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YOORWUNRGeHmREeORdWBieAsL HOW TO CREATE A CUSTOMIZED HERB GARDEN TO SUPPORT YOUR HEALTH & WELL-BEING Maria NOËl Groves Photography by Stacey Cramp ß Storey Publishing
The mission of Storey Publishing is to serve our customers by publishing practical information that encourages personal independence in harmony with the environment. Edited by Carleen Madigan and Liz Bevilacqua Art direction and book design by Mary Winkelman Velgos Indexed by Samantha Miller Cover and interior photography by © Stacey Cramp Additional photography by © Brian Hoffman/Alamy Stock Photo, 76 bottom right; © Diana Taliun/iStock .com, 138 top left; © Elena Shutova/ iStock.com, 228 top right, 282; © emer1940/iStock.com, 166 bottom left, 180 bottom left, 249; © katerynap/ iStock.com, 166 bottom right, 234 top left; Courtesy of Maria Noël Groves, v, 122 top left, 228 bottom right, 306; © Musat/iStock.com, 116 top center, 285; © Peter Vrabel/Alamy Stock Photo, 128 bottom left, 292; Rolf Engstrand/ Wikimedia Commons, 122 bottom left, 128 top right, 300; © rudisill/iStock.com, 212 bottom left, 234 bottom right, 258; © Zoonar GmbH/Alamy Stock Photo, 174 bottom left Text © 2019 by Maria Noël Groves All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credits; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means — electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other — without written permission from the publisher. The information in this book is true and complete to the best of our knowl- edge. All recommendations are made without guarantee on the part of the author or Storey Publishing. The author and publisher disclaim any liability in connection with the use of this information. Storey books are available for special premium and promotional uses and for customized editions. For further information, please call 800-793-9396. Storey Publishing 210 MASS MoCA Way North Adams, MA 01247 storey.com Printed in the United States by Versa Press 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on file This publication is intended to provide educational information for the reader on the covered subject. It is not intended to take place of personalized medical counseling, diagnosis, and treatment from a health professional.
Dedicated to . . . Mimi Mandile, my mother and number one fan, who introduced me to herbal gardening and still lets me raid her garden periodically, as well as to my ever- supportive father, Jim Mandile. Harriet Bean, who lovingly planted many of the herbs on this property during the 30 years she lived here before us and still keeps in touch. Shannon Groves, my awesome husband, who always believes in me, joins me on adventures, and shares this wonderful land with me, helping to make it even more beautiful each season. My teachers: Nancy Phillips and Rosemary Gladstar, who inspired me to cultivate herbs in the garden; Michael Moore, for fostering a love for wild- crafting and medicine making; and Christine Tolf, for opening my heart to flower essences. Reishi, my sweet rescue mutt, who keeps me company, reminds me to take breaks, and never misses the opportunity to stop and sniff the flowers.
Contents Introduction At the Garden Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 PART ONE Skills for making medicine Chapter One Growing, Harvesting, and Preserving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chapter two Mastering Basic Remedies . . . . . . . .33 Tea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Tinctures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Alcohol-Free Extracts and Sweet Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46 Powders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55 Earthly Aromatherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Topical Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Dilute Remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
PART T WO REMEDY GARDENS Chapter three Daily Tonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Nutritive Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Nutritive Forager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 The Flavor Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Chapter four Energy and Relaxation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Stress Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Brain Boosters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Uplift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Relax and Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Sleepy Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chapter five Digestion and Detoxification . . . . . . . 133 Bitter Digestif . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Carminatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Tummy Soothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Detox Forager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 Chapter six Immune and Respiratory . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Immune SOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Lung Tonics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Allergy and Sinus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Chapter seven Skin Care and First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Super Skin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 First Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Insect Repellent and Bite Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Pain ReliefChapter eight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Topical Pain Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Aches and Pains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Chapter nine Heart and Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Gladden the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Get the Blood Moving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 The Woman’s Garden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 PART TH REE HEALING GARDEN HERBS Herb Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Commonly Used Herbs by Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Commonly Used Flower Essences by Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Herbs for Specific Climates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Measurements and Metric Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 ix
INTRODUCTION At the Garden Gate MEDICINAL HERB GARDENING usually begins with one of two questions: “What should I grow?” Or “How can I use the plants I already have?” Everyone loves a good “top five” list of herbs you must plant to serve your health needs. But if every herbalist created a top five list, you can bet those lists would differ vastly from one person to the next. The truth is that the best herbs for you to grow will depend on your health needs, your growing conditions, and which plants resonate most with you. When you connect with the plants in this way, you’ll get so much more out of your very own remedy garden. 1
Why Grow Medicinal Herbs? So many excellent companies already make and sell fabulous herbal products, why on earth go through the trouble to grow your own plants and make your own herbal remedies? This question never crossed my mind when I first began to explore herbalism. First, I worked the supplement aisles of a popular local natural foods store, then I put my shiny new journalism degree to work covering the “herb beat” for Natural Health maga- zine. I quickly learned which herbs you could use for what and realized I wanted to become an herbalist to understand the plants on a deeper level. But making my own medicine seemed unnecessary. Growing your own herbs allows you to create custom remedies and capture the healing qualities of plants at their peak. 2 introduction
Lucky for me, I landed on Top six Reasons Grow delicious, beautiful, and useful study programs with herbal- to Grow Your Own herbs like Korean mint, which is almost ists who believed in getting your Herbal Remedies impossible to find. hands dirty: first with Nancy Phillips and Rosemary Gladstar • Freshness. Freshness mat- (herbal farming and gardening ters, as does the ability to make advocates and gurus), then with things exactly the way you want my primary teacher, Michael them. This, on a chemical level, Moore (a devout wildcrafter). I is what makes your remedies came home from herb school and stronger than what you buy. realized: I need plants. I need to be connected with them. I need to • Less expensive. You can make be able to custom formulate rem- potent remedies for a fraction edies. Working with the plants of the retail cost. That 1-ounce directly and making my own rem- bottle of tincture that cost you edies — including those for my $15? You can make 16 ounces for clients — makes me a better herb- less. Teas are practically free. alist, a healthier person, a more effective practitioner, and a more • Customization. Don’t simply whole human being. stuff your pantry with as many remedies as you possibly can. Believe it or not, the remedies Think critically about the best you make from the plants in your plants for you (which is what backyard can be just as good as — this book is about). Start with and often superior to — products small quantities, gradually you buy. But that’s not the only building an herbal medicine reason why you should grow your cabinet tailored exactly to you own herbal remedies. and your family. You can also craft your own blends, which are often more effective than What Is an “Herb”? Herbalists define “herb” broadly to include any plant or plant part used to promote health. Even mushrooms (completely different creatures entirely) become honorary “herbs.” But if you’re talking to a botanist, an “herb” refers only to leafy plants that die back in winter and lack woody stems (as opposed to shrubs and trees). Horticulturists and garden centers may also use this definition and/or limit “herbs” to culinary plants, often with subdued leafy mounds of growth. For a chef, “herb” refers to the leaves of culinary herbs, as opposed to seeds, roots, and barks, which are spices. Herbalists are generalists. If it grows from the earth and helps us feel better, it’s an herb. INTRODUCTION : At the G a rd en G ate 3
prefab store-bought formulas, your backyard or open your for you and your family. The and they’re fun to create. The medicine cabinet when you more you learn the plants and recipes in this book serve as a aren’t feeling well, take a plant, gain confidence in your skills as starting point. and feel better — that’s what it’s a home herbalist, the stronger • Self-sufficiency and empower- all about. You don’t need to run you will feel in your ability to ment. Being able to step into out to the store. It’s right there make yourself, your family, your community, your landscape, Only herbalists plant stinging nettles in their gardens! In spite of its weedy nature and painful and the planet healthier. sting, nettle is rich with valuable nutrition. Find an out-of-the-way spot for it to thrive. • Sustainability, stewardship, and confidence. When you grow your own herbs, you not only ensure you have access to amazing quality plants whenever you need them. You develop a connection with the plants themselves and gain confidence in the quality and identity of the herbs you use. You promote sustainability for plants that might be grown and harvested unethically in com- merce, and you become a stew- ard of your land and the plant kingdom, a reciprocal relation- ship where you help the plants and they help you. In doing so, you also provide food, habi- tat, and diversity for a deeper ecology on your property that includes birds, bees, butterflies, mycelia, and earthworms. • Connection. Plants are much more than a source of medicine; they have personalities. When you grow, harvest, and make medicine with a plant, you get to know your medicine on a deeper level. It means more than white or green powder in a pill. You commune with the individual plants and your 4 INTRODUCTION : At the G arden G ate
