 Lactation. See also Breastfeeding Ileostomy, 262, 273\u2013274 Intrauterine device (IUD), 130, 148 drug therapy during, 165\u2013166 Ileum, 262 Intravenous, 234 explanation of, 130 Immobilized patients Intravenous feeding, 239 nutritional needs for, 131\u2013134 Intrinsic factor, 62 sample menus for, 135 calcium metabolism in, 340 Iodine, 88 explanation of, 26 Iron Lacto-ovo-vegetarians, 40, 41 nitrogen balance in, 339\u2013340 characteristics of, 87 Lactose, 354 status of, 339 in human body, 85, 88 Lactose intolerance urinary and bowel functions of, 340 for surgical patients, 240 Immune, 402 Iron deficiency. See also Anemia diet for, 32 Immunoglobulin (Ig), 384 in children, 140, 142 explanation of, 48, 51 Immunotherapy, 262 efforts to reduce, 90\u201391 Lacto-vegetarians, 40 Incomplete protein, 36 in female athletes, 93 Laetrile, 191, 197\u2013198, 330 Infant formulas, 136, 358, 363, 379, 395, incidence of, 26 LBV. See Low biological value (LBV) in infants, 136 LDL cholesterol, 57, 58, 247\u2013249, 252. 404, 405, 407 in pregnant women, 133 Infants. See also Breastfeeding; Children; Iron-deficiency anemia, 140, 385 See also Cholesterol; Low-density Iron supplements, 132 lipoproteins (LDL) Neonates Italian Americans, 30 Legumes, 388 with AIDS, 330 Itraconazole (SPORANOX), 429 Leucovorin, 178 anemia in, 136 Leukemia, 320 bottle-fed, 135\u2013136 Japanese Americans, 31 Life cycle breast-feed, 134\u2013135 Jaundice, 292 drug therapy and, 165\u2013167 with cleft lip or palate, 262 Jaw, fractured, 263\u2013265 health personnel responsibilities over, colostrum in, 135 Jejunum, 262, 266, 370 157 congenital heart disease in, 378, 379 Jet injectors, 284 nutritional needs over, 130\u2013131, 157\u2013158 constipation in, 402\u2013403 Jews, 26, 31, 32 stress over, 155 cystic fibrosis in, 362\u2013365 Lipase, 298, 363 diarrhea in, 404\u2013405 Kava Kava, 179\u2013180 Lipid disorders growth in, 134, 432\u2013439 Ketoacidosis, 278 cholesterol and, 248\u2013249 health concerns for, 136 Ketoconazole (NIZORAL), 429 dietary management for, 249 high-risk, 406\u2013409 Ketosis, 48 drug therapy for, 252, 253 nutritional and dietary care of sick, Kidney dialysis explanation of, 247\u2013248 Lipid oxidation, 69\u201370 354 explanation of, 306, 311\u2013312 Lipids, 48. See also Fats phenylketonuria in, 394\u2013398 nursing implications for, 312 Lipoproteins premature, 130, 134, 407\u2013408 patient education for, 312 classes of, 55 solid foods for, 136, 137 teamwork for patients receiving, 313 explanation of, 48, 246, 247 Infections, 427\u2013428 Kidney disorders high-density, 55, 247 Inflammatory bowel disease dietary management for, 309\u2013310, 313 low-density, 55, 57, 247, 248 Crohn\u2019s disease as, 271\u2013272 nursing implications for, 310\u2013311 very-low-density, 55, 247 nursing implications for, 272 professional organizations with Liquid diets ulcerative colitis as, 271 clear, 221, 224 Ingestion, 160 guidelines on, 312\u2013313 explanation of, 217, 223 Ingredients, bioactive, 21\u201322 teamwork to care for patients with, 313 for fractured jaw, 263\u2013265 Inorganic, 80 types of, 306\u2013308 Listeria monocytogenes, 207, 209, 210 Insoluble fiber, 50 Kidneys Listeriosis, 207, 209\u2013210 Insulin function of, 306 Litholysis, 298 blood glucose and, 50\u201351 sodium excretion by, 85 Lithotripsy, 298 delivery devices for, 283\u2013284 Kidney stones Liver explanation of, 48, 278 calcium, 314, 340 cancer of, 