local ecosystem at large. Nature heals, whether you’re nibbling on some Korean mint or simply looking out the window at its beautiful purple blooms and the bees pollinating it. What’s in a Name? Latin There are many species and varieties of bee balm you can grow. The bright red Monarda Names and Plant Families didyma attracts hummingbirds and can be used for medicine, but M. fistulosa is stronger medicinally. I’ve included the genus and spe- cies for every herb in the plant certain varieties in the profile, You’ll often find similar physical profiles that begin on page 246. stick with the original plants for features, growing conditions, and/ These two names together iden- optimal medicinal potency. or medicinal properties among tify the exact plant in question. If various plants in the same family. you’re purchasing starts or seeds, I’ve included the plant family Popular plant families in the use the Latin name to ensure because I want you to gradually medicinal garden include mint, you’re getting the plant you want. learn and recognize plant pat- rose, daisy, and parsley. Common names can be mis- terns and family resemblances. leading. (And labeling mistakes happen, so you’ll still want to confirm the plant’s identity before you harvest it.) Often, multiple species can be used interchangeably, which is indicated by “spp.” as in “Monarda spp.” for bee balm. In the description, I’ll suggest specific favored species (such as M. fistulosa) to seek out. Plants with an “×” between the genus and species (such as peppermint: Mentha × piperita) are hybrids that won’t grow true to seed, but you can propagate them by other methods like root division and cuttings. Plants with a long history in horticulture — like calendula, elder, rose, and echi- nacea — may have many variet- ies developed for ornamental purposes. Unless I’ve specified INTRODUCTION : At the G a rden G ate 5
You Don’t Need a not. The plant world is generous incredibly useful medicinally, Green Thumb — or that way. If your home doesn’t safe, and easy to harvest and Even a Garden include a patch of soil to tend, you use to make remedies. I have a can bring it in with containers close, personal relationship with You definitely do not need to be an inside, on the steps, and along the these plants, having cultivated or amazing gardener or have perfect driveway. Or you can ask friends, wildcrafted all of them numer- growing conditions to add herbs neighbors, and local organic farm- ous times in my 25 years working to your landscape. Herbs are far ers if you can harvest some of as an herbalist, particularly the more forgiving than vegetables their herbs or weeds. 13 years that I’ve tended them on and flowers, and less tasty to the my property. local fauna. In fact, if you’ve got I chose the herbs in this book soil in your yard, you probably specifically because they’re easy I didn’t come to this land with already have medicinal herbs to grow (or thrive abundantly, gardening know-how, and even whether you’ve planted them or wild, in backyard environments), though many herbs already grew on the property, I’ve had my chal- No garden? No problem! Grow plants in containers or forage common “weeds,” like lenges: poor, acidic, sandy soil; this St. John’s wort, from clean, wild spaces. early frosts; legions of hungry crit- ters; and shade from enormous pines around and throughout the yard. I don’t have a lot of time to tend to my plants or spend hours harvesting and processing them. I’m eternally grateful for mulch, timed drip irrigation, and low-fuss plants that produce plenty of medicine without much effort. Most of the herbs in this book will thrive in a pampered garden bed with full sun, rich soil, and regular doses of water. But many herbs adapt to a wide range of conditions and neglect yet still produce year after year. You won’t find any divas (sorry, ginseng) or plants that require colossal time or effort for a puny harvest (goodbye, astragalus and nigella) in this book. You’ll learn basic gardening know-how in chapter 1. For the land-challenged, check out your container options on page 22. 6 INTRODUCTION : At the G arden G ate
What Should Holy basil (tulsi) and lemon balm are among some of my favorite incredibly useful and You Grow? easy-go-grow herbs for the garden. Here are the things you’ll want plants call to you. When you try You want to know this before you to consider when choosing them, see if they resonate — even plant a huge patch of it and put up your herbs. if you don’t notice a major “effect” a half gallon of tincture or tea. Play right away, you’ll usually sense with the plants, start with small Herbs that address your that you generally like or don’t like quantities, and tune in to what health needs. What types of how you feel when you take them. your body tells you it likes best. health benefits would you like Which herbs actually have the in your life? Do you want herbs desired outcome? Does valerian Also bear in mind that your that taste good and look beauti- lull you to sleep or make you feel herb garden does not need to ful? Weeds that nourish your agitated? Does nettle make your begin with a hundred plants. Start body better than store-bought body sing with nourishment or with one to five that really call to vegetables? Something to help feel drained from peeing all day? you, get to know them really well, you sleep? First aid remedies for then expand from there. your little ones’ boo-boos? Think about daily tonics as well as the ailments you and your family face most often and start there. Plants for your growing conditions. Whether you garden in New Mexico or New Hampshire, you could grow almost all of the herbs in this book with soil amendments, irrigation, and careful placement. But start with what you’ve got versus what you can create. If you’ve got a shady yard, opt for plants that thrive in dappled sunlight. A hot climate? Go for tropicals. Dry? Low-water plants. Soggy? Find some herbs that like wet feet. You’ll have more success with these plants and can always expand as your garden and skills grow. Herbs that resonate with you. This may be the least tangible thing to learn because it’s solely dependent on your individual rela- tionship with individual plants. Use your intuition to see which INTRODUCTION : At the G a rden G ate 7
How to Use This full-sun pampered garden bed. any potential safety issues. Book and Choose Just because different herbs Incorporate a mix of mostly Your Plants blend well in a tea doesn’t mean herbalist/clinician perspectives they play nice next to each other with some evidence-based/sci- I don’t know your growing condi- in the garden. You’ll be better off entific ones. You can safely use tions or which plants resonate foraging for nettle if it grows wild only this book, but you’ll gain with you, but I do know which nearby or planting it in a damp, even greater insight into herbal easy-to-grow plants tend to work part-shade, out-of-the-way spot medicine by gathering a variety best for specific body systems where it won’t sting you every of perspectives. and everyday health concerns. time you pop into the garden for • Listen to your body and Whether you’re a newbie or some culinary herbs. intuition. Ultimately, your own already have some garden- experience with the plant will ing and herbal skills up your Most of the herbs in this determine which herbs work sleeve, it helps to start with a book will grow well in temperate best for you. Intuition can body system approach. This is gardens from USDA Hardiness guide you to which plants to the same approach I took in my Zones 4 to 9 with moderate try (assuming you’ve also done first book, Body into Balance: An moisture, decent soil, and partial research, especially for safety), Herbal Guide to Holistic Self-Care, shade to full sun. Within one yard then tune in to your body to as well as my Home Herbalist you’ll often have microclimates of determine whether or not the Series study program. Rather shade, soil, and moisture where plant resonates and if it has the than choosing from a laundry list you can tuck plants into their desired effect. of plants, target a particular pur- niches. But if your yard has very • Correctly identify your plant. pose, and then look at each plant’s specific site specs — really cold, Mistakes happen. All the time. nuances. What are each plant’s hot, dry, wet, relentlessly sunny, Garden centers mislabel plants, specific indications? What side or shady — check out the site sug- something unexpected may benefits does each plant offer? gestions on page 312 to hone your grow where you planted seeds, What are the cautions? Where plant selection and read the pro- friends share improperly iden- does it like to grow? files in part 3 for more tips. tified plants from their garden, and so forth. It’s most impor- Even though this book is Plant ID and Safety tant to key out and identify organized into “gardens” for each plants you wildcraft, but always health topic, I don’t necessar- Medicinal herbs, particularly double-check new plants in the ily expect (or want) you to plant those covered in this book, gener- garden that you haven’t used every single one of the featured ally have a solid safety record with before. Get yourself a good plants in one plot in your yard. rare and minor side effects. That field guide. One of the most Feel free to pick the ones that said, I encourage my students common, lethal mix-ups is to seem best suited for your health and readers to empower them- mistake foxglove leaves for mul- needs and the growing condi- selves by sticking with some basic lein, comfrey, or other plants. tions on your property. It may safety rules. Identification is unfortunately make sense to plant the herbs • Do your research. Check a beyond the scope of this book, you choose in different places but you’ll find information in your yard. Nettle stings and plant out in at least three dif- spreads while calendula needs a ferent sources to get a sense of what it can be used for and 8 INTRODUCTION : At the G arden G ate
about how to identify plants • Start low, work up. Using the mean you need to know and do on my website (see Resources, dosages in this book as a general it all. Get regular checkups and page 316). guide, start low and work up. develop a good health care team • Check for herb-drug Start below the recommended that you trust to refer to, espe- reactions. If you’re on any dose, especially if you’re a cially in potentially dangerous, medications, check for any “sensitive person” — just a few life-threatening conditions (e.g., potential interactions with drops of tincture or sips of tea. copious bleeding, anaphylac- herbs. You can ask your This way you can gauge your tic shock, difficulty breathing, pharmacist to check it in the response and ensure the plant serious acute infections, severe pharmacy’s database. If you’re agrees with you. Work your dehydration, heart attack) as on several medications or dose up to the recommended well as conditions that don’t ones like blood thinners that range. If it doesn’t seem to work, respond promptly to natural interact with many herbs, seek increase your dose (within the therapies. These are times to an herbalist or naturopathic range). If it still doesn’t work, turn to modern medicine, not doctor’s guidance on what herbs try another plant or seek profes- your garden. you can safely take, and keep sional guidance. your doctor in the loop. How Herbal • Know your limits. Medicine Works Self-empowerment doesn’t In herbal medicine, we aim to get It’s easiest to identify plants in flower. Dandelions are easy for most people to identify, but to the root of the problem and many different plants have similar flowers and leaves and could be confused if you don’t choose herbs that help bring the take the time to correctly identify them. body back into balance, alongside diet and lifestyle changes. While this book will introduce you to safe, effective herbs for common health concerns, I delve much more deeply into healing in my first book, Body into Balance: An Herbal Guide to Holistic Self-Care. There, I discuss each body system in depth, with protocol points for various conditions. While both books can be used independently, the two work particularly well as a companion set. In one, you’ll understand each body system and see the big picture. Here, you learn how to grow, harvest, and use the plants, and you get many more recipes to inspire you in your healing journey. INTRODUCTION : At the G a rd en G ate 9
PART ONE Skills for making medicine
CHAPTER ONE Growing, Harvesting, and Preserving HERBAL GARDENING may seem daunting, but these plants are generally easier to grow than food crops, flowers, and ornamentals. Cultivating your own herbs helps you connect with your medicine and ensures you have easy access to high-quality plants that suit you best. With very little effort, you can grow and make medicine with benefits that exceed those of what you buy in the store. Here are a few pointers on getting your green thumb going.
Planting, Care, and Maintenance Of all the plants you could grow, herbs tend to be the least fussy. Most of the plants in this book thrive in a plush, vegetable-worthy garden bed with rich, well-drained soil, regular watering, and full sun. Yet they’ll often tolerate drier and poorer soils, partial shade, and other less favor- able conditions. Herbs will meet you where you’re at, but you can make them even happier by understanding each plant’s favored habitat and tending to your soil ecology. This approach takes time, but it’s not that difficult or expensive. Thirteen years ago, my hus- (Horsetail and jewelweed? That’s Planting day! If possible, choose a dreary band and I purchased a home a damp spot.) Where does the spring day with rain in the forecast, or water nestled within a state park. The sun land hot on the soil, where regularly after planting. Hot, sunny weather previous owner cultivated medici- are the pockets of shade? Where quickly dries out and kills young plants. nal herbs for personal use here for does snow accumulate in winter? decades. It sounds like a dream, Where is the first place it melts traffic. Note your north-facing but we also have had our chal- and disappears? If you have a (very shady), south-facing (very lenges: weeds galore (the sheep hill, chances are the top will have sunny), and east/west-facing sorrel! the crabgrass!), acidic and drier, sandier, or rockier soil while (part shade) spots. Consider sandy soil, hungry wildlife, a short the bottom will be moist and rich. planting the same type of plant in season, and limited sun thanks three locations, then see where to the enormous pine trees that Different plants may prefer it thrives. encircle the property. Through different soil types — slightly mulching, laying manure (friends’ sandy, rich in humus — yet most Building Your Bed horses and my chickens), and plants will thrive in well-drained gradually expanding the property soil rich in organic matter. Regardless of what your soil is like, with new beds each year, it’s been Consider running a soil test to you can take my approach: build a joy to watch the soil structure — get a baseline, especially if you beds using a lazy lasagna gar and the plants — become more want to add amendments like dening method. Choose your vital. During those first few years, lime, greensand, and blood meal, gard en bed location and size, and we never saw earthworms. Now otherwise you’re flying blind and decide whether or not you’re going our garden beds are rich with spending money on products you to frame it with wood, brick, good dirt and slithering friends, might not need. Check in with stones, or other material or simply and the herbs are ecstatic. your local extension office or edge it with a lawn edging tool. For organic land care organization for a formal bed that you’ll harvest Finding the Best Site for tips and testing companies. Your Plants Look for microclimates. The first step to a successful Buildings, fences, and stone walls garden is to observe. Watch your create microclimates of cool property throughout the season. shade or reflected sun and heat. Watch which plants grow where. They also offer protection from wind, light frosts, and animal 14 Skills for making medicine
and tend to regularly — such as lasts longer but leaches toxic until the bed is full. Use com- culinary herbs — don’t make the chemicals into your soil.) post covered with leaf mulch for bed too wide, as you’ll want to be • Fill it: Start with twigs and the top layer. The soil will settle able to work the bed without step- small branches (for drainage) over time. ping in it. Three to 4 feet in width and a thick layer of leaves or • Plant it: When you’re ready usually works well. If you can, straw. Then add loam and com- to plant your seedlings, pull build your bed in the fall to plant post. Continue layering this way back the mulch and dig a hole in spring. This will give the soil a if you have space and material a tad larger than the plant. chance to settle and time for ben- eficial microbes to kick in. That Space out your young plants so they won’t get too crowded as they grow throughout the said, you can build and plant your season. Tomato cages help keep floppy calendula upright. beds in the same day if that’s the time frame you’ve got. • Loosen the soil (optional): Using a broad fork, break up compact soil without overwork- ing it. You can skip this step, but it makes better-quality soil that goes deeper into the ground. • Cardboard or newspaper base: Lay flattened cardboard boxes (not technically organic due to glue but very effective and easily available) or several layers of wet black-and-white newspaper over the area. This smothers grass and most weeds and eventually breaks down into the soil once the bed is established. • Edge or frame it: Use your edger tool to cut a perimeter around your bed, or place/build your bed frame. If you can’t afford stone, untreated pine boards are easy and relatively affordable, lasting 5 to 10 years in our yard. Use boards 2 inches thick and 6 to 8 inches wide. Cedar costs more but lasts longer. (Pressure-treated wood Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Pre servi n g 15
Gently remove the plant from manure may contain more weed Chopped leaf mulch saved from the its pot and unravel the roots if seeds, but it’s often readily avail- previous fall helps hold moisture, reduce they’re bound. Place the plant able. We brought a small flock of weed pressure, and gradually enriches the flush with the soil line in the chickens to our property as part soil ecology. hole, fill in with soil, and gently of our soil improvement project, tamp down the soil around and they’ve been tremendous. We they come from unsprayed yards it. If desired, make a small apply coop shavings to the beds in without invasive seeds like bit- indentation in the soil to help fall and winter, then cover them tersweet berries. Avoid exces- catch water (or raise it up a bit with leaf mulch. (For safety, avoid sive amounts of oak, hemlock, in waterlogged areas). Water harvesting crops in these beds or chestnut leaves. Wood chips well, and surround with mulch. until 90 to 120 days after applica- work well for woodland plants Keep an eye on newly planted tion.) Compost grass clippings, and trees, but they take longer to seedlings, watering periodically garden waste, and kitchen waste break down and temporarily rob until they get established. If pos- to use, too. nitrogen from the soil (sprinkle sible, plant when the forecast some organic fertilizer or blood predicts light rain (as opposed MULCH meal onto the area to offset the to hot sun). Wait to plant most Mulch is your friend! It prevents nitrogen loss). We get a truckload annuals and tender perenni- weeds, holds moisture, builds of free wood chips every few years als until the threat of frost has organic matter, improves drain- passed. Tender perennials are age, feeds earthworms, and herbs that will live year-round improves the microbial and fungal only in warm climates and often diversity in your soil. Yes, it may perish if exposed to frost. If pos- encourage slugs and ticks and sible, “harden off” new seedlings reduce the activity of self-seeding by placing them outdoors for herbs, but the benefits outweigh increasingly longer periods, the risks. Use what you’ve got: or at least wait to plant until a pine needles, wood chips, news- week of mild weather is fore- paper, straw, grass clippings, casted before planting. sawdust, wool, leaves — leaves are by far my favorite. If it’s practical, Getting Supplies run them through a shredder or drive over them with the mower. Purchase organic compost and This keeps the leaves from smoth- loam from landscape supply ering the soil, helps them break companies that deliver by the down faster to enrich the soil, and truckload or square yard, or scav- allows perennials to pop out. In enge loam from another area of the fall, our lawn mower collects your yard (like that spot where leaves in the bag, and we dump you’ve been dumping glass clip- them in a pile or directly on the pings and leaves for years). Get garden beds. I collect extra bags well-aged manure from your own from friends and students. Ensure livestock or local farms. Horse 16 Skills for making medicine