295 production of, 285 causes of, 314 diet therapy for diseases of, 293\u2013296 Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus explanation of, 292\u2013293 (IDDM), 278\u2013280 Insulin pens, 284 Insulin preparations, 283, 284 Insulin pumps, 284","INDEX 565 Liver transplantation, 295, 296 for elderly individuals, 150 Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, 160, Lofenalac, 395 exchange lists for planning, 112 163, 429 Low biological value (LBV), 306 for fiber-restricted diet, 223 Low birth weight (LBW), 130, 406 for fiber-restricted or residue-restricted Monosaccharides, 49 Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), 55, 57, Monounsaturated fat, 54 diet, 270 Mood disorders, 428\u2013429 247, 248 for gallbladder disease, 300 Morning sickness, 131 Low residue, 354 for 1200-kcal diet, 113 Mortality, 130 Lumen, 370 for lactating women, 135 Mouth disorders, 262\u2013263 Lutein, 68 Mexican American, 423, 424 Mucilage, 402 Lycopene, 68 Native American, 32\u201333 Mucosa, 262, 384 Lymphoma, 320, 374 for phenylketonuria, 397 Mucus, 362 for pregnant women, 132 Muslims, 31, 32 Macro, 80 sample weekly, 13\u201314 Mycotosixosis, 207 Macrocytic anemia, 370 southern cuisine, 419, 420 Mycotoxins, 207 Macrominerals, 80 TLC, 417\u2013424 Myocardial infarction (MI) Magnesium, 86 toddler, 143 Malabsorption, 324 vegetarian, 41 diet therapy following, 258, 259 Males, coronary heart disease risk in, 250 Mercury explanation of, 130, 246 Malnutrition pregnancy and, 165 MyPyramid Food Guidance System, 5 in seafood, 57, 132 food groups covered in, 10\u201311 in AIDS patients, 330 Metabolic acidosis, 308 food intake patterns covered by, 11\u201315 drug-induced, 167 Metabolic demand, 354 function of, 9, 122 explanation of, 4, 120 Metabolic syndrome materials produced by, 9 laboratory tests to evaluate, 120, 123 clinical identification of, 254 recommendations of, 9\u201310 methods to assess, 106 explanation of, 249\u2013250 physical signs of, 122 risk factors for, 249, 250, 252 Narcotic analgesics, 425\u2013426 protein energy, 43 Metabolism, 100, 161 Nateglinide, 285 in United States, 26 Metastasis, 320 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Manganese, 90 Methionine, 354 Manipulative methods, 191, 194 Methotrexate, 178 Dietary Reference Intakes tables issued MAO. See Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Methylmercury, 57 by, 5\u20136 Marasmus, 36, 43, 292, 320 Mexican Americans Mastitis, 384 dietary deficiencies among, 32 on estimating energy requirements, 107 MCT. See Medium-chain triglycerides eating patterns of, 30 function of, 5 sample menus for, 423, 424 on pregnancy and lactation period, 131 (MCT) MI. See Myocardial infarction (MI) National Academy Press, 5 Measure conversion table, 449, 450 Micro, 80 National Cholesterol Education Program Meats Microgram (mcg), 4 Microminerals, 80 (NCEP) ascorbic acid in, 71 Milieu, 218 explanation of, 4, 21, 145, 246 MyPyramid recommendations for, 10 Milk allergy, 385, 387 recommendations of, 249, 278 Mechanically altered diet, 218, 220\u2013221 Millequivalent (mEq), 378 studies conducted by, 246\u2013247 Meconium, 362, 402 Milligram (mg), 4, 80 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Medical nutrition therapy (MNT), 219, 285 Milliliter, 378 on acupuncture, 196 Medications. See Drugs Milliosmol (mosm), 378 on dialysis of renal patients, 313 Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), 354, Mind-body interventions, 191, 194 function of, 5 Mineral oil, 162 on St.