when the road crews trim around Sun occurs naturally in the soil due the power lines — perfect for my to conditions (near wetlands, a beds of shrubs and trees along the Most herbs prefer partial to full ditch, bottom of a hill), as well as forest’s edge as well as for garden sun with a few exceptions, which the water retention capacity of walkway paths. gives you quite a bit of flexibil- the soil. For example, basil loves ity. The “sun” icon refers to how to be watered regularly, but it rots SOIL AMENDMENTS AND much sunlight and exposure a out if it gets waterlogged. Bacopa FERTILIZERS plant likes or will tolerate. revels in sludgy soil, while cay- Aged manure and compost make enne peppers thrive in a minimal fantastic fertilizer, and you might Full sun: Bright sunshine amount of moisture. not need any more than that. most of the day. Large fields, North Country Organics Pro-Gro south-facing spots, and against Many herbs do fine without works well as an all-purpose walls and buildings. Six to 10 regular watering as long as they’re fertilizer to sprinkle in with hours of sunlight/day. planted in decent soil, mulched, new plants and in spring when Partial shade: These loca- and kept moist enough with the plants could use a boost. tions have sun for part of the periodic rainwater. Some prefer Neptune’s Harvest fish and sea- day and shade at other times, or regular irrigation. Water your weed emulsion is also popular dappled sun, near trees or in the plants deeply and thoroughly in (unfortunately, it encourages our shadow of a taller plant. East- and the morning, focusing on the root raccoon and skunk population west-facing spots next to build- zone, and keep them top-dressed to dig up everything looking for ings, walls, and along forest edges. with plenty of mulch. Watering fish). Biochar improves nutrient To create partial shade in a cans and hoses with a watering and water retention. Depending full-sun landscape, plant taller attachment work in a pinch, but on your soil’s needs (as evidenced shade plants or use a shade cloth. this method is time consuming by the soil test), organic amend- Partial-shade-loving plants may and may not be the most effective ments could include blood meal, need protection from bright sun approach. Drip irrigation systems fish emulsion, seaweed, green- at the height of day. Tolerates 3 to on a timer are an investment for sand, lime, wood ash, and other 6 hours of direct sunlight/day. years to come, do an excellent nutrient-rich materials. Check Shade: Usually not 100 per- job tending your plants, and can with your local nonprofit organic cent shade but mostly easily be expanded each year. association to find out where shady, north-facing sites next to to get a soil test and buy these buildings, in the forest, or under The moisture icons in the items. They may offer bulk orders, the shade of tall plants, trees, plant profiles (page 246) tell you and well-stocked feed and farm vines, or shade cloth. Less than how much (or if ) you need to stores sometimes carry organic 3 hours of direct sunlight/day. water a plant and what kinds of fertilizers. You might not need all soils and sites it prefers. Keep these fancy amendments, though. Water in mind that shady sites hold Compost or manure and mulch moisture better than sunny spots. usually do a fabulous job balanc- All plants need water, but how Most herbs fall into the one- or ing and improving a variety of soil much they need varies. Water two-drop category. types over time. refers not only to how much water comes down on the plant in the Zero drops: Low-water, form of watering, rain, and irriga- drought-resistant plants tion but also how much moisture prefer sandy soil and often hail Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Pre serv i ng 17
from the American Southwest or Growing frost-tender plants like gotu kola in hanging baskets or containers enables you to Mediterranean regions. In damp quickly move them indoors if frost threatens and during wintertime. It also keeps hungry environments, consider raised woodchucks at bay. terra-cotta pots minimally watered on stone walls or against much heat or cold a plant can the least amount of effort. I love buildings. They usually like heat handle. You may be able to push feeding weeds and bugs to my and full sun. Examples include a plant’s boundaries with extra chickens. It’s so satisfying to California poppy, cayenne, hore- TLC if you live on the edge of a watch them gobble up my garden hound, and thyme. plant’s zone. For example, in hot enemies! But the fewer weeds and climates, you may need to plant bugs I have to deal with at all, the One drop: Relatively low the herb in a shady spot or just better. Manage weeds from the water, poor to good soil. May grow it like an annual in cooler get-go with mulch. Use several tolerate or enjoy regular irrigation months. In cold climates, opt for layers of newspaper or cardboard but don’t need it except during a protected site and/or cover it in (covered with some wood chips very dry spells. Examples include winter. and/or leaves) to smother existing ashwagandha, black cohosh, weeds. Prevent weeds seeds from catnip, and goldenrod. Weed and Pest Control sprouting in open soil by applying Two drops: In sunny spots, a thick layer of leaves. Catch weed water regularly. If the soil is The bane of a happy gardener, sprouts as early as possible, espe- rich, consistently moist, in part weeds and pests are what make cially before they set seed. Make shade, and/or well mulched, these gardening hard work. My goal: a habit of pulling a few weeds herbs may not need to be watered cultivate the best garden with regularly. Examples include blue vervain, bee balm, elder, and lemon balm. Three drops: Daily watering and/or wet feet. Good for swampy spots, damp soil, contain- ers in a dish of water, and loca- tions next to water features. Examples include gotu kola, bacopa, and horsetail. Know Your Zone Knowing your USDA Hardiness Zone (see Resources on page 316) and the zone that a plant prefers will help you choose the peren- nials most apt to survive in your location. The zone assesses the number of consecutive frost-free days, which also indicates how 18 Skills for making medicine
every day as you walk through deter pests. But rather than wage Seedlings: An Easy Way the garden. If hand-pulling war on every critter that comes to Start isn’t enough, a CobraHead or a through your yard, stick to plant- Korean-style Ho-Mi hand plow ing less disease- and pest-prone Compared to starting a plant from helps dig out tough weeds (the species and work to improve seed, starting with a seedling or Ho-Mi helps with planting, too). your garden ecology. Each year, potted plant will be vastly easier The first year I lived here, I didn’t you’ll notice that your plants and more successful and will know what any of the plants stay healthy and lush with mini- enable you to harvest your herbs sprouting in my garden were, so mal intervention. Many insects much sooner. Plant your herb I let everything go to seed — big (Japanese beetles, caterpillars) seedlings in spring. Trees and mistake! But it does get easier and diseases (powdery mildew) shrubs should go in as soon as the each year that you stay on top of take hold after the plant passes its ground can be worked. Wait until those weeds. prime, so make a point to harvest after the threat of frost for annu- roses, marshmallow, nettle, and als and tender perennials. Pests range from earwigs bee balm before they turn. and other insects to munch- Starting from Seed ing rodents, deer, woodchucks, Starting from and porcupines. For insects and Plants or Seeds Seeds are more economical, but disease, your best defense will they are also more challenging be good soil, vital plants, and You’ve got a few options for getting to grow. A few plants grow easily careful monitoring. Fortunately, plants into your garden: planting from a packet of seeds sown right most herbs are resistant to most seeds or seedlings or propagating into the garden and are worth a diseases and not terribly tasty from existing plants. I highly rec- shot: dill, calendula, California to pests. Spraying plants with ommend starting with seedlings poppy, Korean mint. Check your garlic, cayenne, or soapy water and perennial starts rather than seed packets for instructions, and erecting good fences all help seeds, at least at first. some (like the aforementioned) do better if you sprinkle the seed Beginning gardeners can ensure success by starting with seedlings rather than seeds. Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Pre servi ng 19
Know Your Plant Lifespans Some herbs need to be planted anew each year, a few live on a specific two-year cycle, and others will outlive you, all of which depends on your zone and freezing temps. Annual: Dies after frost or setting seed. Tender perennial: Survives winter only in Replant or let self-seed. Examples include warm climates, otherwise treated as an calendula and dill. annual or brought indoors in cold climates. Examples include lemongrass, lemon ver- Perennial: Returns each year. Most herbs are bena, gotu kola, bacopa, ashwagandha, and perennial, including lemon and bee balm. rosemary. Biennial: Produces only herbaceous growth Short-lived perennial: Dies off easily or the first year, flowers and fruit/seed the within about 3 years. Examples include s econd year, then dies. Examples include artichoke (in warm climates), Korean mint, burdock, mullein, and the deadly foxglove. St. John’s wort, and some mallows. In It for the Long Haul Most of the plants discussed in this book can be harvested the same season you plant them, but a few take longer to get established. This might be a deciding factor for whether or not you want to grow a particular plant, especially if you want to make medicine pronto or don’t anticipate being in the same place for very long. In some cases — like wild cherry bark and birch — you can usually find established wild trees to prune instead. Generally speaking, while you could harvest the roots of most perennial plants within the first year or two of planting, some take longer to “ripen.” It can take several years for shrubs and trees to begin producing flowers and berries. This will depend on the age of the plant you planted as well as the species and growing condi- tions. (Pay more for an older tree, and it may produce more quickly than a spindly bare root sapling.) Most will grow faster and produce more flowers and fruit with full sun, good soil, and regular moisture. Garlic: planted in fall, harvest the following Black cohosh roots: 3+ years summer Mimosa bark/flowers: 2+ years Roses/hips: 3–5 years Biennial roots: fall of first year or spring of Elderflowers/berries: 3–5 years second (before it flowers) Hawthorn flowers/berries: 3–10 years Linden flowers: 5–10 years Examples: mullein, burdock Most bark: 2–5 years (or as soon as they’re Most perennial roots: 2–3+ years (but if you’re weeding babies out, use ’em) Examples: yellow dock, marshmallow, vale- big enough to prune) rian, elecampane Examples: cramp bark, wild cherry, Echinacea roots: 3–4 years mimosa, birch 20 Skills for making medicine
in the garden in late fall. So why seedlings). Consider using grow of roots or grow by root runners. might you want to grow plants lights, a heated mat underneath, Good candidates include most from seed at all? Some plants are and a gentle oscillating fan — this plants in the mint family (bee more readily available as seeds will encourage better growth than balm, for example). For trees and than as seedlings. Also, if you need growing them in a sunny window- shrubs such as elder, carefully an abundance of one type of plant, sill does. remove root suckers with their seeds will be less expensive than attached roots to start new plants; seedlings. Making More Plants they’ll need good soil and plenty of TLC for that first year to ensure To successfully grow herbs You don’t necessarily need to they survive. You may wish to from seed, you’ll need to pay buy plants or seeds. You could sever a sucker from the mother attention to directions on your propagate from established plants plant in the ground several weeks seed packet for when to plant you already have — spreading before you dig it up to give it a and how deep to plant them. more in different areas of your chance to establish its indepen- When starting seeds indoors, property — or swap plants with dent root system. For both these use a special seed starting mix, fellow gardeners. methods, the best time to divide not regular garden soil. Water plants will be in early spring while regularly and evenly without let- Root division. Most peren- they’re relatively dormant. ting the soil get too soggy (which nials can be propagated by root causes the spread of a fungal division. Simply dig up and divide Cuttings. Cuttings can be condition called “damping-off”) or shovel off a part of a preexist- snipped from actively growing or dry (death to those poor little ing plant. This works best with plant shoots. Cuttings of some perennials that produce a crown plants (gotu kola, bacopa) only need to be placed in water for a Chamomile is an annual that is easy to grow from direct-sown seed or seedlings and will few weeks or months to establish often self-seed. roots, which can then be planted in soil. Or dip the cutting in root- ing hormone, then place it directly in containers of dirt. Attend to the cuttings as if they’re young seed- lings until they’re established with a strong root system. Candidates for cuttings include plants in the mint family, stevia, passionflower, and lemon verbena. Self-sown seedlings. Some plants self-sow, and you can dig up and move these babies to new spots in spring or late fall. Chamomile, Korean mint, calen- dula, blue vervain, fennel, and dill readily self-seed. Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Pres erv i ng 21
Container plants like mint and bee balm Gardening from running amok in your garden or yard. Containers add a pop of color and design to gardens, they allow you Decorative protection: to create microclimates within a Hanging planters add vertical small space, and they can contain space, eye-catching design, and misbehaving plants. For people keep tender leafy plants like gotu without access to land, container kola out of hungry animals’ reach. gardening transforms patios, porches, and rooftops into an Container Cons Growing lemongrass (a tropical, tender herbal oasis. perennial) in a pot enables you to Containers cost money, espe- overwinter it indoors. Consider the Pros of cially if you opt for new large Container Gardening pots (which are generally pre- Create Microclimates ferred), ceramic pots, and artfully Attractive garden design: Pots designed pots. Use terra-cotta pots for plants cost more money than planting that like dry soil (rosemary, something in the ground but less Soil dries out quickly, and cayenne). than hardscaping (stone walls, plants require more water, fertil- picket fences, statues). izer, and attention than when Choose plastic and glossy grown in the ground. ceramic to retain moisture Expansion of your garden- (bacopa, gotu kola, basil). able space: Place planters on Not all plants like to be con- steps, walls, patios, porches, tained, particularly those that Place container plants (cay- rooftops, walkways, and other have big root systems or like to enne, passionflower, lemongrass) plant-friendly spots, whether you spread. on sunny steps, on walls, or near have an in-ground garden or not. buildings to add heat and protec- Grow plants such as gotu kola, Container plants probably tion from elements. lemon balm, and culinary herbs won’t grow as big and lush as indoors for winter or if you have the same plant planted in a plush no outdoor space. garden bed. Portability: The freedom to Outdoor potted plants are easily move from one location to more susceptible to cold in another benefits tender perenni- winter. Plants that would’ve sur- als (lemongrass, gotu kola) that vived in the ground might freeze live outdoors in summer, and down to the roots and die in a pot. inside during winter, and plants Surround your plastic pots with like basil that you want to save a mound of wood chips to the top from those first few frosts to of the pot to protect them for the extend their lifespan. winter. Terra-cotta and ceramic pots break during a hard freeze — Containment: Potting up they need to be brought indoors in voracious root runners prevents winter or emptied of soil to store in a garden shed. 22 Skills for making medicine
Place containers in part waterlogged between watering, fertilizer (e.g., seaweed emulsion, shade, a moist corner, or a dish especially for plants like rose- nettle-comfrey leaf tea) to the of water for plants that like it wet mary that hate excess moisture. watering can or soil periodically (bacopa, gotu kola). Root-bound plants should be or dress with compost. Plants repotted. that go dormant in winter should Use different soil and water- not be fertilized until spring. ing schedules according to Water correctly. Potted plants’ needs. plants dry out quickly and will Ensure good drainage to need more regular watering — avoid plants getting waterlogged Container Tips often daily or twice daily. If your and rotten, except for the very few plant is wilting, it needs water, plants that like wet feet (bacopa, Choose wisely. Containers gen- and next time don’t let it go that gotu kola). If your planting vessel erally work best for annuals that long. Plastic and glazed ceramic doesn’t have drainage holes die at the end of the season and work better for plants that need already, drill several small ones at tender perennials that you want to retain water. Hanging planters the bottom. to bring indoors in winter. Most pose the greatest challenge. potted plants won’t survive the Catch drainage. Indoors in par- outdoors in winter in cold cli- Watering tricks. Timed drip ticular, you’ll want to place your mates unless you mulch them into irrigation is not that expensive pots in a dish to catch any over a pile of wood chips. and can be a godsend for outdoor flow of drainage water, as the containers. For an attractive overflow could ruin your floors and Save money on pots by using low-tech alternative that works furniture with water and mold. terra cotta or plastic, scouting out well for indoor plants, too, con- thrift shops or discount stores, sider Plant Nanny stakes (into Containers add visual appeal and new asking for hand-me-downs from which you place repurposed wine garden space but require extra TLC. gardeners, and repurposing buck- bottles filled with water) or an ets and other vessels (repaint olla. Self-watering containers and if desired, and drill holes in the window boxes are available in a bottom for drainage). variety of sizes, with plenty of DIY plans available online. Go big. Small pots — including the pots seedlings arrive in — will Fertilize. Plants can easily not sustain long-term growth, will run out of nourishment when require more attention (water, their roots are confined by a con- fertilizer), and will stunt your tainer because they can’t reach plant’s growth. through the ground to access nutrition elsewhere once they’ve Work your way up. Plants do depleted the limited nutrient better if you gradually upgrade the supply in the immediately sur- size of the pot by about 2 inches rounding soil; overwatering can in diameter when the roots begin make matters worse by wash- to fill the pot. (I admit, I don’t ing away nutrients when the always do this and just go right for excess water flows out of the the big pot.) You want adequate container’s drainage holes. Add room for the roots to grow but not so much space that the soil stays Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Pre serv i ng 23