-John\u2019s-wort, 198 363, 371 Minerals National Kidney Foundation (NKF), 309, Megadose, 62 absorption and solubility of, 81 Megaloblastic anemia, 132 acid- and base-forming, 80 310 Meglitinide, 285 for burn patients, 337 National Nutrient Database for Standard Menadione. See Vitamin K (menadione) classification of, 80 Mental deviation, 336 drug absorption and, 162 Reference (Department of Mental disorders, 336 explanation of, 80 Agriculture), 104 Mental institutions, 341\u2013342 function of, 80 National Veterans Affairs Surgical Risk Mental patients health personal responsibilities for, Study, 235 Native Americans food rejection by, 342\u2013343 91\u201392 dietary deficiencies among, 32 mealtime issues of, 342 reference tables for, 81\u201391 eating patterns of, 31 nursing implications for, 343 for surgical patients, 235, 237 sample menu for, 32\u201333 overview of, 341\u2013342 water intake and, 81 Naturally occurring sugars, 48 Mental retardation, 394, 396, 397 Miscarriage, 130, 374 Naturopathic medicine, 191, 193\u2013194 Menus Modified diet, 218 Nausea American cuisine, 417, 418 Monitor, 4 diet for, 324 for antidumping diet, 267 drug therapy and, 160 Asian American, 421, 422 during pregnancy, 133 for children, 143, 144 NCEP. See National Cholesterol Education for clear-liquid diet, 224 Program (NCEP) Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 408","566 INDEX for children, 142\u2013143, 354 Oral feeding (OF) for diabetes, 280 for burn patients, 338 Neonates. See also Infants for elderly individuals, 148\u2013149 postsurgical, 239 colostrum in, 135 explanation of, 26 issues related to, 130, 134 for pregnant women, 131\u2013133 Oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs), 285 meconium ileus in, 362 variables contributing to, 6 Organic, 62, 80 Nutritional status Osmolarity, 80, 402 Nephrons, 306, 308 drug therapy and, 160 Osmosis, 402 Nephrotic syndrome, 307 explanation of, 4, 120 Osteodystrophy, 307, 308 Neural tube defects, 132, 374 of mental patients, 342 Osteomalacia, 62, 148 Neuromuscular system, 148 physical indicators of, 122 Osteomate, 262 Niacin, 69 prior to, during, and after surgery, Osteoporosis Nicotinic acid, 253 NIDDM. See Non-insulin-dependent 234\u2013235 calcium and, 149, 175 techniques to assess, 120, 121 celiac disease and, 374 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) Nutritional supplements explanation of, 62, 81, 149 Nitrates, 427 for athletes, 36 practices to decrease symptoms of, Nitrogen balance false claims regarding, 151 health claims for, 38 83\u201384 in immobilized patients, 339\u2013340 legislation related to, 38 in vegetarians, 40 protein intake and, 39, 42 Nutrition education in women, 81, 83, 91, 149 No food by mouth (NPO), 239, 266 for adolescents, 145\u2013146 OTC drugs. See Over-the-counter (OTC) Nonessential amino acids, 36, 37 for caregivers of sick children, 358, 359 Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus for celiac patients, 371 drugs for patients of children with congenital Overeating, compulsive, 347\u2013348 (NIDDM), 278\u2013280 Overfat, 100 Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs heart disease, 380 Overnutrition, 4 Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs (NSAIDs), 262, 425 Nortriptyline (PAMELOR), 429 1990, 173 interactions between dietary NSAIDs. See Nonsteroidal anti- Nuts, 10 supplements and, 