Container-Friendly Herbs plants in containers do best with potting soil. Anise hyssop* Chives Mint* Bacopa Fennel* Parsley Watch for pests. Potted Basil Gotu kola Passionflower plants — especially indoor pot Bay leaf Korean mint* Rosemary ted plants — are already at a Cayenne Lemon balm* Thyme d isadvantage, so they’re more sus- Chervil Lemongrass ceptible to pests. Insects thrive indoors where the habitat is *T hese plants fare better in large pots of 20 inches or more in diameter. favorable for the pests (no preda- Feel free to try other plants as well, especially if you’ve got a big pot tors, no rain, no cold). Wash leaves like a whiskey barrel. and use sticky traps, nontoxic sprays, pruning, and other meth- Avoid watering so much (or so such as sunlight and warmth. ods to help control infestations. infrequently) that water drains Browning tips, yellowing leaves, Extension services offer pest out — it pulls nutrients from and long leggy stems are all signs identification, prevention, and your soil. that a plant is not happy. Lack management tips. of sun tends to be a problem Find the happy place. Every indoors — consider a sun lamp. Pop in flowers for extra plant has a happy place, and you color. Heartease pansy is a per- may need to move a pot around at Use good soil. You might sonal fave — it blooms all season first, whether outdoors or (espe- be able to get by outdoors with long, doesn’t need much water, cially) indoors, to find the right a mix of compost, loam, and and the flowers are pretty in mix of environmental factors chopped leaves or perlite, but infused water, in tea blends, and as a garnish. Trimming holy basil above a leaf node looks clean. The “bad haircut” method speeds the harvest. 24 Skills for making medicine
Harvesting better if you trim just above a Flowers and Buds leaf node — this is where the new Many new herbalists panic when it growth will take place. That said, Pinch off the newly opened blos- comes to harvesting time, not sure if you’re short on time, have a soms, including any green sepals what to do and when best to do it. lot of plant material to harvest, or bracts at the base of the flower. It’s really easy! For specifics, refer or are working with a sprawling Typically, the whole flower head is to individual plant profiles (page plant like thyme, you can give it a left intact (calendula, red clover, 246). Generally speaking, though, “bad haircut”: bunch the material chamomile), but you may opt harvest when that particular plant together in your hands and hack to remove only the petals (rose, looks, smells, and tastes potent, fla- across the top portion in a straight dandelion). When drying flowers, vorful, healthy, and vital. Basically, line. The plant will look scrag- lay them out in a single layer and when it’s “happy.” Aromatic herbs gly at first, but will grow back consider using a dehydrator. You possess more flavor harvested ear- just fine. want to make sure the middles are lier in the day. If you’re planning to completely dried or they will fer- dry herbs, harvest them after the For plants that do not branch ment and mold in storage. dew has evaporated (and, if you’re or leaf out — like chives, parsley, relying on warm, sunny weather and lemongrass stalks — you’ll Bark for the dehydration process, check instead cut the plant right down to the forecast). Harvest flowers just the ground, but leave one-third to Harvest bark in early spring when as they open. Harvest roots and two-thirds of the plant untouched. the sap is rising but the tree hasn’t barks in spring or fall. That’s the Chives and lemongrass’s grassy yet leafed out, or in fall once the ideal scenario, but fit this process tops (not the tightly rolled stalk leaves have begun to change color into your schedule. If that means part) can also be trimmed from and drop. In a pinch, though, you you’re out there late at night with a the top. could harvest bark at any time of headlamp jumping at a frost warn- the year; for example, when you’re ing or digging a root mid-June, so be it! Leaves and Aerial Parts When harvesting bark, prune young branches with a thinning cut (left) or heading cut (right). “Aerial” refers to the aboveground parts of the plant, which may be in flower or not. Harvest in a way that encourages future growth while also giving you enough material for making remedies. For herbs with leaves and stems that branch off from the main stem (most plants), harvest the top one-quarter to two-thirds of the plant, making sure to leave at least a few sets of leaves behind. The plant will look and recoup Growi n g, Ha rve s ti n g, and Pres erv i ng 25
pruning the tree for vigor and opt to take down a whole tree or gloppy and less potent over time. shape. The medicinal part of bark take advantage of a blow-down Glycerine helps stabilize and stall is the inner bark — not the outer after a storm; you’ll need to the process. bark (which is more astringent and remove the outer bark from wider protective for the plant) nor the branches and the trunk. I prefer Roots inner woody pith. The inner bark is harvesting bark from smaller often juicy, green, and aromatic. branches and twigs — it’s easier. As with bark, roots are best har- vested in spring or fall rather Do not remove bark directly If there are any leaves on the than when the plant is focused on from a live tree. Prune the pruned limbs, pull those off. Then putting out leafy growth and flow- branches off first, aiming for twigs use a knife or peeler to scrape off ers, yet exceptions can be made if and branches up to approximately the bark and use clippers to trim needed. 11/2 inches in diameter — you up the twigs — this is what you’ll won’t need to remove the outer use to make medicine. Sometimes A garden fork loosens the bark from these young branches. the bark peels off easily, and you soil around the plant and may How you prune will determine can just slice it down the length or suffice for digging up the roots. the tree or shrub’s future growth. mash it a bit between two rocks, Depending on the plant and land, A “heading cut” is made above a then strip it by hand. use a sharp spade or hori hori, par- strong node and will encourage ticularly good for slicing a chunk the tree to bush out from that If you decide to tincture bark, off of a root crown. You can also spot. A “thinning cut” removes the consider adding 10 percent glyc- work out the root with a digging branch to the base of the trunk, erine or honey. Bark’s usually rich stick, hori hori, or CobraHead. junction, or the ground. You may in astringent tannins, which pre- While this requires a little extra cipitate out, making your tincture effort, it works well for roots that travel, like burdock and nettle, or Harvest twigs and small branches those that are not hard to bring up, for bark. Simply chop twigs, and peel like mullein and valerian. bark from thicker branches. Once you’ve got your roots out of the ground, bang them against the ground or a rock to loosen and remove some dirt. Rinse them off with the power-wash setting of your garden hose sprayer and/ or dunk them in cold water and swish around vigorously. If dirt remains, remove with a potato scrubber and cold water. Roots should be processed fresh. Chop roots into smaller pieces with a hatchet, loppers, clippers, or wood chipper to dehydrate them or use fresh. Dry in a single layer in the oven at 100 to 120°F (38 to 49°C). 26 Skills for making medicine
The CobraHead is one of several root-digging tools (left). The power-wash setting on a garden hose cleans roots quickly and easily (right). Preserving Herbs year-round remedy making. It’s with a few that are best fresh or cheap and easy to dry herbs, par- best dried. You’ve harvested your herbs, now ticularly if you’re not sure when it’s time to do something with or how you want to use them Milky oat seed, St. John’s wort, them! Those fresh plants might later. Most dried herbs, flowers, and motherwort are nearly use- go straight into a remedy recipe and fruits keep for at least 1 year less when dried and should always (chapter 2) such as a tincture, or in good storage conditions (page be used fresh. Dried skullcap, you may want to dry or freeze the 30), longer for roots, bark, and lemon balm, echinacea, California plant for later use. First, if you mushrooms. They often keep well; poppy, valerian, and rosemary haven’t already, you’ll want to most of what you buy online and can be used in recipes but will not pick through your plant material in stores is already 1 to 3 years old. be anywhere near as strong or to remove anything that’s buggy, As long as your dried herbs still effective as their fresh counter- dead, hitchhiking (live bugs, other look, smell, and taste good, you parts. Passionflower, calendula, plants), or otherwise undesirable, can use them. lemon verbena, lemongrass, and then move on to the next step. linden make lovely dried herbs Dried herbs can take up a but lose potency more quickly Drying considerable amount of pantry than other dried herbs (in about and cabinet space, though. Most 3 to 8 months). Take extraspecial Keep dried herbs on hand herbs can be used fresh or dried, care when drying these herbs for making tea, cooking, and Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Preservi n g 27