183 inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) Obesity interactions between prescription and, Nursing mothers. See Breastfeeding in adolescents, 144\u2013145 429\u2013430 Nutraceuticals, 21, 22 causes of, 110\u2013111 Nutrients diabetes and, 149 use of, 160, 166 diet therapy for, 300\u2013301 Overweight. See also Obesity conservation of, 211\u2013213 in elderly individuals, 149 Dietary Guidelines recommendations emotional security and, 26 causes of, 110\u2013111 explanation of, 100, 107 diabetes and, 149 for, 6\u20137 factors leading to vulnerability to, 108 explanation of, 100, 107 explanation of, 4, 120 fat cells and, 107 Ovo-vegetarians, 40 food additives as, 212\u2013213 gallstones and, 300 Oxalate, 306 on food labels, 17\u201322 gastric surgery for, 272\u2013273, 301 for infants and children, 354 health risks of, 107\u2013108 Palliative care, 320 interactions between drugs and, 160, incidence of, 26 Pancreas, 292, 293 in infants and children, 135, 136, 141 Pancrease, 363 161 sugar consumption and, 52 Pancreatic enzyme replacement, 363 modifications in, 225 as surgical risk, 236 Pancreatitis protein as, 36\u201338 for surgery patients, 235\u2013241 Oils. See also Fats alcoholism and, 298 Nutrition MyPyramid recommendations for, 10\u201311 diet therapy for, 301\u2013302 background information on, 4 oxidation in, 71, 73 nursing implications for, 302 in elderly individuals, 149 Panic disorder, drug therapy for, 428\u2013429 explanation of, 4 Oliguria, 306 Pantothenic acid, 71 factors related to, 28 Omega-3 fatty acids Parahaemolyticu food poisoning, 206 false claims related to, 149, 151 Parenteral nutrition (PN) over life cycle, 130\u2013131 guidelines for use of, 252 for burn patients, 338 postoperative, 236\u2013241 in seafood, 251 explanation of, 234 preoperative, 234\u2013235 sources of, 57 total, 227, 229 during surgery, 235 Omega-6 fatty acids via peripheral vein, 227 therapeutic, 217\u2013229 (See also Diet explanation of, 21 Paresthesia, 271 sources of, 57 Parvoviruses, 207 therapy) Opportunistic infections, 320, 327 Pasteurization, 204 Nutritional assessment Optimum nutrition, 4 PDR. See Physician\u2019s desk reference (PDR) Oral contraceptives Peanut allergy, 388\u2013389 health personnel responsibilities for, breastfeeding and, 166 Peas, 388 123, 126 explanation of, 130, 148 Pectin, 262 vitamin deficiencies and, 162\u2013163, 166 Peptic ulcers, 263 overview of, 120 Peptides, 37 recommendations following, 123 Percent Daily Value (%DV), 19 sample form for, 124\u2013125 Perfringens food poisoning, 205 techniques for, 120\u2013122 tools for, 122\u2013123 Nutritional requirements for adolescents, 143 for adults, 147\u2013148","INDEX 567 Peripheral vein, 227, 234 Potassium deficiency in, 42\u201343 Peristalsis, 234 athletic activity and, 93 excessive, 42 Peritoneal, 218 characteristics of, 85 for immobilized patients, 339\u2013340 Peritoneal dialysis, 311 Dietary Guidelines recommendations misconceptions related to, 36 pH for, 8 for phenylketonuria, 395, 396 drug therapy and excretion of, 161 for surgical patients, 235\u2013237, 239, 240 drug therapy and, 161 in human body, 84\u201385 for vegetarians, 39\u201342 explanation of, 80, 160 Protein requirements kidneys and, 306 Poultry, 10 during pregnancy, 132 mineral absorption and, 81 Pravastatin (PRAVACHOL), 430 presurgical, 236 vitamins in food and, 70 Pregestimil, 363 during surgery, 235 Phenylalanine, 43, 394\u2013398 Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), Proteinuria, 306 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 43, 51 Prothrombin, 234 background of, 394 130, 132 Provitamin or precursor, 62 diagnosis of, 394 Pregnancy\/pregnant women Psychological, 26 diet management for, 395\u2013396 Psychological characteristics, 336 drug therapy for, 398 adolescent, 131, 145, 156 Psychomotor, 130 exchange lists for, 219 drug therapy during, 165 Psychotropic, 292 explanation of, 394 fish consumption and, 57 Psyllium, 175 follow-up care for, 397\u2013398 folic acid and, 21, 132, 177, 178 Pulegone, 182 nursing implications for, 398 health concerns for, 133 Pulmonary, 362 special considerations for, 396\u2013397 health personnel responsibilities for, Purpura, 384 Phosphorus, 83 Pylorus, 262 Physical activity. See also Athletes 136\u2013137 Pyridoxine. See Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) effects of, 154 miscarriage in, 130, 374 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 181 energy and, 101 nutritional needs for, 131\u2013133 recommendations for, 7, 10 phenylalanine levels in, 396\u2013397 Qi gong, 194 role of, 153, 154 protein requirements for, 37 for weight management, 111 sample menus for, 132, 134 Radiotherapy, 322\u2013323 Physical appearance, 153 substance abuse and, 165 RAST (radioallergosorbent test), 386 Physical assessment, 120, 122 vitamin supplements and, 132, 133, 165 RBCs. See Red blood cells (RBCs) Physical development weight and, 107, 131\u2013132 RDA. See Recommended Dietary in adolescents, 143, 144 Premature infants, 130, 407\u2013408 in children, 140, 142\u2013143 Prematurity, 402 Allowances (RDA) in infants, 134, 135 Preoperative nutrition. See also Surgery Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in toddlers, 139 issues in, 236 Physical fitness programs, 154 status of, 234\u2013235 for carbohydrates, 49 Physician\u2019s Desk Reference (PDR), 160 Preschoolers. See also Children explanation of, 4\u20136 Physiological, 26 nutritional issues related to, 140 for protein, 39 Physiological status, 101 sample menus for, 144 Red blood cells (RBCs), 130 Pica, 130, 133 Preventive therapies, 191, 192 Red dye (amaranth), 388 PIH. See Pregnancy-induced hypertension Prick skin test, 386 Refined food, 48 Procarbazine, 163 Regression, 354 (PIH) Prolapse, 362 Rehabilitation, 354 Pilocorpine, 362 Protease inhibitors, 328 Rehydration, 336 Piper methysticum, 179. See also Kava Protein. See also Amino acids Reiki, 194 carbohydrates and, 50 Religious beliefs, 26\u201327, 29, 31, 32 Kava in common foods, 39 Renal, 306, 378 Placenta, 130 complementary, 36, 41, 42 Renal calculi Plasma, 394 complete, 36, 37 diet therapy for, 314\u2013316 Plasma protein, 234 dietary requirements for, 39\u201340 explanation of, 306 Polydipsia, 278 explanation of, 36\u201337 Renal diet exchange system, 219 Polyphagia, 278 functions of, 37 Renal failure Polysaccharides, 49 incomplete, 36 acute, 307 Polyunsaturated fat, 54, 278 medical conditions requiring increase causes of, 308 Polyuria, 278 chronic, 306, 307 Poor nutritional status, 4 in, 37 in cirrhosis, 294 Portal, 292 as nutrient, 36\u201338 Renin, 306 Postoperative nutrition. See also sources of, 37 Residue, 402 storage of, 37 Respiration, 378 Surgery utilization of, 37\u201338 Respiratory distress, 378 feeding methods for, 239 Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) Restoration, 204 goals of, 238\u2013239 evaluation