Should I Wash My Herbs? Except for roots, we usually don’t wash herbs. That’s because introducing water will increase the risk of spoilage for drying herbs and several types of herbal preparations (glycerites, honeys). Simply ensure you’re picking plants that are relatively clean (from dirt, pollen, animal manure, pol- lutants) and discard any questionable material. If your plants are dirty, wash them off with a hose before you harvest them, let them air-dry, then harvest them. If you’ve harvested herbs that really do need to be cleaned, use cold water and a salad spinner, gently towel dry, then let them finish air-drying before proceeding with your process- ing. If you can dust off the dirt with a clean, dry brush or towel, do that instead. Roots should be washed in cold water as discussed on page 26. A brown paper bag, loosely packed, to maintain maximum quality. fruit whole or cut into smaller cinched shut, and placed on the car In general, make tinctures with pieces; mushrooms sliced; and dashboard does an excellent job drying fresh plants if you have the option, roots chopped. Some mushrooms aerial parts of herbs. dried if you don’t. and roots are impossible to chop once dried. 28 Skills for making medicine Herbs best dried are wild cherry, elderberry and flower, Your goal is to have thoroughly horsetail, and alder due to poten- crisp-dry plants. Any residual tial toxicity or negative side moisture could ferment or rot the effects in their fresh states. No plant in storage — this is a partic- matter what you’re doing with ular problem for flower heads and them — even making a tincture — berries. Once your plant is dried, these plants should be dried first, remove it promptly to process and with the exception of horsetail, store. Herbs get dusty and less which is fine tinctured fresh. potent if they sit around too long. (Fresh horsetail or elder can also be cooked instead.) Air-Drying In the iconic herbal kitchen, DRYING METHODS herbs hang by the rafters or Every herbalist will offer a differ- over the woodstove, drying ent “best” way to dry herbs. The in bundles. Bring a few stems best method for you will depend together with string or an elas- on convenience, materials, space, tic bland to hang them from climate, and the plant (and part) pegs, or lay them flat on screens, you’re drying. Flowers, roots, preferably out of direct sunlight and berries should be dried in a in a well-ventilated, dry area. single layer. Leave aerial parts Air-drying works best for leaves on the stem; use flowers whole; and flowers and (if the air is
Dried versus Fresh Paper Bag in the Car There’s a time and place for both. Here are some general rules. This is my favorite method for aerial parts and leaves! Loosely DRIED HERBS FRESH HERBS pack your bag with herbs, cinch it shut with a clothespin, and place Tea Aromatic teas in summer it in the windshield of your car Spice cabinet/seasoning mixes Infused water, seltzer on a warm, sunny day. (If it’s hot Herb-infused oils* Tinctures out, place the bags on the car seat Oxymels* Cooked honeys* or in a clean trunk.) Crack the Glycerites* Cooking window if it’s really hot or your Honey (especially raw)* plants are particularly juicy. The Vinegars* bag protects the plant from direct sunlight and helps wick away *You can use either fresh or dried herbs for these products, but bear in mind that moisture. A basket of herbs with introducing moisture from fresh plants will increase the risk of spoilage. another basket over it also works. dry enough) chopped roots and days or weeks air-drying. Check Dehydrator could take a few days to a week or your plants every 6 to 24 hours Make sure your dehydrator is longer. Use it for juicy herbs like and move them around if some good quality and able to hit 95 basil and comfrey that turn black areas are drying faster than to 110°F (35 to 43°C) for leaves easily during the drying process. others. Commercial herb grow- and flowers, 125 to 135°F (52 to Air-drying works well if your air ers construct drying sheds, hoop 57°C) for fruit, and somewhere is dry. In high humidity, though, houses covered with shade cloth, in between for roots and mush- herbs won’t get crisp-dry at room or tobacco trailers to dry herbs rooms. Cheap dehydrators tend to temperature. You could start your this way. plants with air-drying to remove most of the moisture, then use a low-heat method to crisp them. Low-Heat Drying Spread flowers like calendula in a single layer in the dehydrator to ensure they dry As humidity increases, bump completely through to the middle of the blossom. up the heat and ventilation to dry your plants. Ideal maximum drying temperature for most herbs runs from 95 to 110°F (35 to 43°C) depending on the plant and outside humidity (higher for fruit, roots, mush- rooms). Low-heat methods dry herbs quickly, which may actu- ally result in better quality dried herbs versus those left to sit for Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g , and Preserv i ng 29
get too hot, which is a particular folks make their own. Make sure rub the herbs back and forth so problem for aromatic plants. If you can control the temperature. that the broken leaves fall through you notice a strong herb smell, into the bin while stems remain it’s too hot. Always get a bigger OTHER METHODS on top for easy removal. You may dehydrator than you think you’ll Some people use the stove and want different sizes of mesh for need! Dry herbs in a single layer. the microwave, but these are too different plants. Roots, fruit, and flowers dry best hot for most herbs. Attics, sheds, in a dehydrator. For herbs like and greenhouses work well. Hang Store flowers, fruit, roots, and basil and comfrey that turn black herbs from a clothesline or sus- mushrooms exactly as they come easily, make sure the dehydrator is pended screens/racks or in brown out of the dehydrator — no gar- not too hot and your plants are in paper bags. Make sure your drying bling necessary. You may be able a single layer. The Excalibur brand space is clean, won’t rust, is free of to more finely chop up roots and is good but pricey. Resourceful pests like mice and rats, and that mushrooms with a compact or you don’t forget about your herbs. conventional blender, wood chip- per, or meat grinder. Once your herbs are crisp-dry, “garble” Garbling Storing Dried Herbs them: remove the leaves and flowers from “Garbling” is the technical term the stem. If desired, crush lightly to make (yes, really) for processing dried Heat, light, oxygen, and moisture them “cut and sifted” for easy use. herbs to remove the leaves from degrade the quality of your herbs. the stem and break everything up Store dried herbs and shelf-stable into small “cut and sifted” pieces. remedies in a cool, dark, dry spot The less broken down a plant is, like a pantry or cabinet. Glass jars the better it retains its quality in with tight-fitting lids work best. If storage, but it’s far easier to use you don’t plan to use an herb for your herbs if they’re broken down several months, use a mason jar a bit, and you can fit more material vacuum sealer to further enhance in a jar once they’re cut and sifted. the shelf life. This option isn’t practical if you plan to open the Once your herbs are crisp-dry, jar more often. hold them over a large bowl or bin and garble by hand, stripping the FREEZING leaves off the stem and removing Freeze herbs — especially culinary any additional large stems (for herbs — that lose their oomph prickly nettle, raspberry, and com- once dried, such as basil, chives, frey leaves, wear clean gloves). and lemongrass stalks. Depending Then crumble up the herbs with on the herb and how you want to your hands. use it, you can do this in several ways. Always label your products Or, create a “rubbing screen.” so you know what they are and Cover a box or bin with galva- how long they’ve been in storage. nized hardware cloth, stainless Store them in thick, freezer-safe steel mesh, or a plastic screen bags or containers with as little air (something that won’t rust) and 30 Skills for making medicine
as possible. These should be used liquid, depending on how you want Frozen Paste up within a few months to a year to use the herbs. Once frozen, pop Oil locks in flavor and protects to avoid freezer burn. the cubes into a labeled bag or herbs from deterioration in the container. Any herb works. Great freezer — a trick I learned from Ice Cubes for smoothies, soups, sauces, and culinary herbalist Susan Belsinger. Freeze chopped or puréed herbs floral ice cubes (page 96). You can Purée fresh leaves with your oil in ice cube trays to plunk into reci- also juice herbs or make a slurry of choice (olive oil, or something pes. Simply place chopped herbs in water and then freeze that. mild for baked goods). Fill a zip- in the tray covered with water, Concentrated tea and herb broths lock bag, flatten, and squeeze out broth, juice, or other suitable freeze well, too (pages 36 and 153). as much air as possible. Freeze flat. Then you can easily pull off a chunk of frozen herb-oil to add to soups, stews, sauces, and baked goods. Good candidates include lemon balm (for cake), basil (for pesto), cilantro (for salsa), curry paste, and parsley. Herb Butter Fold finely chopped herbs into softened butter. Shape, freeze, and store to pull out for later use in cooking or on bread. Great for chives, parsley, chervil, lemon balm, and savory or sweet blends. Store dried herbs and shelf-stable remedies in a cool, dark, dry cabinet or pantry. Masking Vacuum Seal tape makes great labels. A few rugged herbs stay fresh when simply frozen in a bag or container, particularly chives and lemongrass stalks. If you have a surplus, you can keep whole herbs fresher longer by vacuum sealing them, which works well for pars- ley and to some extent for cilantro and basil (use immediately upon opening the bag). The freezer breaks down the cell walls of these tender herbs, making them a bit mushy, so they’re best used in cooked recipes. Growi n g, Ha rve sti n g, and Pres erv i ng 31
CHAPTER TWO Mastering Basic Remedies CRAFT STELLAR herbal remedies in your kitchen that surpass anything you can buy in stores. It’s amazingly easy and fun. The basic method for most recipes: shove herbs in a jar, cover them with something (e.g., alcohol, vinegar, honey), then strain them after a few weeks. Or simmer them on the stove, then strain them. As my teacher Michael Moore would say, “This isn’t lab science, it’s herbology!”