of, 120 Reticulosarcoma, 394 management of, 239\u2013240 explanation of, 43, 107 Retinol. See Vitamin A (retinol) nursing implications for, 241 Protein intake Retroviruses, 327 rationale for, 236\u2013238 for burn patients, 337 status of, 236 for children, 142 in cystic fibrosis patients, 364","568 INDEX severe, 257 Teamwork strict, 256 for burn patient care, 338 Riboflavin. See Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Soluble fiber, 50 for dialysis patient care, 313 Rickets, 62 Solute, 80, 378 for hospitalized children, 355\u2013356 Rotaviruses, 207 Southern cuisine, 419, 420 for mental patient care, 341 Soy-based infant formulas, 136 Saccharin, 51, 53 Spices, 388 Teenagers. See Adolescents Safety. See Food safety Sports beverages, 154\u2013155 Teeth, 262\u2013264. See also Dental caries Salicylate therapy, 163 St.-John\u2019s-wort, 191, 198\u2013199 Tenacious, 362 Salmonella, 205, 209 Staging, 320 Tenacity, 362 Salmonellosis, 205, 209 Staphylococcal enterotoxin, 205 Teratogen, 160 Salt, 11. See also Sodium Staphylococcus aureus, 205 Teratoma, 320 Sanitary practices, 330\u2013331 Statins, 253 Terminal illness, 354 Sarcoma, 320 Status symbols, food as, 27 Tetany, 271 Satiety, 218 Steatorrhea, 354, 362 Textured vegetable protein (TVP), 36 Satiety value, 48 Stoma, 262 Therapeutic lifestyle changes (TLC) Saturated fat. See also Fats Stomach conditions dietary management for, 263, 265\u2013266 to reduce coronary heart disease risk, in commonly consumed foods, 56 drug therapy for, 429 249 explanation of, 54 Stomatisis, 320, 324 in meat, poultry, and seafood, 251 Strattera, 167 sample menus for, 417\u2013424 recommendations for, 55, 56 Stress Therapeutic nutrition. See also Diet Scratch skin test, 386 in burn patients, 337 Scurvy, 62 food intolerance and, 262 therapy Seafood. See Fish; Shellfish gastrointestinal issues related to, 234 basic principles of, 218 Seasonings, 226 physical and psychological effects of, diet modifications for, 225\u2013226 Second-degree burn, 336 exchange lists and, 218\u2013219 Security, food symbolism and, 26 155 Therapeutic Touch, 194 Selenium, 68, 90 Stress management, benefits of, 155 Thermic effect of food, 100, 101 Semivegetarians, 40 Stroke, diet therapy following, 258, 259 Thiamin. See Vitamin B1 (thiamin) Sequestrants, 253 Subclavian vein, 234 Thiazolidinedione, 285 Serum, 120, 394 Subcultures, 29 Third-degree burn, 336 Serving size, 18 Subjective global assessment (SGA), 235 TLC. See Therapeutic lifestyle changes Seventh Day Adventists, 31 Suboptimal, 26 Shellfish Substance abuse (TLC) mercury in, 57, 132 Tobacco use, 144, 165. See also Substance risks associated with, 57 in adolescents, 144 Shigella, 205 high-risk infants and, 406 abuse Shigellosis, 205 during pregnancy, 165, 406 Tocopherol. See Vitamin E (tocopherol) Short-bowel syndrome, 240\u2013241 Sugar, 11, 52 Toddlers. See also Children Shortness of breath (SOB), 306 Sulfonylurea, 285 Skin-fold thickness, 106, 120 Sulfur, 86 cystic fibrosis in, 365 Skin tests, allergy, 386 Superior vena cava, 234 growth charts for, 432\u2013439 Small for date (SFD), 406 Superstition, eating behavior related to, nutritional issues related to, 139\u2013140 Small for gestational age (SGA), 130, 406 sample menus for, 143 Snack foods, 141 26, 27 snack foods for, 141 SOB. See Shortness of breath (SOB) Suppository, 402 Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), 4, 5 Social occasions, 27 Surgery Tomatoes, 388 Society, 26 Total parenteral nutrition (TPN), 227, 229 Sociological symbolism, 27 for cancer, 322 Toxemia, 130 Sodium for congenital heart disease, 379 TPN. See Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) athletic activity and, 93 gastrointestinal, 240\u2013241 Trace elements, 80 cautions regarding drugs containing, nutrients and outcome to, 235 Trans fats nutrients during, 325 dietary intake of, 56, 57 160 nutrition prior to, 234\u2013235 health issues related to, 55 characteristics of, 84 for obesity, 272\u2013273, 301 Transplantation, liver, 295, 296 Dietary Guidelines recommendations for ulcer diseases, 266 Trauma, from burns, 336, 337 Sustained-release drugs, 163 Triglycerides for, 8 Sweeteners, 51 explanation of, 55, 130, 246, 278 in human body, 85 Sweets, 11, 52 medium-chain, 354, 363, 371 Sodium restriction Synergistic drug actions, 159\u2013160 physical activity and, 154 in children with congenital heart Synthesis, 36, 100 transport of, 247 Synthetic sweeteners, 51 Trimester, 130 disease, 380 Syringes, 283\u2013284 Trypsin, 363 congestive heart failure and, 255\u2013256 Tube feeding. See Enteral nutrition (EN) hypertension and, 255 Taste, effect of drugs on, 160 Tyramine, 163 mild, 256 T cells, 320, 327 moderate, 256 Ulcerative colitis (UC), 271, 272 nursing implications for, 257 Ulcers. See Peptic ulcers Undernutrition, 4, 107","INDEX 569 United States characteristics of, 72 for pregnant women, 132, 133 carbohydrate intake in, 48 food preparation and, 70 recommendations for, 76 chronic diseases in, 5 Vitamin B1 (thiamin), 65, 371 VLBW infants. See High-risk infants dental caries and denture use in, 262 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 66 VLDL. See Very-low-density lipoproteins dietary fat intake in, 49 Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) dietary supplement expenditures in, 172 characteristics of, 67 (VLDL) eating patterns of cultural groups in, homocysteine and, 178 Vomiting, 160, 324 30\u201331 oral contraceptives and, 162, 166 food poisoning in, 209\u2013210 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Water individuals with allergies in, 384 characteristics of, 68 health personnel responsibilities related morbidity and mortality in, 6 folic acid and, 177\u2013178 to, 93 overweight individuals in, 100 homocysteine and, 178 in human body, 81, 92, 323 primary malnutrition in, 26 for surgical patients, 240 nutrient electrolytes in, 81, 92 protein consumption in, 40 Vitamin B complex, 235, 237 requirements for athletes, 93 trans fats intake in, 56 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) sources of, 92\u201393 as antioxidant, 68 Upper respiratory infection (URI), 204 characteristics of, 64 Water intoxication, 92 Urban Americans, 31 in children\u2019s diets, 142 Water-soluble vitamins. See also specific Uremia, 306 deficiency in, 26 URI. See Upper respiratory infection (URI) food preparation and, 70 vitamins Uric acid stones, 314. See also Kidney for surgical patients, 235, 237 consumption of, 76 Vitamin D (cholecalciferol), 73, 132 explanation of, 63 stones Vitamin E (tocopherol) fat-soluble vs., 63 Urinary functions, 340 as antioxidant, 68 pregnancy and, 133 Urinary tract, 314 characteristics of, 74 reference tables for, 64\u201371 Urticaria, 384 food preparation and, 70 Weight U.S. Surgeon General, 5 Vitamin K (menadione) for adults, 413\u2013415 antibiotics and, 162 for lactating women, 134 Varices, 262 