Tea Aside from eating plants directly, extracting Some tea connoisseurs believe that “tea” can only them in water is the purest, simple, afford- be made with the tea plant (i.e., Camellia sinensis — able, and easy way to take medicinal herbs. green tea, black tea, white tea). The rest are “herbal Hot water extracts a wide range of constitu- tisanes.” Poppycock. Remember, herbalists are gen- ents from a plant, including aromatics and minerals, eralists. Any plant (or mushroom) extracted in water delivering them in an easily digested form. Most is a tea in my book. Even broth could be construed herbal remedies involve extracting constituents as tea. with a solvent. In the case of water, it’s hydrating, healthy, gentle, and safe for anyone. 34 Skills for making medicine
Tea Infusion VARIATIONS WHEN WE INFUSE HERB S , we steep them in water, typically Fresh Herb Infusion: While hot water. Leaves, flowers, and aromatic plants — those that are most herbs infuse best dry, delicate and offer their medicine easily — should be steeped. aromatic herbs like holy basil They may lose potency with simmering. Dried herbs usually lend and lemon balm work well themselves better to the water than fresh plants. French press pots, fresh, but you’ll need more in-mug infusers, and teapots or travel mugs with stainless strainers plant material and time. for infusion work well for this. Feel free to play around with how Unless you want a really much herb you use, how hot the water is, and how long it steeps — it light infusion, use a hand- all works, but you’ll notice subtle differences in strength and flavor. ful of herb per 16 ounces of water and infuse for 20 min- 1 heaping teaspoon to 1 heaping tablespoon dried herb utes. Refrigerate extras for 8–16 ounces near-boiling water 1–2 days. Suggested tools: vessel, strainer/infuser, mug Super Infusion: Use this method for mineral-rich 1 Place your herb in the vessel, cover with hot water. If desired, herbs and supersafe tonics cover the vessel as it steeps (which will hold the aromatics in, and when you want strong though this isn’t absolutely necessary). medicine. Steep 1 ounce by weight in a 32-ounce French 2 Strain and drink. The duration of steeping will depend on the press pot or mason jar for plant. Unlike true tea, most herbs should be steeped at least 4 hours or overnight. Strain 10–15 minutes and will tolerate much longer steeping times and squeeze out as much liq- (even hours). High-mucilage herbs like marshmallow root and uid as possible. See page 78 mineral-rich herbs like nettle can be steeped for 4–12 hours. for more. 3 Refrigerate any extras for up to 1–3 days. Cautions: Only use plants from clean soil (super infu- sions extract heavy metals, too), and bacterial growth may occur with long-term countertop infusions. If you’re concerned about bac- teria, opt to decoct (page 36) instead or move your tea to the fridge once the water has cooled. Refrigerate extras for 1–2 days. Water Infusion/Seltzer: This makes a very light, refresh- ing, and hydrating bever- age highlighting the plant’s flavorful aromatics. Steep approximately three large sprigs of fresh herb per liter of water or plain seltzer for 30 m inutes. Refrigerate extras, drink within 6–12 hours. See page 97 for more. Mas teri n g Basic R em edi es 35
Tea Decoction VARIATIONS W HEN W E DEC O C T HERB S , we simmer them in water. This Broth: Think outside the method works best for roots, bark, and mushrooms as well as teapot! When you sim- herbs rich in minerals, polysaccharides, and carotenoids — mer ingredients in broth, basically tough plant parts and constituents that extract best you’re essentially making with more heat over time. Again, feel free to play around with a decoction. See pages 80, the exact quantity of plant material and how long you simmer 81, and 153 for recipes and it depending on how strong you like it. directions. 1 heaping teaspoon to 1 heaping tablespoon dried herb Thermos Cheat: The results 8–16 ounces water are not quite as strong as an actual decoction, but Suggested tools: pot, hand strainer, mug you can do a long steep (1 or more hours) of many 1 Place herbs in the pot, bring to a boil, then reduce to a simmer. “decoction herbs” in a very 2 Simmer for 20 minutes or to taste. (Decoct mushrooms for well-insulated thermos. Convenient on the go. hours, even days.) 3 Strain and enjoy. Refrigerate extras and drink within 2–3 days. Iced Tea, Two Ways Iced tea tastes great in summertime! Here are two ways to do it. Double Strength: Brew your tea as you would for a hot tea (see page 35 and above), but use twice the plant material. Strain your tea over ice cubes. Make sure to do this in a container that can handle heat and cold simultaneously — most ceramic and glass vessels will break, but tempered glass and stainless steel should hold up. Chill It: If you’ve got time to plan ahead, brew your tea as you normally would, then transfer the chilled tea to the fridge until it’s cold. Serve over ice. Tea Ice Cubes: Add extra panache to your iced tea by freezing your favorite teas in ice cube trays to add to iced tea or purée into frozen drinks and smoothies. For more on herbal ice cubes, see pages 31 and 96. 36 Skills for making medicine
Tinctures Atincture is a liquid extract made with alcohol. Alcohol is as CONCERNED ABOUT ALCOHOL? good, and sometimes better, for extracting most plant con- stituents as water, and it makes a far more concentrated In typical doses of 1 to 3 ml, you’ll product. Instead of drinking a whole cup of tea, you take just get very little alcohol effect from 1/5 to 1 teaspoon of tincture. Dilute your tincture in a little bit of water your herbal tincture. However, some (or whatever drink you like) when you take it because the high alcohol people with alcohol issues (includ- content can burn your mouth. Alcohol extracts have a long shelf life — ing addiction, allergy/sensitivity, 5 to 10 years! — and they do a fine job preserving fresh plant properties special diets, and religious concerns) that get lost in the drying process. They absorb rapidly into the body, may want to avoid alcohol entirely. bypassing digestion. But they do contain alcohol, which can be a prob- Instead of tinctures, turn to all lem for people who abstain for health or religious reasons. the other forms of herbal remedies including glycerites (page 50), vin- egar or oxymel (page 46), powders or capsules (page 56), and tea (page 35). Tricky Tinctures Mucilage: Mucilage repels alcohol and extracts best via cold water, though hot water extracts also work. The alcohol proofs (percentages) offered in my rec- High-mucilage herbs include marshmallow and ipes work as a general rule for most herbs. However, slippery elm. We usually use tea or powder rather some herbs and constituents require a different than alcohol extracts of these herbs, though a low- treatment. See individual plant profiles for spe- alcohol (30 percent) tincture or syrup offers some cific recommendations, but here are some general benefits for formulation. exceptions and considerations. Minerals: Alcohol does not extract minerals, though Resins: Resins repel water and require high-proof a double-extraction tincture (page 42) would. alcohol of 70 to 95 percent (151- to 190-proof) for Vinegar is a better solvent for minerals, but so is optimal extraction. Pure resins include pine resin/ super-infused or decocted tea (pages 35 and 36) pitch, boswellia, and myrrh. Pure resin tinctures are and food forms. Mineral-rich herbs include nettle finicky in blends, sometimes precipitating out into leaf and oatstraw. a resin glob at the bottom of the bottle. High-resin herbs (which are not quite so finicky but still do Tannins: Tannins provide astringent, tightening, best with relatively high alcohol extractions) include and toning activities. They love to bind to alkaloids, evergreen needles, poplar buds, and turmeric root. minerals, and other constituents, precipitating out into chunks and making your tincture gloppy and Mushrooms: Polysaccharides (the complex starches less effective. Add 10 percent food grade glycerine in mushrooms that support the immune system) to high-tannin plant tinctures (or formulas that extract better via hot water decoction than in a include high-tannin plants) — such as most barks, typical tincture. You can cheat the system by doing bacopa, and yellow dock — to stabilize them and a double-extraction tincture (page 42). This is improve their shelf life. High-tannin tinctures and ideal for mushrooms, which have an additional con- formulas still have a shorter shelf life, but the glyc- founding factor of chitin fiber blocking the avail- erine extends it from a few months to as long as a ability of many useful constituents; several hours of few years. hot water extraction helps break that chitin down to release the mushroom’s constituents. Mas teri n g Basic Rem edi es 37
Fresh Plant Tincture IF YO U H AV E FR E S H P L A N T M AT ER I A L AVA IL A B L E , go with that for a tincture rather than using dried herbs. It’s almost always better, and in some cases, it’s really the only way to go. (See pages 27 and 28 for the short list of plants best used dried, as well as those you really must do fresh.) 12 1 part by weight fresh herb 1 Coarsely chop your plant material with clippers or scissors. Weigh it out. 2 parts by volume 190-proof alcohol* 2 Shove the material into the jar — for leaves Jar with tight lid, scale, scissors or clippers and flowers, squeeze in as much as is humanly possible to get in there. For best results, use a *NOTE: 190-proof vodka is sold in some states as jar that exactly fits what you need without extra ethanol or grain alcohol, though you can purchase space. See page 314 for reference. food-grade organic grape and sugarcane ethanol online. Some states have banned 190-proof but offer 151-proof grain alcohol or vodka in stores, which will suffice. If this is not available, substitute 100-proof vodka, 80-proof vodka, or 80-proof brandy. The higher the proof, the stronger the extract. 38 Skills for making medicine
I love making fresh plant tinctures. With minimal preparation time, you’re rewarded with a fantastic extract, and you really experience your plant. High-proof alcohol sucks the water out of the plant and makes a better extract, but if you don’t have access to it, see the note for alternatives. 34 3 Cover to the tippy top of the jar with alcohol 4 After at least 1 month, strain the mixture (even if this comes out to slightly more or less through a cloth. Squeeze out as much extract than the 1:2 ratio — it’s more important to keep as you can with your hands. A potato ricer, it covered). You may need to hold the plant wheatgrass juicer, or hydraulic tincture press will material down as you fill the jar and use a knife or also work well here. chopsticks to remove air bubbles. Put on the lid. No need to shake. Open the jar a few days later 5 Pour into a dark glass bottle and store in a to top off the contents with a little more alcohol. cool, dark, dry spot. The tincture will keep for 3–10 years. Mas teri n g Basic R em edi es 39
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