characteristics of, 75 methods to assess, 105, 106 Vegans, 40 for surgical patients, 235, 237, 240 during pregnancy, 131\u2013132 Vegetables, 10, 12 Vitamins. See also specific vitamins Weight conversion table, 449, 450 Vegetarian diet for burn patients, 337 Weight cycling, 301 classification of, 62 Weight management. See also Dieting based on religious beliefs, 26 drug-induced deficiencies in, background of, 100 classifications of, 40 business interests involved in, 112\u2013113 complementary proteins for, 41, 42 162\u2013163 calories and, 111 evaluation of, 40 as drug therapy, 162 Dietary Guidelines recommendations nutritional issues related to, 32 explanation of, 62 planning for, 41\u201342 false claims regarding, 151 for, 7 protein and amino acid requirements fat-soluble, 67\u201368 eating habits and, 111 food preparation and processing and, factors involved in, 110\u2013111 for, 39\u201340 gallstones and, 300 Vegetarianism, 36, 40 69\u201375 guidelines for, 111\u2013112 Very low-calorie diet (VLCD), 301 health personnel responsibilities related physical exercise and, 111, 154 Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), 55, sample menus for, 113 to, 75 Wheals, 384 247 laws and regulations related to, 70 Wheat allergy, 388 Vibrio cholera, 206 solubility of, 63 Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 206 storage of, 63 Villi, 362, 370 for surgical patients, 235, 237 program, 130 Viokase, 363 water-soluble, 63\u201367 Viruses, 204 Vitamin supplements Xerostomia, 320 Viscid, 362 for AIDS patients, 330 Vision, 148 for children, 142 Yellow dye (tartrazine), 388 Vitamin A (retinol) harmful effect of, 165 Yersinia enterocolitica, 206 as antioxidant, 68 Zinc, 88, 240 birth defects and, 132, 165","","Photo Credits Chapter 1 Chapter 16 \u00a9 Photodisc \u00a9 Ryan Kelm\/ShutterStock, Inc. Chapter 2 Chapter 17 \u00a9 Photodisc \u00a9 Udo Kr\u00f6ner\/ShutterStock, Inc. Chapter 3 Chapter 18 \u00a9 Photodisc Courtesy of MIEMSS Chapter 4 Chapter 19 \u00a9 Ingrid E. Stamatson\/ShutterStock, Inc. \u00a9 Sebastian Kaulitzki\/ShutterStock, Inc. Chapter 5 Chapter 20 \u00a9 Lauren Rinder\/ShutterStock, Inc. \u00a9 Samual Acosta\/ShutterStock, Inc. Chapter 6 Chapter 21 \u00a9 LiquidLibrary \u00a9 Milan Radulovic\/ShutterStock, Inc. Chapter 7 Chapter 22 \u00a9 SW Productions\/Photodisc\/Getty Courtesy of Bill Branson\/National Cancer Institute Chapter 8 Chapter 23 \u00a9 Losevsky Pavel\/ShutterStock, Inc. \u00a9 Photodisc Chapter 9 Chapter 24 \u00a9 Beth Van Trees\/ShutterStock, Inc. \u00a9 Photodisc Chapter 11 Chapter 25 \u00a9 Photodisc \u00a9 Zsolt Nyulaszi\/ShutterStock, Inc. Chapter 12 Chapter 26 \u00a9 Stuart Pearce\/Pixtal\/age footstock \u00a9 Photodisc Chapter 13 Chapter 27 \u00a9 Clayton Thacker\/ShutterStock, Inc. Courtesy of James L. Horwitz, MD\/Rainbow Pediatrics Chapter 14 Chapter 28 \u00a9 Artemis Gordon\/ShutterStock, Inc. \u00a9 LiquidLibrary Chapter 15 Chapter 29 \u00a9 Photos.com \u00a9 Francois Etienne du Plessis\/ShutterStock, Inc. 571","","Table F-1.\u0003+PL[HY`\u00039LMLYLUJL\u00030U[HRLZ\u0003\u000f+90Z\u0010!\u00039LJVTTLUKLK\u00030U[HRLZ\u0003MVY\u00030UKP]PK\\\\HSZ\u0013\u0003=P[HTPUZ Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies ,IFE","Table F-2.\u0003+PL[HY`\u00039LMLYLUJL\u00030U[HRLZ\u0003\u000f+90Z\u0010!\u00039LJVTTLUKLK\u00030U[HRLZ\u0003MVY\u00030UKP]PK\\\\HSZ\u0013\u0003,SLTLU[Z Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies ,IFE"]